Notes

Introduction

1 ‘For a long time I’d been applying …’ More information on the Amos Bursary can be found here: https://www.amosbursary.org.uk/about/

2 ‘A recent report by the Financial Times …’ ‘Millenials Poorer Than Previous Generations’, Sarah O’Connor, Financial Times, 23 February 2018. https://www.ft.com/content/81343d9e-187b-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640 More information on the wages and living standards of young people can be found here: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/real-wages-and-living-standards-the-latest-uk-evidence/

3 ‘In England, young people are more likely than any other age group to live in unsatisfactory housing …’ ‘Is Britain Fairer? The State of Equality and Human Rights 2018’, Equality and Human Rights Commission. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/is-britain-fairer-accessible.pdf

4 ‘The Office for National Statistics …’ https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/thenatureofviolentcrimeinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2018

Identity

1 ‘I think this is also true …’ https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/06/18/young-people-are-less-proud-being-english-their-el The same poll does however suggest that when it comes to ‘Britishness’ as opposed to ‘Englishness’, there is no significant variation between young and old people.

2 ‘Britain is my home, my nationality, my frame of reference …’ ‘This Country of Mine Always Made Me Feel Like I Didn’t Belong’, Afua Hirsch, Financial Times, 26 January 2018. https://www.ft.com/content/84b4c0a2-0097-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5

3 ‘Most people are familiar with the Afrobeat styles …’ ‘The Rise of Afrobeats’, Dan Hancox, Guardian, 19 January 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jan/19/the-rise-of-afrobeats

4 ‘This isn’t just the case with Syrian refugees …’ International Migration Report, United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf

5 ‘Perhaps most surprisingly …’ https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/PopFacts_2017-5.pdf

6 ‘The Windrush scandal came to light …’ ‘Windrush Scandal: No Passport for Thousands Who Moved to Britain’, Amelia Gentleman, Guardian, 4 May 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/04/windrush-scandal-no-passport-for-thousands-who-moved-to-britain

7 ‘According to the Office of National Statistics …’ https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality

Home

1 ‘The Education Policy Institute define disadvantage …’ https://epi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/EPI-Annual-Report-2018-Lit-review.pdf

2 ‘A recent research project conducted by …’ ‘Housing Crisis Affects Estimated 8.4 million in England - Research’, 23 September 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49787913

3 ‘According to the website for the Office …’ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, www.ohchr.org

4 ‘Not long ago, I came across an even more shocking statistic …’ ‘Shipping Containers Being Used to House Children as “More Than 200,000 Go Without Homes’, Report Says’, Jacob Jarvis, Evening Standard, 21 August 2019. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/shipping-containers-being-used-to-house-children-as-more-than-200000-go-without-homes-report-says-a4217871.html

5 ‘In December 2019, a Guardian report …’ ‘Homeless Households in England Rise by 23% in a Year’, Mattha Busby, Guardian, 18 December 2019.

6 ’In 2018, the Equality Trust …’, ‘The Scale of Economic Inequality in the UK’, www.equalitytrust.org.uk/scale-economic-inequality-uk

7 ‘It’s hard to overstate …’ https://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/data/key-facts-london-poverty-and-inequality/df

8 ‘In the 1970s …’ https://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/BN178.pdf#page=9

9 ‘A recent report from the right-leaning think tank …’ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/feb/08/million-more-young-adults-live-parents-uk-housing

10 ‘However, as Shelter points out …’ https://england.shelter.org.uk/housing_advice/homelessness/rules/what_is_homelessness

11 ‘Shelter have estimated that …’ ‘At Least 320,000 Homeless People in Britain, Says Shelter’, Patrick Butler, Guardian, 22 November 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/22/at-least-320000-homeless-people-in-britain-says-shelter

12 ‘As Polly Neate, the chief executive of Shelter …’ ‘Nearly a Million More Young Adults Now Live With Parents’, Aamna Mohdin, Guardian, 8 February 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/feb/08/million-more-young-adults-live-parents-uk-housing

Education

1 ‘One afternoon when I was doing a bit of research for this chapter …’ ‘Working-Class Children Get Less of Everything in Education - Including Respect’, Donna Ferguson, Guardian, 21 November 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/nov/21/english-class-system-shaped-in-schools

2 ‘A 2019 survey by the National Education Union (NEU) of 8,600 school leaders …’ ‘Tired, Hungry and Shamed: Pupil Poverty “Stops Learning”’, Sally Weale, Guardian, 14 April 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/apr/14/tired-hungry-shamed-pupil-poverty-stops-learning and https://neu.org.uk/press-releases/state-education-child-poverty

