Preface to the second edition
1. The Clonard Priest, BBC Radio Four, November 29, 2006.
Prologue
1. This account of the last days of the Eksund has been derived from a number of conversations with serving and former IRA members in 1998.
2. Hibernia, Dec. 20–27, 1979.
3. This account of the IRA’s early relationship has been derived from interviews and conversations with former IRA members in 1979 and 1998.
4. U.S. Department of State Libya/PIRA Background Paper, P860082-0954, July 10, 1986.
5. From notes of conversation with former IRA activist, Jan. 19, 1999.
6. Interviews and conversations with former IRA members, 1979 and 1998.
7. Interview with former IRA member, 1998.
8. Interview with senior IRA figure, 1998.
9. Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 506.
10. Ibid., 448.
11. In Dublin, Feb. 18, 1987.
12. Interviews with former IRA members, 1998 and 1999.
13. Interview with senior IRA member, 1998.
14. See Jack Holland, The American Connection: US Guns, Money and Influence in Northern Ireland (Swords, Co. Dublin: Poolbeg Press, 1993), chap. 3, for a full account of Harrison’s IRA career.
15. Interview with IRA member, 1999.
16. Ibid.
17. Interview with IRA member, 1998.
18. Brendan O’Brien, A Pocket History of the IRA (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2000), 108.
19. Interview with IRA source, 1998.
20. Interview with senior IRA source, 1998.
21. Interview with senior IRA member, 1998.
22. “Libya ‘Planning to Resume Aid to IRA,’” Irish Times, June 18, 1986.
23. “Gaddafi: I’m Stepping up IRA Aid,” Observer, March 1, 1987.
24. “Libya ‘Will Open Centre for IRA,’” Irish Times, April 16, 1987.
25. U.S. Department of State Libya/PIRA Background Paper, P860082-0954, July 10, 1986.
26. Interview with IRA source, 1999.
27. Interview with IRA source, 1998.
28. O’Brien, Pocket History of the IRA.
29. Interview with senior IRA member 1998.
30. Interview with senior IRA source, 1998.
31. Ibid.
32. Interview with senior IRA source, 1999.
33. Notes of conversation with IRA member, 1999.
34. Interview with senior IRA source, 1998.
35. Interview with former IRA activist, 1999.
One: Roots
1. Interview with a former IRA member, Sept. 2000.
2. Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1996), 3.
3. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State (London: Pluto Press, 1976), 93–94.
4. David Sharrock and Mark Devenport, Man of War, Man of Peace? The Unauthorized Biography of Gerry Adams (London: Macmillan, 1997), 9.
5. The father of the civil rights leader Bernadette Devlin discovered that the term “politically suspect” had been stamped on his insurance card. He lost his job and was forced to go to England to seek work. His was not an unusual experience.
6. Kevin Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (Dingle, Co. Kerry: Brandon Books, 1983), 63.
7. Ibid., 64.
8. Sharrock and Devenport, Man of War, 34–35.
9. Ibid., 37.
10. Brendan O’Brien, A Pocket History of the IRA (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2000).
11. Farrell, Northern Ireland, 256.
12. J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army: The IRA, 1916–1979 (Dublin: Academy Press, 1979), 344.
13. Kelley, Longest War, 85.
14. Ibid., 86.
15. Mike Milotte, Communism in Modern Ireland: The Pursuit of the Workers’ Republic since 1916 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1984), 265.
16. Kelley, Longest War, 87.
17. Unpublished interview with Gerry Adams, Feb. 1984, p. 2, author’s copy.
18. Adams, Before the Dawn, 124.
19. Unpublished interview with Adams, 5.
20. Adams, Before the Dawn, 123.
21. Ciaran de Baroid, Ballymurphy and the Irish War (Belfast: Aisling Publishers, 1989), 50.
22. Adams, Before the Dawn, 94.
23. Ibid., 110.
24. Interview with Provisional IRA founding member, May 17, 1999.
25. Adams, Before the Dawn, 129.
26. Irish News, letters page, Nov. 14, 1986.
27. Interview with Ruairi O Bradaigh, Oct. 5, 2000.
28. Adams, Before the Dawn, 129.
29. De Baroid, Ballymurphy and the Irish War, 57.
Two: The Defenders
1. Sean MacStiofain, Memoirs of a Revolutionary (London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1975), 93.
2. Ibid., 135.
3. P. O’Neill, Freedom Struggle (Dublin: Provisional IRA, Irish Republican Publicity Bureau, 1973), 64.
4. Kevin Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (Dingle, Co. Kerry: Brandon Books, 1983), 129.
5. Ibid.
6. Kevin Bean and Mark Hayes, eds., Republican Voices (Monaghan: Seesyu Press, 2001), 50.
7. Ibid., 76.
8. MacStiofain, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 84.
9. O’Neill, Freedom Struggle, 19.
10. Interview with former Sinn Fein and IRA member, March 8, 1999, with former Sinn Fein member, Dec. 28, 1998.
11. Interview with former Sinn Fein member, Dec. 28, 1998.
12. Robert W. White, Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretative History (London and Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993), 55.
13. Irish News, Nov. 24, 1998.
14. Undated interview with Brendan Hughes, author’s copy.
15. Bean and Hayes, eds., Republican Voices, 31.
16. Wolfe Tone, An Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland (1791).
17. Robert Kee, The Most Distressful Country, vol. 1 of The Green Flag (London, Melbourne, and New York: Quartet Books, 1976), 72.
18. Bean and Hayes, eds., Republican Voices, 34.
19. Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1996), 118.
