1. William Watson, Life in the Confederate Army: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War (London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), p. 398.
2. Ibid., p. 407.
3. Ibid., p. 413.
4. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, p. 146, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., May 16, 1862.
5. Ibid., p. 145.
6. Ibid., p. 137, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., April 17, 1862.
7. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 996, May 6, 1862.
8. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 145, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., May 16, 1862.
9. Ibid., p. 141, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., May 8, 1862.
10. Countess of Stafford (ed.), Leaves from the Diary of Henry Greville, vol. 4 (London, 1905), p. 46, May 10, 1862.
11. John Black Atkins, The Life of Sir William Howard Russell, 2 vols. (London, 1911), vol. 2, p. 173.
12. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 142, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., May 8, 1862.
13. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, May 19, 1862.
14. Illustrated London News, June 14, 1862.
15. H. F. Bell, Palmerston, 2 vols. (London, 1936), vol. 2, p. 317.
16. Edward Chalfant, Better in Darkness (New York, 1994), p. 39.
17. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 12, 1862.
18. Ibid., July 12, 1862.
19. F. L. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy (2nd ed., Chicago, 1959), p. 145.
20. Norman Longmate, Hungry Mills: The Story of the Lancashire Cotton Famine, 1861–5 (London, 1978), p. 95.
21. D. P. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865 (New York, 1974), p. 198.
22. The problem for the North and the South was that the cotton famine had been brought on by a complicated set of circumstances. The distress suffered by the workers was real, but the “famine” was a combination of overproduction during the previous three years, a surplus of some grades of cotton, and a dearth of other grades. As Howard Jones writes, “The initial surplus led to reduced work time, and its eventual depletion extended the layoffs.” Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2009), p. 227. Also, in the first year of the war, the cotton glut in England was so great that Northern textile mills were actually able to buy surplus British stock and ship it over.
23. Robert Douthat Meade, Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman (Baton Rouge, La., 2001), p. 248.
24. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 402–4, James Spence to James Mason, April 28, 1862.
25. Virginia Mason, The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (New York, 1906), pp. 271–72, Dispatch 9, Mason to Benjamin, May 2, 1862.
26. Trinity College Library, Cambridge, Houghton MS CB36/2[3], Henry Bright to Lord Houghton, July 22, 1862.
27. Library of Congress, Hotze Papers, Private Letter Book, Hotze to John George Witt, August 11, 1864.
28. For example, as Dudley Mann wrote excitedly to Judah P. Benjamin on September 15, 1862, after Blackwood’s published a long article about Jefferson Davis, written by the Hon. Robert Bourke: “Blackwood stands in the same relation to the British periodical press as the Times does to the British newspaper press. They are wonderfully influential in molding European opinion; for their power is not confined to Great Britain.” ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 528–29.
29. OR, ser. 4, vol. 2, pp. 23–25, Edwin De Leon to Judah P. Benjamin, July 30, 1862.
30. Hotze’s competitor was a shabby little rag called the London American, edited by the eccentric George Francis Train. By coincidence, its offices were one door down, separated from the Index by a tobacconist’s. The Liverpool Mail once described Train as “our extremely fast Yankee cousin, famous for making galloping speeches, for writing galloping books, and galloping himself around the world” (February 4, 1860).
31. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 153, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 6, 1862.
32. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 326, Henry Hotze to Robert Mercer Hunter, February 1, 1862.
33. Thurlow Weed, Harriet A. Weed, and Thurlow Weed Barnes, Life of Thurlow Weed, 2 vols. (Boston, 1884), vol. 2, p. 416, Weed to New York Common Council, July 1, 1862.
34. Edward Dicey, Spectator of America, ed. Herbert Mitgang (Athens, Ga., 1971), p. 144.
35. For example, on April 19, 1862, the Illustrated London News asked why it was that Americans were so sensitive about British criticism—and why the English had such a knack for provoking them with “ill-timed and unfair comment.” “The explanation,” it decided, “is to be found in their mutual ignorance of each other’s feelings and modes of thought. America does not understand England, and England does not understand America.”
36. “I am disturbed by the state of feeling which is growing up between our two countries,” he continued. “It matters not how averse your government or ours may be to war, your people have become so inflamed against us by the daily ministrations of the press that no government will be strong enough to control their resentment.” National Library of Scotland, Tweeddale Mun./Yester MSS, (0439)MS14467, ff. 40–43, John Bigelow to Lord Russell, August 2, 1862.
37. For example, on August 8, Secretary of War Stanton announced that citizens eligible for the draft (which called for 300,000 new soldiers) were forbidden to travel abroad. That day, the British legation sent a report that hundreds of British travelers were being hauled off trains and arrested at quaysides on the grounds of being “draft evaders.” Among the Britons forcibly removed from a Baltimore train was a Mr. Drury, the legation’s diplomatic messenger. PRO 30/36/1, desp. 150, William Stuart to Lord Russell, August 14, 1862. Letters of Lord St. Maur and Lord Edward St. Maur (London, 1888), p. 250, n.d, c. 1862.
38. Countess of Stafford (ed.), Leaves from the Diary of Henry Greville, vol. 4, p. 55.
39. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. (New York, 1958), vol. 1, p. 305–57.
40. Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 88.
41. R.S.M. Blackett, Divided Hearts, p. 173.
42. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 20, Lyons to Stuart, July 5, 1862.
43. “I know it will be said that this is giving them the means and money for a prolongation of the contest,” admitted the duke. “But its effect in this way would be comparatively small, whilst it would greatly tend to dissipate the danger which is really a growing one.” MHS, Argyll Letters, p. 99, Argyll to Sumner, July 12, 1862.
44. However, Zebina Eastman obtained circumstantial evidence in November that Lindsay’s firm purchased the Calypso for blockade running. NARA, M. T-185, roll 7, vol. 7, Eastman to Seward, November 20, 1862.
45. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 163, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 4, 1862.
46. Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War, p. 127.
47. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 20, Lyons to Stuart, July 5, 1862.
48. MPUS, p. 133, Adams to Seward, July 11, 1862.
49. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, p. 214.
50. West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, box 300, Lyons to sister, July 19, 1862. “I had a long talk with Lord Palmerston. I had also a sufficiently long conversation with Lord Derby at his own home.”
51. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1037, July 17, 1862.
52. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, July 17, 1862.
53. Jones, Union in Peril, p. 133.
54. Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, vol. 2, p. 100.
55. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 167, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 19, 1862.
56. OR, ser. 4, vol. 2, pp. 23–25, Edwin De Leon to Judah P. Benjamin, July 30, 1862.
57. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1044, July 19, 1862.
58. Confederate propaganda had been so successful that the great humanitarian and social reformer Lord Shaftesbury was firmly pro-South on moral grounds. He told John Slidell that he “viewed it as a struggle, on the one hand, for independence and self-government, on the other, for empire, political power, and material interests.” ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 546–48, Slidell to Benjamin, September 29, 1862. Edwin De Leon claimed, “With the tide of public opinion running so strong in England that even Lord Shaftesbury and Exeter Hall now abandon their Yankee sympathies as untrue.…” OR, ser. 4, vol. 2, S. 128, De Leon to Benjamin, September 30, 1862.
59. MPUS, p. 160, Adams to Seward, July 17, 1862.
60. Quoted in Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, p. 219.
61. The reality of the situation, however, was much more complicated than Moran or Dudley allowed. The U.S. consul in Dundee was probably closer to the mark when he wrote that it was more of a matter of who got to whom first. “I have reason to believe,” he told Seward on June 17, “that there are officials in HM govt that could be very easily induced to take service in the ranks of the U States or the so-called Confederate States quite indifferently.” NARA, M.T-200, roll 3, vol. 3, U.S. Consuls in Dundee, Consul J. B. Holderby to Seward, June 17, 1862.
62. On May 1, 1862, Lord Russell told Lord Lyons that “separation would be best for the North as well as for the South … for the future welfare of the free, and for the future emancipation of the slave.” PRO FO/5/189.
63. Philip Guedalla, Gladstone and Palmerston, Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston and Mr. Gladstone, 1851–1865 (London, 1928), pp. 230–31.
64. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 505–58, Hotze to Benjamin, August 6, 1862.
65. George Douglas, Eighth Duke of Argyll (1823–1900): Autobiography and Memoirs, ed. the Dowager Duchess of Argyll, 2 vols. (London, 1906), vol. 2, p. 193, Argyll to Gladstone, September 2, 1862.
66. David F. Krein, The Last Palmerston Government (Ames, Iowa, 1978), p. 65.
67. Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, vol. 2, p. 112.
68. Krein, The Last Palmerston Government, p. 66.
69. New York Times, August 13, 1862.
70. T. C. Pease and J. Randall (eds.), The Diary of Orville H. Browning, 1850–1881 (Springfield, Ill., 1925–31), p. 562, July 24, 1862.
71. Charles P. Cullop, “An Unequal Duel: Union Recruiting in Ireland, 1863–1864,” Civil War History, 13 (1967), p. 104.
72. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 34, fn.
73. Letters of Lord St. Maur and Lord Edward St. Maur, p. 250, n.d.
74. David H. Donald, Lincoln (New York, 1995), p. 366.
75. “The Journal of Robert Neve,” private collection, p. 53.
76. Robert L. Kincaid, The Wilderness Road (Middlesboro, Ky., 1966), p. 246.
77. Brian Holden Reid, Robert E. Lee (London, 2005), p. 106.
78. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbana, Ill., 1958), pp. 95–96, 27, August 28, 1862.
79. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 177, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Adams, August 27, 1862.
80. Edward G. Longacre, Jersey Cavaliers (Hightstown, N.J., 1992), p. 100.
81. Captain W. D. L’Estrange, Under Fourteen Flags: The Remarkable True Story of a Victorian Soldier of Fortune (Newton Stewart, Wigtownshire, 1999), p. 80.
82. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 252, September 4, 1862.
1. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1975), p. 128.
2. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1068, September 9, 1862.
3. Ibid., p. 1058, August 22, 1862.
4. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, p. 129.
5. On September 2, the British ambassador in Paris, Lord Cowley, had heard that opinion in the cabinet was tilting “in favor of mediation in America,” and that if the emperor were to announce publicly what he was saying in private to the Confederates, England would probably go along with him. David F. Krein, The Last Palmerston Government (Ames, Iowa, 1978), p. 66.
6. MPUS, p. 184, Charles Francis Adams to William Henry Seward, September 4, 1862.
7. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 524, Ambrose Dudley Mann to Judah P. Benjamin, September 5, 1862.
8. Sir Spencer Walpole, Life of Lord John Russell, 2 vols. (New York, 1968), vol. 2, p. 349, Russell to Palmerston, September 17, 1862.
9. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 535–36, Hotze to Benjamin, September 26, 1862.
10. Ibid., pp. 546–48, Slidell to Benjamin, September 29, 1862.
11. The Confederates in Europe were helped by recent reports in the European press that showed Lincoln in a poor light as far as abolition was concerned. One referred to Lincoln’s meeting on August 14 with a delegation of freedmen. The president had been frank about his fears for them, saying it would be best for everyone if the black population emigrated somewhere else, perhaps Central America. David H. Donald points out that, despite the message, the fact of the meeting was momentous—African Americans had always been barred from the White House. Donald, Lincoln (New York, 1995), p. 368.
12. In London, William Gregory naively asked the Southern commissioners whether the Confederacy could not devise an education program for the slaves so that they might eventually earn enough money to buy their own freedom. He was offered many reasons why this was absolutely impossible. Brian Jenkins, Sir William Gregory of Coole: A Biography (Gerrards Cross, 1986), p. 154. The American consul in Bristol reported that Yancey had been flagrant in his promises, telling one author of a pro-Confederate article that Richmond had given him “full powers to pledge gradual emancipation to the governments of Europe on condition of their guaranteeing the independence of the Confederate States.” NARA, M. T-185, roll 7, vol. 7, Zebina Eastman to William Henry Seward, October 20, 1862.
13. University of Southampton, Hartley Library, Palmerston MSS, GC/AR/25/1, Argyll to Palmerston, September 2, 1862.
14. PRO 30/22/14D, Palmerston to Russell, September 22, 1862.
15. Philip Guedalla (ed.), Gladstone and Palmerston, Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston and Mr. Gladstone, 1851–1865 (London, 1928), p. 232, Palmerston to Gladstone, September 24, 1862.
16. Thomas Nelson Page, Lee, Man and Soldier (New York, 1911), p. 219, Lee to Davis, September 8, 1862.
17. William Mark McKnight, Blue Bonnets o’er the Border: The 79th New York Cameron Highlanders (Shippensburg, Pa., 1998), p. 72.