3 ‘In another recent survey carried out by the NEU …’ ‘Teachers in England Have “Unmanageable” Job - Global Survey’, Richard Adams, Guardian, 19 June 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/jun/19/teachers-in-england-have-unmanageable-job-global-survey and http://www.oecd.org/education/talis/

4 ‘A Guardian investigation in March 2019 revealed …’ ‘“It’s Dangerous”: Full Chaos of Funding Cuts in England’s Schools Revealed’, Sally Weale and Richard Adams, Guardian, 8 March 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/mar/08/its-dangerous-full-chaos-of-funding-cuts-in-englands-schools-revealed

5 ‘In a 2018 National Education Union survey, nine in ten teachers agreed …’ https://neu.org.uk/press-releases/sats-do-not-benefit-childrens-learning-and-are-bad-their-well-being-neu-survey

6 ‘Irrespective of how well they fare in tests, 49 per cent …’ https://www.cbi.org.uk/media-centre/articles/half-of-young-people-do-not-feel-prepared-for-world-of-work-cbi-accenture-hays-survey/

7 ‘Is it any wonder …’ https://www.ymca.org.uk/latest-news/cuts-to-youth-services-to-reach-breaking-point-during-critical-time-for-youth-community-support

8 ‘A recent BBC report concluded that …’ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-46541454

9 ‘One consequence of this is that between 2010 and 2018 there was a 35 per cent decrease in arts entries at GCSE …’ https://www.sec-ed.co.uk/news/tate-warning-over-decline-in-arts-education/ and https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/12/the-guardian-view-on-humanities-degrees-art-for-societys-sake and https://culturallearningalliance.org.uk/further-decline-in-arts-gcse-and-a-level-entries/

10 ‘The government’s own data shows …’ https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/absence-and-exclusions/pupil-exclusions/latest#permanent-exclusions-by-ethnicity

11 ‘In the short-term …’ https://www.ippr.org/files/2017-10/making-the-difference-summary-october-2017.pdf

12 ‘This is one of many reasons that …’ ‘Saving Troubled Teenagers is a Tale of Two Cities’, David Cohen, Evening Standard, 6 January 2020. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/education/saving-troubled-teenagers-is-a-tale-of-two-cities-a4327386.html

13 ‘Beyond the cost to the individuals involved …’ https://www.ippr.org/files/2017-10/making-the-difference-summary-october-2017.pdf

14 ‘However, all data shows that schools are generally moving …’ https://www.thersa.org/discover/publications-and-articles/rsa-blogs/2019/08/exclusions

Justice

1 ‘According to official figures from the Office for National Statistics …’, ‘London Knife Crime Hits Record High’, Martin Bentham, Evening Standard, 23 January 2020. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/knife-crime-england-london-hits-record-high-a4342451.html

2 ‘And if that is racial prejudice, then I am guilty …’ A link to an Independent report on Boris Johnson’s original Guardian column here: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-bunch-black-kids-racist-column-guardian-a9213356.html

3 ‘I am a young black man, which means …’ https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/crime-justice-and-the-law/policing/stop-and-search/latest

4 ‘Stop and search is consistently ineffective at reducing violent crime …’ ‘Met Police “Disproportionately” Use Stop and Search Powers on Black People’, Vikram Dodd, Guardian, 26 January 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/jan/26/met-police-disproportionately-use-stop-and-search-powers-on-black-people

5 ‘Of the 29,000 complaints lodged within one year, only 100 were managed by the Commission …’ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/apr/08/police-complaints-commission

6 ‘In 2017 alone, twenty-three people died in police custody …’ ‘Police Custody in England and Wales’, Vikram Dodd, Guardian, 25 July 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jul/25/highest-number-of-people-in-a-decade-die-in-police-custodyPublished in July 2018.

7 ‘In a piece in the Guardian …’ ‘“The Worst of All Outcomes”’, John Crawley, Guardian, 8 April 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/apr/08/police-complaints-commission

8 ‘The new IOPC can discipline officers directly …’ ‘New Police Watchdog Launches Inquiry’, Lizzie Dearden, Independent, 8 January 2018. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-watchdog-launch-iopc-replace-ipcc-independent-office-for-police-conduct-uk-public-a8147696.html

9 ‘“I do not accept the findings …”’ ‘Rashan Charles’ Great Uncle, Former Met Officer Rod Charles’, Rod Charles, Hackney Gazette, 24 July 2018. https://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/news/rashan-charles-uncle-rod-charles-avoidable-deaths-following-police-contact-will-increase-1-5620448

