Introduction
1. In late 2014, Montpelier announced a $10 million gift from the philanthropist David Rubenstein, part of which would support more furnishings and interpretations at the mansion—a promising development.
2. Charles Thomas Chapman, Who Was Buried in James Madison’s Grave: A Study in Contextual Analysis, MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, 2005, 23.
3. Fredericksburg News, October 6, 1857, cited in Chapman, 2.
4. Chapman, 22.
5. Henry Wiencek, Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012), 3.
6. Thomas Jefferson, n.d., Epitaph, The Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
7. Vi-An Nguyen, “What’s the Most Visited Presidential Memorial?” Parade Magazine, July 31, 2013, available at http://www.parade.com/59283/viannguyen/whats-the-most-visited-presidential-memorial-in-america/.
8. Library of Congress, “The James Madison Memorial Building,” available at http://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/madison.html.
9. James Thomas Flexner, The Young Hamilton: A Biography (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), 35.
10. Richard B. Morris, Witnesses at the Creation: Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and the Constitution (New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1985), 37.
11. John Corbin, The Unknown Washington: Biographic Origins of the Republic (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 193), 32.
12. Ibid., 43.
13. Ibid., 47–48.
14. Ibid., 49.
15. Ibid., 121.
16. “To Thomas Jefferson,” February 11, 1783, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 6 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 221.
17. “From Thomas Jefferson,” January 30, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 249.
18. “From John Francis Mercer,” November 12, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 135.
19. Norine Dickson Campbell, Patrick Henry: Patriot and Statesman (New York: Devin-Adair, 1969), 306.
20. “Beverly Randolph to James Monroe,” November 26, 1784, cited in PJM, vol. 8, 196n.
21. Elizabeth Fleet, “Madison’s ‘Detatched Memoranda,’” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., vol. 3, 1946, 555.
22. “To Thomas Jefferson,” January 9, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 229; “Beverly Randolph to James Monroe,” November 26, 1784, cited in PJM, vol. 8, 196n.
23. “To James Monroe,” December 4, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 175.
24. Ibid., 175–76.
25. “To Thomas Jefferson,” January 9, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 229.
26. “To James Monroe,” April 12, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 261.
27. “Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments,” ca. June 20, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 298–304.
28. Ibid., 296n.
29. “To Edmund Randolph,” July 26, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 328.
30. “From George Nicholas,” July 7, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 316.
31. “Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments,” ca. June 20, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 297–98n.
32. “Eliza House Trist to Thomas Jefferson,” April 13, 1784, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, VII, 97–8, cited in Irving Brant, James Madison: The Virginia Revolutionist, 1750–1780, vol. 1 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 17.
33. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 630.
34. Robert Merry, Where They Stand: The American Presidents in the Eyes of Voters and Historians (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012).
35. Brant, ii.
36. “113th Congress on Track to Be Least Productive Ever,” National Public Radio NewsHour, December 4, 2013, available at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/113th-congress-on-track-to-be-least-productive-ever/. Andrew Dugan, “Congressional Approval Rating Languishes at Low Level,” Gallup Politics, July 15, 2014, available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/172859/congressional-approval-rating-languishes-low-level.aspx.
37. Thomas Mann and Norman Ornstein, It’s Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism (New York: Basic Books, 2012).
38. Ibid., 39.
39. Robert M. Gates, “The Quiet Fury of Robert Gates,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2014, available at http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304617404579306851526222552.
40. See also David Singh Grewel, Network Power: The Social Dynamics of Globalization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).
41. David Robertson, Debates and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia (Richmond: Enquirer-Press, 1805), 108.
42. Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 34.
43. Dylan Thomas, The Selected Poems of Dylan Thomas (New York: New Directions Publishing, 2003), 9.
44. Plato, “Phaedrus,” in The Dialogues of Plato, trans. Benjamin Jowett, vol. 1 (New York: Random House, 1937), 257–58.
45. Ibid., 243.
1. “Our Passions Are Like Torrents”
1. For more on Indians in central and western Virginia, see John M. Boback, Indian Warfare, Household Competency, and the Settlement of the Western Virginia Frontier, 1749–1794, dissertation, College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, 2007; and Matthew L. Rhoades, Long Knives and the Longhouse: Anglo-Iroquois Politics and the Expansion of Colonial Virginia (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011).
2. “James Madison, Sr. to Joseph Chew,” February 19, 1793, James Madison Collection, box 1, folder 8, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
3. Douglas B. Chambers, Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2005), 15.
4. Paul Jennings, A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn, NY: George C. Beadle, 1865), 15.
5. Matthew G. Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons: House, Home and American Heritage (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), 14.
6. Ann Miller, The Short Life and Strange Death of Ambrose Madison (Orange, VA: Orange County Historical Society, 2001), 17–18.
7. Ibid., 27–28.
8. “John C. Payne to J. Q. Adams,” August 1836, Adams mss., Massachusetts Historical Society, cited in James Madison: A Biography by Ralph Ketcham (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 21.
9. Ibid.
10. Dorothy Boyd-Rush, “Gray Matters: Molding a Founding Father,” Montpelier Magazine, December 9, 2003.
11. “James Madison, Autobiographical Notes, AMs, 4 pp. 1800 (though Ralph Ketcham writes on the folder itself “too early”), James Madison Collection, box 1, folder 1, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton Library.
12. Editorial note, “Commonplace Book,” PJM, vol. 1, 5.
13. Ibid.
14. Original preface, Memoirs of Jean Francois Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, written by himself (Boston: L. C. Page & Company, 1899).
15. “Abstracts from the Memoirs of the Cardinal de Retz,” PJM, vol. 1, 7–16.
16. “From Mont. chiefly,” PJM, vol. 1, 16–18.
2. The Good Doctor
1. Willis Rudy, The Campus and a Nation in Crisis: From the American Revolution to Vietnam (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1996), 31–33.
2. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 25–27.
3. Ibid.
4. “A Brief History of Nassau Hall,” Princeton University, available at http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/nassau.shtml (last accessed on December 19, 2012).
5. Jeffry H. Morrison, John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005), 10.
6. L. Gordon Tait, The Piety of John Witherspoon: Pew, Pulpit, and Public Forum (Louisville, KY: Geneva Press, 2001), 2.
7. Varnum Lansing Collins, Introduction to Lectures on Moral Philosophy, by John Witherspoon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1912), viii.
8. Tait, 3.
9. Ibid., 5.
10. Ibid., 6.
11. Collins, Introduction to Lectures on Moral Philosophy, viii.
12. “The Battle of Falkirk 1746,” British Battles, available at: http://www.britishbattles.com/battle_of_falkirk.htm (last accessed on October 10, 2014).
13. James McCosh, Witherspoon and His Times (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work, 1890), 19.
14. Frank Moore, American Eloquence: A Collection of Speeches and Addresses by the Most Eminent Orators of America (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1857), 290–91.
15. Varnum Lansing Collins, President Witherspoon: A Biography, vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1925), 19, 23–24, cited in J. Walter McGinty, An Animated Son of Liberty: A Life of John Witherspoon (St. Edmunds: Arena Books, 2012), 270.
16. Anand C. Chitnis, The Scottish Enlightenment: A Social History (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1976), 5.
