PROLOGUE
1.Pia Lim-Castillo, “Eggs in Philippine Church Architecture and Its Cuisine,” in Eggs in Cookery: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006 (Devon, UK: Prospect, 2007), 114–124.
2.Merry Sleigh, “Ovum,” in Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, ed. S. Goldstein and J. A. Naglieri (Boston: Springer, 2011), 1050–1051, doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_2063.
3.Paul R. Ehrlich, David S. Dobkin, and Darryl Wheye, “Eggs and Their Evolution,” Stanford University, 1988, accessed March 17, 2022, https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Eggs.html.
4.Alie Ward, “Oology with Dr. John Bates,” Ologies, podcast audio, August 13, 2018, https://www.alieward.com/ologies/oology.
5.Tim Birkhead, The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird’s Egg (New York: Bloomsbury, 2016), 171–177; Florence Baron et al., “Egg-White Proteins Have a Minor Impact on the Bactericidal Action of Egg White toward Salmonella Enteridis at 45C,” Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (October 2020), doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584986; Yoshinobu Ichikawa et al., “Sperm-Egg Interaction during Fertilization in Birds,” Journal of Poultry Science 53, no. 3 (July 2016), doi: 10.2141/jpsa.0150183; Tomohiro Sansanami et al., “Sperm Storage in the Female Reproductive Tract in Birds,” Journal of Reproduction and Development 59, no. 4 (August/September 2013), doi:10.1262/jrd.2013-038.
6.Birkhead, Most Perfect Thing, 121–146.
7.Birkhead, Most Perfect Thing, 90.
CHAPTER 1: COSMIC EGG
1.Kalevala, vol. 1, trans. John Martin Crawford (Cincinnati: Robert Clark, 1888), 9, publicdomainreview.org/collection/Kalevala.
2.Kalevala, 5–18; Barbara C. Sproul, Primal Myths: Creation Myths around the World (New York: HarperOne, 1979), 176–178.
3.David Leeming, with Margaret Leeming, A Dictionary of Creation Myths (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 73.
4.Sproul, Primal Myths, 349–350.
5.Malayna Evans Williams, Signs of Creation: Sex, Gender, Categories, Religion and the Body in Ancient Egypt, PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2011, 128–153.
6.Andrew Lawler, Why Did the Chicken Cross the World: The Epic Saga of the Bird That Powers Civilization (New York: Atria Paperback, 2016), 188.
7.“Punic Wars,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed November 20, 2021, Britannica.com/event/punic-wars; Scholia Bobiensia, trans. T. Stangl (1912), accessed November 22, 2021, attalus.org/translate/bobiensia.html.
8.Françoise Dunand and Christiane Zivie-Coche, Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE, trans. David Lorton (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 9; Williams, “Signs of Creation,” 209.
9.John Hale, A Modest Enquiry, into the Nature of Witchcraft (Boston: B. Green, 1702; Ann Arbor, MI: Evans Early American Imprint Collection, 2021), https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N00872.0001.001/1:5.14?rgn=div2;view=fulltext, 132.
10.Kristen Sollée, email correspondence, September 26, 2020; Paloma Cervantes, “What Is a Limpia (Spiritual Cleansing)?” Institute of Shaminism and Curanderismo, accessed November 22, 2021, https://www.instituteofshamanismandcuranderismo.com/What-Is-A-Limpia-Spiritual-Cleansing/; Alex Swerdloff, “Cleanse Your Aura with the Power of Eggs,” Vice, last modified October 28, 2016, https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnbxnn/cleanse-your-aura-with-the-power-of-eggs.
11.Lisa Stardust, “The Future Is Now: Manifesting with the Gemini New Moon,” Hoodwitch, accessed November 22, 2021, https://www.thehoodwitch.com/blog/2019/6/2/the-future-is-now-manifesting-with-the-gemini-new-moon.
12.Alan Rocke, phone interview, October 12, 2020.
13.Jordan Bimm, email correspondence, January 2020.
14.Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Biodiversity and Wildlife,” Our World in Data, accessed November 22, 2021, https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity-and-wildlife#how-many-species-are-there; Gifford Miller, John Magee, Mike Smith, et al. “Human Predation Contributed to the Extinction of the Australian Megafaunal Bird Genyornis newtoni ~47 ka,” Nature Communications 7 (January 29, 2016), https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10496. The fact that eggs are generally safe to eat is only true of animal eggs. Of course, many of our vegetables and spices consist of plant eggs—seeds—but there are far more poisonous seeds in the plant kingdom than in the animal kingdom. Don’t eat random seeds, kids!
15.William J. Stadelman, “II.G.7/Chicken Eggs,” in The Cambridge World History of Food, ed. Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild Coneé Ornelas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 500.
16.Makiko Itoh, “The Raw Appeal of Eggs,” Japan Times, September 16, 2014, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/09/16/food/raw-appeal-eggs/; Naomichi Ishige, “V.B.4/Japan,” in Cambridge World History of Food, 1176; Ishige, “Eggs and the Japanese,” in Eggs in Cookery: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2006, ed. Richard Hosking (Devon, UK: Prospect, 2007), 100–106.
17.Susan Weingarten, “Eggs in the Talmud,” in Eggs in Cookery, 273.
18.Sephardi Kitchen, “Huevos Haminados (Sephardic Jewish-Style Eggs),” Food.com, accessed November 24, 2021, https://www.food.com/recipe/huevos-haminados-sephardic-jewish-style-eggs-317802.
19.Kenneth Albala, “Ovophilia in Renaissance Cuisine,” in Eggs in Cookery, 13; Kenneth Albala, “V.C.2/Southern Europe,” in Cambridge World History of Food, 1204–1205; Natasha Frost, “How Medieval Chefs Tackled Meat-Free Days,” Atlas Obscura, July 27, 2017, https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/mock-medieval-foods#:~:text=Christians%20observed%20at%20least%20three,to%20commemorate%20the%20Virgin%20Mary.
CHAPTER 2: EGG HUNT
1.Barbara Mearns and Richard Mearns, The Bird Collectors (San Diego: Academic, 1998), 205–207; Mark Barrow, A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology after Audubon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 41.
2.Michael Anft, “This Is Your Brain on Art,” Johns Hopkins Magazine, March 6, 2010, https://magazine.jhu.edu/2010/03/06/this-is-your-brain-on-art/; Oshin Vartanian, Anjan Chatterjee, Lars Brorson Fich, et al., “Impact of Contour on Aesthetic Judgments and Approach-Avoidance Decisions in Architecture,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (Suppl. 2) (June 18, 2013), https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301227110.
3.Mearns and Mearns, Bird Collectors, 40–42.
4.Charles Bendire, “Circular No. 30, Appendix: A List of Birds the Eggs of Which Are Wanted to Complete the Series in the National Museum, with Instructions for Collecting Eggs,” Proceedings of the United States National Museum 7 (1884): 613–616.
5.Sara Wheeler, “The Nice Man Cometh,” Guardian, November 4, 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/nov/04/biography.features1.
6.David Crane, Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage and Tragedy (New York: Knopf, 2006), 371; Joy McCann, “Penguins Were a Lonely Explorer’s Best Friends,” Atlantic, April 3, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/04/penguins-southern-ocean-explorers-best-friend/586189/.
7.Crane, Scott of the Antarctic, 447.
