Bibliography   

Aharoni, Yohanon, and Michael Avi-Yonah. 1977. The Macmillan Bible Atlas. Rev. ed. New York: Macmillan.

Alba, Richard D. 1976. “Social Assimilation among American Catholic National-Origin Groups.” American Sociological Review 41:1030–1046.

———. 1985. The Italians. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Argyle, Michael. 1958. Religious Behaviour. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Aristotle. 1986. Politics. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

Arrington, Leonard J., and Davis Bitton. 1979. The Mormon Experience. New York: Knopf.

Athanasius. [Ca. 357.] 1950. Life of St. Anthony. Ancient Christian Writers series. New York: Paulist Press.

Athenagoras. [Ca. 177.] 1989. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Vol. 2. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Ayerst, David, and A.S.T. Fisher. 1971. Records of Christianity. Vol. 1. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Bagnall, Roger S. 1982. “Religious Conversion and Onomastic Change in Early Byzantine Egypt.” Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 19:105-124.

———. 1987. “Conversion and Onomastics: A Reply.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 69:243-250.

———. 1988. “Combat ou Vide: Christianisme et Paganisme dans l’Egypte Romaine Tardive.” Ktema 13:285-296.

———. 1993. Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bainbridge, William Sims. 1982. “Shaker Demographics 1840-1900: An Example of the Use of the U.S. Census Enumeration Schedules. " Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 21:352-365.

———.In press. The Sociology of Religious Movements. New York: Routledge.

Bainbridge, William Sims, and Rodney Stark. 1980. “Superstitions: Old and New.” The Skeptical Inquirer 4:18-31.

Bainbridge, William Sims, and Rodney Stark. 1981. “The Consciousness Reformation Reconsidered.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 20:1-16.

Baird, William. 1964. The Corinthian Church—A Biblical Approach to Urban Culture. New York: Abingdon Press.

Banks, Robert. 1980. Paul's Idea of Community: The Early House Churches in Their Historical Setting. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Barker, Eileen. 1981. “Who’d Be a Moonie?” In The Social Impact of New Religious Movements, edited by Bryan Wilson, 59-96. New York: Rose of Sharon Press.

———. 1984. The Making of a Moonie—Brainwashing or Choice? Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Barnabas, Saint. [Ca. 100.] 1988. The Epistle of Barnabas. In The Apostolic Fathers, edited by J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.

Barnstone, Willis, ed. 1984. The Other Bible: Ancient Esoteric Texts. San Francisco: Harper and Row.

Barton, Carlin A. 1993. The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Barton, Steven. 1982. “Paul and the Cross: A Sociological Approach.” Theology 85:13-19.

———. 1984. “Paul and the Resurrection: A Sociological Approach.” Religion 14:67-75.

Bauer, Walter. 1971. Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortess.

Becker, Gary S. 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bellah, Robert N. 1964. “Religious Evolution.” American Sociological Review 29:358-374.

Benko, Stephen. 1984. Pagan Rome and the Early Christians. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.

Blaiklock, E. M. 1972. The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Atlas. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

Blau, Joseph L. 1964. Modern Varieties of Judaism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Boak, Arthur E. R. 1947. A History of Rome to 565 A.D. 3d ed. New York: Macmillan.

———. 1955a. Manpower Shortage and the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

———. 1955b. “The Populations of Roman and Byzantine Karanis.” Historia 4:157-162.

Brown, Peter. 1964. “St. Augustine’s Attitude to Religious Coercion.” Journal of Roman Studies 54:1107-1116.

———. 1978. The Making of Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

———.1981. The Cult of the Saints. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1988. The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press.

Burn, A. R. 1953. “Hic breve vivitur.” Past and Present 4:2-31.

Cadoux, Cecil J. 1925. The Early Church and the World. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.

Cahill, Jane, Karl Reinhard, David Tarler, and Peter Warnock. 1991. “Scientists Examine Remains of Ancient Bathroom.” Biblical Archaeology Review 17 (May-June): 64-69.

Carcopino, Jerome. 1940. Daily Life in Ancient Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Case, Shirley Jackson. 1928. “The Acceptance of Christianity by the Roman Emperors.” In Papers of the American Society of Church History, pp. 45-64. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Castiglioni, A. 1947. A History of Medicine. Translated by E. B. Krumbhaar. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Celsus, Aulus Cornelius. [Ca. 25.] 1935-1938. De medicina. Translated by W. G. Spenser. 3 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Chadwick, Henry. 1967. The Early Church. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.

Chadwick, Henry, and G. R. Evans. 1987. Atlas of the Christian Church. New York: Facts on File.