20. Ciaran de Baroid, Ballymurphy and the Irish War (Belfast: Aisling Publishers, 1989), 59.
21. MacStiofain, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 145–47.
22. Interview with former IRA member, June 14, 1999.
23. Interview with former IRA member, May 9, 2000.
24. Interview with former Belfast IRA member (A), Dr. Anthony McIntyre, Linenhall Library (embargoed collection).
25. De Baroid, Ballymurphy and the Irish War, 71.
Three: “The Big Lad”
1. Interview with former Belfast IRA member (B), Dr. Anthony McIntyre, Linen Hall Library (embargoed collection).
2. Ciaran de Baroid, Ballymurphy and the Irish War (Belfast: Aisling Publishers, 1989), 79.
3. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 1477.
4. Sean MacStiofain, Memoirs of a Revolutionary (London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1975), 163.
5. Ibid., 160.
6. P. O’Neill, Freedom Struggle (Dublin: Provisional IRA, Irish Republican Publicity Bureau, 1973), 1973.
7. Confidential information, IRA source, Nov. 2000.
8. Interview with former Belfast IRA member, Nov. 2000.
9. Interview with former Belfast IRA member, Nov. 2000.
10. McIntyre interview with former Belfast IRA member (B).
11. O’Neill, Freedom Struggle, 39.
12. McIntyre interview with former Belfast IRA member (B).
13. O’Neill, Freedom Struggle, 48.
14. MacStiofain, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 219.
15. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 1473–93.
16. Notes of conversation with former British military intelligence officer, Sept. 2000.
17. Interview with former IRA member, June 1999.
18. Ibid.
19. Interview with former IRA member, Nov. 2000.
20. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 390.
21. Notes of conversation with former IRA member, June 1999.
22. Notes of conversation with former IRA member, Nov. 2000.
23. Interview with former IRA member, May 2000.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Interview with former IRA member, June 1999.
27. Ibid.
28. Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1996), 189.
29. Conor O’Clery, Ireland in Quotes (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2000), 142.
30. O’Neill, Freedom Struggle, 62.
31. Kevin Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (Dingle, Co. Kerry: Brandon Books, 1983), 153.
32. Ibid., 172.
33. McIntyre interview with former Belfast IRA member (B).
34. Confidential interview, IRA source, April 2000.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Interview with former IRA member, June 1999.
39. McIntyre interview with former Belfast IRA member (B).
40. Confidential interview, republican source, May 2000.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Interview with former IRA member, June 1999.
44. Ibid.
45. Adams, Before the Dawn, 213.
46. Confidential information, IRA source, Nov. 2000.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Confidential information, IRA source, May 2000.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Confidential information, IRA source, June 1999.
53. Sunday Times, Nov. 26, 2000.
54. Confidential information, IRA source, June 1999.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Richard Deutsch and Vivien Magowan, Northern Ireland 1972–73: A Chronology of Events (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1974), 316.
58. Ibid., 317.
Four: Cage 11
1. Interview with former IRA member, May 2000.
2. Interview with former Belfast IRA member (B), Dr. Anthony McIntyre, Linen Hall Library (embargoed collection).
3. Interview with former IRA member, May 2000.
4. Ibid.
5. Martin Dillon, The Dirty War (London: Hutchinson, 1988), 84.
6. Interview with former Belfast IRA member (A), Dr Anthony McIntyre, Linen Hall Library (embargoed collection).
7. Unpublished interview with a Feakle cleric, June 1994, author’s copy.
8. McIntyre interview with former Belfast IRA member (A).
9. Ruairi O Bradaigh, letter to Irish Times, April 30, 1992.
10. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 1473–75.
11. McIntyre inteview with former Belfast IRA member (A).
12. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
13. Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1996), 257.
14. Author’s note of a conversation with an IRA Army Council member, May 18, 1990.
15. Interview with an IRA member, April 2000.
16. Author’s note of a conversation with an Army Council member, May 18, 1990.
17. Ibid.
18. David McKittrick and David McVea, Making Sense of the Troubles (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 2000), 130.
19. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
20. Ibid.
21. Republican News, Aug. 14, 1976.
22. Republican News, June 15, 1977.
23. Ibid.
24. Muammar Qaddafi, “The Green Book, Part One”: www.geocities/Athens/8744/zgb1-6htm.
25. Republican News, Oct. 28, 1975.
26. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
27. Brendan O’Brien, The Long War (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1995), 350.
28. Brendan O’Brien, A Pocket History of the IRA (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2000), 101.
29. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
30. Confidential information, republican source, Dec. 2000.
31. McKittrick, Kelters, Feeney, and Thornton, Lost Lives, 790.
32. Confidential information, republican source, Dec. 2000
33. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Confidential information, republican source, Jan. 2001.
Five: “Our Dreyfus”
1. Unpublished interview with a Feakle cleric, June 1994, author’s copy.
2. Ibid.
3. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
4. Ibid.
5. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
6. Interview with former GHQ member, April 2000.
7. Ibid.
8. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
9. Republican News, May 8, 1976.
10. “There Will Be No More Ceasefires until the End,” Magill, Aug. 1978.
11. Kevin Kelley, The Longest War: Northern Ireland and the IRA (Dingle, Co. Kerry: Brandon Books, 1983), 243–44.
12. Hansard, July 7, 1979.
13. Ministry of Defence, “Northern Ireland Future Terrorist Trends,” Nov. 2, 1978, author’s copy.
14. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
15. Dorothy McArdle, The Irish Republic (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1999), 384, puts the toll at seventeen auxiliaries and three IRA dead, but J. Bowyer Bell puts the British dead at eighteen.
16. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Jan. 5, 1980.
17. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
18. Interview with former Belfast IRA member (C), Dr. Anthony McIntyre, Linen Hall Library (embargoed collection).
19. Author’s note of a conversation with former Army Council and Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, April 2000.
20. Interview with former IRA Army Council and Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, May 1999.
21. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Jan. 27, 1979.
22. Interview with former IRA Army Council and Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, Nov. 1999.
23. Peace with Justice, publication of the republican movement, reprinted July 1975.
24. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, Feb. 2001.
25. “The IRA,” Magill, Sept. 1980.
26. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, Feb. 2001.
27. An Phoblacht–Republican News, April 12, 1980.
28. Interview with former IRA GHQ officer, April 2000.
29. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 702, lists a total of ten businessmen killed by the IRA between Feb. and May 1977.
30. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Feb. 19, 1977.
31. An Phoblacht–Republican News, June 18, 1977.
32. For an example of internal tensions over the left-wing moves, see the minutes of the special Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle meeting, April 12, 1980, in appendix 1.
33. “Eire Nua: The Social, Economic and Political Dimensions,” author’s copy.
34. “The IRA,” Magill, Sept. 1980.
35. Hibernia, Oct. 19, 1979.
36. “ Eire Nua: The Social Dimension,” Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle, Dec. 8, 1979.
37. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Jan. 26, 1980.
38. Interview with the author, Dublin, Feb. 2001.
39. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, March 1999.
40. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, Feb. 1999.
41. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, March 1999.
42. Ibid.
43. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, Feb. 1999.
44. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, March 1999.
45. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, May 1999.
46. Interview with former member of IRA Executive, June 1999.
47. Ibid.; interview with former member of IRA Army Council, May 1999.
48. Interview with former member of IRA Army Council, May 1999.
49. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, Feb. 2001.
50. Interview with former member of IRA Executive, June 1999.
51. Irish Times, Sept. 9, 1982.
52. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, March 1999.
Six: A Long, Hot Summer
1. Note of author’s conversation with former Cage 11 inmate, undated, 1997.
2. Interview with former IRA leader (D), Dr. Anthony McIntyre, Linen Hall Library (embargoed collection).
3. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, March 1999.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. An Phoblacht–Republican News, June 9, 1979.
7. Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1996), 253.
8. Fortnight magazine, July 1981.
9. Patrick Bishop and Eamonn Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London: Heinemann, 1987), 301.
10. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Nov. 8, 1980.
11. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, March 1999.
12. Interview with National H Blocks Committee member, April 2000.
13. Irish Times, Oct. 21, 1981.
14. An Phoblacht–Republican News, March 1, 1984.
15. Notes of author’s conversation with Adams think tank member, Aug. 1980.
16. Interview with former Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle member, Dec. 1998.
17. Interview with National H Blocks Committee member, April, 2000
18. For accounts of this episode see David Beresford, Ten Men Dead: The Story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike (London: Grafton Books, 1987), 344–47, and Brian Campbell, Laurence McKeown, and Felim O’Hagan, eds., Nor Meekly Serve My Time: The H-Block Struggle, 1976–1981 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 1998), 234–36.
19. Interview with former IRA Army Council member, Feb. 2001.
20. Ibid.
21. An Phoblacht–Republican News, June 3, 1982.
22. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Oct. 2, 1982.
Seven: “Behind the Scenes”
1. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 917.
2. Confidential information from peace process participant, 2000.
3. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 922.
4. Martin Dillon, The Shankill Butchers: A Case Study in Mass Murder (London: Hutchinson, 1989), 240–53.
5. Chris Ryder, The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace? (London: Methuen, 1991), 209.
6. Irish News, Oct. 26, 1982.
7. Irish News, Oct. 27, 1982.
8. “Collusion,” Ulster Defence Association intelligence report, undated but ca. 1988, author’s copy.
9. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 921.
10. Confidential information from peace process participant, 2000.
11. Notes of author’s conversation with British official, Aug. 2000.
12. Notes of author’s conversation with Belfast INLA member, undated, summer of 1998.
13. Correspondence with author, March 3, 1989.
14. “Haughey and the Priest,” Sunday Tribune, Sept. 25, 1994.
15. Interview with former IRA prisoner, April 2000.
16. David Beresford, Ten Men Dead: The Story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike (London: Grafton Books, 1987), 56.
17. Interview with former IRA prisoner, April 2000.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Interview with Brendan Hughes, June 2000.
21. Unpublished interview in article prepared for Sunday Tribune, Sept. 25, 1994.
22. See Clonard website: www.clonard.com/chouse.htm.
23. Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1996), 33.
24. Andersonstown News, April 15, 2000.
25. Conor O’Clery, The Greening of the White House (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1997), 47.
26. Confidential information from peace process participant, 2000.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Brian Campbell, Laurence McKeown, and Felim O’Hagan, eds., Nor Meekly Serve My Time: The H-Block Struggle, 1976–1981 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 1998), 262–63.
30. Confidential information from peace process participant, 2000.
31. Irish Press, Jan. 16, 1978.
32. Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1999 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1999), 127.
33. Irish Times, Nov. 5, 1982.
34. Sunday Times, May 29, 1988.
35. Note of author’s conversation with senior Catholic cleric, March 2001.
36. Notes of author’s conversation with Adams adviser, Nov. 1992.
37. Note of author’s conversation with senior Catholic cleric, March 2001.
38. An Phoblacht–Republican News, April 19, 1984.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Note of author’s conversation with senior Catholic cleric, March 2001.