8.Apsley Cherry-Garrard, The Worst Journey in the World: Antarctic 1910–1913 (New York: George H. Doran, 1922), 233–237, 242, accessed November 23, 2021, https://archive.org/details/worstjourneyinwo01cher/page/n9/mode/2up; Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Race to the Pole: Tragedy, Heroism, and Scott’s Antarctic Quest (New York: Hyperion, 2004), 233.
9.Fiennes, Race to the Pole, 236.
10.Robert Falcon Scott, Scott’s Last Expedition (Classics of World Literature) (London: Wordsworth Editions, 2012), 257, Kindle.
11.Cherry-Garrard, Worst Journey in the World, 299; Robin McKie, “How a Heroic Hunt for Penguin Eggs Became ‘The Worst Journey in the World,’ ” Guardian, January 14, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/14/penguin-eggs-worst-journey-world.
12.Tim Birkhead, The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird’s Egg (New York: Bloomsbury, 2016), 13–15.
13.Joseph J. Hickey and Daniel W. Anderson, “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Eggshell Changes in Raptorial and Fish-Eating Birds,” Science 162, no. 3850 (1968): 271–273, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1725067; John Bates, “Eggshells, DDT, Collections, and Study Design,” Field Museum, Chicago, last modified May 30, 2018, https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/eggshells-ddt-collections-and-study-design.
14.“Bird Egg and Nest Collections,” Natural History Museum, London, https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/collections/zoology-collections/bird-egg-and-nest-collections.html; J. P. Pickard, “The Egg Man Cometh,” No. 5 Regional Crime Squad, Hatfield, 54 Police J. 279 (1981), accessed May 27, 2020, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/policejl54&div=32&id=&page=; Kirk Wallace Johnson, The Feather Thief (New York: Penguin, 2018), 111.
15.Mark Thomas, phone interview, January 13, 2020.
16.Thomas, interview; Poached, directed by Timothy Wheeler (New York: Ignite Channel, 2015), documentary; “(pounds) 2500 Fine and Jail Warning for Egg Thief,” Herald Scotland, January 15, 2003, accessed April 20, 2022, https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/11904004.pounds-2500-fine-and-jail-warning-for-egg-thief/.
17.Julian Rubinstein, “Operation Easter,” New Yorker, July 15, 2013, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/07/22/operation-easter.
18.Patrick Barkham, “The Egg Snatchers,” Guardian, December 10, 2006, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/11/g2.ruralaffairs.
19.Thomas, interview; “Slavonian Grebe Facts/Podiceps auritus,” RSPB, accessed March 28, 2022, https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/slavonian-grebe/; “Red Backed Shrike Bird Facts/Lanius collurio,” RSPB, accessed March 28, 2022, https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/red-backed-shrike/.
20.“Thank god you’ve come . . . ,” as quoted in Rubinstein, “Operation Easter”; “Norfolk Man Who Illegally Hoarded 5,000 Rare Eggs Jailed,” BBC, November 27, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-46358627; Peter Walsh, “Man Jailed and Told to Give His Collection of 5,000 Rare Bird Eggs to Natural History Museum,” Eastern Daily Press, November 27, 2018, https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/crime/norfolk-collector-daniel-lingham-must-give-his-5-000-rare-1310900; Sam Russell, “Man Who Illegally Collected More Than 5,000 Rare Bird Eggs Jailed for Threatening Population Species,” Independent, November 28, 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/bird-egg-thief-jailed-daniel-lingham-norfolk-norwich-magistrates-court-trial-a8655361.html; Mark Thomas, “I’ve Been a Silly Man, Haven’t I,” Legal Eagle, RSPB Investigations Newsletter, Spring 2019, 4, https://ww2.rspb.org.uk/Images/Legal%20Eagle%2087_tcm9-465877.pdf.
21.Peter Walker, “Rare Bird Egg Thief, with Collection of 700 Snatched from Nests, Jailed,” Guardian, December 13, 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/13/prolific-egg-thief-700-jailed; Rubinstein, “Operation Easter”; Thomas, interview.
22.Wheeler, Poached; Thomas, interview.
23.Thomas, interview.
24.Thomas, interview.
25.Thomas, interview.
CHAPTER 3: EGG RUSH
1.Ian Webster, “$36 in 1849 → 2022/Inflation Calculator,” Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, March 28, 2022, https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1849?amount=36; “History of the Hangtown Fry and Recipes,” City of Placerville, California, accessed November 23, 2021, https://www.cityofplacerville.org/history-of-the-hangtown-fry-and-recipes; History.com Editors, “San Francisco,” History Channel, last modified December 18, 2009, https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/san-francisco.
2.Zach Coffman, “100 Years of the Farallon National Wildlife Refuge,” Tideline 30, no. 1 (Spring 2009), accessed November 24, 2021, https://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Region_8/NWRS/Zone_2/San_Francisco_Bay_Complex/tideline%20SPRING%2009C.pdf; Peter White, The Farallon Islands: Sentinels of the Golden Gate (San Francisco: Scottwell Associates, 1995), 7.
3.Susan Casey, The Devil’s Teeth: A True Story of Obsession and Survival among America’s Great White Sharks (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 79.
4.White, Farallon Islands, 45–55.
5.Charles Nordhoff, “The Farallon Islands,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 48, no. 287 (April 1874): 617–625, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000505748/Home.
6.“Aid Carried to Marooned Egg Hunters by the Call’s Stanch Tug Reliance,” San Francisco Call 86, no. 12 (July 12, 1899).
7.White, Farallon Islands, 43; Casey, Devil’s Teeth, 82.
8.“Nerva N. Wines,” J. Candace Clifford Lighthouse Research Catalog, accessed November 23, 2021, https://archives.uslhs.org/people/nerva-n-wines; Amos Clift letter quoted in White, Farallon Islands, 43.
9.White, Farallon Islands, 52–53.
10.White, Farallon Islands, 53–54.
11.White, Farallon Islands, 54.
12.Peter Pyle, “Seabirds,” US Geological Survey Publications Warehouse, accessed March 28, 2022, https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1198/chapters/150-161_Seabirds.pdf; William J. Sydeman, “Survivorship of Common Murres on Southeast Farallon Island, California,” Ornis Scandinavica (Scandinavian Journal of Ornithology) 24, no. 2 (1993): 135–141, https://doi.org/10.2307/3676363; “Important Bird Areas: Farallon Islands,” Audubon, last modified May 10, 2018, https://www.audubon.org/important-bird-areas/farallon-islands.
13.Quoted in Errol Fuller, The Great Auk: The Extinction of the Original Penguin (Piermont, NH: Bunker Hill, 2003), 34.
14.Fuller, Great Auk, 82–83.
CHAPTER 4: EGG MONEY
1.Amina is not her real name, which I’ve changed for her privacy.
2.Emelyn Rude, Tastes Like Chicken: A History of America’s Favorite Bird (New York: Pegasus, 2016), 6, 18–22, 33.
3.Jessica B. Harris, High on the Hog: A Culinary Journey from Africa to America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011), 83–84.
4.Rude, Tastes Like Chicken, 33.
5.Adrian Miller, “The Surprising Origin of Fried Chicken,” BBC, October 13, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20201012-the-surprising-origin-of-fried-chicken; Psyche A. Williams-Forson, Building Houses out of Chicken Legs: Black Women, Food, and Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 1, 30–36.
6.Elizabeth A. Payne, “Egg Money Shaped Farm Women’s Economy,” Daily Journal, July 24, 2006; Andrew Lawler, Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? The Epic Saga of the Bird That Powers Civilization (New York: Atria Paperback, 2014), 203–204; City of Mansfield, MO, “Where the Little House Books Were Written,” accessed January 2, 2022, http://mansfieldcityhall.org/info.html; Vivana A. Zelizer, The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief, and Other Currencies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), 42, 62, 222.