18. Shelby Foote, The Civil War, 3 vols. (New York, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 664–65.
19. Wilbur D. Jones, Giants in the Cornfield (Shippensburg, Pa., 1997), p. 292.
20. Russell Weigley, A Great Civil War (Bloomington, Ind., 2000), p. 148.
21. OR, ser. 1, vol. 19/2, p. 218, McClellan to President, September 13, 1861.
22. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 2, p. 660.
23. Ibid., pp. 660–61.
24. Captain W. D. L’Estrange, Under Fourteen Flags, Being the Life and Adventures of Brigadier-General MacIver (Newton Stewart, Wigtonshire, 1999), p. 83.
25. Charles Augustus Fuller, Personal Recollections of the War (Fairford, repr. 2010), p. 40.
26. James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (Oxford, 2004), p. 127.
27. David L. Thompson, “With Burnside at Antietam,” in Johnson and Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 2, p. 556.
28. Matthew J. Graham, The Ninth Regiment New York Volunteers (Lancaster, Ohio, 1997), p. 303.
29. James M. McPherson (ed.), Battle Chronicles of the Civil War, 6 vols. (Lakeville, Conn., 1989), vol. 2, p. 252.
30. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells (c. 1881).
31. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (London, 1988), p. 544.
32. Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, ser. 2 (340.180), Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, September 29, 1862.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Donald, Lincoln, p. 375.
36. Frederick Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward, 2 vols. (Gloucester, Mass., 1967), vol. 2, p. 338.
37. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 66.
38. Ibid., p. 193, Dawson to mother, April 23, 1863.
39. Ibid., p. 56.
40. S. Frank Logan, “Francis W. Dawson, 1840–1889: South Carolina Editor,” MA thesis, Duke University, 1947, p. 27.
41. Dawson, Reminiscences, p. 69.
42. Ibid., p. 190, Dawson to mother, November 22, 1862.
43. Wolseley was not the only British soldier to request a leave of absence in order to observe the war. Captain Edward Osborne Hewett, RE, also traveled around the North during October and November 1862. He wrote a report for the army that is now lost. See R. A. Preston, “A Letter from a British Military Observer of the American Civil War,” Military Affairs, 16 (1952), pp. 49–60.
44. James A. Rawley (ed.), The American Civil War: An English View (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2002), p. xiii.
45. Brian Jenkins, “Frank Lawley and the Confederacy,” Civil War History (March 1977), p. 149.
46. William Stanley Hoole, Lawley Covers the Confederacy (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1964), p. 15.
47. Ibid., pp. 20–21, The Times, November 4, 1862.
48. PRO FO5.909, ff. 36–37, n. 5, Moore to Russell, January 11, 1863.
49. Anon. (Wolseley), “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters,” Blackwood’s Magazine, 93 (Jan. 1863), p. 17.
50. Captain Hewett wrote of Northern officers: “At the end of a day’s march the officers look out for themselves; never see that their men are properly and completely encamped, or fed, much less that the poor horses are fed or looked after; that the men’s arms, accoutrements, or artillery or cavalry harness is cleaned or repaired, or in fact anything at all till the general order to fall in for the next day’s march.” Preston, “A Letter from a British Observer,” p. 53. William Howard Russell had previously noticed that the social hierarchy of the South was replicated in the Confederate army, which shored up the chain of command between officers and men.
51. Wolseley was surprised and amused by the ever-present immediacy of the Revolutionary War. Wherever an Englishman wanders, he wrote, “his fellow-passengers in railway carriages or stages will invariably begin talking to him about Smiths, Browns, and Tomkinses in the same strain that we are accustomed to hear allusions made to the Pitts and to Marlborough or Wellington … If this war has no other result, therefore, it will at least afford American historians something to write about, and save them from the puerility of detailing skirmishes in the backwoods or on the highlands of Mexico, as if they were so many battles of Waterloo or Solferino.” Anon. (Wolseley), “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters,” p. 16.
52. Ibid., p. 14.
53. Ibid., p. 18.
54. Hoole, Lawley, pp. 31–32, The Times, December 30, 1862.
55. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (1898; repr. Cambridge, Mass., 1988), p. 554, fn.
56. Anon. (Wolseley), “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters,” p. 21.
57. The Times, December 30, 1862.
58. If Wolseley had seen them in action, he might have revised his opinion. Another English observer thought that neither side was particularly adept at traditional cavalry engagements. “They approach one another with considerable boldness, until they get to within about forty yards, and then, at the very moment when a dash is necessary, and the sword alone should be used, they hesitate, halt, and commence a desultory fire with carbines and revolvers.… Stuart’s cavalry can hardly be called cavalry in the European sense of the word.” Quoted in Jay Luvaas, The Military Legacy of the Civil War (Lawrence, Kan., 1988), p. 21. On the other hand, both sides learned how to use their cavalry as effective scouts.
59. Heros von Borcke had arrived in the Confederacy in early May, via a blockade runner named the Hero. He was a tall, strapping German with a shock of blond hair and an unintelligible accent. He had decided to volunteer out of boredom with garrison duty, or, according to another version, to annoy his father. He was close in age to Stuart, and they became friends immediately. Borcke wrote his own highly colored reminiscences of his Confederate career. Nevertheless, his wounds were real and a bullet remained permanently lodged in his lung. After his return to the ancestral castle, Borcke occasionally flew the Confederate flag from the turrets.
60. William Stanley Hoole, Vizetelly Covers the Confederacy (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1957), pp. 58–59.
61. Ibid., pp. 555–56, quoted from Heros von Borcke, “Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence,” Blackwood’s Magazine, 99 (Jan.–June 1866), p. 90.
62. Anon. (Wolseley), “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters,” p. 24.
63. Ibid., pp. 24–25, 29.
1. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1076, September 30, 1862.
2. Duncan Andrew Campbell, English Public Opinion and the American Civil War (Woodbridge, 2003), p. 103.
3. Countess of Stafford (ed.), Leaves from the Diary of Henry Greville, vol. 4 (London, 1905), p. 73, September 29, 1862.
4. Clare Taylor, British and American Abolitionists: An Episode in Transatlantic Understanding (Edinburgh, 1974), p. 491, George Thompson to William Lloyd Garrison, December 25, 1862.
5. Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2009), p. 232.
