Records held at the BBC Written Archive, Caversham, Berkshire
‘BBC Internal Circulating Memo 5 December 1935’ see also http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/burgess/7701.shtml
Trevor Blewitt to AJPT, 13 February 1945, A. J. P. Taylor Radio File 1
AJPT to Trevor Blewitt, 14 February 1946, A. J. P. Taylor Radio File 1
Trevor Blewitt to Assistant Controller (Talks), 15 February 1946, A. J. P. Taylor Radio File 1
Memorandum by Trevor Blewitt 20 May 1946, A. J. P. Taylor Radio File 1
Listening Research. LR/67, Winter Listening Habits, 1938, BBC WAC R9/9/2
Listening Research. LR/71, Summer Listening Habits, 1939, BBC WAC R9/9/2
Records held at the Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, University of Cambridge
Belgion, Montgomery, From Left to Right (Unpublished autobiography n.d., The Papers of (Harold) Montgomery Belgion, GBR/0014/BLGN
Records held at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
McMaster University Digital Archives Collection www.digitalcollections.mcmaster.ca. Bertrand Russell papers. Radio debate between the philosopher Bertrand Russell and Marxist scientist J. B. S. Haldane, ‘Should the scientist be the servant of the State?’
Records held at the National Archives of England and Wales, Kew, London
cab Cabinet Reports
cab24/97 Revolutionaries and the Need for Legislation, 2 February 1920
cab24/111 A Monthly Review of Revolutionary Movements in British Dominions, Overseas and Foreign Countries
fo Foreign Office
fo371/3347 Russia 1918.
fo371/24856
fo371/29521
kv2 The Security Service: Personal (PF Series) Files
kv2/573 Leonid Krassin
kv2/777 Peter Leonidovitch Kapitza
kv2/817 Bryan Goold-Verschoyle
kv2/1008–1009 Teodor Maly
kv2/1012–1014 Edith Tudor-Hart
kv2/1020–1023 Percy Eden Glading
kv2/1369–1375 Eva Collett Reckitt
kv2/1575–1584 Andrew and Theodore Rothstein
kv2/1611–1616 Alexander Foote
kv2/1871–1880 Jurgen and Margueritte Kuczynski
kv6 The Security Service List (L Series) Files
kv6/41–45 Ursula Kuczynski; Ruth Werner (Sonya)
Records held at The Archives Department, The University Library, University of East Anglia, Norwich
Gillies, Bridget, St John, Michael, and Sharp, Deirdre, The Pritchard Papers: A Guide, Archives Department, The University Library, University of East Anglia, Norwich © 1998
pp/1 – pp43 The Pritchard Papers compiled by Bridget Gillies, Michael St John and Deirdre Sharp
Records held at Wiener Library, London
Sigilla Veri, General Introduction. Testaments to the Holocaust: Series One. Archives of the Wiener Library, London
Records held at the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, University of Vienna
Edith Suschitzky. Police File MF A/270, ff 1355–1508
1. The original building was made up of 32 flats. Following the sale of the building to the New Statesman in 1968, the Isobar was converted into two extra flats.
2. Pritchard, Jack, View From A Long Chair (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), p. 80.
3. The five Cambridge graduates Anthony Blunt, Guy Burgess, John Cairncross, Donald Maclean and Kim Philby who worked for Soviet intelligence from 1934 to 1963.
4. Andrew, Christopher and Mitrokhin, Vasili, The Mitrokhin Archive (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1999), pp. 74–5.
1. Monsarrat, Nicholas, Life is a Four-Letter Word. Book One: Breaking In (London: MacMillan, 1969), pp. 363–5.
2. Monsarrat, Life, pp. 363–5.
3. Monsarrat, Life, pp. 363–5.
4. Monsarrat, Life, pp. 284–7.
5. Monsarrat, Life, pp. 284–7.
11. ‘The Pritchard Papers: A Guide’, compiled by Bridget Gillies, Michael St John and Deirdre Sharp, Archives Department, The University Library, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 1998, PP/16/2/14/3, hereafter PP.
12. PP/16/4/22/6.
13. www.open.edu –The Arts – Le Corbusier.
14. www.open.edu – The Arts – Le Corbusier.
15. Cohn, Laura, The Door to a Secret Room. A Portrait of Wells Coates (London: Lund Humphries, 1999), p. 135.
16. Cohn, Secret Room, p. 128.
17. Cohn, Secret Room, p. 129.
18. Cohn, Secret Room, p. 128.
19. www.open.edu – The Arts – CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (22/12/2009) p. 1.
20. Mackley, Alan, ‘Isokon and Blythburgh’, Blythburgh January 1995.
34. Pritchard, View, pp. 38–9.
36. Pritchard, View, pp. 29–30.
37. Wells Coates letter to Marion Grove, 30 March 1926, quoted in Contacuzino, Sherban, Wells Coates: A Monograph (London: Gordon Fraser, 1978); MacCarthy, Fiona, ‘Introduction. Jack Pritchard and the Hampstead of the Thirties’, Pritchard, View, p. 12.
38. http://designmuseum.org/design/wells-coates p. 1.
39. http://designmuseum.org/design/wells-coates p. 1.
40. cited http://www.embassycourt.org.uk.
41. ‘The double tragedy of architect Wells Coates’ PP/23/4/4.
42. MacCarthy, Fiona, ‘Introduction’ Pritchard, View, p. 12.
43. http://www.embassycourt.org.uk.
44. Congrés Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne.
45. Cambridge University undergraduate examinations.
46. Howarth, T. E. B., Cambridge Between Two Wars (London: Collins, 1978), p. 119.
47. Howarth, Cambridge, pp. 119–20.
48. Howarth, Cambridge, p. 166; Wikipedia, Raymond McGrath.
49. PP/34/1/131.
50. PP/34/1/131.
51. Ozanne, Andrew, ‘Frontiersman of the Heroic Age’, RIBAJ September 1979, p. 410; PP/23.4/38.
52. Ozanne, ‘Fontiersman’; PP/23/2/14.
53. `Memoranda Re Proposed Company’ PP/23/2/14.
54. PP/23/2/14.
55. PP/23/2/14.
56. Blake, Peter, Mies van der Rohe. Architecture and Structure (Middlesex: Harmondsworth, Penguin Press, 1963), p. 15.
61. Pritchard, View, pp. 57–8.
62. Moore, James, Gurdjieff and Mansfield, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), p. 3.
64. ‘There is evidence to show that commissariats of free love have been established in several towns, and respectable women flogged for refusing to yield. Decree for nationalisation of women has been put in force, and several experiments made to nationalise children.’ General Poole to the War Office, received 12 January 1919, published in the Auckland Star, 20 January 1919.
65. Beatrix Tudor-Hart PF41583; Norman Haire PF49764; see also V.A. Hyett, a school teacher of the Miss Jean Brodie type, V.A. Hyett PF41138. Their files, if they still exist, have not been released.
66. Guyon, René, Sexual Freedom (London: John Lane, 1939).
67. Guyon, René Sexual Freedom, Introduction by Norman Haire (London: John Lane, 1939).
68. Page, Bruce, Leitch, David, & Knightley, Phillip, Philby. The Spy Who Betrayed A Generation (London: Andre Deutsch, 1968), p.59; Gedye, G. E. R., Fallen Bastions (London: Gollancz, 1939).