17. Morrison, 58.
18. Tait, 7.
19. Ibid., 9.
20. Ibid., 7–8.
21. Ibid., 10.
22. Jane Rendall, The Origins of the Scottish Enlightenment: 1707–1776 (London: Macmillan, 1978), 219.
23. Ibid.
24. Tait, 75–76.
25. John Witherspoon, The Works of the Rev. Dr. John Witherspoon (Philadelphia: John Woodward, 1803), i.
26. Matthew F. Rose, John Witherspoon: An American Leader (Washington, DC: Family Research Council, 1999), 17–20.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., 21.
29. Morrison, 9, 63–64.
30. Ibid., 48.
31. Ketcham, 31.
32. Douglas Adair, “James Madison’s Autobiography,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 2, no. 2 (April 1945), 197.
33. Ibid., 197–98.
34. Ketcham, 31.
35. Ibid., 33.
36. Ibid., 33.
37. Paul Jennings, A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn: George C. Beadle, 1865), 17.
38. Ward W. Briggs, Jr., Soldier and Scholar: Basil Laneau Silversleeve and the Civil War (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998), 55n25.
39. James Madison, “Clio’s Proclamation,” Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 64–65.
3. A Nexus Imperii
1. L. Gordon Tait, The Piety of John Witherspoon: Pew, Pulpit, and Public Forum (Louisville, KY: Geneva Press, 2001), xviii.
2. Thaddeus Dod, “Lectures on Moral Philosophy,” C0199, No. 333, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
3. “A Brief System of Logick,” PJM, vol. 1, 37.
4. Ibid.
5. John Witherspoon, Lectures on Moral Philosophy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1912), 58.
6. Jeffry H. Morrison, John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005), 72–73.
7. Ibid., 73.
8. J. Walter McGinty, An Animated Son of Liberty: A Life of John Witherspoon (St. Edmunds: Arena Books, 2012), 199.
9. “A Brief System of Logick,” PJM, vol. 1, 39.
10. Ibid., 41.
11. Dod, 91.
12. Ibid., 92.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 92–93.
16. Ibid., 98.
17. Ibid., 94.
18. E-mail to author from Daniel Moore, September 12, 2014.
19. Dod, 94.
20. Ibid., 99.
21. Morrison, 25.
22. Ibid., 27.
23. “To James Madison, Sr.,” July 23, 1770, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 50.
24. “To James Madison, Sr.,” October 9, 1771, PJM, vol. 1, 69.
25. James Madison, “Autobiographical Sketch,” 1, n.d., box 1, folder 1, James Madison Collection, MS CO207, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
26. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Virginia Revolutionist, 1751–1780, vol. 1 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 97–99.
4. The High Tract of Public Life
1. “To William Bradford,” November 9, 1772, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 76.
2. Author interview with Jayne Blair, Orange County Historical Society, Orange, Virginia, April 4, 2013.
3. William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, vol. 1 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), 8.
4. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Virginia Revolutionist, 1751–1780, vol. 1 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 31.
5. James Madison, “Autobiographical Notes,” AMs, 4 pp, 1800. James Madison Collection, box 1, folder 1, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton Library.
6. Baron de Montlezun, Voyage fait dans les années 1816–1817, de New-Yorck à la Nouvelle-Orléans, et de l’Orénoque au Mississippi (Paris: Gide Fils, 1818), 63–64.
7. Rives, vol. 1, 8.
8. Against the stereotype of eldest brothers as autocratic, power-driven personalities, modern psychology has found that strength is only part of the story. The typical eldest brother develops a complex, emotionally interdependent life with his younger siblings. For the eldest brother competing with younger siblings for his parents’ attention and affection, “dark and savage fantasies of outright mayhem can sometimes put in an appearance,” two modern psychologists write. Eldest brothers sometimes decide to “befriend the newcomer, to be a third parent,” even “serving as guardian, mentor, and guide,” in order to make them dependent, while creating an “aura of solicitous and benevolent know-how.” [Bradford Wilson and George Edington, First Child, Second Child . . . Your Birth Order Profile (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 62.] Instead of being a tyrant within the house, most eldest brothers are actually grounded by others. The eldest brother becomes “holistic” rather than “atomistic,” meaning he grasps facts as an integrated whole, accustomed to negotiating boundaries between squabbling siblings. He “internalizes” rather than “externalizes,” meaning he takes emotional experiences in, rather than projects them onto others. He is conceptual rather than perceptual, given to broad schemes of control—a natural attribute in a family of underlings—rather than immediate emotional reactions. Where the younger sibling is “concrete,” focusing on the facts at hand, the eldest becomes “abstract,” tending toward dreams and metaphysical schemes. And while the younger sibling is “activistic,” working on action itself, the eldest brother becomes drawn into the dreamy side of life, to the interior space in which he plots and designs the management of his siblings, while retreating from their management. Brian Sutton-Smith and Benjamin George Rosenberg, The Sibling (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), 9.
9. “To James Madison, Sr.,” December 8, 1779, PJM, vol. 1, 316.
10. “To Ambrose Madison,” October 11, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 192.
11. “From William Bradford,” October [13, 1772], PJM, vol. 1, 73.
5. “The Annals of Heaven”
1. “James Madison, Sr. to Joseph Chew,” February 19, 1793, James Madison Collection, box 1, folder 8, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
2. On October 13, 1772, Bradford sent a letter to Madison. The friends had seen each other last in Philadelphia in April, as Madison forlornly headed back down the hot dusty road to Virginia. Bradford apologized for not writing earlier, but he had a reason: “I should have given myself that pleasure sooner,” he wrote, “had I not heard you were at the springs.” Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 72.
3. “To William Bradford,” October 30–November 5, 1779, PJM, vol. 1, 311.
4. “To William Bradford,” November 9, 1772, PJM, vol. 1, 75.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 76.
7. “To William Bradford,” April 28, 1773, PJM, vol. 1, 83.
8. “To William Bradford,” January 24, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 106.
9. “To William Bradford,” April 1, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 112–13.
10. Ibid., 114n7.
11. William Parks, “Religion and the Revolution in Virginia,” in Virginia in the American Revolution, by Richard A. Rutyna and Peter C. Stewart (Norfolk, VA: Old Dominion University Press, 1977), 42–43.
12. Ibid., 43.
13. “To William Bradford,” April 1, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 112.
14. Richard Brookhiser, James Madison (New York: Basic Books, 2011), 20.
15. Douglas Adair, “James Madison’s Autobiography,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 2, no. 2 (April 1945), 198.
16. “To William Bradford,” January 24, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 106.
17. Adair, 198.
18. “To William Bradford,” January 24, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 106.
19. “From William Bradford,” March 4, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 109.
20. Ibid.
21. “To William Bradford,” April 1, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 111.
22. “To William Bradford,” July 28, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 161.
23. “To William Bradford,” April 1, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 112.
24. “From William Bradford,” December 25, 1773, PJM, vol. 1, 103.
25. “To William Bradford,” January 24, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 105.
26. New State v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262 (1932).
27. “To William Bradford,” January 24, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 105.
28. “To William Bradford,” August 23, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 121.
29. “From William Bradford,” August 1, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 118–19.
30. Ibid., 118.
31. “To William Bradford,” August 23, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 121.
32. Ibid.
33. Kara Pierce, “A Revolutionary Masquerade: The Chronicles of James Rivington,” Department of History, SUNY–Binghamton, available at http://www2.binghamton.edu/history/resources/journal-of-history/chronicles-of-james-rivington.html.
34. “To William Bradford,” [early March 1775], PJM, vol. 1, 141.
35. “To William Bradford,” June 19, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 152.