7.Laura Ingalls Wilder, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Farm Journalist: Writings from the Ozarks, ed. Stephen W. Hines (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007), 48–50.
8.Vittoria Traverso, “The Egyptian Egg Ovens Considered More Wondrous Than the Pyramids,” Atlas Obscura, March 29, 2019, https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/egypt-egg-ovens.
9.Diane Toops, Eggs: A Global History, Edible Series (London: Reaktion, 2014), 83–84; Bill Hammerman, “Lest We Forget—Lyman Byce,” Petaluma Argus-Courier, July 17, 2014, https://bill-hammerman.blogs.petaluma360.com/13099/lest-we-forget-lyman-byce/; George Pendle, “The California Town That Produced 10 Million Eggs a Year,” Atlas Obscura, July 25, 2016, https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-california-town-that-produced-10-million-eggs-a-year; Dan Strehl, “Egg Basket of the World,” in Eggs in Cookery: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2006, ed. Richard Hosking (Devon, UK: Prospect, 2007), 246; “Christopher Nisson Archives,” Petaluma Historian, accessed January 6, 2022, https://petalumahistorian.com/tag/christopher-nisson/; Diane Peterson, “History of Petaluma Eggs,” Sonoma Magazine, March 2015, https://www.sonomamag.com/history-petaluma-eggs/.
10.Strehl, “Egg Basket of the World,” 247.
11.Strehl, “Egg Basket of the World,” 248.
12.Rude, Tastes Like Chicken, 110, 118–119.
13.“Cal-Maine Foods’ Leadership Team,” Cal-Maine Foods, accessed January 6, 2022, https://www.calmainefoods.com/company/cal-maine-foods-leadership-team/.
14.29 CFR § 780.328, Meaning of Livestock, amended April 1, 2022; Veronica Hirsch, “Detailed Discussion of Legal Protections of the Domestic Chicken in the United States and Europe/Animal Legal and Historical Center,” accessed January 6, 2022, https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-legal-protections-domestic-chicken-united-states-and-europe.
15.Hirsch, “Detailed Discussion of Legal Protection”; Temple Grandin, “Animal Welfare and Society Concerns Finding the Missing Link,” Meat Science 98, no. 3 (November 2014), 466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.011.
16.A. Iqbal and A. F. Moss, “Review: Key Tweaks to the Chicken’s Beak—the Versatile Use of the Beak by Avian Species and Potential Approaches for Improvements in Poultry Production,” Animal 15, no. 2 (February 2021), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175173112030121X; H. Cheng, “Morphological Changes and Pain in Beak Trimmed Laying Hens,” World’s Poultry Science Journal 62, no. 1 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS200583; Michael J. Gentle et al., “Behavioral Evidence for Persistent Pain Following Partial Beak Amputation in Chickens,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 27, no. 1–2 (August 1990): 149–157, accessed December 14, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90014-5.
17.P. Y. Hester and H. Shea-Moore, “Beak Trimming Egg-Laying Strains of Chickens,” World’s Poultry Science Journal 59, no. 4 (2003), accessed December 14, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20030029.
18.Bill Gates, “Why I Would Raise Chickens,” Gatesnotes.com, accessed January 6, 2022, https://www.gatesnotes.com/development/why-i-would-raise-chickens; Melinda Gates, “The Small Animal That’s Making a Big Difference for Women in the Developing World,” Medium.com, last modified June 10, 2016, https://medium.com/bill-melinda-gates-foundation/the-small-animal-thats-making-a-big-difference-for-women-in-the-developing-world-15d31dca2cc2.
CHAPTER 5: EGG GURUS
1.Jacques Pépin, phone interview, October 2, 2020; Auguste Escoffier, A Guide to Modern Cookery (London: W. Heinemann, 1907), 164; Harold McGee, On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen (New York: Scribner, 2004), 68–69.
2.J. Kenji López-Alt, phone interview, February 24, 2021.
3.General Mills, Betty Crocker’s Cookbook (New York: Golden, 1974), 205.
4.“Eggs: The Perfect Balance of Yin and Yang,” Traditional Chinese Medicine World Foundation, May 7, 2021, https://www.tcmworld.org/eggs-perfect-balance-yin-yang/.
5.McGee, On Food, 76.
6.McGee, On Food, 84–86.
7.Paul Freedman, phone interview, September 24, 2020.
8.Details about Jacques and his life throughout are drawn from Jacques Pépin, The Apprentice: My Life in the Kitchen (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004); and Pépin, phone interviews, October 2, 2020, and March 17, 2021.
9.Rupert Taylor, “The Mysterious Origin of Eggs Benedict,” Delishably, November 15, 2021, https://delishably.com/dairy/The-Mysterious-Origin-of-Eggs-Benedict; Pépin, phone interviews.
10.López-Alt, phone interview; Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
11.Pépin, phone interviews; Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, A History of Food (West Sussex, UK: Blackwell, 2009), 326; Freedman, phone interview; Ken Albala, phone interview, September 22, 2020.
CHAPTER 6: VELVET EGGS
1.Gina L. Greco and Christine M. Rose, trans., The Good Wife’s Guide (Le Ménagier de Paris: A Medieval Household Book) (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 310–311.
2.Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).
3.Jacques Pépin, phone interviews, October 2, 2020, March 17, 2021, and February 8, 2022.
4.Pépin, phone interviews.
5.Lynne Rossetto Kasper, “There’s More Than One Way to Cook an Egg: Dave Arnold Has 11,” Splendid Table, April 12, 2013, https://www.splendidtable.org/story/2013/04/12/theres-more-than-one-way-to-cook-an-egg-dave-arnold-has-11.
6.Wei Guo, “Chinese Steamed Eggs, a Perfectionist’s Guide,” Red House Spice, last modified December 24, 2019, https://redhousespice.com/chinese-steamed-eggs/. See also one of my favorite Chinese chefs, Daddy Lau, “Steamed Egg (蒸蛋),” Chinese Family Recipes/Made with Lau, last modified August 20, 2020, https://madewithlau.com/recipes/steamed-egg.
CHAPTER 7: PYSANKY
1.Angela Hui, “Why My Childhood Birthdays Were Full of Red Eggs,” Goldthread, February 6, 2019, https://www.goldthread2.com/food/why-my-childhood-birthdays-were-full-red-eggs/article/3000730; Theresa Vargas, “The Revered (and Very Messy) Easter Tradition You Might Not Have Heard About,” Washington Post, April 20, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/the-revered-and-very-messy-easter-tradition-you-might-not-have-heard-about/2019/04/19/c623d4e4-62f0-11e9-9412-daf3d2e67c6d_story.html; “Egg-shoeing in Focus for Easter as Hungarian Craftsman Keeps Tradition Alive,” Reuters, last modified March 31, 2021, https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/egg-shoeing-in-focus-for-easter-as-hungarian-craftsman-keeps-tradition-alive-232717.
2.Brian Stewart, “Egg Cetera #6: Hunting for the World’s Oldest Decorated Eggs,” University of Cambridge, April 10, 2012, https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/egg-cetera-6-hunting-for-the-worlds-oldest-decorated-eggs; Jonathan Amos, “Etched Ostrich Eggs Illustrate Human Sophistication,” BBC News, last modified March 2, 2010, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8544332.stm.