69. Forbes, Duncan, ‘Politics, photography and exile in the life of Edith Tudor-Hart (1908–1973)’ unpublished paper n.d.
71. Hopkinson, Amanda, ‘Hart, Edith Tudor (1908–1973)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004).
72. Surviving records of her Bauhaus years show that she registered on the famous foundation course in late 1928 and was, unusually, still registered on it in 1930. She is not, however, recorded as a student in Walter Peterhans’ photographic department (established in 1929), and there is no known surviving imagery from her stay in Dessau. She appears to have interrupted her studies in 1929 and was registered as a ‘guest student’ at some point later that year, possibly with Peterhans. Her brother, Wolfgang, states that she studied with Peterhans in his short biography Edith Tudor Hart: The Eye of Conscience (Essex: Dirk Nishen Publishing, 1987).
73. Forbes, ‘Politics’, p. 12; Suschitzky, Edith, ‘A university of commercial art’, Commercial Art (March 1931).
74. Burke, David, The Spy Who Came In from The Co-op (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 2008), pp. 84–104.
75. TNA KV2/1012.
76. TNA KV2/1012/8a. Trevor Eaton Blewitt to Edith Tudor-Hart, postmark Warsaw dated 14.12.30.
77. Is this Harry Pollitt, General Secretary of the CPGB?
79. TNA KV2/1012/5b. Copy of intercepted postcard from Maurice Dobb to A. E. Tudor-Hart.
80. Forbes, ‘Politics’, p. 12 and fn 47, p. 28; See also McLoughlin, Barry, Schafranek, H., and Szevera, W., Aufbruch – Hoffnung – Endstation: Osterreicherinnen und Osterriecher in der Sowjetunion 1925–1945 (Wien: Verlag fur Gesellschaftskritik, 1997).
1. ‘Use of the word planning in the early 1930s,’ 2 December 1980, PEP Archive, LSE.
2. Grieve, Alastair, ‘Introduction’ The Pritchard Papers: A Guide (University of East Anglia, 1998).
3. Israel Sieff, President of PEP, chairman of Marks and Spencer 1964–67.
5. ‘Other odd supporters (in both senses)’ of Beaverbrook’s crusade were the writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; the author, poet and translator Lord Alfred Douglas (Bosie), better known as the intimate friend and lover of Irish satirist Oscar Wilde; the novelist Charles John Cutcliffe Hyne; the Irish athlete, poet, politician and well-known conversationalist, Oliver St John Gogarty, believed to be the inspiration behind Buck Mulligan in James Joyce’s novel Ulysses; and Lady Houston – ‘an uncompromising team’. (Taylor, A. J. P., Beaverbrook (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 1974), p. 360.
6. Pinder John (ed.), Fifty Years of Political and Economic Planning: Looking Forward, 1931–1981 (London: Heinemann, 1981), p. 6.
7. Nicholson, Max, ‘A National Plan for Great Britain’. Week-End Review, 14 February 1931.
8. ‘A National Plan For Great Britain’. Supplement to the Week-End Review, 14 February 1931. PP/4/2/1.
9. PP/4/2/1.
10. ‘A National Plan For Great Britain’. Supplement to the Week-End Review, 14 February 1931.
11. ‘The Russian papers (presented), by high Soviet officials, are very disappointing. They show little distinction between fact and prophecy or hope, and little sense of critical standards of analysis. The impression is rather one of amazing naïveté than of any ulterior purpose.’ World Social Economic Planning. (New York and The Hague: International Industrial Relations Institute, 1932 review by Frank H. Knight, University of Chicago, The American Economic Review Vol. 23, No. 2 (June 1933), pp. 357–9. Published by the American Economic Association.)
12. ‘A National Plan for Great Britain.’
13. ‘A National Plan for Great Britain.’
14. Correspondence, Maurice Dobb to Jack Pritchard, 31 October 1931. PP/4/1/7.
15. Noel Hall quoted in Pinder (ed.), Fifty Years, p. 15.
16. Lindsay, Kenneth, ‘PEP through the 1930s’ in John Pinder (ed.), Fifty Years, p. 24.
18. Howarth, Cambridge, p. 137.
19. Max Nicholson, founder of the British Trust for Ornithology and of Shopping Reports, the first attempt to apply US Consumer Reports to Britain; the economists A. E. Blake and N. E. Smith; and Gerald Barry, editor of the News Chronicle.
20. Coates, Wells, ‘Response To Tradition’, Architectural Review, Nov. 1932.
21. PP/15/2/13/4/139.
22. F. S. Thomas to Jack Pritchard, 14 November 1931, PP/15/1/29/2.
23. Jack Pritchard to F. S. Thomas, 17 November 1931, PP/15/1/29/3.
25. PP/15/2/13/4/139, New Statesman negotiations.
26. PP/15/2/13/4/139.
27. PP/15/2/13/4/139.
28. PP/69.
29. Cohn, Secret Room, p. 127.
31. PP/2/13/4, Negotiations 1968–1969.
32. PP16/1/3/38; Cohn, Secret Room, p. 153.
33. Cohn, Secret Room, p. 157.
34. Cohn, Secret Room, p. 157.
35. Pritchard to Coates, 4 June 1934 PP/16/1/3/38; Cohn, Secret Room, p. 157.
36. Cohn, Secret Room, p. 157.
37. Peabody Trust (Peabody) – social housing provider founded in 1862 by the London-based American banker George Peabody.
38. PP/16/1/419, Jack Pritchard to Herbert Morrison, 4 April 1934.
39. PP/16/1/419.
40. PP16/2/23/1.
41. PP/16/2/23/1.
42. PP/16/2/23/1.
43. ‘Isokon Flats’ Reprinted from the Architectural Review, 7 July 1955 PP/16/2/28/5/13.
44. Cohn, Secret Door, p. 157.
45. Cohn, Secret Door, p. 160.
46. Cohn, Secret Door, p. 160.
47. From Left To Right unpublished autobiography n.d. The Papers of (Harold) Montgomery Belgion. GBR/0014/BLGN, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, University of Cambridge.
48. Wollheim, Richard, ‘Stokes, Adrian Durham (1902–1972), writer and painter’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography http://www.oxforddnb.com.
51. Gropius to his mother, Namur, undated, believed to be August–September 1917, cited in Isaacs, Reginald, Gropius (London: Little, Brown and Company, 1991), p. 52.
55. Gropius to Lily Hildebrandt, Weimar, undated, believed to be spring 1924 cited Isaacs, Gropius, pp. 112–13. Beyer had been an accountant at the Bauhaus; Zachmann was a master craftsman in the cabinet-making workshop from 1921 to 1922; and Schlemmer was a master craftsman in the wall-painting workshop.
56. ‘Obituary. Dr Walter Gropius. Influential modern architectural philosopher,’ The Times, 7 July 1969; PP/24/11/17.
57. ‘Obituary’, The Times, 7 July 1969.
58. Ise Gropius to Jack Pritchard, 11/26/73 (sic) PP24/14/127.
59. ‘Obituary’, The Times, 7 July 1969.
60. PP/24/1/2.
61. PP/24/1/2.
62. Walter Gropius to the President of the Reich Committee for the Fine Arts, Professor Honig, 18 January 1934, PP/24/1/2.