6. He added: “Lincoln has a certain moral dignity, but is intellectually inferior, & as men do not generally measure others correctly who are above their own caliber, he has chosen for his instruments mediocre men.… I know the men at the head of affairs on both sides, & I should say that in energy of will, in comprehensiveness of view, in habits & power of command, & in knowledge of economical & fiscal questions, Jefferson Davis is more than equal to Lincoln & all his Cabinet.” Elizabeth Hoon Cawley (ed.), The American Diaries of Richard Cobden (Princeton, 1952), p. 75, Cobden to Bright, October 7, 1862.
7. The Times, October 7, 1862. Even Liberal newspapers were shocked. The Morning Advertiser remarked on October 6: “We can give no credit to President Lincoln … the motive was not any abhorrence of Slavery in itself, but a sordid, selfish motive, nor can we approve the means to which he is prepared to resort.” For Britain, the atrocities committed in the Indian Mutiny were still fresh memories. The suggestion that Lincoln was trying to engineer similar mayhem and bloodshed in the South was enough to stir the public against him.
8. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. (New York, 1958), vol. 2, p. 44. For an in-depth discussion of the “intervention crisis,” the following sources are indispensible: Robert Huhn Jones, “Anglo-American Relations, 1861–1865, Reconsidered,” Mid-America: An Historical Review, 45 (Jan. 1963), pp. 36–49; Martin P. Claussen, “Peace Factors in Anglo-American Relations, 1861–5,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 26/4 (March 1940), pp. 511–22; Henry Adams, “Why Did Not England Recognize the Confederacy?,” Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, 66 (1972), pp. 204–22; Davis D. Joyce, “Pro-Confederate Sympathy in the British Parliament,” Social Science (April 1969), pp. 95–100; Kinley J. Brauer, “British Mediation and the American Civil War: A Reconsideration,” Journal of Southern History, 38/1 (Feb. 1972), pp. 49–64; Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, “The British Cabinet and the Confederacy: Autumn, 1862,” Maryland Historical Society (Fall 1967), pp. 239–62; Robert L. Reid (ed.), “William E. Gladstone’s ‘Insincere Neutrality’ During the Civil War,” Civil War History, 15/4 (1969), pp. 293–307; Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980); and Charles M. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1998).
9. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 45, Russell to Palmerston, October 2, 1862.
10. Roy Jenkins, Gladstone (London, 1995), p. 472.
11. George Douglas, Eighth Duke of Argyll (1823–1900): Autobiography and Memoirs, ed. the Dowager Duchess of Argyll, 2 vols. (London, 1906), vol. 2, p. 195, Argyll to Gladstone, September 2, 1862.
12. Jenkins, Gladstone, pp. 472, 466.
13. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 549–51, Ambrose Dudley Mann to Judah P. Benjamin, October 7, 1862.
14. John Morely, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone: 1809–1872, 2 vols. (London, 1903), vol. 2, p. 536, and Henry Steele Commager (ed.), The Civil War Archive (New York, 2000), pp. 362–63.
15. Harper’s Magazine, vol. 54, 1877, p. 111.
16. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, October 5, 1862.
17. D. P. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865 (New York, 1974), p. 266, November 8, 1862.
18. The literature on the cabinet discussions during October and November is voluminous. See E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 52, for a discussion on the memoranda wars.
19. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1973), pp. 183–84.
20. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 54, Clarendon to Russell, October 19, 1862.
21. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 560–61, Slidell to Benjamin, October 20, 1862.
22. Virginia Mason, The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (New York, 1906), pp. 371–72, Mason to wife, January 18, 1862.
23. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 565–67, Hotze to Benjamin, October 24, 1862.
24. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 56. In his memorandum, written on October 25, 1862, Gladstone insisted, somewhat improbably, that the Americans would not be able to resist “a general opinion on the part of civilized Europe that this horrible war ought to cease.”
25. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, October 23, 1862.
26. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 56, Russell to Palmerston, October 24, 1862.
27. West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, box 300, Lord Lyons to sister, October 24, 1862.
28. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 542–78, Slidell to Benjamin, October 28, 1862.
29. G. P. Gooch (ed.), The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878, 2 vols. (London, 1925), vol. 2, p. 331, Russell to Grey, October 28, 1862.
30. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Clarendon, 2 vols. (London, 1913), vol. 2, p. 265, Clarendon to Lewis, October 25, 1862.
31. PRO 30/22/36, ff. 281–89, Lyons to Russell, November 11, 1862.
32. Jones, Union in Peril, p. 203.
33. Gooch (ed.), The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, vol. 2, p. 333, Palmerston to Russell, November 2, 1862.
34. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 603, Hotze to Benjamin, November 7, 1862.
35. Deborah Logan (ed.), The Collected Letters of Harriet Martineau, 5 vols. (London, 2007), vol. 4, p. 365, September 17, 1862.
36. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1088, November 11, 1862.
37. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Clarendon, vol. 2, p. 268, Lewis to Clarendon, November 11, 1862.
38. Howard Jones, Union in Peril, p. 217.
39. Morely, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, vol. 2, p. 85, Gladstone to wife, November 13, 1862.
40. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 610–12, Hotze to Benjamin, November 22, 1862.
41. Quoted in Jones, Union in Peril, p. 223.
42. For example, Keele University, Sneyd MS, S[rs/hwv]/274, Henry William Vincent to Ralph Sneyd, November 17, 1862,.
43. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 618, Mason to Benjamin, December 11, 1862.
1. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1092, November 19, 1862.
2. The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, ed. Carl Schurz, Frederick Bancroft, and William Archibald Dunning, 3 vols. (Garden City, N.Y., 1917), vol. 2, p. 246.
3. Duke University, Malet family MSS, Kennedy to Malet, September 15, 1862.
4. Calvin D. Davis, “A British Diplomat and the American Civil War: Edward Malet in the United States,” South Atlantic Quarterly, 77/2 (1978), pp. 160–61. In his memoir, Malet wrote that he always regretted obtaining his first post through his father’s influence. “For many years it did me harm,” he wrote. “The grade above mine was that of paid attaché, and ten of my juniors were passed to that rank over my head on the ground that I had been appointed when I ought to have been still in the schoolroom.” E. Malet, Shifting Scenes (London, 1901), p. 18.
5. Davis, “A British Diplomat and the American Civil War,” p. 171.
6. Duke University, Malet family MSS, Malet to Lady Malet, February 10, 1862.
7. Ibid., Malet to Lady Malet, December 2, 1862.
8. The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865, ed. Stephen W. Sears (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), p. 517, McClellan to Lincoln, November 2, 1862.