36. “From William Bradford,” July 10, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 156.
37. “To William Bradford,” July 28, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 161.
38. “To William Bradford,” December 1, 1773, PJM, vol. 1, 100–101.
39. “To William Bradford,” September 25, 1773, PJM, vol. 1, 96.
40. Mary Sarah Bilder, “James Madison, Law Student and Demi-Lawyer,” Law & History Review 28 (2010), 389, 400. Bilder speculates that Madison probably took the notes on Salkeld in the 1780s because the handwriting in them is small and upright, a style he used more frequently in other writing in the 1780s; Bilder, 410. However, because Madison began his law studies in the 1770s, I think it is safe to assume that he began the Salkeld notes in this period.
41. Ibid., 426.
42. Ibid., 429.
43. “To William Bradford,” January 24, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 105.
44. Ibid.
45. “Indenture,” September 22, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 123.
46. “From William Bradford,” March 4, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 109.
47. “To William Bradford,” April 1, 1774, PJM, vol. 1, 112.
48. John Witherspoon, The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Man (London: Fielding and Walker, 1778), 2.
49. Ibid., 4.
50. Ibid., 26
51. Ibid., 26–27.
52. Ibid., 28.
53. Ibid., 34.
54. Ibid., 36.
55. Ibid., 39–40.
56. Adair, 199.
6. “If This Be Treason, Make the Most of It!”
1. George Morgan, The True Patrick Henry (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott, 1907), 119.
2. Richard R. Beeman, Patrick Henry: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 65–67.
3. Ibid., 9.
4. Jacob Axelrad, Patrick Henry: The Voice of Freedom (New York: Random House, 1947), 45.
5. Beeman, 35–39.
6. Morgan, 109.
7. Kevin J. Hayes, The Mind of a Patriot: Patrick Henry and the World of Ideas (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008), 13.
8. Norine Dickson Campbell, Patrick Henry: Patriot and Statesman (New York: Devin-Adair, 1969), 10.
9. Ibid., 5.
10. Ibid., 5.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 11, 13.
13. Ibid., 19.
14. Ibid., 20.
15. Ibid., 22.
16. Ibid., 65–66.
17. Ibid.
18. Morgan, 447.
19. Ibid., 442.
20. Campbell, 64.
21. Robert Douthat Meade, Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1969), 15–16n3.
22. “To William Bradford,” May 9, 1775, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 145.
23. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Virginia Revolutionist, 1751–1780, vol. 1 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 179.
24. “To William Bradford,” May 9, 1775, 145.
25. “Address to Captain Patrick Henry and the Gentlemen Independents of Hanover,” May 9, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 146–47.
26. “Letter from Patrick Henry, Jr. to James Madison Esqr.,” May 11, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 147n.
7. Suspending His Intellectual Functions
1. “To William Bradford,” July 28, 1775, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 160.
2. “To William Bradford,” June 19, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 153.
3. Douglas Adair, “James Madison’s Autobiography,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 2, no. 2 (April 1945), 199.
4. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 51–52.
5. Lynne Cheney, James Madison: A Life Reconsidered (New York: Viking, 2014), 18.
6. Ibid., 51–52.
7. Ketcham, 51–52.
8. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Virginia Revolutionist, 1751–1780, vol. 1 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 106.
9. James Madison, [Autobiographical] Memorandum sent to Mr. Delaplaine at his request, September 1816, Andre De Coppet Collection, MS C0063, box 23, Princeton University Library.
10. Edward Coles, “Notes on the Life and Ancestry of James Madison,” n.d., box 1, folder 4, Edward Coles Papers, MSC0037, Princeton University Library.
11. James Madison, “Biographical Sketch,” Andre De Coppet Collection, box 23, folder 17, Princeton University Library. (Emphasis added.)
12. “Commission as Colonel of Orange County Militia,” October 2, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 164n1.
13. Adair, 199.
14. Michael B. First and Allan Tasman, Clinical Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders (New York: Wiley & Sons, 2006), 292–93. These criteria were repeated in the DSM-V, which was published in 2013.
15. Psychodynamic theory, which focuses on the physical expression of emotion, the existence of “triggers” in a patient, and recurring themes and patterns of symptoms, is among the most successful schools of therapy in helping patients with psychological disorders. The framework is especially helpful in analyzing such patterns as Madison’s seizures. In a wide-ranging series of controlled studies, psychodynamic therapy has been substantially more effective on average than other schools of therapy, such as general psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and antidepressant medication. Jonathan Shedler, “The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy,” American Psychologist 65, no. 2(20), 98–109. Four studies have found psychodynamic therapy is effective in reducing “somatic symptoms with psychogenic movement disorder.” Three studies comparing short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy with pharmaceuticals as a treatment for panic disorders found that 80 percent of patients remained symptom-free after eighteen months, compared with a high relapse rate with patients taking drugs or not provided with psychodynamic therapy. Although Madison of course could not have seen a therapist, these findings suggest that the framework is at least helpful in analyzing his symptoms. Allan Abbass, Joel M. Town, and Ellen Driessen, “Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Review of the Treatment Method and Empirical Basis,” Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome 16, no. 1 (2013), 6–15.
16. Author interview with Dr. Joseph Cooper, August 4, 2014.
17. Ibid.
18. Marcia J. Kaplan, Alok K. Dwivedi, Michael D. Privitera, Kelly Isaacs, Cynthia Hughes, and Michelle Bowman, “Comparisons of Childhood Trauma, Alexithymia, and Defensive Styles in Patients with Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures vs. Epilepsy: Implications for the Etiology of Conversion Disorder,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75 (2013), 145.
19. Ibid., 143.
20. N. M. G. Bodde, J. L. Brooks, G. A. Baker, P. A. J. M. Boon, J. G. M. Hendriksen, O. G. Mulder, A. P. Aldenkamp, “Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures—Definition, Etiology, Treatment and Progonistic Issues: A Critical Review,” Seizure 18 (2009), 543–53.
21. Author interview with Jim Coan, August 22, 2014.
22. Ketcham, 66.
8. All Men Are Equally Entitled
1. “To William Bradford,” May 9, 1775, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 145.
2. “To William Bradford,” July 28, 1775, PJM, vol. 1, 160.
3. William Gordon, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America, Including an Account of the Late War, and the Thirteen Colonies, from Their Origin to That Period (London: Charles Dilly, 1788), 152.
4. Jacob Axelrad, Patrick Henry: The Voice of Freedom (New York: Random House, 1947), 143.
5. The Political Works of Thomas Paine: Secretary for Foreign Affairs to the Congress of the United States of America During the Revolutionary War (Springfield, MA: Tannatt & Co., Printers, 1826), 201.
6. William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, vol. 1 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), 167.
7. “The Druid, No. 1,” The Pennsylvania Magazine: Or, American Monthly Magazine, May 1776, 204, 208.
8. Jeffry H. Morrison, John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005), 13.
9. J. David Hoeveler, Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 312.
10. Morrison, 13.
11. Ibid.
9. Councilor to Governor Henry
1. William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, vol. 1 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), 170.
2. Ibid., 172.
3. “Case of Unsettled Claims from Dunmore’s War,” Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 186, ed. note.
4. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 77.
5. Douglas Adair, “James Madison’s Autobiography,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 2, no. 2 (April 1945), 199.
6. Rives, vol. 1, 180–81.
7. “Editorial Note,” PJM, vol. 1, 214.