63. PP/24/1/2.
64. PP/24/1/2.
65. Walter Rathenau was a successful Jewish businessman, the founder of the firm Allgemeine-Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft (AEG), and Weimar German Foreign Minister before his assassination by two-right wing army officers on 24 June 1922 for his part in negotiating the Treaty of Rappallo, signed between Germany and the Soviet Union on 16 April 1922. Under the Treaty the two nations had agreed to cancel all financial claims against each other and to strengthen economic and military ties. It was somewhat ironic that Rathenau should have been killed for allegedly furthering Jewish interests when the Treaty enabled the German army, through secret agreements, to produce and perfect in the USSR a range of weapons then forbidden under the Treaty of Versailles. While the Treaty of Rapallo remained in place for ten years the resentment it caused in German right-wing circles meant that by associating Walter Gropius’s name with that of Walter Rathenau’s, Gropius’s life was effectively put in danger.
66. PP/24/1/2.
67. PP/24/1/2.
68. Sigilla Veri. General Introduction. Testaments to the Holocaust: Series One. Archives of the Wiener Library, London.
69. Walter Gropius to Professor Honig, 27 March 1934, PP/24/1/5.
70. It was Shand, the grandfather of Camilla Parker Bowles, who began the process by which Gropius came to Britain. Shand’s articles on Modern Architecture appeared in the Architectural Review from the late 1920s and he was a frequent contributor to a trade magazine The Concrete Way. He had also written a number of books on French wines and an interesting work on theatre and cinema-going in Britain with the albeit uninspiring title, Modern Theatres and Cinemas.
71. Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 19 May 1934, pp. 679–94.
72. Elliott, David, ‘Gropius in England: a documentation 1934–1937’ (London: The Building Centre Trust, 1974), PP/24/15/87.
73. ‘The Volta Conference was the name given to each of the international conferences held in Italy by the Royal Academy of Science in Rome and funded by the Alessandro Volta Foundation. In the inter-war period, they covered a number of topics in science and humanities, alternating between the two.’ Volta Conference, Wikipedia.
74. JPB ‘Gropius. Unity in Diversity. A Building Centre Trust Exhibition, Whitworth Art Gallery, 25 May–22 June 1974’. PP/24/15/19.
1. See Barron, Stephanie, ed. ‘Degenerate Art’: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1991).
2. Gatje, Robert F. and Pei, I. M., Marcel Breuer. A Memoir (New York: The Monacelli Press, 2000), p. 14.
4. See Hochman, Elaine S., Bauhaus: Crucible of Modernism (New York: Fromm International Publishing Corp US, 1997).
5. PP/18/4/6.
6. Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, Moholy-Nagy: Experiment in Totality (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), p. 8.
7. Kaplan, Louis, László Moholy-Nagy. (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995), p. 2.
8. Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, Experiment, p. 1.
9. Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, Experiment, p. 1.
10. Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, Experiment, p. 1.
11. Hight, Eleanor M., Picturing Modernism: Moholy-Nagy and Photography in Weimar Germany (Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1995). ‘Reminiscences of Jeno Nagy’, an interview by Krisztina Passuth dated October 1975, in Passuth, Krisztina, Moholy-Nagy (London: Thames & Hudson, 1987), pp. 385–6.
12. March 1920 quoted in Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, Experiment, pp. 14–15.
13. See Szabo, Julia, ‘Ideas and Programmes: The Philosophical Background of the Hungarian Avant-Garde’, in Passuth, Krisztina, Szabo, John and Julia, et al. The Hungarian Avant-Garde: The Eight and the Activists, (London: Hayward Gallery and Arts Council of Great Britain, 1980), pp. 9–18.
14. Passuth, et al., Avant-Garde; Caton, Joseph Harris, The Utopian Vision of Moholy-Nagy (Essex: Bowker Publishing Company, 1984), p. 4.
15. Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl, Experiment, p. 17.
16. Moholy-Nagy, László, The New Vision and Abstract of an Artist (New York: Wittenborn, 1946), p. 70.
17. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 15.
18. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 13.
19. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 19.
20. Moholy-Nagy, László, New Vision, p. 70.
21. Hight, Eleanor M., Picturing Modernism. Moholy-Nagy and photography in Weimar Germany (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1995), pp. 21–34.
22. Hight, Picturing, p. 34. On the KURI group see Masbach, Steven A., ‘Constructivism and Accommodation in the Hungarian avant-garde’, Art Journal 49 (Spring 1990).
26. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 35.
27. He remained at the Bauhaus in Weimar until 1925 and after its move to Dessau that year until 1928, when Gropius resigned.
28. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, pp. 45–6.
29. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, pp. 45–6.
30. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, pp. 46–7.
31. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 47.
32. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 47.
33. Moholy, Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 104.
34. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 118.
35. The object of trubenising is to give permanent stiffness to a fabric, especially collars and shirt cuffs.
36. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 119.
37. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 120.
38. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 120.
39. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 120.
40. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 120.
41. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 125.
42. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 126.
43. In Hungary, Korda was instrumental in setting up the first nationalised film industry in the world.
44. http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/alexander-korda_biography.htm
45. The film can be viewed with a soundtrack on YouTube.com and without sound on dailymotion.com.
46. Moholy-Nagy, Sybil, Experiment, p. 129.
47. Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia: Erich Moritz von Hornbostel; hereafter BCE EvH.
48. The Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C. was also carrying out this work. See Fewkes, J.W., ‘On the Use of the Phonograph in the Study of the Language of American Indians,’ Science 15 (1890): 267–69, and Martland, Peter, Recording History: The British Record Industry 1888–1931 (Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2013).
49. Myers, Helen (ed.) Ethnomusicology: An Introduction (London: Norton, 1992) p. 117.
50. History of the Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University Bloomington, http://www.indiana.edu/~libarchm/.
51. H. T. Burt, V. J. Reed, Miss E.E. Irvine, Francoise Howard.
52. Blossom the Brave Balloon, Herbert , E. F., illustrated by Philip Zec (London: F. Muller, 1941).
53. Gertrude Stedman first married Carl Alfred Brandt in 1905. They moved to Spain where Carl died in 1906.
54. ‘So whose were these initials? [Wolfgang Amadeus] Mozart! Father passionately loved classical German music.’ Rothstein, Andrew, Iz Vospominanii ob Otse (Recollections of Father) in Al’tman, V.V., Imperializm i borba rabochevo klassa: Pamyati Akademika F. A. Rotshteina (Moscow, 1960), p. 51.
55. TNA Kew KV2/1575 Theodore Rothstein.
56. TNA Kew KV2/1575 Theodore Rothstein.
57. Woolf, Leonard, Downhill All The Way: An Autobiography of the Years 1919–1939 (London: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich, 1960), p. 27.
58. TNA Kew FO371/3347/179551, 29 October 1918.
59. The Second International (1889–1916) was the original Socialist International of workers’ organizations that included both revolutionary and reformist political parties; its overall strategy was revisionist.
60. Meynell, Francis, My Lives (London: Bodley Head, 1971), p. 125.
61. ‘Safe through taking care,’ Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary.
63. TNA Kew KV2/573/64.
65. ‘When in London he resides at his mother’s house at 53 Whitehall Park, Highgate, but he also occupies a converted Pullman car at Tophill, Windermere. His son, a Brackenbury scholar at Balliol College, Oxford, assists him.’ TNA Kew Cab 24/97/544.
67. TNA Kew Cab 24/97.
69. TNA Kew Cab 24/111.
70. Lenin, V.I., Collected Works 4th edition Vol. 44 p. 403. An alternative version of these events is given by Andrew Rothstein who, in a letter to myself dated 13 August 1981, stated that his father returned to Moscow simply as a result of his own request. He asked to accompany Milyutin of the Russian Trading Delegation who was returning ‘to report on progress in the peace talks with Lloyd George … TR specifically asked to be allowed to go, not having been back for 29 years. In fact there is a letter from Lenin which missed him, pressing him not to go, because the British Government might play some dirty trick on him!’ Lenin’s letter to Theodore Rothstein dated 15 July 1920 reads: ‘… I am not against your coming “to take a look” at Russia, but I am afraid that to quit Britain is harmful for the work’.