9. Richard Wheeler, Voices of the Civil War (New York, 1990), p. 203.
10. The 12,000-strong corps was principally made up of German immigrants, and most of its commanders were foreign-born. A hero to many German Americans on account of his military leadership of the Baden revolutionaries in the 1848 revolution against Prussia, Sigel seemed to attract bad luck in the Civil War. At the Second Battle of Bull Run in August, his soldiers were mangled by the Confederates, resulting in the loss of 2,000 men. Since then, the XI corps had been designated the Reserve Grand Division. Some of the German volunteers’ English did not run much further than the corps’ slogan: “I fights mit Sigel.”
11. NARA, CB MID64, roll 66, Sir Percy Wyndham to General Heintzelman, December 3, 1862.
12. BL Add. MS 41567, f. 240, Herbert to mother, January 3, 1863.
13. Hugh Dubrulle, “Fear of Americanization and the Emergence of an Anglo-Saxon Confederacy,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 33/4 (Winter 2001), pp. 583–613, at p. 604, Lieutenant Colonel Henry Malet to Layard, December 27, 1862, BL Add. MS 39104, Layard Papers.
14. BL Add. MS 41567, ff. 236–37, Herbert to brother Jack, November 26, 1862.
15. Ibid.
16. BL Add. MS 41567, ff. 238–39, Herbert to brother Jack, December 16, 1862.
17. William Mark McNight, Blue Bonnets o’er the Border: The 79th New York Cameron Highlanders (Shippensburg, Pa., 1998), p. 83.
18. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 83.
19. Shelby Foote, The Civil War, 3 vols. (New York, 1986), vol. 2, p. 22.
20. Wheeler, Voices of the Civil War, p. 206.
21. Heros von Borcke, “Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence,” Blackwood’s Magazine, 99 (Jan.–June 1866), p. 193.
22. After Wynne and Phillips came Colonel Bramston, followed by Captain Bushby, who “had just run the blockade into Charleston, after an exciting chase by the Federal cruisers, and could only spare a few days to look at our army.…” Bushby presented General Lee with a saddle and Stonewall Jackson with a breech-loading carbine. Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 463.
23. Ibid, p. 194.
24. Mary Sophia Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1875), p. 31.
25. Foote, The Civil War, vol. 2, p. 26.
26. Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 196.
27. Nearly three decades later, a young British military historian and disciple of Viscount Wolseley summarized Burnside’s mistakes: “Firstly, he underrated his antagonist; secondly, he neglected to reconnoiter as far as was within his power; thirdly, in preference to a line of operations which was feasible and safe, he selected one which … might possibly lead to terrible disaster.” G.F.R. Henderson, The Campaign of Fredericksburg (London, 1886, privately repr. 1984), p. 36.
28. Mr. Goolrick, the British vice-consul (who was actually an American citizen), was also among the captives. He had long been an embarrassment to Lord Lyons, providing ample fodder to Northern newspapers who claimed that every British official was rabidly pro-South. Lyons took advantage of his arrest to close the vice-consulate permanently.
29. William Stanley Hoole, Lawley Covers the Confederacy (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1964), p. 39.
30. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 3, p. 116.
31. Ibid., p. 127.
32. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells (c. 1881), December 11, 1862.
33. Henderson, The Campaign of Fredericksburg, p. 73.
34. Illustrated London News, January 31, 1863.
35. Brian Holden Reid, Robert E. Lee (London, 2005), p. 144.
36. Chicago Historical Society, George W. Hart MSS, George Hart to mother, January 12, 1863.
37. Hoole, Lawley, p. 40.
38. Johnson and Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 3, p. 116.
39. James A. Rawley (ed.), The American Civil War: An English View (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2002), p. 158.
40. Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy, p. 30.
41. von Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 451. The quotation in the footnote on this page is from Stuart to G.W.C. Lee, December 18, 1862, quoted in The Letters of General J.E.B. Stuart, ed. Adele H. Mitchell (n.p.: Stuart-Mosby Historical Society, 1990), pp. 284–85.
42. The Times, January 23, 1863.
43. R. A. Preston, “Letter from a British Military Observer of the American Civil War,” Military Affairs, 16 (1952), p. 55.
44. Quoted in Margaret Leach, Reveille in Washington (Alexandria, Va., 1962; repr. 1980), p. 276.
45. In contrast to the British Army, assistant surgeons in the Northern army were ranked as lieutenants and generally afforded much greater respect. “The social position of the medical, as compared with the combatant officers, is decidedly good, much better than in our own army,” Mayo explained to British readers in an essay about his experiences. It did not provoke comment that “any person with decent prospects of success in civil practice should ever think of entering it.” Francis Galton (ed.), Vacation Tourists, 1862–1863 (London, 1864), p. 376.
46. Ibid., p. 384.
47. Duke University, Malet family MSS, Malet to father, December 16, 1862.
48. Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, 2 vols. (Baltimore, 2008), vol. 2, p. 446.
49. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 282, December 18, 1862.
50. Ibid., p. 282, December 21, 1862.
51. William H. Seward (ed.), Seward at Washington (New York, 1891), p. 487, Seward to wife, December 28, 1860.
52. Diary of Gideon Welles, 3 vols. (Boston, 1911), vol. 1, p. 133, September 16, 1862.
53. MPUS, p. 160, Adams to Seward, July 31, 1862.
54. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, December 22, 1862.
55. PRO 30/22/36, ff. 320–23, Lyons to Russell, December 12, 1862.
56. PRFA (1862), p. 124, Seward to Adams, July 5, 1862.
57. Frederick J. Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, Ohio, 1987), p. 191.
58. John M. Taylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln’s Right Hand (New York, 1991), p. 208.
59. David H. Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York, 1970), p. 90.
60. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 2., p. 453.
61. PRO 30/22/36, ff. 327–30, Lyons to Russell, December 22, 1862.
62. James J. Barnes and Patience P. Barnes (eds.), The American Civil War Through British Eyes, vol. 2 (Kent, Ohio, 2005), p. 282, Lyons to Russell, December 26, 1862.
63. Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore, 12 vols. (New York, 1863), vol. 6, p. 299.
64. Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, 2nd series (340.1831), Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, December 18, 1862.