42. Notes of conversation with peace process participant, 2000.
43. Ibid.
44. Note of author’s conversation with senior Catholic cleric, March 2001.
45. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Nov. 8, 1984.
46. Irish Times, Feb. 24, 1985.
47. Irish Independent, March 11, 1985.
48. Irish Times, Jan. 3, 1984.
49. Irish Times, July 22, 1985.
50. Campbell et al., eds., Nor Meekly Serve My Time, 263–64.
51. Interview with former IRA member, 1999.
52. Interview with senior Protestant cleric, Sept. 2000.
53. Note of author’s conversation with senior republican, Dec. 1983.
54. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 981.
55. Interview with former Belfast IRA member, Nov. 2000.
56. Interview with former IRA member, June 1999.
Eight: Dealing with the Brits
1. Sinn Fein, “Setting the Record Straight”: A record of communications between Sinn Fein and the British government, Oct. 1990–Nov. 1993 (July 1994).
2. Eamonn Mallie and David McKittrick, The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), 99.
3. Interview with the author, Westminster, June 22, 2000.
4. Ibid.
5. Sydney Elliott and W. D. Flackes, Northern Ireland: A Political Directory, 1968–1999 (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1999), 308.
6. Interview with the author, Westminster, Nov. 13, 2000.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Confidential interview with peace process participant, Aug. 2000.
11. Secret British message to Gerry Adams, author’s copy.
12. Ibid.
13. Interview with the author, Westminster, June 21, 2000.
14. Ibid.
15. Confidential interview with peace process participant, Aug. 2000.
16. Ibid.
17. “What’s on the Agenda Now Is an End to Partion,” Irish Times, Dec. 10, 1986.
18. “Pact Won’t Stop War, Warns Adams,” Irish Press, March 5, 1987.
19. Confidential interview with peace process participant, Aug. 2000.
20. Ibid.
21. Tom King, interview with the author, Westminster, Nov. 13, 2000.
22. Interview with former British official, Nov. 2000.
23. Ibid.
24. Notes of conversation with author, Westminster, Nov. 2000.
25. Interview with the author, Westminster, June 22, 2000.
26. Peter Taylor, Provos: The IRA and Sinn Fein (London: Bloomsbury, 1998), 233–34.
27. David Beresford, Ten Men Dead: The Story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike (London: Grafton Books, 1987), 9–12.
Nine: “Stepping Stones”
1. John Waters, “The Fat Chief’s Belly Was to Reassure His Tribe,” Irish Times, July 15, 1997.
2. Dick Walsh, “Lynch’s Rivals Were the State’s Biggest Threat,” Irish Times, Jan. 6, 2001.
3. “Whitaker Advised Lynch to Pursue Unity Peacefully,” Irish Times, Jan. 2, 2001.
4. “Letter Tells of Haughey Role in Breaking IRA,” Irish Times, Jan. 2, 2001.
5. Martin Mansergh, ed., The Spirit of the Nation: The Speeches of Charles J. Haughey (Cork and Dublin: Mercier Press, 1987), 8.
6. Justin O’Brien, The Arms Trial (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2000), 110.
7. Mansergh, ed., Spirit of the Nation, 335.
8. Ibid., 334–36.
9. Irish Press, Dec. 11, 1986.
10. Brian Campbell, Laurence McKeown, and Felim O’Hagan, eds., Nor Meekly Serve My Time: The H-Block Struggle, 1976–1981 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 1998), 263–64.
11. Confidential information, peace process source, 2000.
12. See Daltun O Ceallaigh, Irish Republicanism: Good Friday and After (Dublin: Leirmheas, 2000).
13. The details of the Reid message to Haughey were provided confidentially by two peace process sources, 2000.
14. Martin Mansergh, “The Background to the Peace Process,” Irish Studies in International Affairs 6 (1995): 155.
15. Ed Moloney, “Haughey and the Priest,” Sunday Tribune, Sept. 25, 1994.
16. Confidential information, peace process source, 1999.
17. Confidential information, peace process source, 2000.
18. Ibid.
19. Confidential information, peace process source, 1999.
20. Ed Moloney, “There Will Be No Ceasefire,” Sunday Tribune, Jan. 17, 1988.
21. Ed Moloney, “Impasse over IRA Campaign Threatens SF-SDLP Talks,” Sunday Tribune, April 3, 1988.
22. See Irish Times, Sept. 6, 12, 13, 19, and 26, 1988.
23. Eamonn Mallie and David McKittrick, The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), 171.
24. Mansergh, “Background,” 153.
25. Confidential account of Duisburg conference, Oct. 14–15, 1988, author’s copy.
26. Irish Times, Feb. 27, 1989.
27. Sunday Tribune, Nov. 5, 1989.
28. Irish Times, Nov. 10, 1989.
29. Draft 2, Oct. 1991, author’s copy.
30. Confidential information, peace process source, 1999.
31. For a comprehensive account of the intergovernment negotiations, see Mallie and McKittrick, Fight for Peace.
32. Text of Downing Street Declaration, Dec. 15, 1993.
33. Irish Times, June 16, 2006.
Ten: “No Idle Boast”
1. Confidential information from peace process participant, 2000.
2. IRA Easter message, An Phoblacht–Republican News, April 15, 1982.
3. Interview with former IRA member, Nov. 2000.
4. Notes of author’s conversation with former IRA Convention delegate, Oct. 1993.
5. “Jailed IRA Men Back Provos Drive for Dail,” Times (London), Sept. 1, 1986.