8. Ketcham, 79.
9. Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed., Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, vol. 2 (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1915), 329.
10. “From David Jameson,” May 21, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 30.
11. “Session of the Virginia Council of State,” January 14, 1778, PJM, vol. 1, 216–17n3.
12. John Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004), 287.
13. Ibid., 289.
14. “Session of the Virginia Council of State,” January 14, 1778, PJM, vol. 1, 216.
15. “Patrick Henry in Council to Virginia Delegates in Congress,” January 20, 1778, PJM, vol. 1, 221, 219.
16. Ibid., 221n2.
17. Ibid., 219.
18. Ibid., 220.
19. “Session of Virginia Council of State,” April 7, 1778, PJM, vol. 1, 236–37.
20. “Session of Virginia Council of State,” January 23, 1778, PJM, vol. 1, 224n2.
21. “To James Madison, Sr.,” January 23, 1778, PJM, vol. 1, 223.
22. “Election to Virginia House of Delegates Voided,” May 27, 1778, PJM, vol. 1, 242–43.
23. Howard Payson Arnold, Historic Side-Lights (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1877), 272.
24. “To Benjamin Harrison, Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates,” December 17, 1788, in Worthington Chauncey Ford, The Writings of George Washington (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890), 301–2.
25. Ibid.
26. “To Benjamin Harrison,” December 16, 1779, PJM, vol. 1, 319.
27. “To Marquis de Lafayette,” March 18, 1780, in The Writings of George Washington, ed. Jared Sparks, vol. 6 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1847), 487.
10. “Distrust of the Public Ability”
1. “To Benjamin Harrison, Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates,” December 17, 1788, in Worthington Chauncey Ford, The Writings of George Washington, (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890), 301–2.
2. “Money,” September 1779–March 1780, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 302–9.
3. Thomas Paine, The Crisis (London: R. Carille, 1819), 120.
4. William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, vol. 1 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), 217.
5. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Nationalist, 1780–1787, vol. 2 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 17–18.
6. Ibid., 27.
7. Rives, vol. 1, 218.
8. “To James Madison, Sr.,” March 20, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 3.
9. “To Thomas Jefferson,” March 27, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 5–7.
10. Julian Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950), 337n1.
11. A Defect of Adequate Statesmen
1. “To Thomas Jefferson,” June 23, 1780, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 41.
2. William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, vol. 1 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press), 219.
3. “To Thomas Jefferson,” June 2, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 38.
4. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 91.
5. “From Reverend James Madison,” August 3, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 55.
6. “To Joseph Jones,” October 24, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 145.
7. “To Joseph Jones,” October 24, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 146.
8. “To Edmund Pendleton,” January 2, 1781, PJM, vol. 2, 272.
9. Ketcham, 107.
10. “To Joseph Jones,” November 14, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 173.
11. “From Joseph Jones,” November 18, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 183.
12. “To Joseph Jones,” November 28, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 209.
13. “From Joseph Jones,” December 8, 1780, PJM, vol. 2, 233.
14. “From Edmund Pendleton,” March 19, 1781, PJM, vol. 3, 26.
15. “From the Reverend James Madison,” March 9, 1781, PJM, vol. 3, 10.
16. “From Edmund Pendleton,” March 19, 1781, PJM, vol. 3, 26.
17. Jacob Axelrad, Patrick Henry: The Voice of Freedom (New York: Random House, 1947), 208–9.
18. Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 23.
19. “From Edmund Randolph,” March 29, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 415.
20. “To Edmund Randolph,” April 23, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 180.
21. “To Edmund Randoph,” July 16, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 417.
22. “From Edmund Randolph,” August 16, 1782, PJM, vol. 5, 59.
23. “To Edmund Randolph,” September 30, 1782, PJM, vol. 5, 170.
24. “From Edmund Randolph,” November 22, 1782, PJM, vol. 5, 308.
25. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Nationalist, 1780–1787, vol. 2 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill,1941), 211.
26. “To James Madison, Sr.,” February 1782 (ca. 12), PJM, vol. 4, 64.
27. “To James Madison, Sr.,” March 30, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 127.
28. Ibid.
29. “To James Madison, Sr.,” May 20, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 256.
30. “Motion on Impost,” PJM, vol. 3, 78n.
12. The Coercive Power
1. “Proposed Amendment of Articles of Confederation,” March 12, 1781, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 18.
2. “To Thomas Jefferson,” April 3, 1781, PJM, vol. 3, 45.
3. “To Thomas Jefferson,” April 16, 1781, PJM, vol. 3, 71.
4. “To Thomas Jefferson,” May 1, 1781, PJM, vol. 3, 97–98.
5. “From Thomas Jefferson,” September 30, 1781, PJM, vol. 3, 269–70.
6. “To Thomas Jefferson,” January 15, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 34.
7. “Report on Instructions on Peace Negotiations,” PJM, vol. 4, 4.
8. “To Edmund Randolph,” July 2, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 387.
9. Ibid.
10. “Instructions to Virginia Delegates,” May 24, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 271–72.
11. “Notes on Debates,” January 25, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 134–35.
12. Ibid., 137n.
13. “Notes on Debates,” January 28, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 142.
14. Ibid., 143–47.
15. Ibid., 148–49.
16. “Notes on Debates,” January 29, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 162.
17. Ibid., 164.
18. “To Edmund Randolph,” January 28, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 155–56.
19. William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, vol. 1 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press), 612.
20. “Report on Address to the States by Congress,” PJM, vol. 6, 488–94.
21. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Nationalist, 1780–1787, vol. 2 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 247.
22. “From the Reverend James Madison,” August 27, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 291.
23. “Notes on Debates,” April 4, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 432.
24. See also Brant, vol. 2, 248–52.
25. “From Thomas Jefferson,” May 7, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 24.
26. “From Edmund Randolph,” May 9, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 32.
27. Ibid.
28. “From Edmund Randolph,” May 15, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 44–45.
29. “To Edmund Randolph,” May 20, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 59.
30. “From Edmund Randolph,” May 24, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 73.
31. “From Joseph Jones,” June 8, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 118–19.
32. “From Joseph Jones,” June 14, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 144.
33. “From Edmund Randolph,” June 14, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 147–48.
34. “From Edmund Randolph,” June 21, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 186.
35. Ralph Edward Weber, United States Diplomatic Codes & Ciphers, 1775–1938 (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1979), 22.
36. “To Joseph Jones,” May 28, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 288.
37. “From Edmund Randolph,” June 20, 1782, PJM, vol, 4, 355.
38. “From Edmund Randolph,” July 5, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 396.
39. “To Edmund Randolph,” July 16, 1782, PJM, vol. 4, 417.
40. “To Edmund Randolph,” December 3, 1782, PJM, vol. 5, 357.
13. A Sad Reunion
1. “From Edmund Randolph,” September 20, 1782, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 5 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 150–51.
2. “To Edmund Randolph,” September 30, 1782, PJM, vol. 5, 170.
3. “Notes on Debates,” November 12, 1782, PJM, vol. 5, 268–69.
4. “From Edmund Randolph,” December 13, 1782, PJM, vol. 5, 401.
5. “From Benjamin Harrison,” January 4, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 11–12.
6. “Notes on Debates,” December 31, 1782, PJM, vol. 5, 476.
7. Ibid.
8. “Report on Books for Congress,” PJM, vol. 6, 63n.