71. PP/16/2/28/1 In a list of past tenants, Rothstein’s name is written out twice. The following pencilled note appears in the margin: ‘Who else moved out – eg Rothstein (TASS No. 16 & 8) during war. ? School of Oriental Languages.’
72. TNA Kew KV2/1576 Defence Security Intelligence Report (DSIR) Subject Andrew Rothstein, 23 May 1922; TNA Kew KV2/1576 M.I.5/B, 23 November 1920.
73. TNA Kew KV2/1576 Defence Security Intelligence Report (DSIR) Subject Andrew Rothstein, 23 May 1922; TNA Kew KV2/1576 M.I.5/B, 23 November 1920.
74. Despite the Communist Party’s low membership figures – at the end of 1926 they had no more than 7,900 members – there were approximately 1,500 communists known to be active in the Labour Party itself. Until 1926 there had been nothing to stop individuals from becoming members of both the Labour Party and the CPGB, while trade unions could elect communists as delegates to Labour organizations and meetings. At the end of 1926 as many as 1,544 communists still belonged to the Labour Party as individuals, and another 242 were trade union delegates to Labour organizations. That year the leaders of the Labour Party, in accordance with a decision first adopted at the 1924 Labour Party Annual Conference, began to purge the communists from its ranks.
75. TNA Kew KV2/777/79A; 80A; 82.
76. TNA Kew KV2/1872; TNA Kew KV2/1871/74A.
1. Andrew, Christopher and Mitrokhin, Vasili, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1999), p. 75.
2. Reich, Ilse Ollendorff, Wilhelm Reich, A Personal Biography (London: St Martin’s Press, 1969), p. 1.
7. See Gruber, Helmut, Red Vienna: Experiment in Working-Class Culture, 1919–34 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 5.
8. See Rycroft, Charles, Reich (London: Fontana/Collins, 1971), p. 12.
10. Loew, Raimund ‘The Politics of Austro-Marxism’, New Left Review 118 (Nov.–Dec., 1979), p. 113.
11. Gedye, G. E. R., Fallen Bastions (London: Victor Gollancz, 1939), p. 131.
14. Loew, ‘Austro-Marxism’, pp. 39–40.
15. Loew, ‘Austro-Marxism’, pp. 40–41.
19. Page, Bruce, Leitch, David and Knightley, Phillip, Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation (London: Andre Deutsch, 1968), p. 62.
23. Cited Page, et al. Philby, p. 64.
24. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Archive, p. 76.
25. TNA Kew KV2/1604/181 Edith Tudor-Hart.
26. TNA Kew KV2/1604/181.
27. TNA Kew KV2/1604/181; see also TNA Kew KV2/1012/14a dated 8.7. 31 marked Secret ‘the offices of the “TASS” Agency in that city are situated at No. 24, Bauernmarkt, Vienna I, Room 34, and are under the management of Herr EBEL. This man, is frequently seen in the company of a woman employed at “TASS”, whose name is SUSCHITZKI.’
28. TNA Kew KV2/1604/181.
29. Personal File. See TNA Kew KV2/1012/45.
30. TNA Kew KV2/1012/45.
31. Forbes, Duncan ‘Politics, Photography and Exile in the life of Edith Tudor-Hart (1908–1973)’ unpublished paper p.2; see also Shulamith Behr, Marian Malet, eds Arts in Exile in Britain, 1933–1945: Politics and Cultural Identity. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2005); Edith Suschitzky’s police reports, a microfilm copy of which is held by the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, the University of Vienna, MF A/270, ff. 1355–1508.
32. Forbes, ‘Photography’, p. 3.
33. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Archive, p. 76.
34. See The Listener 29 Nov., 13 Dec. 1933, 10 Jan., 16 May, 13 June 1934 and 2 January 1935.
35. BBC Archive, ‘BBC Internal Circulating Memo 5 December 1935’. http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/burgess/7701.shtml.
36. Pincher, Chapman, Treachery. Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage Against America and Great Britain. (New York: Random House, 2009), p. 15.
37. TNA Kew KV2/817.
38. TNA Kew KV2/817.
39. TNA Kew KV2/817.
40. TNA Kew KV2/817.
41. Robert and Berta Kuczynski and their daughters Barbara and Renate; their daughter Brigitte lived opposite in the Isokon building along with Arnold Deutsch.
42. TNA Kew KV2/817.
43. TNA Kew KV2/817.
44. An account of his kidnapping and transportation to Russia appeared in Walter Krivitsky’s book I Was Stalin’s Agent. (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1939).
45. Borovik, Genrikh, The Philby Files: The Secret Life of the Master Spy – KGB Archives Revealed, (London: Little Brown and Co., 1994), p. 57.
46. Quoted in Borovik, Philby Files, p. 58.
47. The idea of sending Philby to Spain did not come from the Centre but from Maly and Deutsch.
48. Borovik, Philby Files, p. 68.
49. Borovik, Philby Files, p. 69.
50. Borovik who interviewed Philby shortly before his death in 1988 was also granted access to Philby’s KGB file prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Maly’s reports are taken from Philby’s KGB file.
51. Borovik, Philby Files, p. 69.
52. The OGPU was created in July 1923 and was incorporated in the NKVD in July 1934.
53. Olga Gray was referred to as ‘Miss X’ throughout Percy Glading’s trial for spying.
54. TNA Kew KV2/1008.
55. TNA Kew KV2/1022.
56. TNA Kew KV2/1022.
57. Damaskin, Igor and Elliot, Geoffrey, Kitty Harris: The Spy With Seventeen Names, (London: St Ermin’s Press, 2001), p. 150.
58. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Archive, p. 76; Damaskin and Elliot, Harris, p. 154.
59. West, Nigel & Tsarev, Oleg, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (London: Harper Collins, 1998), pp. 105–6’; For Percy Glading and the Woolwich Arsenal case see Burke, Spy.
60. Damaskin and Elliot, Harris, p. 236.
61. Damaskin and Elliot, Harris, p. 236.
1. PP/17/3/1/4. Tommy Layton was the founder of Laytons Wine Merchants Ltd., Wine Supplier in London. The Book Wine Restaurant and Cheddar Roast was Layton’s first restaurant.
2. Gropius left England for America on 12 March 1937 where he had been appointed Senior Professor of Architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design; Moholy-Nagy sailed for America on 1 July 1937 to take up his appointment as head of the New Bauhaus in Chicago.
3. Grieve, Alastair, Introduction, The Pritchard Papers: a guide, p. 2.
4. Levy, Paul ‘Harben, Philip Hubert Kendal Jerrold (1906–1970)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004–2009 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/60050.
6. PP/17/1/3/13.
7. PP/17/2/3/11.
10. PP/17/1/1/2.
11. Breuer left to join Gropius and Moholy-Nagy in America.
12. PP/17/6/11.
13. PP/17/6/15.
14. PP/17/6/14.
15. PP/17/6/25.
16. PP/17/6/28.
17. PP/17/6/28.
18. PP/39/2/1/3.
19. PP/39/1/2/2.
20. PP17/1/3/85.
21. PP/39/1/36/1.
22. PP/39/1/36/12.
23. PP/8/43/1.
24. Writing in 1949 Foote did not tell all and the ‘pleasant road in St John’s Wood’ was in fact in Lawn Road, and Brigitee Kuczynski lived in the Lawn Road Flats.