Champagne, Duane. 1983. “Social Structure, Revitalization Movements and State Building: Social Change in Four Native American Societies.” American Sociological Review 48:754-763.

Chandler, Tertius, and Gerald Fox. 1974. Three Thousand Years of Urban Growth. New York: Academic Press.

Chuvin. Pierre. 1990. A Chronicle of the Last Pagans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Clark, Gillian. 1993. Women in Late Antiquity: Pagan and Christian Lifestyles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Cochrane, Charles Norris. [1940] 1957. Christianity and Classical Culture. London: Oxford.

Collingwood, R. G., and J.A.L. Myres. 1937. Roman Britain and the English Settlements. 2d ed. London: Macmillan.

Collins, John J. 1983. Between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Identity in the Hellenistic Diaspora. New York: Crossroad.

Conzelmann, Hans. 1973. History of Primitive Christianity. Nashville: Abingdon Press.

Crutchfield, Robert, Michael Geerkin, and Walter Gove. 1983. “Crime Rates and Social Integration.” Criminology 20:467-478.

Cumont, Franz. [1929] 1956. Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism. New York: Dover Publications.

Cyprian [Ca. 250.] 1958. Treatises. Translated by Mary Hannan Mahoney. Edited by Roy J. Deferrari. New York: Fathers of the Church.

Danielou, Jean, and Henri Marrou. 1964. The First Six Hundred Years. Vol. 1 of The Christian Centuries. New York: Paulist Press.

de Camp, L. Sprague. 1966. The Ancient Engineers. Norwalk, CT: Burndy Library.

———. 1972. Great Cities of the Ancient World. New York: Dorset Press.

Deissman, Adolf. [1908] 1978. Light from the Ancient East. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.

———. 1929. The New Testament in the Light of Modern Research. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company.

Demerath, Nicholas J., II. 1965. Social Class in American Protestantism. Chicago: Rand-McNally.

Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 1973. The Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends. Vol. 1. Population Studies, no. 50. New York: United Nations.

Devine, A. M. 1985. “The Low Birth-Rate in Ancient Rome: A Possible Contributing Factor.” Rheinisches Museum 128:3-4, 313-317.

deVries, Jan. 1967. Perspectives in the History of Religions. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

The Didache. [Ca. 100.] 1984. In The Apostolic Fathers, edited by J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, pp. 229-235. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.

Dio Cassius. [Ca. 200.] 1987. The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus. London: Penguin Classics.

Dodds, E. R. [1965] 1970. Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety. New York: Norton.

Downey, Glanville. 1962. Antioch in the Age of Theodosius the Great. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

———. 1963. Ancient Antioch. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Droge, Arthur J., and James D. Tabor. 1992. A Noble Death: Suicide and Martyrdom among Christians and Jews in Antiquity. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.

Durand, John D. 1960. “Mortality Estimates from Roman Tombstone Inscriptions.” American Journal of Sociology 75:365-373.

Durkheim, Emile. 1915. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. George Allen & Unwin.

Durry, M. 1955. “Le Manage des filles impubères dans la Rome antique.” Revue Internationale des Droits de l'Antiquité, ser. 3, 2:263-273.

Edmonson, George. [1913] 1976. The Church in Rome in the First Century. New York: Gordon Press.

Elliott, John H. 1986. “Social-Scientific Criticism of the New Testament: More on Methods and Models.” Semeia 35:1-33.

Eusebius. [Ca. 325.] [1850] 1991. The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus, Bishop of Cesarea, in Palestine. Translated by Christian Frederick Cruse. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.

———. 1927. The Ecclesiastical History and The Martyrs of Palestine. 2 vols. Translated by Hugh Jackson Lawlor and John Ernest Leonard Oulton. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

———1949. Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History. 2 vols. Vol. 1 translated by Kirsopp Lake. Vol. 2 translated by John Ernest Leonard Oulton. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

———. 1965. Eusebius, The History of the Church. Translated by G. A. Williamson. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.

Farmer, William R. 1986. “Some Critical Reflections on Second Peter.” The Second Century 5:30-46.

Ferguson, Everette. 1990. “Deaconess.” “Mithraism.” In The Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, edited by Everette Ferguson, 258,’ 609. New York: Garland.

Festinger, Leon, Henry W. Riecken, and Stanley Schachter. 1956. When Prophecy Fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Finegan, Jack. 1992. The Archeology of the New Testament. Rev. ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Finke, Roger, and Rodney Stark. 1992. The Churching of America, 1776–1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Finley, M. I. 1977. Atlas of Classical Archaeology. New York: McGrawHill.