6. Interview with former IRA member, Nov. 2000.
7. Interview with former IRA member, Nov. 1998.
8. Interview with former Sinn Fein member, Feb. 1999.
9. Sinn Fein, The Politics of Revolution (Dublin: Sinn Fein, 1982), 11.
10. Ibid., 7.
11. Ibid., 20.
12. Ibid., 22.
13. Ibid., 26.
14. Ibid., 27.
15. Interview with former Sinn Fein official, 1999.
16. “Sinn Fein in Search for a New Strategy,” Irish News, June 21, 1988.
17. “Report of a Wing Discussion: H Block,” Iris Bheag, Aug. 1988.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. “A Pan-Nationalist Alliance?” Iris Bheag, June 1988.
21. “The SDLP: An Enemy in Our Midst?” Iris Bheag, Sept. 1990.
22. Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle, “Towards a Mass Movement,” Jan. 1989.
23. “Delegates Vote to Seek ‘Anti-imperialist’ Alliances,” Independent, Jan. 30, 1989.
24. Sinn Fein Ard Comhairle, “Towards a Mass Movement.”
25. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 1068.
26. The Weasel, “Bodenstown: A Twenty Six County Day Out,” Iris Bheag, Sept. 1987.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. See Bullitt, “Attitudes to the Garda Siochana,” Iris Bheag, March 1988.
Eleven: Death in Tyrone
1. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
2. Peter Taylor, Families at War: Voices from the Troubles (London: BBC Books, 1989), 156.
3. Notes of telephone conversation with Tyrone republican source, April 2001.
4. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State (London: Pluto Press, 1976), 205.
5. Notes of telephone conversation with former Army Council member, April 2001.
6. Interview with former Tyrone republican activist, April 2000.
7. Ibid.
8. Interview with former Tyrone IRA member, May 2000.
9. Ibid.
10. Interview with former Tyrone IRA member, April 2000.
11. Interview with former Tyrone IRA member, May 2000.
12. Confidential information, IRA source, Oct. 1998.
13. Notes of author’s conversation with former British military intelligence officer, Oct. 2000.
14. Interview with former Tyrone republican activist, April 2000.
15. Notes of conversation with former Northern Command staff officer, Nov. 1990.
16. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Nov. 17, 1983.
17. An Phoblacht–Republican News, June 21, 1984.
18. Confidential information, IRA source, Dec. 1999.
19. Confidential information, IRA source, Oct. 1998.
20. Interview with former Tyrone IRA member, April 2000.
21. Ibid.
22. Interview with former Tyrone republican activist, April 2000.
23. Confidential information, IRA source, April 2000.
24. Analysis of IRA “War News” column in An Phoblacht–Republican News by the author.
25. Interview with former Tyrone IRA member, April 2000.
26. Confidential information, IRA source, Jan. 1999.
27. Interview with former Tyrone republican activist, April 2000.
28. “Triple Murder by IRA Brings Sinn Fein Reprimand,” Daily Telegraph, March 9, 1989.
29. Interview with former Tyrone republican activist, April 2000.
30. Interview with former Tyrone IRA member, April 2000.
31. Interview with Tyrone IRA member, April 2000.
32. Ibid.
33. Interview with former Tyrone Republican activist, April 2000.
34. Notes of conversation with Tyrone Sinn Fein member, Nov. 1990.
35. Interview with Tyrone IRA member, April 2000.
36. Notes of conversation with former Northern Command member, March 1991.
37. Confidential information, IRA source, Jan. 1999.
38. Notes of conversation with former Northern Command member, March 1991.
39. “Heroic Freedom Fighter,” An Phoblacht–Republican News, May 14, 1987.
Twelve: “The War of the Twilight”
1. Interview with former IRA member, April 2000.
2. IRA Easter message, An Phoblacht–Republican News, April 23, 1987.
3. Interview with former IRA member, Nov. 1999.
4. Ibid.
5. Interview with former IRA member, Oct. 1998.
6. Interview with former IRA member, Jan. 1999.
7. Confidential information, IRA source, Jan. 1999.
8. Ibid.
9. Author’s note of conversation with republican source, March 1988.
10. Jack Holland, Hope against History: The Ulster Conflict (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1999), 220.
11. Interview with former IRA member, Oct. 1998.
12. Interview with former IRA member, Jan. 1999.
13. Ibid.
14. “IRA Killers Set to Focus on British,” Observer, June 1988.
15. “IRA Will Target British Army in Bid to Broaden Support,” Sunday Tribune, July 17, 1988.
16. Notes of conversation with Tyrone republican, Nov. 1990.
17. Interview with former IRA member, Jan. 1999.
18. Interview with former IRA member, Oct. 1998.
19. Fortnight, Sept. 1992.
20. Andersonstown News, Nov. 22, 1986.
21. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 1096.
22. “SF Leader Refuses to Support Bomb Attack,” Irish News, June 30, 1988.
23. “Provos Must Get Organised, Says Adams,” Irish News, July 7, 1988.
24. “Adams ‘Shocked’ by IRA Killing of Family,” Irish Times, Aug. 1, 1988.
25. “Killing of Civilians Alienates Voters, Adams Warns IRA,” Independent, Jan. 30, 1989.
26. “SF’s Position One of Critical Support, Says Adams,” Irish Times, June 9, 1990.
27. Interview with former IRA member, Jan. 1999.
28. Ibid.
29. “Sinn Fein Changes Tactics to Let IRA Speak for Itself,” Irish Times, Jan. 26, 1991.
30. David Sharrock and Mark Devenport, Man of War, Man of Peace? The Unauthorised Biography of Gerry Adams (London: Macmillan, 1997), 284.
