Age-grades, 26, 129
Ambushes. See Raids
Apaches of Arizona and New Mexico, 76, 99
drought-driven raiding, 139
final defeat by Americans, 129
headmen, 144
and Pueblos, 124, 128, 135, 137, 139
raids, 128, 136
resistance to civilized military techniques, 81
Archery. See Weapons of war
Armor, 189
Assiniboin of North Dakota/Manitoba, 64, 194
Aurignacian (Palaeolithic culture), 37
Australian Aborigines, 26, 179
as foragers, 29
Mardudjara, 30
Murngin, 149
neo-Australian attitudes toward, 168
tactics, 44
Aztecs
atl-atl (or spear-thrower), 51
battle casualties, Michoacan, 63–64, 194
cannibalism, 105–6
smallpox, 78
Spanish conquest, 77, 78
war deaths, 78, 89, 90, 195–96
Bands, 26
Bantu of Africa, 60, 132–35
Barbareño Chumash, 67
Battles
arranged, 59–60
avoided, 60
casualties, 63–64, 194
costumes and war paint, 63
encounter, 64
Blood money, 147–49
Bronze Age, 19
Buffer zones (no-man’s-lands), 111–12, 198
Burials of war casualties, 19, 37, 67
California Indians, viii, 28, 67, 91, 108–9, 120, 123, 204n.l3, Plate 3
Canada
Metis and Indians, 152–54, 221n.24
relations with native tribes, 152–57
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 29, 153, 155
Cannibalism, 103–6, 140
Captives. See Prisoners of war
Causes of war, 115–16
Cayapa of Ecuador, 28, 205n.3
Celts of western Europe, 12, 72, 88, 136
Cemeteries
Mesolithic, 197
Upper Paleolithic, 37, 102
Cheyenne, 78
at Battle of Little Bighorn, 73, 182–83
mutilation of dead, 102, Plate 2
peace chiefs, 144
treatment of wounds, 96
Chiefdoms, 26, 181
cannibalism, 103, 106
and fortification, 55, 57–58
hand-to-hand fighting in, 46
military obedience in, 44
Neolithic, 38
trophy taking, 93, 101
war frequency in, 32, 185
Chilcotin of British Columbia, 65, 144
conflict with whites, 153–54
Chippewa of Minnesota, 87
Civil War, U.S., 4, 75–76, 81, 89, 94, 96, 165, 176
“Counting coup,” 60–61
Craft specialization and warfare, 123–24, 151–52
Crow Creek (South Dakota) massacre, 68, 107, 140, 209n.24
Dani of New Guinea, 59–60, 68, 118, Plate 1
frequency of warfare, 33, 66
tactics, 46–47
Deaths from warfare, 88–94, 195–97
Disasters and warfare, 138–41
Disease and warfare, 78–79, 89–90
Dogrib of Canada, 67–68
Duels, 149
East Cree of Quebec, 65–66
Eskimo or Inuit, 66, 120, 126, 179
Bering Strait, 65
Central Arctic, 26
Copper, 28
Kotzebue Sound, 122
Mackenzie, 67
Netsilik, 29
Polar, 30
Extortion of forced exchange, 116, 124
Feuding, 29
Finns, 14
Flight from conflict, 150
Fortifications, 55–58, 190–93, Plate 5
Frequency of warfare, 28–33, 185–88, 202
Frontier and warfare, 130–38
Gaunches of the Canary Islands, 77, 136
Gebusi of New Guinea, 29, 205n. 10
Germany, ancient, 107, 167
expansion into Bohemia, 111
Ofnet Cave, 38
and Romans, 72
Germany, modern, 89, 128, 204n.23, 219n.3
Hehe uprising in Tanganyika, 74
Herero-Nama uprising in Southwest Africa, 87–88
Nazis, 92, 166–67, 206n. 11
World War I, 45, 63
World War II, 14, 62, 122
Gilgamesh, 4
Gods Must be Crazy, The (film), 23
Golden Age, myth of, 4, 169–71
Gonds of India, 28
Grant, Ulysses S., 176, 177
Great Basin tribes, 28, 30. See also Paiutes
Guerrilla warfare, 79–80, 175, 211n.29
Homicide rates, 29–30
Hopi of Arizona, 124, 139
Huli of New Guinea, 60, 144, 201
Human biology and war, 157–59
Hunter-gatherers (or foragers), 28–31, 109, 120, 133, 135, 139
Imperialism, European, 7, 166–67
Indian Wars, 73–74
Intermarriage and warfare, 125, 151, 177
Iron Age, 22
Iroquois, 84, 101, 128
Isandlwana, Battle of, 62
Jalemo of New Guinea, 114–15, 145
Jivaro of South America, 145
Kalinga of the Philippines, 60
Khoikhoi (or Hottentots) of South Africa, 133–35
Killers, spiritual pollution and magical leansing, 144
Kiowa of Oklahoma, 155
!Kung, 29. See also San (Bushmen)
Kutchin of Alaska/Yukon, 67–68
Lapps of Scandinavia, 28
“Laws of warfare,” 11–13, 42–47
LBK (LinienBandKeramik) culture of Neolithic Europe, 137–39
Lex talionis (law by retaliation), 161
Little Bighorn, Battle of the, 73, 76, 182–83
Looting, 60–61, 75, 106–8, 126, 174
Mae Enga of New Guinea, 65, 90, 94, 102, 107, 108, 115, 122, 144, 201, 208n.5
killing of captives, 83–84
mutilation of dead, 102
peace-making process, 148
tactics, 43
Maori of New Zealand, 100, 104
Maring of New Guinea, 60, 93