———. 1982. Economy and Society in Ancient Greece. New York: Viking.

Fischer, Claude S. 1975. “Toward a Subcultural Theory of Urbanism.“ American Journal of Sociology 80:1319-1341.

Fox, Robin Lane. 1987. Pagans and Christians. New York: Knopf.

Frank, Harry Thomas. 1988. Discovering the Biblical World. Rev. ed. Maplewood, NJ: Hammond.

Fremantle, Anne. 1953. A Treasury of Early Christianity. New York: Viking Press.

Frend, W.H.C. 1965. Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

———. 1984. The Rise of Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

———. 1990. “Persecution in the Early Church.” Christian History 9(3):5-ll.

Friedlander, Moritz. 1898. Der vorchristliche judische Gnostismus. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.

Furnish, Victor Paul. 1988. “Corinth in Paul’s Time: What Can Archaeology Tell Us?” Biblical Archaeology Review 15 (May-June): 14-27.

Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis. [1864] 1956. The Ancient City. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Gager, John G. 1975. Kingdom and Community: The Social World of Early Christianity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

———. 1983. The Origins of Anti-Semitism. New York: Oxford.

Gallup Opinion Index. 1977. Religion in America. Princeton: American Institute of Public Opinion.

Gay, John D. 1971. The Geography of Religion in England. London: Duckworth.

Gerlach, Luther P., and Virginia H. Hine. 1970. People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.

Gibbon, Edward. [1776–1788] 1960. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. An abridgement by D. M. Low. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.

———.1961. Autobiography. New York: Median Books.

Gilliam, J. F. 1961. “The Plague under Marcus Aurelius.” American Journal of Philology 94:243-255.

Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel P. Moynihan. 1963. Beyond the Melting Pot. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Glock Charles Y. 1959. “The Religious Revival in America?” In Religion and the Face of America, edited by Jane Zahn, pp. 25-42. Berkeley: University Extension.

———. 1964. “The Role of Deprivation in the Origin and Evolution of Religious Groups.” In Religion and Social Conflict, edited by Robert Lee and Martin E. Marty, 24-36. New York: Oxford University Press.

Glock, Charles Y, and Rodney Stark. 1965. Religion and Society in Tension. Chicago: Rand-McNally.

———.1966. Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism. New York: Harper and Row.

Goldstein, Jonathan. 1981. “Jewish Acceptance and Rejection of Hellenism.” In Jewish and Christian Self-Definition, edited by E. P. Sanders, A. I. Baumgarten, and Alan Mendelson, 64-87. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

Goodenough, Erwin R. 1931. The Church in the Roman Empire. The Berkshire Studies in European History. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

Gorman, Michael J. 1982. Abortion and the Early Church. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Gottfredson, Michael R., and Travis Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

Grant, Michael. 1978. The History of Rome. New York and London: Faber and Faber.

Grant, Robert M. 1966. Ignatius of Antioch. Camden, NJ: Nelson.

———. 1970. Augustus to Constantine: The Rise and Triumph of Christianity in the Roman World. New York: Harper and Row.

———. 1972. ‘Jewish Christianity at Antioch in the Second Century.” In Judeo-christianisme. Paris: Recherches de Science Religieuse.

———.1977. Early Christianity and Society: Seven Studies. San Francisco: Harper and Row.

Greeley, Andrew J. 1970. “Religious Intermarriage in a Denominational Society.” American Sociological Review 75:949-952.

Green, Henry A. 1985. The Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

———. 1986. “The Socio-Economic Background of Christianity in Egypt.” In The Roots of Egyptian Christianity, edited by Birger A. Pearson and James E. Goehring, 100-113. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

Greenspoon, Leonard J. 1989. “Mission to Alexandria: Truth and Legend about the Creation of the Septuagint, the First Bible Translation.” Bible Review 5 (August): 34-41.

Gryson, Roger. 1976. The Ministry of Women in the Early Church. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press.

Guttentag, Marcia, and Paul E. Secord. 1983. Too Many Women? The Sex Ratio Question. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Hammond, Mason. 1972. The City in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Harkness, A. G. 1896. “Age at Marriage and at Death in the Roman Empire.” Transactions of the American Philological Association 27:35–72.

Harnack, Adolf. 1894. History of Dogma. English ed. London: Williams and Norgate.

———. 1908. The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. Translated by James Moffatt. 2 vols. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Heaton, Tim B. 1990. “Religious Group Characteristics, Endogamy, and Interfaith Marriages.” Sociological Analysis 51:363-376.