10 ‘Acting on behalf of Charles’ family …’ ‘Rashan Charles: Family “Extremely Disappointed” by IOPC Findings and are Considering Legal Challenge’, Sam Gelder, Hackney Gazette, 22 August 2018. https://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/news/crime-court/rashan-charles-family-extremely-disappointed-iopc-considering-challenge-dalston-1-5653645

11 ‘According to police data, a black person is four times more likely …’ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-44214748

12 ‘The number of assaults on officers on active duty have risen by a third between 2015 and 2019 …’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539200/hosb0516-assaults.pdf

13 ‘A compelling example of this …’ From ‘In Care, Out of Trouble’ http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/In%20care%20out%20of%20trouble%20summary.pdf

14 ‘At the moment, prisons are not safe …’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/797074/safety-custody-bulletin-q4-2018.pdf

15 ‘According to recent figures …’ http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Bromley%20Briefings/Prison%20the%20facts%20Summer%202019.pdf

16 ‘In 2019, it cost, on average …’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/841948/costs-per-place-costs-per-prisoner-2018-2019.pdf

17 ‘One of the statistics that stood out to me …’ This Kenny Report and others can be accessed via the following link: http://www.kennyreport3.com/pdf/KennyReport1.pdf

18 ‘Why have murders plummeted in Scotland …’ ‘Ten Charts That Show the Rise of Knife Crime in England in Wales’, Danny Shaw, BBC, 18 July 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-42749089

19 ‘A second element of Scotland’s approach …’ ‘Is There a Link Between Scotland’s Exclusion Rate and Knife Crime’, Nichola Rutherford, BBC, 8 March 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-47484927

20 ‘I remember reading about Operation Trident …’ https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest

21 ‘Government statistics show that …’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/849200/statistics-on-race-and-the-cjs-2018.pdf

22 Another recent study by …’ ‘Racial Bias in Stop and Search Getting Worse, Report Reveals’, Mark Townsend, Guardian, 13 October 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/oct/13/racial-bias-police-stop-and-search-policy-black-people-report

Business

1 ‘The government’s own commission …’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/798687/SMC_State_of_Nation_2018-19_Summary.pdf

2 ‘The Wolf of Walthamstow …’ ‘Teenage Tuck Shop Entrepreneur’, Kenza Bryan, Independent, 14 July 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/wolf-walthamstow-entrepeneur-tuck-stop-teenage-youth-charity-profits-nathan-john-baptiste-15-year-a7841546.html

3 ‘Or there’s Bejay Mulenga …’ ‘Meet Bejay Mulenga’, Tommy Williams, Forbes, 19 November 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommywilliams1/2019/11/19/meet-bejay-mulenga-24-year-old-entrepreneur-helping-fortune-500-companies-engage-with-gen-z/#41e4a4df156c

4 ‘The headline read …’ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/radio-1-teen-hero-head-of-youth-council-called-in-to-help-boss-ben-cooper-44-bridge-the-generation-10128834.html

5 ‘In 2016, the year I created …’ https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/new-businesses-registered-number-wb-data.html

6 ‘In the same year, 328,000 businesses collapsed …’ ‘It Pays to Be Pessimistic, Shows New Research Into Entrepreneurs’, University of Bath, 3 October 2018. https://phys.org/news/2018-10-pessimistic-entrepreneurs.html

7 ‘In 2018, there were 381,000 new businesses registered …’ https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06152/SN06152.pdf

Politics

1 ‘As John Sparkes, the CEO …’ https://www.crisis.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/politicians-police-and-charities-urge-government-to-scrap-draconian-vagrancy-act/

2 ‘The government’s own statistics …’ https://www.crisis.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/number-of-rough-sleepers-in-england-soars-by-165-since-2010/

3 ‘The homeless charity St Mungo’s …’ https://www.connection-at-stmartins.org.uk/facts-about-homelessness/why-is-homelessness-increasing/

4 ‘That’s right. In August 2019 …’ ‘Chicken Boxes to Return to Home Office With Handwritte Knife Crime Solutions’, Guardian, 19 August 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/aug/19/chicken-boxes-home-office-knife-crime

5 ‘However, when pollsters like Opinium …’ https://www.opinium.co.uk/did-young-people-bother-to-vote-in-the-eu-referendum/

6 ‘I grew up in a decade that saw funding …’ ‘Youth Services Suffer 70% Funding Cut in Less Than a Decade’, Sally Weale, Guardian, 20 January 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jan/20/youth-services-suffer-70-funding-cut-in-less-than-a-decade

7 ‘One of these is an amazing organisation …’ More information on Bite the Ballot here: https://www.bitetheballot.co.uk/

Charity

1 ‘In 2017 alone, 20.1 million people in the …’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/738261/Community_Life_Survey_2017-18_Formal_Volunteering_fact_sheet.pdf