3.Stewart, “Egg Cetera #6”; John P. Rafferty, “6 of the World’s Most Dangerous Birds,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed January 20, 2022, https://www.britannica.com/list/6-of-the-worlds-most-dangerous-birds.
4.Malayna Evans Williams, Signs of Creation: Sex, Gender, Categories, Religion, and the Body in Ancient Egypt, PhD diss., University of Chicago, June 2011, 146; Sara El Sayed Kitat, “Ostrich Egg and Its Symbolic Meaning in the Ancient Egyptian Monastery Churches,” Journal of the General Union of Arab Archeologists 15, no. 15 (Winter 2014): 25, https://journals.ekb.eg/article_3088.html.
5.Tamar Hodos, “Eggstraordinary Artefacts: Decorated Ostrich Eggs in the Ancient Mediterranean World,” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7, no. 1 (2020), doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00541-8; El Sayed Kitat, “Ostrich Egg and Its Symbolic Meaning,” 24; Francesco Careilli, “The Book of Death: Weighing Your Heart,” London Journal of Primary Care 4, no. 1 (July 2011), doi: 10.1080/17571472.2011.11493336; John Habib, “Do You Know These 4 Orthodox Church Symbols?” Orthodox Christian Meets World blog, June 30, 2015, last modified March 29, 2020, https://johnbelovedhabib.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/do-you-know-these-4-orthodox-church-symbols/comment-page-1/; Martin Kemp, “Science in Culture: Eggs and Exegesis,” Nature 440, no. 7086 (2006): 872, doi:10.1038/440872a.
6.In addition, in Turkey’s Blue Mosque, as well as the Hagia Sophia, ostrich eggs are hung in light fixtures because they release an odor that repels spiders, thus reducing unsightly cobwebs. Rabah Saoud, “Sultan Ahmet Cami or Blue Mosque,” Muslim Heritage, July 8, 2004, https://muslimheritage.com/sultan-ahmet-cami-blue-mosque/; Mary D. Garrard, Brunelleschi’s Egg: Nature, Art, and Gender in Rennaisance Italy (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2010), 45; Creighton Gilbert, “ ‘The Egg Reopened’ Again,” Art Bulletin 56, no. 2 (1974): 252–258, https://doi.org/10.2307/3049230; Millard Meiss, “Not an Ostrich Egg?” Art Bulletin 57, no. 1 (1975): 116, doi:10.2307/3049344.
7.Venetia Newall, An Egg at Easter: A Folklore Study (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971), 268.
8.Newall, An Egg at Easter, 263–264.
9.Or so my Swedish friends inform me about Easter crones. Newall, An Egg at Easter, 124–125, 208; “Easter Festivities in Slovenia,” I Feel Slovenia, accessed April 4, 2022, https://www.slovenia.info/en/stories/easter-in-slovenia; Gabriel Stille, “Śmigus-Dyngus: Poland’s National Water Fight Day,” Culture.ple, March 11, 2014, https://culture.pl/en/article/smigus-dyngus-polands-national-water-fight-day.
10.Luba Petrusha, “Soviet Era,” Pysanky.info, accessed April 4, 2022, https://www.pysanky.info/History/Soviet.html; Vira Manko, The Ukrainian Folk Pysanka (Lviv: Svichado, 2017), 11; “Pysanka Symbols and Motifs with Luba Petrusha,” Ukrainian History and Education Center, accessed April 4, 2022, https://www.ukrhec.org/civicrm/event/info%3Fid%3D128%26reset%3D1; Luba Petrusha, “Oleska Voropay,” accessed April 5, 2021, https://pysanky.info/pysanka_legends/voropay.html; Theresa Vargas, “In Ukrainian Eggs, People Are Finding a Way to Connect and Help,” Washington Post, March 30, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/03/30/ukraine-eggs-pysanky-easter.
11.“Pysanky—Ukrainian Easter Eggs,” Ukrainian Museum in New York City, last modified 2011, https://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/ex_110326pysanka.html.
12.Yaroslava Tkachuk, “Pysanka: Easter Traditions,” National Museum of Hutsul Region and Pokuttya, accessed January 20, 2022, https://pysanka.museum/museum/articles/easter_traditions/.
13.Luba Petrusha, “Ancient Origins,” Pysanka, accessed January 20, 2022, https://www.pysanky.info/History/Ancient.html; Petrusha, “Kyivan Rus,” Pysanka, https://www.pysanky.info/History/Kyivan_Rus.html; Meredith Bennett-Smith, “Look: 500-Year-Old Easter Egg?” HuffPost, August 9, 2013, last modified December 7, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/easter-egg-ukraine-500-year-old-photo_n_3732610.
14.Marian J. Rubchak, “Ukraine’s Ancient Matriarch as a Topos in Constructing a Feminine Identity,” Feminist Review 92, no. 1 (2009): 131, 133, doi:10.1057/fr.2009.5.
15.Arricca Elin Sansone, “How Did Colorful Decorated Eggs Become a Symbol of Easter?” Country Living, last modified March 20, 2019, https://www.countryliving.com/life/a26388851/history-of-easter-eggs/; “Pysanky—Ukrainian Easter Eggs—Ukrainian Museum (NYC) Exhibits/Lectures,” Ukrainian Museum, New York City, accessed January 20, 2022, https://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/ex_100306pysanka.html.
16.“The Imperial Eggs,” Fabergé.com, accessed January 20, 2022, https://www.faberge.com/the-world-of-faberge/the-imperial-eggs.
17.Miss Justina Marie, “Pysanky 101: How to Make Ukrainian Easter Eggs (Tutorial for Beginners) + Tour of My Pysanky,” YouTube, March 28, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjcKizt9n5A.
18.There are more colors of pysanky dye than those named in the text, but my little starter pack came with only six basic colors. For more info, see Luba Petrusha, “Color Sequences,” Pysanka, accessed January 20, 2022, https://www.pysanky.info/Dyeing/Dye_Sequences.html.
19.Electric kistkas are also available for the true devotee of the art, and that is what Miss Justina Marie prefers.
20.Miss Justina Marie, “Pysanky 101.”
CHAPTER 8: CLOWN EGGS
1.Pieter Aertsen, The Egg Dance, oil on panel, 1552 (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam), https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio/artists/pieter-aertsen/objects#/SK-A-3,0; Jan Steen, The Egg Dance: Peasants Merrymaking in an Inn, oil on canvas, 1670s (Wellington Collection, London), https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-egg-dance-peasants-merrymaking-in-an-inn-144403.
2.Mattie Faint, phone interview, May 4, 2021.
3.Luke Stephenson and Helen Champion, The Clown Egg Register (San Francisco: Chronicle, 2018), 216.
4.Stephenson and Champion, Clown Egg Register, 215–216; Faint, interview.
5.Faint, interview.