9. Ibid., 62–117.
10. Alden T. Vaughan and Virginia Mason Vaughan, Shakespeare in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 31.
11. Ibid., 7.
14. Kitty
1. “To James Madison, Sr.,” February 12, 1783, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 6 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 228–29.
2. “From Thomas Jefferson,” January 31, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 179–80.
3. “To Edmund Randolph,” March 25, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 392.
4. “From Thomas Jefferson,” April, 14, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 459.
5. “To Thomas Jefferson,” April 22, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 481.
6. “To Thomas Jefferson,” May 6, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 18–19. See also Irving Brant, James Madison: The Nationalist, 1780–1787, vol. 2 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 285.
7. “From David Jameson,” May 24, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 71.
8. “To James Madison, Sr.,” May 27, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 88.
9. “To James Madison, Sr.,” June 5, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 116.
10. “Benjamin Harrison to Virginia Delegates,” January 31, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 176–77.
11. “Notes on Debates,” June 21, 1783, PJM, vol. 7l, 177.
12. “A Proclamation,” Elias Boudinot, June 24, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 197.
13. “Tellingly, after Congress . . .” and “With nothing to do . . .”: “To Thomas Jefferson,” September 20, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 354.
14. “From Alexander Hamilton,” July 6, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 214–15n.
15. “To Edmund Randolph,” June 30, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 205–7
16. “To Edmund Randolph,” July 8, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 217n.
17. “To Thomas Jefferson,” September 20, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 354.
18. “From Edmund Pendleton,” June 16, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 151.
19. Brant, vol. 2, 287.
20. “To Thomas Jefferson,” August 11, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 268.
21. Ibid.
22. “From Thomas Jefferson,” August 31, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 298–99.
23. Brant, vol. 2, 287.
24. “Madison Paid Court to ‘Sweet Dulcinea’ Outside Old Nassau’s Sequestered Walls,” Daily Princetonian, vol. 62, no. 35, March 23, 1937.
25. “To James Madison, Sr.,” September 8, 1783, PJM, vol. 7, 304–5.
26. Jacob Axelrad, Patrick Henry: The Voice of Freedom (New York: Random House, 1947), 216.
15. A Remonstrance
1. “To Thomas Jefferson,” September 20, 1783, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 7 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 353.
2. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 145.
3. Ibid., 150.
4. “To Thomas Jefferson,” February 11, 1784, PJM, vol. 7, 418.
5. “To Thomas Jefferson,” March 16, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 11.
6. “From Thomas Jefferson,” March 16, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 16.
7. “From Patrick Henry,” April 17, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 18.
8. Robert Douthat Meade, Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1969), 273.
9. “To Thomas Jefferson,” May 15, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 34.
10. George Morgan, The True Patrick Henry (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott, 1907), 332.
11. Irving Brant, James Madison: The Nationalist, 1780–1787, vol. 2 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 324–25.
12. “To Thomas Jefferson” September 7, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 113.
13. Brant, 324–37.
14. “From Thomas Jefferson,” December 8, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 178.
15. “Meteorological Journal for Orange County, Virginia, in Madison’s Hand,” PJM, vol. 8, 528.
16. “To James Monroe,” March 21, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 256.
17. “To James Monroe,” January 8, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 220.
18. “From Thomas Jefferson,” March 18, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 250n.
19. “From Lafayette,” March 16, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 245.
20. “From Thomas Jefferson,” December 8, 1784, PJM, vol. 8, 179.
21. “To Thomas Jefferson,” April 27, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 270.
22. “Meteorological Journal for Orange County, Virginia, in Madison’s Hand,” PJM, vol. 8, 528.
23. “To Lafayette,” March 20, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 254.
24. “To Edmund Randolph,” July 26, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 328.
25. “To George Wythe,” April 15, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 262–63.
26. “To Edmund Randolph,” July 26, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 328.
27. “Meteorological Journal for Orange County, Virginia, in Madison’s Hand,” PJM, vol. 8, 532.
28. “To Thomas Jefferson,” April 27, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 266.
29. “From James Monroe,” July 12, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 319.
30. “To James Monroe,” July 28, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 332.
31. “To James Monroe,” August 7, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 333n2.
32. “From Caleb Wallace,” July 12, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 321.
33. “To Caleb Wallace,” August 23, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 350.
34. “Meteorological Journal for Orange County, Virginia, in Madison’s Hand,” PJM, vol. 8, 542; “To James Monroe,” March 19, 1786, PJM, vol. 8, 504–5.
35. “From William Grayson,” March 22, 1786, PJM, vol. 8, 510.
16. Solitude and Reform
1. “Act for Establishing Religious Freedom,” October 31, 1785, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 8 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 401n.
2. “Act for Establishing Religious Freedom,” October 31, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 399–401.
3. “To Thomas Jefferson,” January 22, 1786, PJM, vol. 8, 474.
4. “Archibald Stuart to John Breckinridge,” December 7, 1785 (DLC: Breckinridge Family Papers).
5. “To James Monroe,” December 9, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 436–37.
6. “From James Monroe,” December 19, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 446n.
7. “Bills for a Revised State Code of Laws,” PJM, vol. 8, 394–99.
8. “To James Monroe,” January 22, 1786, PJM, vol. 8, 483–84.
9. “To Edmund Pendleton,” November 30, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 186.
10. Ibid.
11. “From James Monroe,” February 9, 1786, PJM, vol. 8, 490.
12. “To James Monroe,” April 9, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 25.
13. “Notes on Ancient and Modern Confederacies,” PJM, vol. 9, 6–7.
14. “To Thomas Jefferson,” August 12, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 97.
15. Ibid., 98.
16. “From Thomas Jefferson,” December 16, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 212–13.
17. “To James Monroe,” November 30, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 185.
18. “Meteorological Journal for Orange County, Virginia,” PJM, vol. 9, 424.
19. “To Ambrose Madison,” August 7, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 89.
20. “To James Monroe,” August 12, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 90–91.
21. “To Thomas Jefferson,” August 12, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 96.
22. Ibid., 97–98.
23. “The Annapolis Convention September 1786,” PJM, vol. 9, 118n.
24. “Lodging Account from George Mann,” September 4–15, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 119.
25. Paul Jennings, A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn, NY: George C. Beadle, 1865), 15.
26. “To Thomas Jefferson,” August 20, 1785, PJM, vol. 8, 345.
27. “Bill Providing for Delegates to the Convention of 1787,” November 6, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 163.
17. “A Little Rebellion”
1. Michael Signer, Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies (New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2009), 79.
2. Leonard L. Richards, Shays’s Rebellion: The American Revolution’s Final Battle (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 16–32.
3. William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, vol. 1 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press), 172.
4. Ibid.
5. “From Henry Lee,” October 19, 1786, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 9 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 144.
6. “From Henry Lee,” October 25, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 145.
7. “To James Madison, Sr.,” November 1, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 154.
8. “Virginia Delegates to Edmund Randolph,” February 12, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 266.
9. “To Edmund Randolph,” February 15, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 270.
10. “Notes on Debates,” February 19, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 278. Madison suspected that Great Britain had been supporting the rebels, and this provided yet more reason to bring the federal government in for a “meditated interference.” Ibid.
11. “To Edmund Randolph,” March 11, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 307.
12. “To George Washington,” February 21, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 286.
13. “To Thomas Jefferson,” March 19, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 321.
14. “To George Muter,” January 7, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 231.
15. “Notes for Speech Opposing Paper Money,” ca. November 1, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 159.