Masai of East Africa, 26, 122, 132, 220n.14
Massacres, 67–69, 92–93, 155
modern, 88, 102, 155
prehistoric and ethnographic, 38–39, 66–69, 93, 107, 137, 170, Plate 4
Maya, ancient, viii-ix, 205n.36
Mbuti Pygmies of Zaire, 28, 30, 132, 219n.12
Medical care of wounds, 95–97
Mesolithic warfare, 38, 100, 102, 120, 137
Métis of Canada, 152–54
Military history, 3–4, 8–9
Mobilization for war, 12, 33–36, 72, 136
Mohave of California, 95, 129
Motives for warfare, 10–11, 15–17, 86–87, 111–17
Murngin of Australia, 118, 119, 149
Mutilation of corpses, 102–3, Plate 2
Mythology, war in, 146–47
Napoleon, 13, 35, 80, 95
Narmer (Egyptian pharaoh), 3
Natural disasters and warfare, 138–41
Navajo of Arizona/New Mexico, 128, 130, 135
Neanderthals, 36–37
Neolithic Europe, vii-x passim, 18–19, 39, 50, 102, 105, 108, 137–39, 170
New Guinea tribes, 60, 86, 92, 93, 96, 100, 107, 110, 112, 115, 125, 144, 145, 148, 201
Nguni Bantu of South Africa, 60, 133–35, 212n.3
Norsemen (Vikings), 32
as example of bellicose society, 128, 130
defeat by Newfoundland Indians, 72, 209n.1
possible genocide by Eskimos in Greenland, 77, 126, 210n.l8, 218n.29
Northwest Coast tribes of North America, 37, 38
bellicose societies, 128
military training as groups, 43
social status among, 144
vandalism by raiders, 107
women as captives, 86
Nuer tribe of Sudan, 85, 111, 129
Pacification, 150, 160–61
by external force (imperialism), 7
by mutual agreement, 160
Paiutes of the Great Basin, 26, 30
Parthian Empire, 76
Peace-making, 147–50
attitudes favoring, 143–47, 160
maintaining peace, 150–57, 160–61
Persian Gulf War, 63, 81, 212n.32
Population density and warfare, 111–12, 117–21, 198, 202
Prisoners of war, 83–88
Progress, myth of, 4, 168–69
Propaganda , 63, 146
Psychic unity of humankind, 170, 180
Psychological reactions to combat, 146
Pueblo tribes of the Southwest, 26, 57–58, 104, 124, 128, 139, 205n.36
Pygmies. See Mbuti Pygmies
Racism, 166–67
Raids
deaths in, 66
frequency of, 65
Red River War, 76
Roaix (Neolithic mass grave), 38–39
Rock paintings of combat, 45, 134–36
Rosebud, Battle of, 76
Rome, ancient, wars, 4, 14, 72, 76–77, 88, 94, 111
army size during late Republic and early Empire, 189
frequency of, 33
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 29, 153, 155
Salt sources, wars over, 123
San (Bushmen) of southern Africa, 23, 29, 133–35
Scalping, 101
Semai of Malaysia, 28, 30–31, 206n.l8
Seminole of Florida, 77–78
Sherman, (William) Tecumseh, 167, 176, 177
Shields, 56
Sioux tribes, 56, 78, 88, 102, 115, 122, 124, 183
Social cooperation, human capacity for, 158
Social ranks, 26
Sodalities, 26, 128
States, 27, 44
frequency of warfare, 32–33
tactics and military leadership, 42–58 passim
Surrender, 61–62
Sweden, 32
Switzerland, 32
Tahitians of Polynesia, 7, 34, 87, 99, 146
Talheim mass grave, 38, 50, 69, 102, 137. See also Massacres
Tanana of Alaska, 68
Territorial losses and gains, 108–12, 198
Tikopian Islanders of Polynesia, 28
Trade and warfare, 121–26, 151–52, 180
Tribes
definition of, 26
frequency of war, 30 Trophies taken from war casualties, 99–103
Tswana of Botswana, 29, 133, 135
U.S. Army, 10, 35, 44, 55, 72–73, 75–76
relations with native tribes, 153–56
Vandalism in warfare, 106–8
Vendetta, 29
Versailles, Treaty of, 149
Vietnam War, 35, 80, 102
Vikings. See Norsemen
Wappo of California, 109–11
War deaths, 88–97, 195–97, 215nn.40, 41
Weapons of war
arrows and arrowheads, 18–19, 52, 54, 202
artillery, 54–55, 72–74, 95
axes, 18–20, 38, 49–50, 84–85, 152, 207n. 18
bows, 20, 51, 53–54, 67, 133, 151
chemical weapons, 54
fire or missile weapons, 49, 51–54
javelin, 49, 51, 95
musket, 53–54
poisoned arrows, 53
shock weapons, 49–50, 94
sling and slingshots, 51
spears and spear wounds, 19, 36, 50–52, 60, 85, 133, 148
spear-thrower (or atl-atl), 51
warclubs, 49, 94
Women and warfare, 35, 86–87, 92, 117
World War I, 13, 34, 45, 62, 94, 95, 114, 122, 164, 215n.41
World War II, 14, 34, 40, 63, 80, 108, 122, 164–68 passim, 214n.28
Wounds and treatment of wounds, 94–97
Xingu and Xinguanos, 150–57 passim
Yanamamo of Venezuela, 16, 68, 119, 151
Yellowknife of Canada, 66–69
Zulus of South Africa, 12, 62–63, 73, 84, 106, 128, 130, 140, 210n.8