65. Ibid., Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, December 25, 1862.
66. Ibid., Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, September 29, 1862.
67. Ibid., Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, October 17, 1862.
68. Ibid., Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, December 28, 1862.
69. William Watson was in Baton Rouge, where slaves vastly outnumbered the white population. He watched his friends confront the possibility by speaking directly to their slaves. There seemed to be little desire to leave. “If we run away, and go to New Orleans, like dem crazy niggers, where is we?” asked one slave wisely. “If so be we are to get free, we get it anyhow.” William Watson, Life in the Confederacy: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War (London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), p. 430.
70. Borcke, “Memoirs,” p. 458.
71. Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, 2nd series (340.1831), Lord Hartington to Duke of Devonshire, December 28, 1862.
1. Charles Herbert Mayo, Genealogical History of the Mayo and Elton Family (privately printed, 1882), p. 230.
2. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York, 2005), p. 498.
3. James McPherson, Tried by War (New York, 2009), p. 149.
4. Winston Groom, Vicksburg, 1863 (New York, 2009), p. 132. It is important to note, however, that James McPherson does not believe that Lincoln ever said those words; he concludes that the conversation was fabricated by Admiral David Dixon Porter. Even so, Lincoln himself would have agreed with them. McPherson, This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War (Oxford, 2007), p. 131.
5. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman (New York, 1876), p. 291.
6. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 3, p. 467.
7. Ibid., p. 468.
8. Sherman wrote in his memoirs: “One brigade (De Courcey’s) of Morgan’s troops crossed the bayou safely, but took to cover behind the bank, and could not be moved forward. Frank Blair’s brigade, of Steele’s division, in support, also crossed the bayou, passed over the space of level ground to the foot of the hills: but, being unsupported by Morgan, meeting a very severe cross-fire of artillery, was staggered and gradually fell back.… I have always felt that it was due to the failure of General G. W. Morgan to obey his orders, or to fulfill his promise made in person. Had he used with skill and boldness one of his brigades, in addition to that of Blair’s, he could have made a lodgment on the bluff, which would have opened the door for our whole force to follow.” Memoirs, pp. 291–92.
9. He continued: “After capture, which was near night, we were marched through a drenching rain to Vicksburg, a distance of eleven miles, hungry and without blankets and were corralled in an old foundry where we laid on the cold wet ground for rest.” Personal Papers of Major Milton Mills—16th OVI, letter from Benjamin Heckert, description of Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, December 21, 1904, doc. B028–01: http://www.mkwe.com/ohio/pages/B028-01.htm.
10. OR, ser. 1, vol, 17/1, p. 650, December 29, 1862.
11. Owen Johnson Hopkins, Under the Flag of the Nation: Diaries and Letters of a Yankee Volunteer (Columbus, Ohio, 1961), p. 46. See also the diary of Sergeant Asa E. Sample of 54th Indiana Infantry, who recorded his part in the Chickasaw assault: “About this time the rebel batteries opened with canister shot and shell, replied to by our cannon in the rear. The ground before us was completely obstructed by fallen timber for near forty rods (660 feet). Over this we had to pass. Just now General DeCourcey gave the command ‘advance the 54th and 22nd Kentucky about 50 yards!!’ The fallen trees completely mingled the companies of both regiments but onward we went, whiz, boom, boom, went the shells above us, now lying down to evade that bursting burst, now advancing and many falling.” http://www.hoosiersoldiers.com/54THINDIANA/
1YEAR/DIARIES/SAMPLE/DIARY-DECEMBER-1862.htm
12. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols.; vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863 (New York, 1960), p. 386.
13. OR, ser. 1, vol. 17/1, S. 24, pp. 721–24, no. 4, Report by Brigadier General George Morgan, 13th Army Corps.
14. Ibid.
15. William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key (Lincoln, Nebr., 2003), p. 60.
16. Stanley Hirshson, The White Tecumseh (New York, 1997), p. 145.
17. John Y. Simon (ed.), The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 24 vols. (Carbondale, Ill., 2000), vol. 7, pp. 50–55. After the war, Grant denied that he was anti-Semitic and, to make amends, attended the dedication of the Adas Israel Congregation in Washington, D.C.
18. William Stanley Hoole, Lawley Covers the Confederacy (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1964), p. 44.
19. OR, ser. 1, vol. 5, S. 5, p. 504. On February 8, General Smith ended his report on a skirmish around Fairfax Court House by saying, “Captain Currie, as usual, was everywhere to direct and make successful the expedition.”
20. New York State Library, Edwin Morgan MSS, box 19, f. 11, Currie to Governor Morgan, March 2, 1863.
21. William Watson, Life in the Confederacy: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War (London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), p. 440.
22. Bruce Catton, Never Call Retreat (London, 2001), p. 74.
23. New York State Library, Edwin Morgan MSS, box 19, f. 11, Currie to Governor Morgan, March 2, 1863.
24. OR, ser. 1, vol. 15, S. 21, p. 250, Telegram from L.D.H. Currie, February 26, 1863.
25. Once Banks had filled all the outposts and boosted the garrisons, his effective fighting force was less than half his 32,000-man army. At first he thought that a run up the Mississippi River was still possible with just 12,000 men. Catton, Never Call Retreat, p. 76.
26. Mary Sophia Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1875), p. 28.
27. Ibid.
28. Raphael Semmes, Service Afloat: A Personal Memoir of My Cruises and Services (1868, repr. Baltimore, 1987), p. 402.
29. Charles Grayson Summersell, CSS Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), p. 13.
30. Semmes, Service Afloat, p. 405.
31. The officers either knew or were related to one another to a remarkable degree. Fifth Lieutenant Irvine Bulloch, for example, was James Bulloch’s younger half-brother; midshipman Edward Maffit Anderson, was the son of Edward Charles Anderson who had directed the Confederate navy’s purchasing operations so ably in 1861; and midshipman Eugene Anderson Maffit was his cousin.
32. Semmes, Service Afloat, p. 427.
33. Raimondo Luraghi, A History of the Confederate Navy (Annapolis, Md., 1996), p. 227.
34. In truth, USS Hatteras was not such a formidable opponent after all, being little more than a refitted passenger ship with about half the Alabama’s firepower. Charles Grayson Summersell, The Journal of George Townley Fullam (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1973), p. 72.
35. Semmes, Service Afloat, p. 543.
36. Norman C. Delaney, John McIntosh Kell of the Raider Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1973), p. 143.
