It doesn’t take long to replace an ordinary light switch with a full-feature dimmer. But while you’re at it, to make your home safer, you should upgrade the wiring to meet the latest requirements of the National Electrical Code.
If the switch you’re replacing is the only switch controlling the light, buy a standard single-pole dimmer. If the light can be switched on and off from two or more switches, buy a three-way dimmer switch. But you won’t be able to dim the lights from every switch location unless you buy a set of special dimmers with advanced electronics and install one at each switch location.
Most dimmers are designed to handle 600 watts. Add up the wattage of all the light bulbs you’ll be dimming. Then read the dimmer package to make sure it can handle the load. Heavy-duty 1,000- and 1,500-watt dimmers are also readily available. Read the package if you’ll be installing dimmers side by side in the same electrical box because the wattage rating is reduced to compensate for extra heat buildup.
Finally, you have to use a special device, not a dimmer, to control the speed of ceiling fans and motors. Most fluorescent lights can’t be dimmed without altering the fixture.
Too many wires and devices stuffed into a box can cause dangerous overheating, short-circuiting and fires. The National Electrical Code specifies minimum box sizes to reduce this risk.
To figure the minimum box size required by the electrical code, add 1 for each hot and neutral wire entering the box, 1 for all the ground wires combined, 1 for all the clamps combined, and 2 for each device (switch or receptacle) installed in the box. Multiply this figure by 2 for 14-gauge wire and 2.25 for 12-gauge wire to get the minimum box volume in cubic inches.
To help determine the gauge of the wire in your switch box, look at the amperage of the circuit breaker or fuse in the main electrical panel. Fifteen-amp circuits are usually wired with 14-gauge wire and 20-amp circuits require 12-gauge or heavier wire.
Compare the figure you get with the volume of your existing box. Plastic boxes have the volume stamped inside, usually on the back. Steel box capacities are listed in the electrical code. We’ve listed the volume of the most common steel boxes in Figure A. If you have a steel box, measure it (Photo 2) and consult the chart to see if it’s large enough. If your box is too small, replace it with a larger one. It’s possible to replace a box without cutting away the wall, but it’s a tricky job. It’s easier to remove about a 16-in. square of drywall or plaster and patch it after the new large box is installed.
New dimmers have either a green grounding wire or a green ground screw that you’ll have to connect to a grounding source if one is available. Houses wired with plastic-sheathed cable almost always have bare copper ground wires that you’ll connect to the dimmer. But test first using the procedure shown in Photo 3 to verify that the wire is connected to a ground.
Some wiring systems, like ours, rely on metal conduit for the ground. If you have one of these systems, Photo 3 shows how to test the metal box to verify that it’s grounded. If it is, attach a short ground wire to the metal box with either a metal grounding clip as shown in Photos 4 and 5 or a green grounding screw screwed into the threaded hole in the back of the box. Then connect it to the dimmer.
If testing reveals your box isn’t grounded, you can still install the dimmer, but you must use a plastic cover plate and make sure no bare metal parts are exposed.
Some dimmers, like the one we’re installing, have stranded wires attached. Photos 7 and 8 show how to install this type of dimmer. Others have screw terminals instead. For these, strip 3/4 in. of the insulated covering from the wires in the box and bend a loop in each with a needle-nose pliers. Place the loop clockwise around the screw terminals and close the loop around the screws with the needle-nose pliers. Then tighten the screws.
It doesn’t matter if you reverse the two switch wires to a single-pole dimmer. But if you’re replacing a three-way switch with a three-way dimmer, label the “common” wire (it’ll be labeled on the old switch) when you remove the old switch so you can connect it to the “common” terminal on the dimmer.
In most cases, the two switch wires will be some color other than green or white, usually black. But one of the wires may be white if your house is wired with plastic-sheathed cable (like Romex). Put a wrap of black tape around the white conductor to label it as a hot wire.
1. Check for hot wires. Turn off the power at the main circuit panel. Hold the tip of a non-contact voltage detector near each screw terminal to be sure the power is off. Then unscrew the switch and pull it from the box. Probe around inside the box with the detector to make sure there are no other hot wires from another circuit.
2. Calculate box volume. Measure the height, width and depth of metal boxes and refer to the chart below to determine the box volume. Plastic boxes have their volume stamped inside.
3. Test for ground. Turn the power back on. Then place the leads of a voltage tester between each screw terminal and the metal box. If the tester lights, the box is grounded. Caution: Turn off the power again before proceeding.
4. Install a grounding clip. Press a grounding clip and 6-in. length of bare copper wire onto the metal box with a screwdriver. Cut away a little bit of drywall under the box to provide clearance for the clip.
5. Pinch the wire end. Bend the ground wire back onto the clip and squeeze it down tight so it won’t interfere with the dimmer switch.
6. Strip new wire ends. Clip off the bent end of each wire with the wire cutter. Strip 3/8 in. of insulation from the end of the wires.
7. Connect the wires. Hold the wires together with the stranded wire protruding about 1/8 in. beyond the solid wire. Match the size of the wire connector you’re using to the size and number of wires being connected. Check the manufacturer’s specifications on the package to be sure. Twist a plastic wire connector clockwise onto the wires to connect them. Stop twisting when the connector is snug.
8. Attach the cover plate. Fold the wires neatly into the box. Screw the dimmer to the box with the screws provided. Finish the job by installing the cover plate and turning on the power to test the new dimmer.