26. Foote, Alexander Handbook for Spies (London: Museum Press Limited, 1949), pp. 9–10.
27. Foote, Handbook, pp. 18–20.
30. TNA Kew KV2/1613.
31. TNA Kew KV2/1613.
32. Werner, Ruth, Sonya’s Report (London: Chatto & Windus, 1991), p. 221.
33. TNA Kew KV6/41.
34. Turner, E.S., The Phoney War on The Home Front (London: Michael Joseph, 1961), p. 124.
35. Turner, Phoney War, p. 124.
36. Turner, Phoney War, pp. 124–5.
37. Sieveking, Lance, The Eye of the Beholder (London: Hulton Press, 1957), p. 140.
38. Siepmann, C.A. ‘Sieveking, Lancelot de Giberne, (1896–1972), writer and radio and television producer’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004). http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/31683.
40. Briggs, Asa, The BBC: The First Fifty Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 158.
41. Fielden, Lionel, The Natural Bent (London: Andre Deutsch, 1960), p. 106.
42. Fielden, Natural Bent, p. 107.
43. Fielden, Natural Bent, p. 107.
44. Fielden, Natural Bent, p. 107.
45. ‘It was not until 1936 that the BBC began systematic research into its own audience, establishing a Listener Research Section in the Home Intelligence Department of its Public Relations Division. On the outbreak of war in 1939, the Listener Research Section was expanded and renamed the BBC Listener Research Department (LRD); in 1950 the LRD was rechristened the BBC Audience Research Department in deference to the growing importance of television.’ BBC Audience research reports, Part 1: BBC Listener Research Department 1937–c1950. Nicholas, Siân, ‘The good servant: the origins and development of BBC Listener Research 1936–1950’, University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
46. Silvey, Robert Who’s Listening? The Story of BBC Audience Research (London: Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1974), p. 13.
47. The Ministry of Information was set up to handle certain tasks – the release of official news; security censorship; publicity campaigns for government departments; and the maintenance of morale, particularly during the post-Dunkirk period when the Home Morale Emergency Committee was set up to counter the possible dangers of a breakdown in morale in the country at large.
48. BBC Audience research reports Part 1: BBC Listener Research Department 1937–c1950. Nicholas, Siân, ‘The good servant: the origins and development of BBC Listener Research 1936–1950’, University of Wales Aberystwyth, p. 5; LR/67, Winter Listening Habits, 1938, BBC WAC R9/9/2.
49. Nicholas, ‘good servant’, pp. 5–6; LR/71, Summer Listening Habits, 1939, BBC WAC R9/9/2.
50. Nicholas, ‘good servant’, pp. 5–6; LR/71, Summer Listening Habits, 1939, BBC WAC R9/9/2.
51. PP/5/1/121.
52. PP/5/1/121.
53. PP/5/1/125.
54. PP/12/1/14; de Hevesy, Paul, World Wheat Planning and Economic Planning in General (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940).
55. PP/5/1/5.
56. PP/5/1/30.
57. PP/5/1/30.
58. PP/5/1/32.
59. Balfour may be better known for the construction firm Balfour Beatty, which he founded in 1909.
60. PP/5/1/48; PP/5/1/48 Jack Pritchard to Vyvyan Adams, 22 March 1938.
61. PP/5/1/64.
62. PP/5/1/64.
63. PP/5/1/177.
64. PP/5/1/178.
65. PP/5/1/178.
66. PP/5/1/179.
67. Watt, Donald Cameron, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), pp. 351–9.
68. PP/9/1/2.
69. ‘Reactions To The Invasion of Finland,’ Comparative Broadcasts No. 1, 1 December 1939; PP/5/1/107.
70. Comparative Broadcasts No. 2, 8 December 1939; PP/5/1/108.
71. Comparative Broadcasts No. 2.
72. Comparative Broadcasts No. 2.
73. Comparative Broadcasts No. 2.
74. Comparative Broadcasts No. 2.
75. Comparative Broadcasts No. 2.
76. This was the famous voice of William Joyce, Lord Haw-Haw.
77. Comparative Broadcasts No. 3, 15 December 1939; PP/5/1/109.
78. Comparative Broadcasts No. 4.
79. PP/5/1/111.
80. PP/5/1/112.
81. PP/5/1/113. The only surviving editions of Comparative Broadcasts of which I am aware held in the Pritchard Papers at the University of East Anglia, they cover editions 1–11 and span the months 1 December 1939 to 16 March 1940.
82. ‘On Tuesday at midnight the BBC still denied that a decision had been made and even on Wednesday morning it merely reported that there was still confusion and nothing definite could be said.’ Comparative Broadcasts 16 March 1940; PP/5/1/116.
83. PP/5/1/116.
84. PP/5/1/116.
85. PP/5/1/116
86. TNA Kew KV2/1871/68.
1. Merson, Allan, Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1985), p. 213.
2. Kershaw, Ian, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 2000), p. 206.
3. Branson, Noreen, History of The Communist Party of Great Britain 1927–1941 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1985), p. 256.
4. Beckett, Francis, Enemy Within. The Rise and Fall of the British Communist Party (London: John Murray, 1995), pp. 90–93.
6. Walter Ulbricht, first head of the post-war communist DDR.
7. TNA Kew KV2/1872/87a.
8. Williams, Robert Chadwell, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 25.
9. TNA Kew KV2/1871/74a.
10. ‘The clear division of responsibility established between the Security Service and SIS in 1931 improved the working relations between them. As part of the 1931 reorganization, SIS established a new Section V (counter-intelligence) under Valentine Vivian (later deputy chief of SIS), which liaised with MI5. Chistopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 2009), p. 135. MI6 agent reports arrived at the Foreign Office with the prefix CX.
11. TNA Kew KV2/1871/74a.
12. TNA Kew KV2/1871/74a.
13. The Times, 11 August 1997, Obituaries. Professor Jurgen Kuczinski; TNA Kew KV6/42.
14. TNA Kew KV2/1871/74a.
15. TNA Kew KV2/1871/74a.
16. TNA Kew KV2/1873/149a.
18. TNA Kew KV2/1871/71B.
19. TNA Kew KV2/1873/185.
20. TNA Kew KV2/1872/94b.
21. TNA Kew KV2/1872/81a.
22. TNA Kew KV2/1879/525A.
23. TNA Kew KV2/1872/85c.
24. TNA Kew KV2/1872/89a.
25. ‘John Strachey writes’, The Camelot Press, Southampton (T.U.) 1938.
26. Haldane, J. R. S., Air Raid Precautions (A. R. P.) (London: Victor Gollancz, 1938), p. 33.
27. PP/16/3/1/7.
28. PP/16/3/1/7.
29. PP/17/1/2/13.
30. PP/17/1/2/15.
31. PP/16/4/34/1.
32. PP/16/4/34/1.
33. PP/2/C-F54, letter dated 16 September 1940.
34. PP/2/C-F/54.
35. PP/2/C-F/54.
36. PP/2/1/C-F/53.
37. PP/2/1/C-F/53.
38. PP/16/4/34/1.
39. Christie, Agatha, An Autobiography (London: Collins, 1977), p. 482.
40. Morgan, Janet, ‘Christie [née Miller; other married name Mallowan] Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa (1890–1976), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004–9 http://www.oxforddnb.com.