37. Douglas Maynard, “Civil War ‘Care’: The Mission of the George Griswold,” New England Quarterly, 34/3 (1961), p. 300.
38. Ibid., p. 303.
39. David Herbert Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York, 1970), p. 109.
40. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 29–30, Lyons to Russell, February 24, 1863.
41. Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.), The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2 vols. (Boston, 1990), vol. 1, p. 148, Sumner to John Bright, March 16, 1863.
42. Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 185. Modern, low-cost, British-built and -owned steamships were monopolizing the Atlantic trade because their American competitors were old-fashioned sailboats.
43. New York Times, November 21, 1862.
1. Speeches, Arguments, Addresses, and Letters of Clement L. Vallandigham (New York, 1864), p. 430.
2. BL Add. MS 415670, f. 245, Herbert to mother, March 10, 1863. The source for the footnote on this page is Francis Galton (ed.), Vacation Tourists, 1862–1863 (London, 1864), p. 398.
3. Charles Herbert Mayo, Genealogical History of the Mayo and Elton Family (privately printed, 1882), p. 230.
4. Wendy Trewin, All on Stage: Charles Wyndham and the Alberys (London, 1980), p. 8.
5. Ibid., p. 11. This says his father encouraged him. But Wyndham himself says the family opposed the move and refused to support him financially. Thomas E. Pemberton, Sir Charles Wyndham: A Biography (London, 1904), pp. 8, 33.
6. Trewin, All on Stage, p. 18.
7. http://oha.alexandriava.gov/fortward/special-sections/voices/, testimony of William Wallace, 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry.
8. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, p. 206, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to mother, December 21, 1862.
9. Wyndham was always a favorite with the press, and his side was taken by Dawson’s Daily Times and Union, a popular Indiana newspaper, which declared that the resignation had been a matter of principle since he held Colonel Butler in such low esteem.
10. NARA, CB MID64, roll 66, Report by General Heintzelman, January 20, 1863.
11. BL Add. MS 415670, ff. 242–43, Herbert to Jack, January 28, 1863.
12. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells (c. 1881), January 1863.
13. BL Add. MS 415670, ff. 242–43, Herbert to Jack, January 28, 1863.
14. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 250, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, January 30, 1863.
15. Ibid., p. 264, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, March 8, 1863.
16. Galton (ed.), Vacation Tourists, p. 401.
17. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 3 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 3, p. 150.
18. Ibid.
19. The Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby, ed. Charles W. Russell (Boston, 1917), p. 175.
20. Jeffry D. Wert, Mosby’s Rangers (New York, 1990), p. 48.
21. Duke University, Malet family MSS, Malet to father, January 19, 1863.
22. Henry Vane, Affair of State (London, 2004), p. 62.
23. Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, 2nd series (340.184), Hartington to 7th Duke, January 21, 1863.
24. University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga., mss 340, A. Trevor-Batyre, “A Noble Englishman, Being Chapters in the Life of Henry Wemyss Feilden,” p. 6.
25. Their romanticized portrayal of the Confederacy inspired fiction writers to develop the theme. In 1862 the pulp writer William Stephens Hayward began his series about Captain George, a dashing English adventurer who travels to the South to fight for its cause. The popularity of the series prompted a host of imitations, all based in the South.
26. The Charleston Chamber of Commerce and the Society of St. George both held farewell dinners for Mr. Bunch.
27. South Carolina Historical Society, Feilden-Smythe MSS, Feilden to aunt, March 4, 1863.
28. Ibid.
1. Illustrated London News, May 16, 1863. Vizetelly sometimes shocked his Confederate friends by his casual attitude toward strict accuracy. See G. Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (Lincoln, Nebr., 1999), p. 205.
2. Francis Galton (ed.), Vacation Tourists, 1862–1863 (London, 1864), p. 399.
3. Robert N. Rosen, Confederate Charleston (Columbia, SC, 1994), p. 99.
4. South Carolina Historical Society, Feilden-Smythe MSS, Feilden to Phil, April 16, 1863. Illustrated London News, May 16, 1863.
5. Diary of Gideon Welles, 3 vols. (Boston, 1911), vol. 1, p. 276, April 20, 1863.
6. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York, 2005), p. 511. Albert E. H. Johnson, “Reminiscences of the Hon. Edwin M. Stanton,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society (1910), p. 80.
7. NARA, T.168, roll 31, vol. 31, doc. 3, Morse to Seward, January 3, 1863.
8. Russell was pleased by his success but annoyed with his publishers. They had cut out 186 pages, he told the U.S. consul in Paris, John Bigelow. The book accurately reflected his feelings, except “I must own I felt more hurt than I can or cared well to say at being refused leave to go with McClellan, as I was most anxious to show it was not my fault that Bull Run No. 1 ended with a panic.… I believe in my heart, however, that I do not entertain the smallest unkindly feeling towards a single citizen of the United States.” John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, Part I, 1817–1863, 5 vols. (New York, 1909), vol. 1, pp. 605–6, Russell to Bigelow, February 25, 1863.
9. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1106, January 14, 1863.
10. Ibid., p. 1110, January 21, 1863.
11. NARA, T. 168, roll 31, vol. 31, doc. 3, Morse to Seward, January 3, 1863.
12. Illustrated London News, February 7, 1863.
13. Philip Van Doren Stern, When the Guns Roared: World Aspects of the American Civil War (New York, 1965), p. 177.
14. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1108, January 16, 1863.
15. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1973), pp. 142–43.
16. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1121, February 14, 1863.
17. Outraged by the plight of two British subjects imprisoned for alleged desertion, the British consul in Philadelphia sent an unofficial protest to the State Department. William Seward thought that the letter had to be an exaggeration, at least he hoped so, but he was sufficiently disturbed to write to the secretary of war, Edwin Stanton: “The granite walls of the dungeons are represented to be wet with moisture, the stone floor damp and cold, the air impure and deathly, no bed or couches to lie upon and offensive vermin crawling in every direction. It is also represented that the prisoners are allowed no water with which to wash themselves or change of clothing and are on every side surrounded by filth and vermin.” OR, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 118, Seward to Stanton, January 27, 1863.
18. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, February 9, 1863.
19. Ibid., February 11, 1863.
20. Ibid., February 25, 1863.
21. Ibid., February 28, 1863.
22. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1136, March 18, 1863.
23. Virginia Mason (ed.), The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (New York, 1906), pp. 387–92.
24. Spencer, The Confederate Navy in Europe (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), pp. 135–36, January 21 and January 20, 1863.