Hechter, Michael. 1987. Principles of Group Solidarity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Hegedus, Tim. 1994. “Social Scientific Approaches to the Urban Expansion of the Cult of Isis in the Greco-Roman World: An Analysis Based on Forty-four Cities.” Unpublished paper. Centre for Religious Studies, University of Toronto.

Hengel, Martin. 1975. Judaism and Hellenism. Philidelphia: Fortress Press.

Hexham, Irving, Raymond F. Currie, and Joan B. Townsend. 1985. “New Religious Movements.” In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Edmonton: Hurtig.

Hine, Robert V. 1983. California's Utopian Colonies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Hock, Ronald F. 1980. The Social Context of Paul's Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

———. 1986. “Response to Rodney Stark’s Jewish Conversion and the Rise of Christianity.’ ” Paper read at the Social History of Early Christianity Group of the Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.

Holmberg, Bengt. 1980. Paul and Power: The Structure of Authority in the Primitive Church as Reflected in the Pauline Epistles. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

Homans, George C. 1964. “Bringing Men Back In.” American Sociological Review 29:809-818.

Hopkins, Donald R. 1983. Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hopkins, Keith (M. K.). 1965a. “The Age of Roman Girls at Marriage.” Population Studies 18:309-327.

———. 1965b. “Contraception in the Roman Empire.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 8:124-151.

———. 1966. “On the Probable Age Structure of the Roman Population.” Population Studies 20:245-264.

Horbury, William. 1982. “The Benediction of the NINIM and Early Jewish-Christian Controversy.” Journal of Theological Studies 33:19–61.

Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1982. “Let the Women Be Silent.” Sunstone 7 (May-June): 38-45.

———. 1988. “A Formal Model of Church and Sect.” American Journal of Sociology 94:S241-S268.

———. 1990. “Religious Practice: A Human Capital Approach.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 29:297-314.

———. 1992. “Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-Riding in Cults, Communes, and other Collectives.” Journal of Political Economy 100:271-292.

———. 1994. “Why Strict Churches Are Strong.” American Journal of Sociology 99:1180-1211.

———. 1995. “Risk, Rationality, and Religious Portfolios.” Economic Inquiry 33:285-295.

Ignatius of Antioch. [Ca. 100.] 1946. The Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch. Translated by James A. Kleist. Westminster, MD: The Newman Bookshop.

Isaac, Ephraim. 1993. “Is the Ark of the Covenant in Ethiopia?” Biblical Archaeology Review 19:60-63.

Jashemski, Wilhelmina F. 1979. The Gardens of Pompeii. New Rochelle, NY: Caratzas.

Johnson, Benton. 1963. “On Church and Sect.” American Sociological Review 28:539-549.

Johnson, Paul. 1976. A History of Christianity. New York: Atheneum.

Jongman, Willem. Economy and Society in Pompeii. Amsterdam: Gieben, 1988.

Josephus, Flavius. [Ca. 100.] 1960. The Complete Works. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications.

Judge, E. A. 1960. The Social Pattern of Christian Groups in the First Century. London: Tyndale.

———. 1986. “The Quest for Mercy in Late Antiquity.” In God Who Is Rich in Mercy: Essays Presented to D. B. Knox, edited by P. T. O’Brien and D. G. Peterson, 107-121. Sydney: Macquarie University Press.

Justin Martyr. [Ca. 150.] 1948. Writings of Saint Justin Martyr. New York: Christian Heritage.

Ranter, Rosabeth Moss. 1972. Commitment and Community. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Katz, Steven T. 1984. “Issues in the Separation of Judaism and Christianity after 70 C.E.: A Reconsideration.” Journal of Biblical Literature 103:43-76.

Kautsky, Karl. [1908] 1953. Foundations of Christianity. American ed. New York: Russell and Russell.

Kee, Howard Clark. 1983. Miracle in the Early Christian World. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1986. Medicine, Miracle and Magic in New Testament Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1989. Knowing the Truth: A Sociological Approach to New Testament Interpretation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Koester, Helmut. 1987. History, Culture and Religion of the Hellenistic Age. New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Kosmin, Barry A. 1991. “Research Report of the National Survey of Religious Identification.” New York: CUNY Graduate Center.

Kox, Willem, Wim Meeus, and Harm ’t Hart. 1991. “Religious Conversion of Adolescents: Testing the Lofland and Stark Model of Religious Conversion.” Sociological Analysis 52:227-240.