16. “From George Washington,” November 5, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 162.
17. “Bill Providing for Delegates to the Convention of 1787,” November 6, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 163.
18. “To Thomas Jefferson,” December 4, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 191.
19. “To George Washington,” December 7, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 200.
20. “From John Blair Smith,” ca. December 10, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 204.
21. “From George Washington,” November 18, 1786, PJM, vol. 9, 170.
22. “To Thomas Jefferson,” March 19, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 318.
23. “From George Washington,” March 31, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 343.
24. “To Eliza House Trist,” February 10, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 259.
25. “To George Washington,” February 21, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 285.
26. “Notes on Debates,” February 21, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 290–91.
27. “To Edmund Pendleton,” February 24, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 294.
28. “To Edmund Randolph,” February 25, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 299.
29. John Edward Oster, The Political and Economic Doctrines of John Marshall (New York: Neale Publishing, 1914), 40.
30. “From Edmund Randolph,” March 1, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 301.
31. “To Thomas Jefferson,” March 19, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 319.
32. “To George Washington,” March 18, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 316.
33. “To Edmund Randolph,” March 25, 1787, 352n1.
34. “To Thomas Jefferson,” March 19, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 318.
18. The Vices
1. “To Eliza House Trist,” March 19, 1787, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 9 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 323.
2. “To James Madison, Sr.,” April 1, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 359.
3. “To Edmund Randolph,” April 8, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 369.
4. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 184.
5. “Vices of the Political System of the United States,” PJM, vol. 9, 345–58.
6. “To Edmund Pendleton,” PJM, April 22, 1787, vol. 9, 395.
7. “To George Washington,” PJM, April 16, 1787, vol. 9, 382–87.
8. “To Edmund Pendleton,” PJM, April 22, 1787, vol. 9, 395.
19. “On My Right & Left Hand”
1. Catherine Drinker Brown, Miracle at Philadelphia (Boston: Little, Brown 1966), 17.
2. “To Thomas Jefferson,” May 15, 1787, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 9 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 415.
3. “To James Madison, Sr.,” May 27, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 10.
4. Drinker Brown, 16.
5. “To Thomas Jefferson,” May 15, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 415.
6. “From James Monroe,” May 23, 1787, PJM, vol. 9, 416.
7. Drinker Brown, 49–50, 3.
8. “The Federal Convention,” PJM, vol. 10, 7, citing Farrand, Records, vol. 3, 550.
9. “Edmund Randolph’s Essay on the Revolutionary History of Virginia,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 43, no. 4 (October 1935), 307–8.
10. “Resolutions Proposed by Mr. Randolph in Convention,” May 29, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 15–18.
11. “Powers of the National Legislature,” May 31, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 20–21.
12. For Madison’s habit of seesawing back and forth when giving speeches, see Gaillard Hunt, Life of James Madison (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1902), 151.
13. “Popular Election of the First Branch of the Legislature,” June 6, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 34, ed. note. 2, citing Harold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke, eds. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 4 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961–87), 165–66.
14. Ibid., 32–34.
15. “To Thomas Jefferson,” October 24, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 213–14.
16. “Election of the Senate,” June 7, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 39–40.
17. “Term of the Senate,” June 26, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 76–77.
18. “Power of the Legislature to Negative State Laws,” June 8, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 41.
19. “From Thomas Jefferson,” June 20, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 64.
20. “Power of the Legislature to Negative State Laws,” July 17, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 102.
21. “To Thomas Jefferson,” June 6, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 29–31.
22. “From John Dawson,” June 12, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 47.
23. “To William Short,” June 6, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 31–32.
24. “To James Monroe,” June 10, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 43.
25. “To Ambrose Madison,” June 13, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 51.
26. “To Thomas Jefferson,” July 18, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 105.
27. “From the Reverend James Madison,” August 1, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 120–21.
28. “Rule of Representation in the First Branch,” June 28, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 79–82n1.
29. “Rule of Representation in the First Branch of the Legislature,” June 29, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 86.
30. “Reply to New Jersey Plan,” PJM, vol. 10, 55–61.
31. “To Thomas Jefferson,” July 18, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 105.
32. “From James McClurg,” August 5, 1787, vol. 10, 134–35.
33. “Method of Appointing the Executive,” July 19, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 107–8.
34. “Method of Appointing the Executive,” July 25, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 115–17.
35. Aristotle, Politics. Benjamin Jowett, trans. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1941), 1190.
36. Ibid.
37. “To James Madison, Sr.,” August 12, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 146.
38. “To James Madison, Sr.,” September 4, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 161.
39. “Power of Congress to Prohibit the Slave Trade,” August 25, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 157.
40. “James Madison to Edward Coles,” September 3, 1819, box 1, folder 19, Edward Coles Papers, MS C0037, Princeton University Library.
41. “Edward Coles to James Madison,” January 8, 1832, James Madison Collection, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
42. “Mr. Madison to Mr. Coles,” October 3, 1834, James Madison Collection, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
43. David Hacker, “Recounting the Dead,” New York Times, September 20, 2011, available at http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead/#more-105317.
44. He cites, for example, a two-thirds requirement for navigation acts.
45. Now that the Constitution has been passed as an integrated document by the Constitutional Convention (if not ratified yet), from this point forward, the term will be capitalized as a proper noun.
46. Clinton Rossiter, 1787: The Grand Convention (New York: Macmillan Company, 1966), 230–38.
47. “To Thomas Jefferson,” September 6, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 164.
48. “To Edmund Pendleton,” September 20, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 171.
49. “To Thomas Jefferson, October 24, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 209–10.
50. “From the Reverend James Madison,” October 1, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 184.
51. “From Lafayette,” August 5, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 133–34.
52. “To Thomas Jefferson,” September 6, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 164.
53. Ketcham, 231.
54. “To Thomas Jefferson,” September 6, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 164.
20. The Campaign Begins
1. “From John Dawson,” September 25, 1787, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 10 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 173.
2. “From James Monroe,” October 13, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 193.
3. “To James Madison, Sr.,” September 30, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 178.
4. “To George Washington,” September 30, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 181.
5. “To William Short,” October 24, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 221.
6. “To Edmund Pendleton,” October 28, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 224.
7. “To George Washington,” October 18, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 197.
8. “From Archibald Stuart,” October 21, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 202.
9. “From George Washington,” October 22, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 204.
10. “From Edmund Randolph,” October 29, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 230.
11. “From George Washington,” November 5, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 242.
12. “From Archibald Stuart,” November 9, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 246.
13. “To George Washington,” November 18, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 252.
14. “From Henry Lee,” December 7, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 295.
15. “From Archibald Stuart,” December 2, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 290.
16. “To Ambrose Madison,” November 8, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 244.
17. “To Thomas Jefferson,” December 9, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 312.
18. Ibid., 313.
19. Willard Sterne Randall, Alexander Hamilton: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 29.
20. Ibid., 61–63.
21. Noemie Emery, Alexander Hamilton: An Intimate Portrait (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 87.
22. “To Thomas Jefferson,” April 22, 1783, PJM, vol. 6, 481.
23. Lance Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), 150.
24. Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, Reported by James Madison (New York: W. W. Norton, 1966), 656.
25. Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), 247.
26. Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist Paper Number One,” in The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York: Penguin Books, 1961), 35.
27. “From Archibald Stuart,” November 9, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 245.