41. Morgan, Janet, ‘Christie’; See also Morgan, Janet, Agatha Christie. A Biography (Glasgow: Collins, 1984).
42. Christie, Agatha, An Autobiography, pp. 485–6.
43. Christie, Autobiography, pp. 485–6.
44. Christie, Autobiography, p. 486.
45. PP/16/4/22/6.
46. Morgan, Janet, Christie, p. 212.
47. Simpson, R.S., ‘Glanville, Stephen Ranulph Kingdon (1900–1956), Egyptologist Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: OUP 2004–9); Glanville, Stephen, Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the British Museum (1939–1955) (London: The British Museum, 1955).
48. Simpson, ‘Glanville’; Glanville, Stephen, Catalogue.
49. Mallowan, Max, Mallowan’s Memoirs: Agatha and the Archaeologist (London: HarperCollins, 1977), pp. 171–2.
50. McCall, Henrietta The Life of Max Mallowan. Archaeology and Agatha Christie (London: The British Museum Press, 2001), p. 137.
51. Christie, Autobiography, pp. 486–7; PP/16/4/22/6.
52. Christie, Autobiography, p. 487.
53. Christie, Autobiography, p. 489.
54. Christie, Autobiography, p. 490.
56. Moore, Jenny, Louis Osman (1914–1996): The Life and Work of an Architect and Goldsmith (Devon: Halsgrove Press, 2006), p.16.
61. Moore, Osman, p. 19; see also McCall, Life.
62. Christie, Autobiography, p. 489.
63. PP/6/3/76.
64. Christie, Agatha, N or M? (London: HarperCollins, 1941, reprint 2010), pp. 10–11.
65. TNA Kew KV2/1872/128a.
66. Now part of Reckitt Benckiser Group plc.
67. Eva Reckitt had two brothers, Geoffrey, who was largely apolitical, and Maurice, a Christian Socialist and a leading Guild Socialist.
68. TNA Kew KV2/1371; TNA Kew KV2/1371/56B.
69. TNA Kew KV2/1369–1375.
70. TNA Kew KV2/1374/2.
71. Saville, John, ‘Reckitt, Eva Collet (1890–1976) Communist Bookseller’ in Bellamy, Joyce and Saville, John (eds), Dictionary of Labour Biography Vol. 9 (Macmillan 1993), p. 240.
72. Saville, ‘Reckitt’, p. 241.
73. Saville, ‘Reckitt’, p. 241.
75. See Ian Kershaw, Nemesis, p. 308.
1. PP/11/6/2.
2. PP/11/8/5 Letter dated 12 January 1939. No letter of reply in the Pritchard Papers, University of East Anglia.
3. PP/11/8/10.
4. PP/11/8/4.
5. PP/11/7/6; ‘Germans and Austrians of almost every shade of religious and political outlook (many of them being persons of high professional standing), have found refuge from Nazi Dictatorship in Czechoslovakia. The German Government is now demanding that they should be handed over to the Gestapo. The situation is desperately urgent. These innocent persons must be saved from imprisonment or execution. They must be rescued immediately. The British Government are willing to grant the necessary visas to these refugees provided that their keep can be guaranteed in this country, pending future arrangements for emigration. A group of students and staff of the Architectural Association School have agreed to organise such assistance as they can, in co-operation with the British Committee for refugees from Czechoslovakia.’ PP/11/5/2.
6. PP/11/5/8. Letter dated 7 February 1939.
7. PP/11/4/8.
8. PP/11/7/37.
9. PP/11/4/41.
10. PP/12/2/2.
11. PP/12/2/37.
12. PP/12/2/35.
16. PP/12/2/54.
17. PP/12/2/50.
18. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Archive, p. 134.
19. Their marriage was by now a marriage of convenience, and at the beginning of 1939 Hamburger had left Switzerland for Marseilles to train as a radio operator for an assignment in China.
21. The Rote Drei was arguably the Soviet Union’s most important wartime agent network with access to sources inside Germany operating in Switzerland. See Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Relations from Lenin to Gorbachev. (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990), p. 224.
22. TNA Kew KV6/43/234A.
23. A note on her MI5 file states: ‘It is not clear why Ursula BEURTON left Switzerland as she did at the end of 1940 to proceed to this country, but on the evidence of FOOTE she did so with at least Russian concurrence and the possibility therefore cannot be excluded that she came here with a mission.’ D.D.G. through B.1., B.1.b. 15.7.47 signed by J.H. Marriott.
24. At the time of Fuch’s arrest, Jurgen Kuczynski was living in the American sector of Berlin. In June 1950 British intelligence asked the Americans to make him available for questioning. Somebody, presumably well-versed in the Fuchs and Kuczynski investigation, tipped him off. Before he could be questioned he had moved to Berlin-Weisensee in the Russian sector. Sonya visited him there some weeks later and remained in East Berlin. See Burke, Spy, p. 155.
25. For the Woodstock mole, i.e. Roger Hollis, see Pincher, Chapman, Treachery.
26. TNA Kew KV2/1611/63a.
27. TNA Kew KV6/44/261a.
29. TNA Kew KV2/1611/63.
30. TNA Kew KV2/1611/63.
31. TNA Kew KV2/1611/63a.
32. TNA Kew KV2/1876/373b. Gist of translation of intercepted letter from Monty JACOBS, to Dr J. KUCZYNSKI dated 28.8.44., received 31.8.44. ‘Writer has been asked by his friend Hermann DEUTSCH, who is suing a Miss Marie GINSBERG of Geneva in respect of certain important papers and shares entrusted to her, to ask addressee (Deutsch’s nephew) for a witness statement. DEUTSCH had asked writer to interview addressee personally to make this request, but writer prefers to look upon this as a specimen of DEUTSCH’s over-correctness, and is sure it needs no visit from him for addressee to do this small favour to a relative in great need. Should he be able to help addressee in any way, he is entirely at his disposal. The lawyer requires the statements in English, dated and with the place given, signed and in triplicate.’ The letter bears all the hallmarks of a request for the release of funds. See also Marie Ginsberg’s purchase of Sonya’s ‘Bolivian or Brazilian passport’.
33. TNA Kew KV2 1611/31B.
34. TNA Kew KV2/1611/54a [?].
35. TNA Kew KV2/1611/54a [?]; presumably both the GRU and NKVD.
36. TNA Kew KV2/1611/54a. It is interesting to note that the FBI in 1947 was saying the same things about the activities of the KPD Communist/Comintern/Russian Intelligence agent in the USA, Gerhardt Eisler.
37. Her husband Len Beurton was already on the Black List for his activities in Spain.
38. TNA Kew KV6/41.
39. Branson, Communist Party, p. 329.
40. Kershaw, Ian, Hitler 1936–1945 Nemesis (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press), p. 393.
42. PP/2/1/unidentified/11; PP/8/57/5.
43. See Burke, Spy, Chapter 4.
44. PP/16/2/28/1.
45. Robert Braun, the new manager of the Isobar and Half Hundred Club.
46. PP/2/1/Unidentified/11.
49. TNA Kew FO 371/29521/65655/39.
52. TNA Kew KV2/1580 Andrew Rothstein.
53. TNA Kew KV2/1580 Andrew Rothstein.
54. TNA Kew KV2/1611.
56. Branson, Communist Party, p. 175.
57. Branson, Communist Party, p. 175.
58. Branson, Communist Party, p. 175.
59. Temple, Richard, ‘BROWN, William John (1894–1960)’, in Bellamy, Joyce & Saville, John (eds) Dictionary of Labour Biography Vol. X London: Macmillan Press, 2000), p. 33.