6.BeWell@Stanford, “The Opposite of Play Is Not Work—It Is Depression,” Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, last modified May 29, 2015, https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/news/opposite-play-not-work-it-depression. Much of what I say about play and the magic circle here represents my own understanding as a designer, researcher, and partcipant, informed by rigorous scholarly debate around, for example, whether the “magic circle” truly exists and, if so, how porous it is. To read more, see Jaakko Stenros, Playfulness, Play, and Games: A Constructionist Ludology Approach, PhD diss., University of Tampere, Finland, 2015; Stenros, “In Defence of a Magic Circle: The Social, Mental and Cultural Boundaries of Play,” DiGRA Nordic 2012 Conference: Local and Global—Games in Culture and Society, Tampere, Finland, June 6–8, 2012, edited by Raine Koskimaa, Frans Mäyrä, and Jaakko Suominen; Markus Montola, “The Positive Negative Experience in Extreme Role-Playing,” Proceedings of DiGRA Nordic 2010: Experiencing Games—Games, Play, and Players, Stockholm, Sweden, August 16, 2010; Montola, On the Edge of the Magic Circle: Understanding Pervasive Games and Role-Playing, PhD diss., University of Tampere, Finland, 2012; Sarah Lynne Bowman and Kjell Hedgard Hugaas, “Magic Is Real: How Role-Playing Can Transform Our Identities, Our Communities, and Our Lives,” in Book of Magic: Vibrant Fragments of Larp Practices, ed. Kari Kvittingen Djukastein, Marcus Irgens, Nadja Lipsyc, and Lars Kristian Løveng Sunde (Oslo: Knutepunkt, 2021), 52–74.
7.Debbie Smith, phone interview, May 13, 2021.
8.Smith, interview.
9.Smith, interview.
10.David Fagundes and Aaron Perzanowski, “Clown Eggs,” University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review 94, no. 3 (n.d.): 1313–1380, doi:10.32613/undalr/2017.19; Smith, interview.
11.Smith, interview.
CHAPTER 9: EGG TOSS
1.“Food Fight: Festival in Spain Holds a Flour-and-Egg Battle,” AP News, December 28, 2018, https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-lifestyle-travel-spain-els-enfarinats-7b6119007c6949108be5024634b01352; Matthew White, “Crime and Punishment in Georgian Britain,” British Library, October 14, 2009, https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/crime-and-punishment-in-georgian-britain; A. R. T. Kemasang, “The Egg in European Diet and What It Tells Us,” Petits Propos Culinaires 115 (October 2019): 91; Samuel Osborne, “Over 2,300 People Pledge to Take Part in Egg-Throwing Contest at Margaret Thatcher Statue Unveiling,” Independent, December 1, 2020, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/margaret-thatcher-statue-grantham-egg-throwing-contest-b1764620.html; Cameron Wilson, “A Boy Egged a Racist Politician after Christchurch: A Year On, Their Lives Have Completely Changed,” BuzzFeed, March 15, 2020, https://www.buzzfeed.com/cameronwilson/will-connolly-fraser-anning-christchurch-attack-egg-boy.
2.“British Crowd Hurls Eggs at Nazi Leader and Bride,” New York Times, October 6, 1963, 3, https://nyti.ms/3K4bjli; Joanne Kavanagh, “Who Was Colin Jordan’s Wife Françoise Dior?” US Sun, September 28, 2021, https://www.the-sun.com/news/3751183/colin-jordan-wife-francoise-dior/.
3.Karen Chernick, “How Eggs Became an Unlikely but Popular Material for Painters and Photographers,” Artsy, March 30, 2018, https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-eggs-popular-material-painters-photographers.
4.Arie Wallert, “Libro secondo de diversi colori e sise da mettere a oro: A Fifteenth-Century Technical Treatise on Manuscript Illumination,” in Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice: Preprints of a Symposium, University of Leiden, the Netherlands, 26–29 June 1995 (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 1995), 4–78.
5.Carolin C. Young, “Salvador Dali’s Giant Egg,” in Eggs in Cookery: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006, ed. Richard Hosking (Devon, UK: Prospect, 2007), 293–294, 302.
6.Hannah Yi, “This French Guy Is Sitting on Eggs until They Hatch: It’s Art,” Quartz, March 31, 2017, https://qz.com/946468/this-french-guy-is-sitting-on-eggs-until-they-hatch-its-art/; Agence France-Presse (AFP), “ ‘Human Hen’ Artist Condemned after Hatching Nine Eggs,” NDTV.com, last modified April 21, 2017, https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/human-hen-artist-condemned-after-hatching-nine-eggs-1684057.
7.Milo Moiré, “The ‘PlopEgg’ Painting Performance #1 (Art Cologne 2014),” YouTube, April 12, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKFZOIv5sS0.
8.“I Paint with My Prick,” Quote Investigator—Tracing Quotations, May 28, 2012, https://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/05/28/renoir-paint/.
9.The “mental load” has been around in feminist spaces for a while. I first encountered it here: Emma Clit, “You Should Have Asked,” May 20, 2017, last accessed November 30, 2021, https://english.emmaclit.com/2017/05/20/you-shouldve-asked/.
10.“Young British Artists (YBAs)—Art Term,” Tate, accessed February 28, 2022, https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/y/young-british-artists-ybas; Zsofia Paulikovics, “A Guide to the Controversial Works of YBA Sarah Lucas,” Dazed Digital, last modified October 8, 2018, https://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/41690/1/guide-to-controversal-yba-sarah-lucas-au-naturel-new-museum-exhibition.
11.Sarah Vankin, “Eggs Are Being Fried as Art at the Hammer Museum: Let’s See What’s Cooking,” Los Angeles Times, July 9, 2019, https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-sarah-lucas-cooking-eggs-20190709-story.html; Ellie Howard, “British Pavilion: Who Is Sarah Lucas?” Kids of Dada, accessed February 28, 2022, https://www.kidsofdada.com/blogs/magazine/19753281-british-pavilion-who-is-sarah-lucas.
12.Sarah Lucas and Julian Simmons, “Egg Massage,” Male Nudes: A Salon from 1800 to 2021, 2015, https://website-artlogicwebsite0032.artlogic.net/viewing-room/34-male-nudes-a-salon-from-1800-to-2021/; Zachary Small, “Sarah Lucas Makes Male Privilege Her Own,” Hyperallergic, last modified November 2, 2018, https://hyperallergic.com/463286/sarah-lucas-makes-male-privilege-her-own/.
13.Digby Warde-Aldam, “The Shock Factor of Sarah Lucas,” Apollo Magazine, last modified November 22, 2018, https://www.apollo-magazine.com/sarah-lucas-shock-value/.
14.Lorissa W. Rinehart, “Why Splattering Eggs on a Museum’s Walls with Other Women Was So Satisfying,” Hyperallergic, May 28, 2019, https://hyperallergic.com/502398/why-splattering-eggs-on-a-museums-walls-with-other-women-was-so-satisfying/.
15.Aida Edemariam, “The Saturday Interview: Sarah Lucas,” Guardian, last modified May 27, 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/may/27/the-saturday-interview-sarah-lucas; Christina Patterson, “Sarah Lucas: A Young British Artist Grows Up and Speaks Out,” Independent, last modified July 20, 2012, https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/sarah-lucas-a-young-british-artist-grows-up-and-speaks-out-7959882.html; Hannah Alberico et al., “Workflow Optimization for Identification of Female Germline or Oogonial Stem Cells in Human Ovarian Cortex Using Single-Cell RNA Sequence Analysis,” Stem Cells, March 9, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/stmcls/sxac015.
CHAPTER 10: SPACE EGGS
1.Dorothy Parker and Stuart Y. Silverstein, Not Much Fun: The Lost Poems of Dorothy Parker (New York: Scribner, 2009), 33; Marion Meade, Dorothy Parker: What Fresh Hell Is This? (New York: Villard, 1989), 105.
2.Katie Valentine, “The Amazing Story of the Cold War Space-Egg Race,” Audubon, December 15, 2017, https://www.audubon.org/news/the-amazing-story-cold-war-space-egg-race; SaVanna Shoemaker, “Quail Eggs: Nutrition, Benefits, and Precautions,” Healthline, February 24, 2020, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/quail-eggs-benefits#comparison-with-chicken-eggs.