Kraemer, Ross Shepard. 1992. Her Share of the Blessings. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kreissig, Heinz. 1967. “Zur socialen Zusammensetzung der frühchristlichen Gemeinden im ersten Jahrhundert u.Z.” Eirene 6:91-100.

Lactantius. [Ca. 308.] 1964. The Divine Institutes. New York: Fathers of the Church.

Larsen, Otto. 1962. “Innovators and Early Adopters of Television.” Sociological Inquiry 32:16-33.

Latourette, Kenneth Scott. 1937. A History of the Expansion of Christianity. Vol. 1, The First Five Centuries. New York: Harper & Brothers.

Layton, Bentley. 1987. The Gnostic Scriptures, Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Levick, Barbara. 1967. Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minor. Oxford: Clarendon.

Lewis, Naphtali. 1985. Life in Egypt under Roman Rule. Oxford: Clarendon.

Libanius. [Ca. 350.] 1969. Orations. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Lightfoot, J. B., and J. R. Harmer, eds. 1988. The Apostolic Fathers. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.

Lindsay, Jack. 1968. The Ancient World: Manners and Morals. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Littman, R. J., and M. L. Littman. 1973. “Galen and the Antonine Plague.” American Journal of Philology 94:243-255.

Livy. [Titus Livius, ca. 1.] 1959. The History of Early Rome. New York: Putnam.

Lofland, John. 1966. Doomsday Cult. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

———. 1977. “‘ Becoming a World-Saver’ Revisted.” American Behavioral Scientist 20:805-818.

Lofland, John, and Rodney Stark. 1965. “Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective.” American Sociological Review 30:862-875.

Longenecker, R. N. 1985. “Antioch of Syria.” In Major Cities of the Biblical World, edited by R. K. Harrison, 8-21. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.

MacLennan, Robert S., and A. Thomas Kraabel. 1986.“The God-Fearers—A Literary and Theological Invention.” Biblical Archaeology Review 12 (September-October): 47-53.

MacMullen, Ramsay. 1974. Roman Social Relations: 50 B.C. to A.D. 284. New Haven: Yale University Press.

MacMullen, Ramsay. 1981. Paganism in the Roman Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1984. Christianizing the Roman Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1988. Corruption and the Decline of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1990. Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Malherbe, Abraham J. 1977. Social Aspects of Early Christianity. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Malina, Bruce J. 1981. The New Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology. Atlanta: John Knox.

———. 1986. Christian Origins and Cultural Anthropology. Atlanta: John Knox.

Marcus Aurelius. [Ca. 175.] 1916. The Communings with Himself of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome [often published under the title Meditations]. London: William Heineman.

Marks, Geoffrey, and William K. Beatty. 1976. Epidemics. New York: Scribner’s.

Martin, David. 1990. Tongues of Fire: The Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1967. Marx and Engels on Religion. New York: Schocken Books.

May, Gerhard. 1987-1988. “Marcion in Contemporary Views: Results and Open Questions.” The Second Century 6:129-151.

McNeill, William H. 1976. Plagues and Peoples. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Meeks, Wayne A. 1983. The First Urban Christians. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1993. The Origins of Christian Morality. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Meeks, Wayne A., and Robert L. Wilken. 1978. Jews and Christians in Antioch in the First Four Centuries of the Common Era. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press.

Meiggs, R. 1974. Roman Ostia. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Menninger, Karl. 1938. Man against Himself. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Meyers, Eric M. 1983. “Report on the Excavations at the Venosa Catacombs 1981.” Vetera Christianorum 20:455-459.

———. 1988. “Early Judaism and Christianity in the Light of Archaeology.” Biblical Archaeologist 51:69-79.

Miller, Alan S., and John P. Hoffman. 1995. “Risk and Religion: An Explanation of Gender Differences in Religiosity.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34:63-75.

Minucius Felix. 1989. “Octavius.” The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Vol. 4. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Mooney, James. 1896. The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Morioka, Kiyomi. 1975. Religion in Changing Japanese Society. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

Mumford, Lewis. 1974. “Forward.” In Chandler and Fox 1974.

Neel, James V., et al. 1970. “Notes on the Effect of Measles and Measles Vaccine in a Virgin Soil Population of South American Indians.” American Journal of Epidemiology 91:418-429.

Nelson, Geoffrey K. 1969. Spiritualism and Society. New York: Schocken Books.

Niebuhr, B. G. 1855. The History of Rome. English trans. London: Walton and Maberly.

Niebuhr, H. Richard. 1929. The Social Sources of Denominationalism. New York: Holt.

Nock, Arthur Darby. 1933. Conversion: The Old and the New in Religion from Alexander the Great to Augustine of Hippo. Oxford: Clarendon.