28. Hamilton, “Federalist Paper Number One,” 36.
29. “Madison’s Authorship of The Federalist, 22 November 1787–1 March 1788,” ed. note, PJM, vol. 10, 259.
30. Ibid., 260.
31. Elizabeth Fleet, “Madison’s ‘Detatched Memoranda,’” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd. ser., vol. 3 (1946), 564–65.
32. Ibid., 565.
33. “From Joseph Jones,” November 22, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 256.
34. “From George Washington,” December 7, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 298.
35. “The Federalist Number 18,” December 8, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 299–305.
36. “The Federalist Number 19,” December 8, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 305–9.
37. “The Federalist Number 20,” December 11, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 320–24.
38. “To Archibald Stuart,” December 14, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 326.
39. “To George Washington,” December 14, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 327.
40. “From Lawrence Taliaferro,” December 16, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 328–29.
41. “From Henry Lee,” ca. December 20, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 339–40.
42. “From Andrew Shepherd,” December 22, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 344.
21. Several Mad Freaks
1. “To Tench Coxe,” January 3, 1788, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 10 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 349.
2. “To Thomas Jefferson,” December 20, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 331–33.
3. “From Henry Lee,” ca. December 20, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 339.
4. “To Thomas Jefferson,” December 20, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 331.
5. “From George Lee Turberville,” January 8, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 352.
6. “From Edmund Randolph,” January 3, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 350.
7. Ibid.
8. “From Edmund Randolph,” December 27, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 346–47.
9. “To Edmund Randolph,” January 10, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 355.
10. “From Thomas Jefferson,” December 20, 1787, PJM, vol. 10, 335–39.
11. “From Daniel Carroll,” May 28, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 62–66, 65.
12. “To Edmund Randolph,” January 10, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 356.
13. “The Federalist Number 37,” January 11, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 359–65.
14. “The Federalist Number 38,” January 12, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 365–71.
15. “From Archibald Stuart,” January 14, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 374.
16. “The Federalist Number 39,” January 16, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 377–82.
17. “From Edward Carrington,” January 18, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 383.
18. “The Federalist Number 41,” January 19, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 390–98.
19. “The Federalist Number 42,” January 23, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 403–9.
20. “The Federalist Number 43,” January 23, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 411–18.
21. “The Federalist Number 44,” January 25, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 420–26.
22. “The Federalist Number 45,” January 26, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 428–32.
23. “The Federalist Number 46,” January 29, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 443.
24. “From James Madison, Sr.,” January 30, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 446.
25. “From William Moore,” January 31, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 454–55.
26. “From James Gordon, Jr.,” February 17, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 516.
27. “From George Washington,” February 5, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 469.
28. “The Federalist Number 47,” January 30, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 448–54.
29. “The Federalist Number 48,” February 1, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 456–60.
30. “The Federalist Number 49,” February 2, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 460–64.
31. “The Federalist Number 50,” February 5, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 470–73.
32. “The Federalist Number 49,” February 2, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 463.
33. “To Thomas Jefferson,” August 10, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 227.
34. “From Thomas Jefferson,” February 6, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 474.
35. “From Rufus King,” February 6, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 475.
36. “The Federalist Number 51,” February 6, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 476–80.
37. “From James Monroe,” February 7, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 480–81.
38. “From the Reverend James Madison,” February 9, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 488.
39. “From Edward Carrington,” February 10, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 493–94.
40. “The Federalist Number 54,” February 12, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 499–503.
41. “From John Dawson,” February 18, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 516–18.
42. “To Thomas Jefferson,” February 19, 1788, PJM, 518–21, 520.
43. “The Federalist Number 62,” February 27, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 524–40, 538.
44. “The Federalist Number 63,” March 1, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 544–50, 546, 550.
45. Roger C. Richards, A History of Southern Baptists (Bloomington, IN: Crossbooks Publishing, 2012), 41.
46. “From Joseph Spencer,” February 28, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 540–41.
47. “From George Washington,” March 2, 1788, PJM, vol. 10, 553.
22. Ratification in Richmond
1. “From Cyrus Griffin,” March 24, 1788, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 11 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 4.
2. “To Eliza House Trist,” March 25, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 5.
3. “From George Nicholas,” April 5, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 9.
4. “From Edward Carrington,” April 8, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 15.
5. “To Edmund Randolph,” April 10, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 19.
6. “To Thomas Jefferson, April 22, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 28.
7. “From Tench Coxe,” May 19, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 51.
8. “To John Brown,” May 27, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 60.
9. Hugh Blair Grigsby, The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), 67n81.
10. “To Rufus King,” June 4, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 76.
11. David Robertson, Debates and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia (Richmond: Enquirer-Press, 1805), 27.
12. Ibid., 29.
13. Ibid., 57.
14. Ibid., 29.
15. Ibid., 32–34.
16. “To George Washington,” June 4, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 77.
17. “To Rufus King,” June 4, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 76.
18. “To George Washington,” June 4, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 77.
19. Morgan, 352.
20. Robertson, 42–55.
21. Grigsby, 97.
22. Robertson, 70.
23. Grigsby, 95.
24. Robertson, 70.
25. Ibid., 71.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 72.
28. Ibid., 74.
29. Ibid., 77.
30. Ibid., 78.
31. Ibid., 90.
32. Ibid., 91.
33. Ibid., 94.
34. Ibid., 100.
35. Ibid., 100–101.
36. Ibid., 102.
37. Ibid., 103–4.
38. Ibid., 104.
39. Ibid., 105.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., 106.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., 107.
44. Ibid., 108.
45. Ibid., 113.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. “To Rufus King,” June 9, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 102.
49. Robertson, 131.
50. Ibid., 119.
51. Ibid., 128.
52. Ibid., 131.
53. Grigsby, 157n.
54. Robertson, 124.
55. Ibid., 121.
56. Ibid., 140.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., 144.
59. Grigsby, 165.
60. Robertson, 153–54.
61. Ibid., 156.
62. Ibid., 163.
23. Extremely Feeble
1. David Robertson, Debates and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia (Richmond: Enquirer-Press, 1805), 181.
2. Ibid., 188.
3. Ibid., 189–90.
4. Ibid., 196.
5. Ibid., 204.
6. Ibid., 222.
7. Ibid., 224.
8. Ibid., 225.
9. Ibid., 227.
10. Ibid., 228.
11. Ibid., 230.
12. Ibid., 231.
13. Ibid., 234.
14. Ibid., 235.
15. Ibid., 251.
16. Ibid., 252.
17. Ibid., 246.
18. Ibid., 257.
19. Ibid., 258.
20. Ibid., 259.
21. Ibid., 260.
22. “To George Washington,” June 13, 1788, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 11 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 134.
23. Robertson, 262.
24. Ibid., 265.
25. Hugh Blair Grigsby, The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), 255.
26. Robertson, 269.
27. Ibid., 271.
28. Ibid., 274.
29. Ibid., 275.
30. Ibid., 279.
31. Ibid., 280.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., 281.
34. Ibid., 283.
35. Ibid., 284.
36. Ibid., 285.
37. Ibid., 288.
38. Ibid., 290.
39. Ibid., 301.
40. Ibid., 307.
41. Ibid., 310.
42. Ibid., 311.
43. Ibid., 312.
44. Ibid., 314.
45. Grigsby, 286–87.
46. Robertson, 315.
47. Ibid., 318.
48. “To Alexander Hamilton,” June 16, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 144.