3.“Victor F. Hess—Facts,” NobelPrize.org, accessed February 28, 2022, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1936/hess/facts/.
4.Jordan Bimm, email correspondence, January 6, 2020.
5.Dietrich E. Beischer and Alfred R. Fregly, Animals and Man in Space: A Chronology and Annotated Bibliography through the Year 1960 (Pensacola, FL: Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, 1962), 27.
6.JPat Brown, “Cooking with FOIA: The CIA’s Top Secret Anti-Poop Diet,” MuckRock, last modified October 16, 2018, https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2018/oct/16/cooking-foia-air-forces-top-secret-u-2-pilot-diet/.
7.European Space Agency, “Space Scrambled Eggs,” YouTube, January 30, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtNGI-tFZxU.
8.John Vellinger and Mark Deuser, phone interview, November 23, 2020.
9.“John Vellinger: From Chix in Space to a Company in Space,” Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, accessed March 1, 2022, https://engineering.purdue.edu/ME/News/john-vellinger-from-chix-in-space-to-a-company-in-space; Vellinger and Deuser, interview.
10.Vanessa Listek, “Techshot’s Bioprinter Successfully Fabricates Human Menisci in Space,” 3DPrint.com, last modified October 16, 2021, https://3dprint.com/265654/techshots-bioprinter-successfully-fabricated-human-menisci-in-space/; “Redwire Acquires Techshot, the Leader in Space Biotechnology,” Redwire Space, last modified November 2, 2021, https://redwirespace.com/newsroom/redwire-acquires-techshot-the-leader-in-space-biotechnology/.
11.Stephen Doty, phone interview, February 9, 2021.
12.Doty, interview.
13.Rich Boling, phone interview, February 16, 2022; Doty, interview; Ann Hutchinson, “Quail Eggs to Provide Clues to Effects of Microgravity,” NASA, November 26, 2001, https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2001/01_91AR.html; “In the Heartland of Hearing Research: Central Institute for the Deaf,” Hearing Review, last modified November 1, 2001, https://hearingreview.com/inside-hearing/research/in-the-heartland-of-hearing-research-central-institute-for-the-deaf.
14.Boling, interview.
CHAPTER 11: EGG CURES
1. Jessie Yeung, “The US Keeps Millions of Chickens in Secret Farms to Make Flu Vaccines: But Their Eggs Won’t Work for Coronavirus,” CNN, March 29, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/27/health/chicken-egg-flu-vaccine-intl-hnk-scli/index.html; James Pasley, “The US Government Has Possibly Millions of Chickens in Secret Locations Laying Eggs Year Round for Flu Vaccines: The Exact Number and Location Are a Matter of National Security—Here’s What We Know about the Chickens,” Insider, April 7, 2020, https://www.insider.com/us-government-flu-vaccine-chickens-national-security-2020-4.
2.“Smallpox,” Cleveland Clinic, accessed March 1, 2022, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox.
3.History of Vaccines—“How Are Vaccines Made? The Scientific Method in Vaccine History,” accessed June 14, 2022, https://historyofvaccines.org/vaccines-101/how-are-vaccines-made/scientific-method-vaccine-history; Steven Johnson, “How Humanity Gave Itself an Extra Life,” New York Times Magazine, April 27, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/magazine/global-life-span.html.
4.Sam Kean, “22 Orphans Gave Up Everything to Distribute the World’s First Vaccine,” Atlantic, January 12, 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/01/orphans-smallpox-vaccine-distribution/617646/.
5.History of Vaccines—“How Are Vaccines Made? The Scientific Method in Vaccine History,” accessed June 14, 2022, https://historyofvaccines.org/vaccines-101/how-are-vaccines-made/scientific-method-vaccine-history.
6.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), “History of 1918 Flu Pandemic,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last modified January 22, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm; Christopher Ryland, curator, History of Medicine Collections and Archives at Vanderbilt University Libraries, personal correspondence, November 2, 2021; Greer Williams, Virus Hunters (London: Hutchinson, 1959), 109.
7.Williams, Virus Hunters, 100, 114–115, 136; Esmond R. Long, “Ernest William Goodpasture: 1886–1960, A Biographical Memoir,” National Academy of Sciences, last modified 1965, https://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/goodpasture-ernest.pdf; Alice M. Woodruff and Ernest W. Goodpasture, “The Susceptibility of the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos to Infection with the Fowl-Pox Virus,” American Journal of Pathology 7, no. 3 (May 1931): 209–222.5, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2062632/.
8.Williams, Virus Hunters, 110, 114–116, 136; Woodruff and Goodpasture, “Susceptibility of Chorio-Allantoic Membrane”; Ernest W. Goodpasture, Alice M. Woodruff, and Gerrit J. Buddingh, “Vaccinal Infection of the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of the Chick Embryo,” American Journal of Pathology 8, no. 3 (May 1932): 271–282.7, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2062681/.
9.Williams, Virus Hunters, 109, 116; Leonard Norkin, “Tag Archives: Alice Woodruff,” Leonard Norkin Virology Site, last modified December 10, 2014, https://norkinvirology.wordpress.com/tag/alice-woodruff/; Woodruff and Goodpasture, “Susceptibility of Chorio-Allantoic Membrane.”
10.Long, “Goodpasture,” 131–143; Ernest W. Goodpasture and Katherine Anderson, “Virus Infection of Human Fetal Membranes Grafted on the Chorioallantois of Chick Embryos,” American Journal of Pathology 18, no. 4 (July 1942): 563–575; Ernest W. Goodpasture and Katherine Anderson, “Infection of Human Skin, Grafted on the Chorioallantois of Chick Embryos, with the Virus of Herpes Zoster,” American Journal of Pathology 30, no. 3 (May 1944): 447–455; Katherine Anderson, “Infection of Newborn Syrian Hamsters with the Virus of Mare Abortion,” American Journal of Pathology 18 (July 1942): 555–561; “A Chicken’s Egg (1931),” British Society for Immunology, accessed March 2, 2022, https://www.immunology.org/chickens-egg-1931; “Influenza Historic Timeline,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last modified April 18, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pandemic-timeline-1930-and-beyond.htm; Leigh Krietsch Boerner, “The Flu Shot and the Egg,” ACS Central Science 6, no. 2 (February 2020): 89–92, doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c00107; Eric Durr, “Worldwide Flu Outbreak Killed 45,000 American Soldiers during World War I,” US Army (website), last modified August 31, 2018, https://www.army.mil/article/210420/worldwide_flu_outbreak_killed_45000_a.
11.Eric Bender, “Accelerating Flu Protection,” Nature 573, no. 7774 (September 18, 2019), doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02756-5; David Robson, “The Real Reason Germs Spread in the Winter,” BBC, October 18, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151016-the-real-reason-germs-spread-in-the-winter; “Selecting Viruses for the Seasonal Flu Vaccine,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last modified August 31, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/vaccine-selection.htm; Hien H. Nguyen, “Influenza Treatment and Management: Approach Considerations, Prevention, Prehospital Care,” Medscape Reference, last modified November 5, 2021, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219557-treatment; Nancy Averett and Tania Elliott, “The Flu Vaccine Isn’t 100% Effective, but Experts Recommend You Still Get It Every Year,” Insider, May 17, 2021, https://www.insider.com/flu-vaccine-effectiveness; “Vaccine Effectiveness: How Well Do the Flu Vaccines Work?” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, last modified May 6, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines-work/vaccineeffect.htm.