31. Ibid., 284–85.
32. Interview with former IRA member, Nov. 1999.
33. Brendan O’Brien, The Long War (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1995), 151.
34. Notes of conversation with Adams aide, Dec. 3, 1990.
35. Peter Taylor, Provos: The IRA and Sinn Fein (London: Bloomsbury, 1998), 317.
Thirteen: The Derry Experiment
1. Derry Journal, Oct. 26, 1990.
2. Ibid.
3. Andy Pollak, ed., A Citizens’ Inquiry: The Opsahl Report on Northern Ireland (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1993), 267.
4. Dr. Ronny Swain, Psychology Department, University of Cork, quoted ibid.
5. Niall O Dochartaigh, From Civil Rights to Armalites: Derry and the Birth of the Irish Troubles (Cork: Cork University Press, 1997), xiv.
6. Eamonn McCann, War and an Irish Town (London: Pluto Press, 1980), 40.
7. Unpublished interview with Martin McGuinness Aug. 1989, p. 2, author’s copy.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. O Dochartaigh, From Civil Rights to Armalites, 155.
13. Ibid., 158.
14. Ibid., 160.
15. McCann, War and an Irish Town, 87.
16. O Dochartaigh, From Civil Rights to Armalites, 237.
17. Unpublished interview with McGuinness, 8.
18. Ibid., 10.
19. “McGuinness Reign Marked by 29 Security Killings,” Irish Independent, May 3, 2001.
20. McCann, War and an Irish Town, 106.
21. O Dochartaigh, From Civil Rights to Armalites, 281.
22. Ibid., 279.
23. McCann, War and an Irish Town, 102.
24. Unpublished interview with McGuinness, 10.
25. O Dochartaigh, From Civil Rights to Armalites, 285.
26. Interview with British government source, Aug. 2000.
27. Interview with confidential Derry source, Nov. 1998.
28. Interview with senior British army source, June 2000.
29. Interview with confidential Derry source, Nov. 1998.
30. Interview with senior British army source, June 2000.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Based on interviews with senior British army source, June 2000, and confidential Derry source, Nov. 1998.
34. Confidential Derry source, Sept. 2000.
35. Interview with confidential Derry source, Nov. 1998.
36. Author’s analysis of “War News” column, An Phoblacht–Republican News, 1986–94.
37. Interview with senior British army source, June 2000.
38. Confidential Derry source, Sept. 2000.
39. Information from confidential IRA source, Sept. 2000.
40. “The Men of War Promise Third Violent Decade,” Independent, Sept. 29, 1990.
Fourteen: Seven Men in a Room
1. Constitution of Oglaigh na hEireann, 1986 version, section 8 (b) 1, author’s copy.
2. Interview with IRA source, Jan. 1999.
3. Interview with IRA source, Oct. 1998.
4. Author’s note of conversation with former IRA Army Council member, Oct. 1993.
5. Interview with IRA source, April 2000.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Interview with IRA source, Nov. 1999.
10. Interview with IRA source, Jan. 1999.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Author’s note of conversation with republican source, Sept. 7, 1995.
Fifteen: Cease-Fire
1. Peter Taylor, Provos: The IRA and Sinn Fein (London: Bloomsbury, 1998), 142.
2. “‘No Ceasefire’ in Northern Ireland Likely Say Provos,” Sunday Tribune, Feb. 25, 1990.
3. “IRA Could Call Off Campaign—Adams,” Belfast Telegraph, April 10, 1990.
4. “Provos Call a Ceasefire,” Irish News, Dec. 24, 1990.
5. Gerry Adams, interview with the author, Jan. 31, 1991.
6. “Adams Dismisses Ceasefire ‘propaganda,’” Irish Times, Feb. 4, 1991.
7. Sinn Fein, “Towards a Lasting Peace in Ireland” (Dublin), Feb. 1992, p. 12.
8. Jim Gibney, “It Is Our Job to Develop the Struggle for Freedom,” June 21, 1992, Sinn Fein press office fax to author.
9. “SF Speech Is Seen as Significant,” Irish Times, June 23, 1992.
10. Gerry Adams, A Pathway to Peace (Cork and Dublin: Mercier Press, 1988).
11. Notes of conversation with republican source, Dec. 2000.
12. Interview with republican source, Nov. 2000.
13. Interview with republican source, Nov. 1999.
14. Sinn Fein, “Setting the Record Straight”: A record of communications between Sinn Fein and the British government, Oct. 1990–Nov. 1993 (July 1994), pp. 11–12.
15. Ibid., 27
16. Brendan O’Brien, The Long War (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1995), 271.
17. Eamonn Mallie and David McKittrick, The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story behind the Irish Peace Process (London: Heinemann, 1996), 375–77.
18. Ibid., 174.
19. Notes of conversation with think tank member, March 24, 1995.
20. Mallie and McKittrick, Fight for Peace, 177.
21. Downing Street Declaration, Dec. 15, 1993.
22. “Adams on IRA Peace Process.” Sunday Tribune, Dec. 12, 1993.
23. Interview with Belfast republican, Dec. 20, 1993.
24. Guardian, Oct. 25, 1993.
25. Notes of conversation with think tank member, March 24, 1995.
26. “McGuinness: Nothing Less Than Withdrawal Acceptable,” Sunday Business Post, Jan. 2, 1994.