49. Robertson, 321.
50. Ibid., 322.
51. Ibid., 323.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., 327.
54. Ibid., 328.
55. Ibid., 331.
56. Ibid., 334.
57. Ibid., 332.
58. Ibid., 340.
59. Ibid., 341.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid., 352.
62. Ibid., 354–55.
63. Ibid., 367.
64. Ibid., 371.
65. “To George Washington,” June 18, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 153.
66. “To Rufus King,” June 18, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 152.
67. “From Alexander Hamilton,” June 21, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 165.
68. “From Cyrus Griffin,” June 18, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 153.
69. James Madison, “Letter to Tench Coxe,” June 18, 1788, Crane Collection, box 2, folder 16, Princeton Library.
70. Robertson, 381.
71. Ibid., 382.
72. Ibid., 384.
73. Ibid., 386.
74. Ibid., 384.
75. Ibid., 383.
76. Ibid., 387.
77. “To Alexander Hamilton,” June 20, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 157.
78. “To James Madison, Sr.,” June 20, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 157.
79. Robertson, 402–3.
80. Ibid., 411.
81. Ibid., 412.
82. John Calvin, “Sermon on Galatians 3:19–20,” Sermons on Galatians (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1997), 313. See, for instance, Thomas S. Kidd, God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 8: “The confluence of republican and Calvinist doubts about human nature took full force in the framing of the Constitution. Madison, having attended Calvinist-leaning Princeton, knew well the doctrines of original sin and human depravity.”
83. “To Alexander Hamilton,” June 22, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 166.
24. Bugbears and Hobgoblins
1. David Robertson, Debates and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia (Richmond: Enquirer-Press, 1805), 413.
2. Ibid., 414.
3. Hugh Blair Grigsby, The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), 300–301.
4. Robertson, 414.
5. Ibid., 415.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 416.
8. Ibid., 418.
9. Ibid., 419.
10. Ibid., 421.
11. Ibid., 423.
12. Ibid., 426.
13. Ibid., 427.
14. Ibid., 431.
15. Ibid., 440.
16. Ibid., 441.
17. Ibid., 442.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 444.
20. Ibid., 260.
21. Grigsby, 317–18.
22. Robertson, 446.
23. Grigsby, 318.
25. The Revelations of Zachariah Johnson
1. David Robertson, Debates and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia (Richmond: Enquirer-Press, 1805), 450.
2. Ibid., 459.
3. Ibid., 460.
4. Ibid., 462.
5. Ibid., 465.
6. Ibid., 466–67.
7. Ibid., 468.
8. “To George Washington,” June 25, 1788, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 11 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 178.
9. “To Alexander Hamilton,” June 27, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 182.
10. “To George Washington,” June 27, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 183.
11. “To John Witherspoon,” August 11, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 230.
12. “To James Madison, Sr.,” July 27, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 208.
13. “From John Page,” August 6, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 225.
14. “From John Witherspoon,” August 11, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 231.
15. “From Edmund Randolph,” September 12, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 251.
16. “From George Washington,” September 23, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 262.
26. Retaliation
1. “From George Lee Turberville,” October 27, 1788, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., Papers of James Madison [PJM], vol. 11 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1962–), 319.
2. “From Richard Bland Lee,” October 29, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 323.
3. “From Edward Carrington,” November 18, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 351.
4. “From Henry Lee,” November 19, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 356.
5. “From Edward Carrington,” October 19, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 306.
6. “From Edward Carrington,” October 22, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 311.
7. Ketcham, for instance, writes that Madison “actually preferred the House of Representatives to the Senate.” Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 275. See also Jeff Broadwater, James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of the Nation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 76.
8. “To Edmund Randolph,” October 17, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 305.
9. “From Edmund Randolph,” November 5, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 335.
10. “To Edmund Randolph,” October 17, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 305.
11. “To Edmund Randolph,” November 23, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 363.
12. “To Eliza House Trist,” October 29, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 321.
13. “To George Washington,” November 5, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 334.
14. “From Edward Carrington,” November 9, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 336.
15. “From Henry Lee,” November 19, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 357.
16. “From Edward Carrington,” November 9, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 337.
17. “From Francis Corbin,” November 12, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 342.
18. “From George Lee Turberville,” November 10, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 341.
19. “Madison’s Election to the First Federal Congress, October 1788–February 1789,” ed. note, PJM, vol. 11, 301–2.
20. “From George Lee Turberville,” November 13, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 344.
21. Ibid.
22. “From Edward Carrington,” November 15, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 346.
23. “To George Washington,” December 2, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 378.
24. “To Thomas Jefferson,” December 8, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 384.
25. “From George Lee Turberville,” December 12, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 393.
26. “From George Lee Turberville,” December 14, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 397.
27. “From Andrew Shepherd,” December 14, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 395.
28. Ketcham, 276.
29. “From George Lee Turberville,” December 14, 1788, PJM, vol. 11, 396.
30. “From David Jameson, Jr.,” January 14, 1789, PJM, vol. 11, 419.
31. “To George Washington,” January 14, 1789, PJM, vol. 11, 418.
32. “To a Resident of Spotsylvania County,” January 27, 1789, PJM, vol. 11, 428.
33. “To George Thompson,” January 29, 1789, PJM, vol. 11, 433.
34. William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison, vol. 2 (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press), 41–42n.
35. “To Thomas Jefferson,” March 29, 1789, PJM, vol. 11, 37.
36. Richard R. Beeman, Patrick Henry: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 169.
37. Robert Douthat Meade, Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1969), 394.
38. “From William Madison,” December 3, 1791, PJM, vol. 14, 136.
39. “To William Madison,” December 13, 1791, PJM, vol. 14, 149.
27. Sedition
1. “To Thomas Jefferson,” May 20, 1798, PJM.
2. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 392.
3. Ibid., 393–97.
4. Jacob Axelrad, Patrick Henry: The Voice of Freedom (New York: Random House, 1947), 189–90.
Epilogue
1. Auguste Levausseur, Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825 (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1829), 221.
2. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 620.
3. Ibid., 376.
4. Irving Brant, James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787–1800, vol. 3 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1950), 402–10.
5. Interview with Meg Kennedy, March 2013.
6. Ketcham, 620.
7. David B. Mattern, ed., James Madison’s “Advice to My Country” (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997), 14.
8. David Robertson, Debates and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia (Richmond: Enquirer-Press, 1805), 537–39.
9. Ibid., 558.
10. Ibid., 543.
11. Ibid., 559.
12. Drew McCoy writes, “For the better part of a year in 1831 and 1832 he was bedridden, if not silenced, by a joint attack of severe rheumatism and chronic bilious fevers. Literally sick with anxiety, he began to despair of his ability to make himself understood by his fellow citizens.” Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 151.
13. Ibid., 130–51.
14. Ibid., 149.
15. “James Madison to Edward Coles, 29 August 1834,” Founders Online, National Archives, available at http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/99-02-02-3022, ver.2013–09–28.
16. McCoy, 150.
17. Adair, 192n2.
18. Ibid., 192.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 196–209.
21. Jack N. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic (New York: Longman, 2002), 218.
22. “James Madison to George Tucker,” June 22, 1836, National Archives, available at http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/99-02-02-3290.
23. Hugh Blair Grigsby, The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), 87.
Conclusion
1. Jack N. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic (New York: Longman, 2002), 48.
2. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 8.
3. Gordon Wood, The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), 36.
4. Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 95, 169.