12.“Human Cell Strains in Vaccine Development,” History of Vaccines, College of Physicians of Philadelphia, last modified April 18, 2022, https://historyofvaccines.org/vaccines-101/how-are-vaccines-made/human-cell-strains-vaccine-development; Nicholas C. Wu et al., “Preventing an Antigenically Disruptive Mutation in Egg-Based H3N2 Seasonal Influenza Vaccines by Mutational Incompatibility,” Cell Host and Microbe 25, no. 6 (June 2019), doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.013; Krietsch Boerner, “Flu Shot and the Egg,” 89–92; Elizabeth Pratt, “Why Do We Still Grow Flu Vaccines in Chicken Eggs?” Healthline, December 4, 2017, https://www.healthline.com/health-news/why-we-grow-flu-vaccines-in-chicken-eggs.
13.Please note that there are multiple types of vaccines. Because describing all of them is beyond the scope of this work, I give a high-level gloss in the text. Some types include inactivated vaccines, which use dead viruses; live attenuated vaccines, which use a weakened version of a virus; subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, which use chopped-up germ bits; toxoid vaccines, which contain inactivated toxins; and even more. “Different Types of Vaccines,” History of Vaccines, College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 2018, accessed March 2, 2022, https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/different-types-vaccines; “Gene Synthesis Cost,” Synbio Technologies: A DNA Technology Company, accessed March 2, 2022, https://www.synbio-tech.com/gene-synthesis-cost/; Elie Dolgin, “How COVID Unlocked the Power of RNA Vaccines,” Nature 589, no. 7841 (2021): 189–191, doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00019-w.
14.The way B-cells function is even more complex than described here, but a full rendering of their function lies beyond the scope of this work. Dr. Biology, “B-Cells: Ask a Biologist,” Arizona State University School of Life Sciences—Ask a Biologist, last modified February 16, 2011, https://askabiologist.asu.edu/b-cell; “What Are Naïve Cells? Naïve T Cell, Naïve B Cell, and How to Isolate Naïve Lymphocytes,” Akadeum Life Sciences, last modified April 14, 2021, https://www.akadeum.com/blog/what-are-naive-cells/; Khan Academy, “B Lymphocytes (B Cells)/Immune System Physiology,” YouTube, February 18, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z36dUduOk1Y.
15.Keith S. Kaye, “Comorbidities, Metabolic Changes Make Elderly More Susceptible to Infection,” Healio: Medical News, Journals, and Free CME, September 1, 2011, https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20120225/comorbidities-metabolic-changes-make-elderly-more-susceptible-to-infection; Jonathan Abraham, “Passive Antibody Therapy in COVID-19,” Nature Reviews Immunology 20, no. 7 (2020): 401–403, doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0365-7; “Passive Immunization,” History of Vaccines, College of Physicians of Philadelphia, last modified April 11, 2022, https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/articles/passive-immunization.
16.Lucia Lee et al., “Immunoglobulin Y for Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications in Infectious Diseases,” Frontiers in Immunology 12 (June 9, 2021), doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.696003; Xiangguang Li et al., “Production and Characteristics of a Novel Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY) against Periodontitis-Associated Pathogens,” Journal of Oral Microbiology 12, no. 1 (October 2020): 1831374, doi:10.1080/20002297.2020.1831374; Miriele C. Da Silva et al., “Production and Application of Anti-Nucleoprotein IgY Antibodies for Influenza A Virus Detection in Swine,” Journal of Immunological Methods 461 (October 2018): 100–105, doi:10.1016/j.jim.2018.06.023; Yang Zhu et al., “Efficient Production of Human Norovirus-Specific IgY in Egg Yolks by Vaccination of Hens with a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing VP1 Protein,” Viruses 11, no. 5 (May 2019): 444, doi:10.3390/v11050444; José M. Pérez de la Lastra et al., “Can Immunization of Hens Provide Oral-Based Therapeutics against COVID-19?” Vaccines 8, no. 3 (August 2020): 486, doi:10.3390/vaccines8030486; Mary Romeo, “A Neat Trick—Passive Immunization Using Chicken Antibodies,” SPARK at Stanford, January 22, 2021, https://sparkmed.stanford.edu/blog/passive-immunization-using-chicken-antibodies; Sarah Graham, “Chicken Eggs Made to Produce Human Antibodies,” Scientific American, August 29, 2005, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chicken-eggs-made-to-prod/.
17.Mark Cartwright, “Ancient Greek Medicine,” in World History Encyclopedia (2018), accessed March 2, 2022, https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Medicine/; Yvette Brazier, “Ancient Roman Medicine: Influences, Practice, and Learning,” Medical News Today, last modified November 9, 2018, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323600#learning-about-the-body; Tram T. Vuong et al., “Processed Eggshell Membrane Powder Regulates Cellular Functions and Increase MMP-Activity Important in Early Wound Healing Processes,” PLOS One 13, no. 8 (August 2018), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201975; Rosemond A. Mensah et al., “The Eggshell Membrane: A Potential Biomaterial for Corneal Wound Healing,” Journal of Biomaterials Applications 36, no. 5 (November 2021): 912–929, doi:10.1177/08853282211024040; Susan Hewlings, Douglas Kalman, and Luke V. Schneider, “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Clinical Trial Evaluating Water-Soluble Chicken Eggshell Membrane for Improvement in Joint Health in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis,” Journal of Medicinal Food 22, no. 9 (September 2019): 875–884, doi:10.1089/jmf.2019.0068; Douglas S. Kalman and Susan Hewlings, “The Effect of Oral Hydrolyzed Eggshell Membrane on the Appearance of Hair, Skin, and Nails in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial,” Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 19, no. 6 (January 2020): 1463–1472, doi:10.1111/jocd.13275; Matej Baláž et al., “State-of-the-Art of Eggshell Waste in Materials Science: Recent Advances in Catalysis, Pharmaceutical Applications, and Mechanochemistry,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 (January 27, 2021), doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.612567.
18.Rob Stein, “A Gene-Editing Experiment Let These Patients with Vision Loss See Color Again,” NPR.org, September 29, 2021, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/09/29/1040879179/vision-loss-crispr-treatment; Michael Tabb, Andrea Gawrylewski, and Jeffery DelViscio, “What Is CRISPR, and Why Is It So Important?” Scientific American, video, June 22, 2021, https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/what-is-crispr-and-why-is-it-so-important/; Rob Stein, “Blind Patients Hope Landmark Gene-Editing Experiment Will Restore Their Vision,” NPR.org, May 10, 2021, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/05/10/993656603/blind-patients-hope-landmark-gene-editing-experiment-will-restore-their-vision.
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CHAPTER 12: HUMAN EGGS
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2.My understanding of how cancer functions, and the car analogy in particular, derives from Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 369.