27. Transcript of telephone conversation with West Belfast republican, Feb. 1, 1994.
28. Notes of interview with republican source, April 2000.
29. Irish Times, May 26, 1994.
30. Sean Duignan, One Spin on the Merry-Go-Round (Dublin: Blackwater Press, 1995), 136.
31. Conor O’Clery, The Greening of the White House (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1997), 112.
32. Ibid., 115.
33. O’Clery, Greening of the White House, 138.
34. Irish government source, Feb. 2000.
Sixteen: The Sos
1. An Phoblacht–Republican News, Sept. 2, 1994.
2. Notes of conversation with republican source, Sept. 8, 1994.
3. Duties and powers of the Army Council, IRA constitution, 1986 version.
4. Notes of conversation with British government source, April 24, 1995.
5. Interview with IRA source, Nov. 1999.
6. “Gerry Adams Confirms Meeting with US Delegation to Take Place,” SF news release, Aug. 22, 1994.
7. Interview with IRA source, March 1999.
8. “Radical Agendas,” Common Ground, The Pat Finucane Centre, 1, no. 3 (Winter 1994).
9. Interview with IRA source, Nov. 1999.
10. Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1999 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1999), 300.
11. Irish Times, Aug. 31, 1995.
12. Interview with IRA source, Dec. 1999.
13. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 1401.
14. Interview with Convention delegate, Feb. 2000.
15. Duties and powers of the Army Council, IRA constitution, 1986 version.
16. Clause 5, paragraph 5, Army Control, IRA constitution, 1986 version.
17. Ibid.
18. Duties and powers of the Executive, IRA constitution, 1996 version.
19. Duties and powers of the Army Council, IRA constitution, 1996 version.
20. Ibid.
21. Interview with Convention delegate, March 2000.
Seventeen: The Point of No Return
1. “Any New Ceasefire Would Be Clear Cut—Adams,” Irish Times, Feb. 22, 1997.
2. Jack Holland, Hope against History: The Ulster Conflict (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1999), 277.
3. Sunday Tribune, April 8, 1995.
4. Interview with IRA source, Feb. 2000.
5. Irish government source, Feb. 2000.
6. Ibid.
7. Irish Times, July 9, 1997.
8. Notes of conversation with republican source, May 2001.
9. Ibid.
10. Interview with IRA source, April 2000.
Eighteen: The End Begins
1. Sinn Fein press release, May 11, 1998.
2. “Poll of SF Delegates Dislike Good Friday Agreement,” Sunday Tribune, April 19, 1998.
3. David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney, and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1999), 1431.
4. Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1999 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1999), 349.
5. “IRA Blunder in the Jungle Sparks US Rage,” Observer, Aug. 19, 2001.
6. Ibid.
7. “N Ireland Closer to Weapons Compromise,” Financial Times, Oct. 13, 1998.
8. Confidential information from IRA source, 1999.
9. Notes of conversation with Irish government source, Sept. 2000.
10. BBC NI webpage: <http//:www.news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/northern_ireland/default.stm>, Sept. 24, 2001.
11. Irish Times, Oct. 29, 2001.
12. “Hope in Ireland,” Washington Post, Oct. 26, 2001.
13. “Burying the Guns of Northern Ireland,” New York Times, Oct. 24, 2001.
14. “Securing the Peace,” Irish Times, Oct. 24, 2001.
15. “Hand of History,” The Times (London), Oct. 24, 2001.
Nineteen: The Midas Touch
1. Notes of conversation with Gerry Adams, autumn 1994.
2. Speech by Tony Blair, British prime minister, in Belfast, Oct. 17, 2002.
3. Speech by Tony Blair, British prime minister, in London, March 21, 2006.
4. Notes of conversation with U.S. Department of State official, Oct. 2004.
5. Confidential information, Dec. 2000.
6. Northern Ireland Office, The Belfast Agreement, Chapter 7, April 10, 1998.
7. Dean Godson, Himself Alone—David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism (London: HarperCollins, 2004), 347.
8. Northern Ireland Office, The Way Forward, July 2, 1999.
9. Notes of conversation with Department of Foreign Affairs official, Nov. 1998.
10. Notes of conversations with republican dissidents, summer 2000.
11. Channel Four, The Big Heist, Sept. 22, 2005.
12. Godson, Himself Alone—David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism, 686.
13. Ibid.
14. Confidential information.
15. Daily Telegraph, Oct. 10, 2002. Confirmed by security force source, Nov. 2005.
16. Confidential information.
17. Irish Times, Jan. 23, 2006.
18. House International Relations Committee, International Global Terrorism: its links with illicit drugs as illustrated by the IRA and other groups in Colombia. Hearing on April 24, 2002.
19. Ibid.
20. Confidential information.
21. Daily Telegraph, May 15, 2002.
22. Sunday Herald, Aug. 29, 1999.
23. Irish Times, Jan. 9, 1999.
24. Ibid.
25. Sunday Tribune, Jan. 31, 1999.
26. Notes of conversation with Irish Department of Foreign Affairs official, March 1999.
27. Michael Benson, Failed Entity, The Blanket, <http://lark.phoblacht.net>, Dec. 6, 2004.
28. Sunday Tribune, Jan. 17, 1999.
29. Godson, Himself Alone—David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism, 592.
30. Ibid., 586.
31. Ibid., 556.
32. Interview with former republican activist, autumn 2006.
33. Interview with senior Irish political source, Sept. 2006.
34. Godson, Himself Alone—David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism, 556.
35. Interview with General John de Chastelain, Sept. 2006.
36. Millward Brown Ulster, The Good Friday Agreement—Latest Public Opinion, Oct. 25/26, 2000.
37. Irish Times, March 25, 2002.
38. Interview with security source, Nov. 2005.
39. BBC NI webpage, Jan. 13, 2003.
40. Interview with security source, Nov. 2005.
41. Interview with Irish political source, Sept. 2006.
42. Irish Times, Oct. 2, 2003.
43. Interview with General de Chastelain, Sept. 2006.
44. Irish Times, Oct. 21, 2003.
Twenty: The Last Kalashnikov
1. Chris Ward was charged in connection with the robbery in December 2005. At the time of writing his trial has not been held.