———. 1964. Early Gentile Christianity and Its Hellenistic Background. New York: Harper and Row.

Noonan, John T.,Jr. 1965. Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press.

Nordquist, Ted. 1978. Ananda Cooperative Village. Uppsala: Borgstroms.

O’Dea, Thomas F. 1957. The Mormons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Origen. [Ca. 230.] 1989. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Vol. 4. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Ostow, Mortimer. 1990. “The Fundamentalist Phenomenon: A Psychological Perspective.” In The Fundamentalist Phenomenon, edited by Norman J. Cohen, 99-125. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Packer, James E. 1967. “Housing and Population in Imperial Ostia and Rome.” Journal of Roman Studies 57:80-95.

Parkin, Tim G. 1992. Demography and Roman Society, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Patrick, Adam. 1967. “Disease in Antiquity: Ancient Greece and Rome.” In Diseases in Antiquity, edited by Don Brothwell and A. T. Sandison, 238-246. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Pearson, Birger A. 1973. “Friedlander Revisited: Alexandrian Judaism and Gnostic Origins” Studia Philonica 2:23-39.

———. 1986.“Earliest Christianity in Egypt: Some Observations.” In Roots of Egyptian Christianity, edited by Berger A. Pearson and James E. Goehring, pp. 132-156. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

Pelikan, Jaroslav. 1962. “Introduction to the Torchbook Edition [of the reissue of Adolf Harnack].” In The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, l:v-vii. New York: Harper and Row.

———. 1987. The Excellent Empire: The Fall of Rome and the Triumph of the Church. San Francisco: Harper and Row.

Plato. 1941. Republic. New York: Modern Library.

Pliny the Younger. [Ca. 112.] 1943. “Letter to the Emperor Trajan on Christians in Bithynia.” In Documents of the Christian Church, edited by Henry Bettenson, pp. 5-7. London: Oxford University Press.

Pomeroy, Sarah B. 1975. Goddesses, Whores, Wives, Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity. New York: Schocken Books.

Popper, Karl R. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Harper and Row.

———. 1962. Conjectures and Refutations. New York: Basic Books.

Ramsay, W. M. 1893. The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D. 170. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Rawson, Beryl, ed. 1986. The Family in Ancient Rome. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Reik, Theodore. 1976. Masochism in Sex and Society. New York: Pyramid Books.

Richardson, Cyril C., ed. and trans. 1953. Early Christian Fathers. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press.

Riddle, Donald W. 1931. The Martyrs: A Study in Social Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Riddle, John M., J. Worth Estes, and Josiah C. Russell. 1994. “Birth Control in the Ancient World.” Archaeology 47(2):29-35.

Rives, J. B. 1995. Religion and Authority in Roman Carthage from Augustus to Constantine. New York: Oxford University Press.

Robbins, Thomas. 1988. Cults, Converts and Charisma: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Roberts, Colin H. 1979. Manuscript, Society, and Belief in Early Christian Egypt. London: Oxford.

Robinson, John A. T. 1976. Redating the New Testament. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press.

Roetzel, Calvin J. 1985. The World That Shaped the New Testament. Atlanta: John Knox.

Russell, J. C. 1958. Late Ancient and Medieval Population. Published as vol. 48, pt. 3 of the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

Russell, Jeffrey Burton. 1977. The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Sanders, Jack T. 1993. Schismatics, Sectarians, Dissidents, Deviants. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International.

Sandison, A. T. 1967. “Sexual Behavior in Ancient Societies.” In Diseases in Antiquity, edited by Don Brothwell and A. T. Sandison, 734–755. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Schoedel, William R. 1985. Ignatius of Antioch. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

———.1991. “Ignatius and the Reception of the Gospel of Matthew in Antioch.” In Social History of the Matthean Community: Cross Disciplinary Approaches, edited by David L. Balch, 129-177. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Scroggs, Robin. 1980. “The Sociological Interpretation of the New Testament: The Present State of Research.” New Testament Studies 26:164-179.

Segal, Alan F. 1991. “Matthew’s Jewish Voice.” In Social History of the Matthean Community: Cross Disciplinary Approaches, edited by David L. Balch, 3-37. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Shepard, William R. 1980. Shepard's Historical Atlas. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble.

Shinn, Larry D. 1983. “The Many Faces of Krishna.” In Alternatives to American Mainline Churches, edited by Joseph H. Fichter, pp. 113–135. New York: Rose of Sharon Press.

Simon, Marcel. 1964. Verus Israel: Etude sur les relations entre chrétiens et juifs dans l'empire romain. Paris: Boccard.