60. PP/16/4/32/2. Letter W. J. Brown to Jack Pritchard, 8 March 1940.
61. PP/16/4/32/2. Letter Jack Pritchard to W. J. Brown, 26 September 1938.
1. Williams, Robert Chadwell, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 15.
5. ‘Kuczynski put him [Fuchs] in touch with Simon Davidovich Kremer, an officer at the GRU London residency, who irritated Fuchs by his insistence on taking long rides in London taxis, regularly doubling back in order to throw off anyone trying to tail them.’ Andrew and Mitrokhin, Archive, p. 152. Contrary to recent claims Simon Davidovich Kremer was not a Lawn Road Flats’ resident. The Kremer in question was A. S. Kremer Esq. (see illustration no. 36.) As far as I am aware no GRU agent ever used the title ‘Esquire’. Given the title’s original purpose – to bestow social rank upon the sons of noblemen and gentry above that of mere gentleman – it would have been extremely unlikely that Simon Davidovich Kremer, a Marxist, would have adopted the persona of an English gentleman. M. S. Kremer Esq., a Lawn Road Flats’ resident, given to complaining about the condition of his wall (see PP/16/3/3/9), was not a secret agent. The confusion arises from M. S. Kremer having the same surname as S. D. Kremer. See Pearlman, Jill, ‘The Spies Who Came into the Modernist Fold: The Covert Life in Hampstead’s Lawn Road Flats’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Sept. 2013.
7. ‘Andrew Rothstein’ TNA Kew KV2/1582/820b.
8. ‘Andrew Rothstein’ TNA Kew KV2/1582/820b.
9. ‘Andrew Rothstein’ TNA Kew KV2/1582/820b.
10. http://www.bookcouncil.org.nz/writers/braschcharles.html.
11. Brasch, Charles, Indirections: A Memoir 1909–1947 (New Zealand: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 350.
12. Brasch, Indirections, p. 350. The statue of the King at Cockspur Street is of George III who lost the American colonies, while Charles I who lost his head occupies the former site of the Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross. It is interesting to note which king was revered most and was deserving of protection during the Second World War.
13. Brasch, Indirections, p. 352.
14. Brasch, Indirections, p. 353.
15. Brasch, Indirections, p. 360.
16. Brasch, Indirections, p. 362.
17. Brasch, Indirections, p. 362.
18. Brasch, Indirections, p. 362.
19. Brasch, Indirections, pp. 364–5.
20. Brasch, Indirections, p. 372.
21. Brasch, Indirections, p. 372.
22. Brasch, Indirections, p. 372.
23. Brasch, Indirections, p. 373.
24. Brasch, Indirections, p. 373.
25. Brasch, Indirections, p. 373.
26. Brasch, Indirections, p. 374.
27. A ‘bombe’ was an electromechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German enigma-machine-encrypted signals.
28. Letter from Cryptanalysts in Hut 6 and Hut 8, Bletchley Park, to the Prime minister, 21 October 1941 quoted in Smith, Michael & Erskine, Ralph (eds), Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the breaking of the Enigma Code to The Birth of The Modern Computer (London: Bantam Press, 2001), pp. ix–xii.
29. Smith & Erskine, Action, p. xiii.
30. PP/16/4/29/4; Brasch, Indirections, p. 377.
31. Brasch, Indirections, p. 377.
32. Brasch, Indirections, p. 377.
33. Brasch, Indirections, p. 377; Jack Pritchard PP/16/3/1/3.
34. Jack Pritchard PP/16/3/1/3.
35. Jack Pritchard PP/16/3/1/3.
36. Brasch, Indirections, p. 378.
37. Brasch, Indirections, p. 380.
38. Brasch, Indirections, pp. 385–6.
39. Brasch, Indirections, p. 387.
40. Brasch, Indirections, p. 388.
41. Brasch, Indirections, pp. 392–3.
42. Brasch, Indirections, p. 395.
43. Brasch, Indirections, pp. 397–8.
44. Brasch, Indirections, p. 405.
45. Brasch, Indirections, p. 390.
46. Brasch, Indirections, p. 32.
47. Aylmer Vallance had worked for the Black Propaganda arm of the Political Warfare Executive during the Second World War and had been a vocal supporter of the communist partisans in Yugoslavia naming one of his sons Tito after the revolutionary, Josip Broz Tito.
48. PP/16/2/23/1.
49. The precursor of the BBC Light Programme and later Radio 2.
50. Wrigley, Chris, A. J. P. Taylor: Radical Historian of Europe (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006), pp. 150–1.
51. Wrigley, Radical Historian, pp. 150–51.
52. Wrigley, Radical Historian, pp. 150–51. In December 1942 Blewitt had invited Taylor to London ‘to discuss one or two ideas for programmes’ but nothing came of this meeting.
53. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 151.
54. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 167; AJPT to Mr. Smith, 25 September 1943, and 10 February 1944 to Trevor Blewitt, BBC Archives.
55. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 167.
56. Writer and broadcaster, Eileen Arbuthnot Robinson.
57. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 167; see also Blewitt to AJPT, 13 February 1945, BBC Archives.
58. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 168.
59. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 168.
60. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 168.
61. Companion to Gerald Brenan, see also Gathorne-Hardy, Jonathan, The Interior Castle: A Life of Gerald Brenan (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1992).
62. McMaster University digital collections http://digitalcollections.mcmaster.ca. Bertrand Russell papers; 145253.
63. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 177.
64. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 177; see also AJPT to Trevor Blewitt, 14 February 1946; Trevor Blewitt to Assistant Controller (Talks), 15 February 1946. BBC Archives.
65. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 177.
66. Wrigley, Radical Historian, p. 178; see also Memorandum by Trevor Blewitt, 20 May 1946 BBC Archives.
67. A.J.P. Taylor, A Personal History (London: Coronet Books, 1983), p. 199.
68. Taylor, Personal History, p. 199.
69. Taylor, Personal History, p. 199.
70. Taylor, Personal History, p. 109.
1. Green, Sally, Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe (Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire: Moonraker Press, 1981), p. 154.
2. Harris, David R. (ed.), The Archaeology of V. Gordon Childe, Contemporary Perspectives (London: University College London, 1994), p. 20.
3. Harris (ed.), Archaeology, p. 4.
4. Mallowan, Max, Mallowan’s Memoirs (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1977), p. 234.
5. Green, Prehistorian, p. xvi.
7. Brasch, Indirections, p. 216.
8. Walter Gropius to The Editor, Horizon, 10 January 1947, PP/16/2/27/26.
9. Wells Coates to Jack Pritchard, 21 January 1947, PP/16/2/27/39.
10. PP/16/2/27/2.
11. PP/16/2/27/43.
12. PP/19/6/47.
13. PP/19/6/47.
14. PP/19/6/47.
15. Green, Prehistorian, p. 118.
16. Harris (ed.), Archaeology, p. 4.
17. Green, Prehistorian, p. 125.
18. Green, Prehistorian, p. viii.
19. Harris (ed.), Archaeology, p. 5: ‘It was not until Stalinist intellectual orthodoxies began to be eroded in the post-war period that translations of some of Childe’s works into Russian began to appear: The Dawn of European Civilisation in 1952 and New Light on the Most Ancient East in 1954.