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5.Patricia A. Johnson and James R. Giles, “The Hen as a Model of Ovarian Cancer,” Nature Reviews Cancer 13, no. 6 (June 2013): 432–436, doi:10.1038/nrc3535; Erfan Eilati, Janice M. Bahr, and Dale B. Hales, “Long Term Consumption of Flaxseed Enriched Diet Decreased Ovarian Cancer Incidence and Prostaglandin E2 in Hens,” Gynecologic Oncology 130, no. 3 (September 2013): 620–628, doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.05.018; Southern Illinois University, “Flaxseed as Maintenance Therapy for Ovarian Cancer Patients in Remission,” ClinicalTrials.gov, accessed March 3, 2022, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02324439; Lindsey S. Treviño, Elizabeth L. Buckles, and Patricia A. Johnson, “Oral Contraceptives Decrease the Prevalence of Ovarian Cancer in the Hen,” Cancer Prevention Research 5, no. 2 (February 2012): 343–349, doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0344; Kristine Ansenberger et al., “Decreased Severity of Ovarian Cancer and Increased Survival in Hens Fed a Flaxseed-Enriched Diet for 1 Year,” Gynecologic Oncology 117, no. 2 (May 2010): 341–347, doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.01.021; Hawkridge, “Chicken Model”; Ana D. Bernardo, Sólveig Thorsteindóttir, and Christine L. Mummery, “Advantages of the Avian Model for Human Ovarian Cancer,” Molecular and Clinical Oncology 3, no. 6 (2015): 1191–1198, doi:10.3892/mco.2015.619; Donna K. Carver et al., “Reduction of Ovarian and Oviductal Cancers in Calorie-Restricted Laying Chickens,” Cancer Prevention Research 4, no. 4 (April 2011): 562–567, doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0294.
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9.William H. Parker et al., “Long-Term Mortality Associated with Oophorectomy Compared with Ovarian Conservation in the Nurses’ Health Study,” Obstetrics and Gynecology 121, no. 4 (April 2013): 709–716, doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3182864350; Radina Eshtiaghi, Alireza Esteghamati, and Manouchehr Nakhjavani, “Menopause Is an Independent Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Iranian Women,” Maturitas 65, no. 3 (March 2010): 262–266, doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.11.004; “Premature and Early Menopause: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment,” Cleveland Clinic, last modified October 22, 2019, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21138-premature-and-early-menopause; Hannaford Edwards et al., “The Many Menopauses: Searching the Cognitive Research Literature for Menopause Types,” Menopause 26, no. 1 (January 2019): 45–65, doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001171; Madison A. Price et al., “Early and Surgical Menopause Associated with Higher Framingham Risk Scores for Cardiovascular Disease in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging,” Menopause 28, no. 5 (May 2021): 484–490, doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001729; Karen M. Tuesley et al., “Hysterectomy with and without Oophorectomy and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 223, no. 5 (November 2020): xx, doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.037; Lewis, “Recommendations and Choices for BRCA.”
10.Jie Cui, Yong Shen, and Rena Li, “Estrogen Synthesis and Signaling Pathways during Aging: From Periphery to Brain,” Trends in Molecular Medicine 19, no. 3 (March 2013): 197–209, doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.007; Radwa Barakat et al., “Extra-Gonadal Sites of Estrogen Biosynthesis and Function,” BMB Reports 49, no. 9 (September 2016): 488–496, doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.9.141; “What Is Menopause?” National Institute on Aging, last modified September 30, 2021, https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-menopause; “Perimenopause: What Is It, Symptoms and Treatment,” Cleveland Clinic, last modified October 5, 2021, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21608-perimenopause.
11.Ding-Hao Liu et al., “Age-Related Increases in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Are Reversed in Women Taking Estrogen Replacement Therapy: A Population-Based Study in Taiwan,” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 9 (December 12, 2017), doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00404; Fernando Lizcano and Guillermo Guzmán, “Estrogen Deficiency and the Origin of Obesity during Menopause,” BioMed Research International 2014 (March 2014): 1–11, doi:10.1155/2014/757461; Michael C. Honigberg et al., “Association of Premature Natural and Surgical Menopause with Incident Cardiovascular Disease,” Journal of the American Medical Association 322, no. 24 (December 2019): 2411, doi:10.1001/jama.2019.19191; D. Pu et al., “Metabolic Syndrome in Menopause and Associated Factors: A Meta-analysis,” Climacteric 20, no. 6 (October 2017): 583–591, doi:10.1080/13697137.2017.1386649.
12.Maunil K. Desai and Roberta D. Brinton, “Autoimmune Disease in Women: Endocrine Transition and Risk across the Lifespan,” Frontiers in Endocrinology 10 (April 29, 2019), doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00265; Salman Assad et al., “Role of Sex Hormone Levels and Psychological Stress in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases,” Cureus 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2017), doi:10.7759/cureus.1315.
13.Jessica Grose, “When Your Home Is a Hormonal Hellscape,” New York Times, May 27, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/parenting/menopause-perimenopause-puberty.html.
14.“Menopause: Diagnosis and Treatment,” Mayo Clinic, last modified October 14, 2020, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353401; “Staying Healthy after Menopause,” Johns Hopkins Medicine, accessed March 3, 2022, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/staying-healthy-after-menopause; Evrim Cakir et al., “Comparison of the Effects of Surgical and Natural Menopause on Epicardial Fat Thickness and γ-Glutamyltransferase Level,” Menopause 18, no. 8 (August 2011): 901–905, doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31820ca95e.
15.Remy Melina, “Sex-Change Chicken: Gertie the Hen Becomes Bertie the Cockerel,” Live Science, last modified March 31, 2011, https://www.livescience.com/13514-sex-change-chicken-gertie-hen-bertie-cockerel.html; J. Pitino, “Spontaneous Sex Reversal: Is That My Hen Crowing?!” Backyard Poultry, last modified June 21, 2021, https://backyardpoultry.iamcountryside.com/feed-health/spontaneous-sex-reversal-is-that-my-hen-crowing/; “UCP Episode 018: Spontaneous Sex Reversal in Chickens—My Hen Just Became a Rooster!” podcast audio, July 17, 2013, http://www.urbanchickenpodcast.com/ucp-episode-018/; Jacquie Jacob, “Sex Reversal in Chickens,” Small and Backyard Poultry—Welcome to the Poultry Extension Website, accessed March 3, 2022, https://poultry.extension.org/articles/poultry-anatomy/avian-reproductive-female/sex-reversal-in-chickens-kept-in-small-and-backyard-flocks/; Ker Than, “Half-Male Chicken Mystery Solved,” National Geographic, last modified March 18, 2010, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/100315-half-male-half-female-chickens.
16.Masha Gessen, “Masha Gessen on the Ins and Outs of Russia (Ep. 73),” Tyler Cowen, podcast audio, August 14, 2019, https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/masha-gessen/.
17.Jen Gunter, “Women Can Have a Better Menopause: Here’s How,” New York Times, May 26, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/opinion/feminist-menopause.html; Chris Harris, “Finding the Value in Processing Spent Laying Hens,” Poultry Site, December 20, 2019, https://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/finding-the-value-in-processing-spent-laying-hens.
18.“Killer Whale,” NOAA Fisheries, accessed March 3, 2022, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/killer-whale; Stuart Nattrass et al., “Postreproductive Killer Whale Grandmothers Improve the Survival of Their Grandoffspring,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 52 (December 2019): 26669–266673, doi:10.1073/pnas.1903844116; Daryl P. Shanley et al., “Testing Evolutionary Theories of Menopause,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1628 (September 2007): 2943–2949, doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1028; Gail A. Greendale et al., “Changes in Regional Fat Distribution and Anthropometric Measures across the Menopause Transition,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 106, no. 9 (August 2021): 2520–2534, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab389; Chloe Shantz-Hilkes, “Jen Gunter Says Menopause Is a Heck of a Lot Less Scary When We Talk about It,” CBC, May 27, 2021, https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-the-thursday-edition-1.6042622/jen-gunter-says-menopause-is-a-heck-of-a-lot-less-scary-when-we-talk-about-it-1.6042625; Tove Danovich, “America Stress-Bought All the Baby Chickens,” New York Times, March 28, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/style/chicken-eggs-coronavirus.html.