Smith, Patricia, and Gila Kahila. 1991. “Bones of a Hundred Infants Found in Ashkelon Sewer.” Biblical Archaeology Review 17 (July-August): 47.

Smith, William, ed. 1857. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: Walton and Maberly.

Snow, David, and Cynthia Philips. 1980. “The Lofland-Stark Conversion Model: A Critical Reassessment.” Social Problems 27:430-447.

Snyder, Graydon F. 1985. Ante Pacem: Archaeological Evidence of Church Life before Constantine. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.

Solmsen, Friedrich. 1979. Sarapis under the Early Ptolemies. Études préliminaires aux Religions orientales dans l’Émpire romain, 25. Leiden: Brill.

Sordi, Marta. 1986. The Christians and the Roman Empire. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Stager, Lawrence E. 1991. “Eroticism and Infanticide at Ashkelon.” Biblical Archaeology Review 17 (July-August): 34-53.

Stambaugh, John E. 1988. The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Stambaugh, John E., and David L. Balch. 1986. The New Testament in Its Social Environment. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press.

Stark, Rodney. 1964. “Class, Radicalism, and Religious Involvement.” American Sociological Review 29:698-706.

———.1971. “The Economics of Piety.” In Issues in Social Inequality, edited by Gerald W. Thielbar and Saul D. Feldman, pp. 485-503. Boston: Little Brown.

———. 1984. “The Rise of a New World Faith.” Review of Religious Research 26:18-27.

———. 1985a. “Europe’s Receptivity to Religious Movements.” In New Religious Movements: Genesis, Exodus, and Numbers, edited by Rodney Stark, pp. 301-343. New York: Paragon.

———. 1985b. “From Church-Sect to Religious Economies.” In The Sacred in a Post-Secular Age, edited by Phillip E. Hammond, pp. 139-149. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

———.1987. “How New Religions Succeed: A Theoretical Model.” In The Future of New Religious Movements, edited by David G. Bromley and Phillip E. Hammond, pp. 11-29. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.

———. 1992. Sociology. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

———. 1994. “Modernization and Mormon Growth.” In A Sociological Analysis of Mormonism, edited by Marie Cornwall, Tim B. Heaton, and Lawrence Young, pp. 1-23. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.

Stark, Rodney, and William Sims Bainbridge. 1979. “Of Churches, Sects, and Cults: Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of Religious Movements. " Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 18:117-131.

———. 1980. “Networks of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds and Recruitment to Cults and Sects.” American Journal of Sociology 85:1376-1395.

———. 1985. The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival, and Cult Formation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

———.1987. A Theory of Religion. Bern and New York: Peter Lang.

Stark, Rodney, W. S. Bainbridge, Robert Crutchfield, Daniel P. Doyle, and Roger Finke. 1983. “Crime and Delinquency in the Roaring Twenties.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 20:4-23.

Stark, Rodney, William Sims Bainbridge, and Lori Kent. 1981. “Cult Membership in the Roaring Twenties.” Sociological Analysis 42:137-162.

Stark, Rodney, and Charles Y. Glock. 1968. American Piety. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Stark, Rodney, and Laurence R. Iannaccone. 1991. “Sociology of Religion.” In Edgar F. Borgatta, editor-in-chief, Encyclopedia of Sociology. New York: Macmillan.

———. 1992. “Rational Choice Propositions about Religious Movements.” In Religion and the Social Order, vol. 3-A: Handbook on Cults and Sects in America, edited by David G. Bromley and Jeffrey K. Haddon, pp. 241-261. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

———. 1994. “A Supply-Side Reinterpretation of the ‘Secularization’ of Europe. " Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33:230-252.

Stark, Rodney, Laurence R. Iannaccone, and Roger Finke. 1995. “Rationality and the ‘Religious Mind.’ ” Paper read at the annual meetings of the Western Economics Association, San Diego.

Stark, Rodney, and Lynne Roberts. 1982. “The Arithmetic of Social Movements: Theoretical Implications.” Sociological Analysis 43:53-68.

Steinberg, Stephen. 1965. “Reform Judaism: The Origin and Evolution of a ‘Church Movement.’ ” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 5:117-129.

Stonequist, Everett V. 1937. The Marginal Man. New York: Scribner’s.

Strecker, Georg. 1971. “On the Problem of Jewish Christianity.” Appendix 1 in Walter Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

Swanson, Guy E. 1960. The Birth of the Gods. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Tacitus, Cornelius. [Ca. 100.] 1984. The Histories. New York: Penguin Classics.