2. Richard O’Rawe, Blanketmen—An Untold Story of the H-Block Hunger Strike (Dublin: New Island, 2005), 236.
3. Irish Independent, June 10, 1999.
4. Conversation with DUP figure, Aug. 2005.
5. Fourth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission, Feb. 10, 2005.
6. RTE radio, This Week, Jan. 9, 2005.
7. Irish Times, Feb. 21, 2005.
8. IRA statement, Feb. 3, 2005.
9. Channel 4 Television, The Big Heist, Sept. 22, 2005.
10. Interview with Irish security source, Sept. 2006.
11. Interview with Northern Bank spokesman, Oct. 18, 2006.
12. Confidential information.
13. Fifth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission, May 24, 2005.
14. Interview with Irish political source, Sept. 2006.
15. Confidential information.
16. Irish Times, Feb. 12, 2005.
17. Irish Times, Jan. 11, 2005.
18. BBC NI webpage, Jan. 16, 2005.
19. Daily Telegraph, July 5, 2006.
20. Irish Times, July 4, 2005.
21. Ibid.
22. Confidential information.
23. Ibid.
24. Irish Times, Feb. 15, 2005.
25. Anthony McIntyre, Burdens Unbearable, The Blanket, <http://lark. phoblacht.net>, Feb. 4, 2005.
26. Irish Times, July 4, 2005.
27. Interview with Catherine McCartney, Sept. 2005.
28. Irish Times, July 4, 2005.
29. Interview with Catherine McCartney, Sept. 2005.
30. Irish Times, March 17, 2005.
31. Irish Times, March 16, 2005.
32. BBC NI webpage, March 14, 2005.
33. Irish Times, March 18, 2005.
34. Interview with U.S. Department of State official, Nov. 2006.
35. Sunday Telegraph, March 20, 2005.
36. Irish Times, March 18, 2005.
37. Interview with Catherine McCartney, Sept. 2005.
38. Council on Foreign Relations, <http://www.cfr.org/publication/7935/conversation_with_gerry_adams.html?breadcrumb=default> March 14, 2005.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Irish Times, April 7, 2005.
42. Irish Times, Oct. 1, 2005.
43. Irish Times, Oct. 16, 2006.
44. Irish Times, Sept. 27, 2005.
45. Irish Times, Oct. 1, 2005.
46. Interview with security source, Nov. 2005.
47. Irish Times, Sept. 27, 2005.
48. Irish News, Oct. 14, 2005.
49. Irish Times, Oct. 8, 2004.
50. Guardian, Feb. 22, 2005.
51. Sunday Independent, Feb. 27, 2005.
52. Irish Times, March 4, 2005.
53. Irish Times, May 19, 2006.
54. BBC News website, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3715205.stm>
55. Sunday Times, Oct. 2, 2005.
56. Sunday Times, May 7, 2006.
57. O’Rawe, Blanketmen.
58. The Blanket website, <http://www.phoblacht.net/AMROR1605068g.html>
59. O’Rawe, Blanketmen, 257.
60. The Blanketmen website, <http://www.phoblacht.net/AMROR1605068g.html>
61. Irish News, March 12, 2005.
62. Daily Ireland, June 7, 2006.
63. Hunger Strike, DoubleBand Films, RTE, May 9, 2006.
64. Democratic Dialogue, April 5, 2006, reproduced on www.openDemocracy.net.
65. Independent, Dec. 7, 1997.
66. Sunday Times, Oct. 31, 1999.
67. Belfast Telegraph, Dec. 21, 2005.
68. Sinn Fein website, <http://www.sinnfein.ie/news/detail/8041>
69. Irish News, Jan. 8, 2005.
70. Confidential information.
71. A Ministry of Defence gagging writ preventing “Ingram” from referring to “Steaknife” obliged the ex-FRU soldier to coin the name “Stakeknife” instead, a fiction that facilitated continuing media coverage of the story.
72. Confidential information.
73. Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1998.
74. Ibid.
75. Irish News, Dec. 1, 2001.
76. Mark Urban, Big Boys’ Rules—The Secret Struggle Against the IRA (London: Faber and Faber, 1992), 181–82.
77. Sunday Tribune, Jan. 31, 1992.
78. Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1998.
79. Irish Times, Dec. 17, 2005.
80. Interview with Irish security source, Sept. 2006.
81. Interview with security source, Nov. 2005.
82. Ibid.
83. Radio Free Eireann interview, Dec. 29, 2005.
84. Interview with former Noraid official, Aug. 2006.
85. Irish Times, Dec. 24, 2005.
86. Interview with former Noraid official, Aug. 2006.
87. Confidential information.
88. See website, <http://www.birw.org/Stakeknife.html>
89. Sunday Times, Oct. 31, 1999.
90. The Times, March 20, 2006.
91. Interview with former republican activist, autumn 2006.
92. Confidential information.
93. Sunday Independent, Sept. 17, 2006.
94. Interview with Irish security source, Sept. 2006.
Epilogue: “Turning the Titanic in a Bathtub”
1. Confidential conversation with Presbyterian cleric, spring 2001.
2. The Report of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, Sept. 1999, para 12. 18.
3. Confidential source, July 2006.
4. Email to author, February 2007.