20. Trigger, Bruce G., ‘Childe’s Relevance to the 1990s’ in Harris (ed.), Archaeology, p. 18.
21. Trigger, ‘Childe’s Relevance’, p. 19.
22. Trigger, ‘Childe’s Relevance’, p. 12.
23. Trigger, ‘Childe’s Relevance’, p. 19; see also Childe Scotland Before the Scots (London: Methuen, 1946), p. 24.
24. Green, Prehistorian, p. 70.
25. Green, Prehistorian, p. 70.
26. Green, Prehistorian, pp. 70–1.
27. Green, Prehistorian, p. 69.
28. Green, Prehistorian, p. 77.
29. Trigger, ‘Childe’s Relevance’, pp. 11–12, 17.
30. Rowlands, Michael, ‘Childe and the Archaeology of Freedom’ in Harris (ed.), Archaeology, p. 48; Childe, V.G., ‘Archaeological Ages as Technical Stages’ in Royal Anthropological Institute, Journal 77, pp. 7–24.
31. Trigger, ‘Childe’s Relevance’, p. 11.
32. Green, Prehistorian, p. 100.
33. ‘A tantalizing note in Childe’s incomplete diary for the period records that he dined at the Kremlin during the visit, and suggests that he may have met Stalin on this occasion; unfortunately there is no confirmatory evidence that this meeting ever took place.’ (Green, Prehistorian, p. 101).
34. Green, Prehistorian, p. 101.
35. Green, Prehistorian, p. 101.
36. Green, Prehistorian, p. 101; Childe, The Prehistory of European Society (Middlesex: Harmondsworth, Penguin Press, 1958) p. 173.
37. Dutt, R.P., ‘The Pre-Historical Childe’, Times Literary Supplement 1957, p. 539.
38. The national Fabian Society had set up a research department, which in 1918 became the Labour Research Department and later a Marxist body.
39. Green, Prehistorian, p. 21.
40. See Cain, Frank, The Origins of Political Surveillance in Australia (Sydney, Australia: Angus & Robertson, 1983); Ravetz, Alison, ‘Notes on the work of V. Gordon Childe’ (The New Reasoner 10 1959), pp. 56–66.
41. Green, Prehistorian, p. 26.
42. Green, Prehistorian, pp. 26–7.
43. Green, Prehistorian, p. 35.
44. The St Andrew Magazine 16 November 1918, no. 12.
45. Mulvaney, John, ‘“Another University Man Gone Wrong”: V. Gordon Childe 1892–1922’ in Harris (ed.), Archaeology, p. 59.
47. Green, Prehistory, pp. 38–40, p. xx.
48. Mulvaney, ‘Another university man’, p. 71.
50. Crowther, J.G., Fifty Years with Science (London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1970), p. 20; cited Green, Prehistory, p. 42.
51. Green, Prehistory, pp. 43–4.
53. ‘The London University Institute of Archaeology was founded in 1937, mainly through the efforts of Mortimer and Tessa Wheeler, and before 1946 depended largely on a voluntary staff of lecturers and research workers. Only after the war were funds provided for an adequate complement of lecturers and administrative officers.… From 1947 the Professor of Western Asiatic Archaeology was Max Mallowan and Mortimer Wheeler was Professor of Archaeology of the Roman Provinces.’ Green, Prehistory, p. 110.
54. Green, Prehistory, p. 110.
55. ‘Postcript: three recollections of Childe the man’ from Professor Charles Thomas, 26 February 1992 in Harris (ed.), Archaeology.
56. Green, Prehistory, p. 118.
57. See Labour Monthly May 1956; Green, Prehistory, p. 120.
58. Green, Prehistory, p. 120.
59. Green, Prehistory, p. 143.
60. Green, Prehistory, p. 154.
1. Max Mallowan, Memoirs, p. 235.
2. ‘In due course, with the backing of Professor Gordon Childe, I was appointed to be the first occupant of the Chair of Western Asiatic Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology in the University of London.’ Mallowan, Memoirs, p. 233.
3. Christie, Autobiography, p. 506.
4. Bruce Bairnsfather’s cartoon character featured in his weekly ‘Fragments from France’ published in The Bystander magazine during the First World War.
5. Christie, Autobiography, p. 506.
6. Christie, Autobiography, p. 506.
7. Christie, Autobiography, pp. 507–9.
8. PP/16/4/22/6
9. PP/16/4/22/6, Jack Pritchard to Mrs Mallowan, 15/10/45.
10. PP/16/4/22/6, Jack Pritchard to Mrs Mallowan, 7/1/46.
11. PP/16/4/22/6, note dated 28/10/47.
12. PP/39/2/1/11.
13. PP/39/2/1/9.
14. Greene, Prehistorian, p. 125.
15. Taylor, Personal History, p. 195.
16. Taylor, Personal History, p. 196.
17. Taylor, Personal History, p. 196.
18. Taylor, Personal History, p. 196.
19. Observer 22 July 1951; PP/24/8/22.
20. PP/16/4/32/2.
21. PP/16/4/32/2.
23. PP/16/4/32/2.
24. McIntosh, Elizabeth, Foreword, in Fenn, Charles At The Dragon’s Gate: With The OSS in the Far East (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004), p. vii.
25. McIntosh, Foreword, p. vii.
26. Parade, March 18, 1973; PP/22/5/2/23.
27. McIntosh, Foreword, p. viii.
28. The Architectural Review, July 1955; PP/16/2/28/5/13.
29. PP/2/1/C-F/56.
30. Hampstead and Highgate Express, 21 February 1969; PP/15/2/13/4/44.
31. Hampstead and Highgate Express, 21 February 1969; PP/15/2/13/4/44
32. PP/15/2/13/4/145.
33. PP/15/2/13/4/146.
34. ‘Isokon’ by Alaistair Grieve n.d. PP/18/4/12/36a.
35. Hampstead and Highgate Express, 4 February 1972; PP/15/2/13/5.
36. Hampstead and Highgate Express, 4 February 1972; PP/15/2/13/5.
37. PP/15/2/13/5.
38. PP/16/4/38/1.
39. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/isokon_building.
40. PP/15/2/13/5.
41. PP/15/2/13/5 Jack Pritchard to H.A. Hunt, January 27th, 1975.
42. PP/15/2/13/5 Jack Pritchard to H.A. Hunt, January 28th, 1975.
43. PP/15/2/13/5 Jack Pritchard to H.A. Hunt, March 3rd, 1975.
44. Times, 12 May 1992, Jack Pritchard Obituary; PP/1/7.
45. Times, 12 May 1992, Jack Pritchard Obituary; PP/1/7.
46. Times, 12 May 1992, Jack Pritchard Obituary; PP/1/7.
47. Fiona MacCarthy, ‘Plywood Pritchard’s progress: Obituary of Jack Pritchard Guardian, 30 April 1992.
48. Fiona MacCarthy, ‘Plywood Pritchard’s progress: Obituary of Jack Pritchard Guardian, 30 April 1992.
49. Fiona MacCarthy, ‘Plywood Pritchard’s progress: Obituary of Jack Pritchard Guardian, 30 April 1992.
50. Guardian, 5 May 1992, letter: Jack Pritchard Obituary; PP/1/7.
51. The Lawn Road Flats had been upgraded to Grade 1: buildings of exceptional interest in 2000.
1. Financial Times, 8 March 2013.
2. Financial Times, 8 March 2013.
3. Financial Times, 8 March 2013.
5. TNA Kew KV2/1611/63a.