———. 1989. The Annals of Imperial Rome. New York: Penguin Classics.

Tcherikover, Victor. 1958. “The Ideology of the Letter of Aristeas.” Harvard Theological Review 51:59-85.

Tertullian. [Ca. 200.] 1959. Disciplinary, Moral and Ascetical Works. New York: Fathers of the Church.

———. 1989. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Vols. 3 and 4. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Theissen, Gerd. 1978. Sociology of Early Palestinian Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

———. 1982. The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

Thompson, Edward H. 1991. “Beneath the Status Characteristic: Gender Variations in Religion.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30:381-394.

Thornton, Russell. 1981. “Demographic Antecedents of a Revitalization Movement: Population Change, Population Size, and the 1890 Ghost Dance.” American Sociological Review 40:88-96.

Thucydides. [Ca. 420 B.C.E.] 1954. The Peloponnesian War. London: Penguin.

Thurston, Bonnie Bowman. 1989. The Widows: A Women's Ministry in the Early Church. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Toby, Jackson. 1957. “Social Disorganization and Stake in Conformity: Complementary Factors in the Predatory Behavior of Hoodlums.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 48:12-17.

Troeltsch, Ernst. [1911] 1931. The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches. American ed. New York: Macmillan.

Volinn, Ernest. 1982. “Lead Us from Darkness.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.

von Herding, L. 1934. “Die Zahl der Christen zu Beginn des vierten Jahrhunderts.” Zeitschrift für Katholische Theologie 58:245-264.

Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1956. “Revitalization Movements.” American Anthropologist 58:264-281.

———. 1966. Religion: An Anthropological View. New York: Random House.

Wallis, Roy, ed. 1975. Sectarianism. New York: Wiley.

———. 1982. Millennialism and Charisma. Belfast: The Queen’s University.

Walsh, Joseph. 1931. “Refutation of the Charges of Cowardice against Galen.” Annals of Medical History 3:195-208.

Walsh, Michael. 1986. The Triumph of the Meek: Why Early Christianity Succeeded. San Francisco: Harper and Row.

Warner, R. Stephen. 1993. “Work in Progress toward a New Paradigm for the Sociological Study of Religion in the United States.” American Journal of Sociology 98:1044-1093.

Watt, W. Montgomery. 1961. Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. London: Oxford University Press.

Weber, Max. 1946. “The Sociology of Charismatic Authority.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, 245-252. New York: Oxford University Press.

———.1961. “Religion and Social Status.” In Theories of Society, edited by Talcott Parsons, Edward Shills, Kaspar D. Naegele, and Jesse R. Pitts, 1138-1161. New York: The Free Press.

Weiner, Eugene, and Anita Weiner. 1990. The Martyr's Conviction: A Sociological Analysis. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

Weiss, Johannes. [1937] 1959. Earliest Christianity: A History of the Period A.D. 30-150. 2 vols. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

White, K. D. 1984. Greek and Roman Technology. London: Thames and Hudson.

White, L. Michael. 1985.“Building God’s House: Social Aspects of Architectural Adaptation among Pagans, Jews, and Christians.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature.

White, L. Michael. 1986.“Adolf Harnack and Early Christian ‘Expansion’: A Reappraisal of Social History.” Second Century 5:97-127.

———. 1987. “Scaling the Strongman’s ‘Court’ (Luke 11:21).” Foundations and Facets Forum 3:3-28.

———. 1990. Building God's House in the Roman World: Architectural Adaptions among Pagans, Jews, and Christians. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

———, ed. 1992. Social Networks in the Early Christian Environment: Issues and Methods for Social History. Semeia 56. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

Wilken, Robert L. 1971. Judaism and the Early Christian Mind. New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1983. John Chrysostom and the Jews. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

———. 1984. The Christians as the Romans Saw Them. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Williams, Michael. 1985. The Immovable Race: A Gnostic Designation and the Theme of Stability in Late Antiquity. Nag Hammadi Studies, vol. 29. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Wilson, Bryan. 1961. Sects and Society. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

———. 1970. Religious Sects. New York: McGraw-Hill.

———. 1975. Magic and the Millennium. Frogmore, England: Paladin.

Wire, Antoinette Clark. 1991. “Gender Roles in a Scribal Community.” In Social History of the Matthean Community, edited by David L. Balch, 87-121. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Wrigley, E. A. 1969. Population and History. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Wuthnow, Robert. 1976. The Consciousness Reformation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Zinsser, Hans. [1934] 1960. Rats, Lice and History. New York: Bantam.