25. Ibid., p. 131.
26. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston, 1917), pp. 96–97.
27. James D. Bulloch, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, 2 vols. (New York, 1884), vol. 1, p. 272.
28. Ibid., p. 270.
29. Ibid., p. 273, February 3, 1863.
30. There appears to be a great deal of confusion over which Emile Erlanger—the father or son—Mathilda actually married. Charles M. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1998), p. 207, says the father, which the family website confirms: http://www.hydethomson.com/familytree/default.htm
31. Judith Fenner Gentry, “A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan,” Journal of Southern History (1970), pp. 158–88. Spence always claimed that Erlanger took advantage of the Confederacy but subsequent studies have showed that the terms of the loan were comparable to, if not more favorable than, those offered to other governments with more grounds for legitimacy.
32. H. B. Wilson was a Canadian who had worked in the shipping industry. He did not arouse the Confederates’ suspicion and, within a few weeks of introducing himself, had become a regular at their meetings and dinners. His success opened the doors to other U.S. agents.
33. ORN, ser. 1, vol. 13, p. 640, January 9, 1863. Excerpts of these reports were distributed to the navy, for example: “Liverpool. January 10 1863: The steamer Pet has just cleared and will go to sea this day.… The steamer Banshee has gone to-day on a trial trip.… It will not be very many days before she leaves for the South.… The Peterhoff went to sea yesterday. I herewith forward an invoice of her cargo, also an invoice and description of the Sterlingshire, a sailing bark in the Confederate service. From all I can learn the two steamers may attempt to get into Charleston. They are new, or nearly so, and would make good transport ships.”
34. Frances Leigh Williams, Matthew Fonatine Maury (Piscataway, N.J., 1963), p. 403.
35. NARA, T.168, roll 31, vol. 31, doc.29, Morse to Seward, February 20, 1863.
36. Bulloch, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, vol. 1, p. 395, February 3, 1863.
37. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 712–16, Mason to Benjamin, March 19, 1863.
38. Stephen Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War (Columbia, S.C., 1988), p. 94.
39. Van Doren Stern, When the Guns Roared, p. 194.
40. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy, pp. 132–33.
41. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. in 1 (New York, 1958), vol. 2, p. 130.
42. Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.), Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2 vols. (Boston, 1990), vol. 1, p. 154, Sumner to John Bright, April 7, 1863.
43. Lord Newton (ed.), Lord Lyons: A Record of British Diplomacy, 2 vols. (London, 1914), vol. 1, pp. 99–100, Russell to Lyons, March 28, 1863.
44. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 131.
45. NARA, T. 168, roll 31, vol. 31, doc. 41, Morse to Seward, March 27, 1863.
46. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 134.
47. Brooks Adams, “The Seizure of the Laird Rams,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 45 (1911–12), p. 248.
48. “We have had—I have had—some Experience of what any attempt of that sort may be expected to lead to,” Palmerston told the House. He was referring to the collapse of his previous premiership in 1859, when MPs punished him for truckling to French demands to curb the freedoms of political refugees living in Britain. Spencer, The Confederate Navy in Europe, p. 99.
49. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, March 28, 1863.
50. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer, p. 114.
51. Frank J. Merli, Great Britain and the Confederate Navy (Bloomington, Ind., 1965), p. 129.
52. The officer from the Galatea was singing the “Bonnie Blue Flag,” which went: “Hurrah! Hurrah! For Southern rights hurrah! Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag.… ” BDOFA, ser. 1, vol. 6, doc. 193, pp. 146–47, Commodore Dunlop to Admiral Milne, February 7, 1863. In the Caribbean there was also an incident involving HMS Greyhound, when her band played “Dixie’s Land” within earshot of a U.S. naval vessel. Commander Hickley immediately raced over to the players and made them follow up with “My Country, ’Tis of Thee,” but the damage was already done.
53. “Here we are amongst the rebels enjoying ourselves very much,” wrote Henry Gawne to his mother, a week after arriving at the port. “Everyone here is very hospitable. As much hunting as ever you please and of all descriptions, deer, foxes etc. Several of our officers are away now for four days in the Country hunting. I went out riding last Friday with a Col Browne of the Artillery.” Buckinghamshire RO, Gawne MSS, D115/20 (1), Henry Gawne to Edward Moore Gawne and mother, January 6, 1863.
54. Regis Courtemanche, No Need of Glory: The British Navy in American Waters (Annapolis, Md., 1977), p. 117.
55. Newton (ed.), Lord Lyons, vol. 1, p. 100, Lord Russell to Lord Lyons, March 28, 1863.
56. PRO 30/22/37, f. 43, Lyons to Russell, April 13, 1863.
57. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 57–60, Lyons to Russell, May 5, 1863.
58. Adams, Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 140.
1. The Private Journal of Georgiana Gholson Walker, ed. Dwight Franklin Henderson, Confederate Centennial Studies, 25 (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1963), p. 13.
2. Kenneth Blume, “The Mid-Atlantic Arena: The United States, the Confederacy, and the British West Indies, 1861–1865,” Ph.D thesis, SUNY Binghamton, 1984, p. 257.
3. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston, 1917), pp. 103–5.
4. PRO FO115/361, f. 3, Stanton to Seward, May 15, 1863. Montreal, where Abinger was stationed, was teeming with Confederate refugees, which further solidified his pro-Southern stand. On his return to Montreal, he married Helen Magruder, the daughter and niece of renowned Confederates.
5. George Alfred Lawrence, Border and Bastille (New York, 1864), p. 190.
6. James H. Wilkins (ed.), The Great Diamond Hoax and Other Stirring Episodes in the Life of Asbury Harpending (San Francisco, 1915), pp. 66, 74–76.
7. Ibid.
8. PRO FO5/1280, Consul Booker to Russell, June 29, 1863.
9. PRO FO5/1280, Scholefield to Austen M. Layard, May 1, 1863.
10. “Bright-Sumner Letters, 1861–1872,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 46 (1912), pp. 120–22, John Bright to Sumner, June 27, 1863.
11. “John Wilkes Booth: An Interview with the Press with Sir Charles Wyndham,” New York Herald, quoted in Gordon Samples, Lust for Fame (New York, 1998), p. 113.
12. James J. Barnes and Patience P. Barnes (eds.), Private and Confidential: Letters from British in Washington to Foreign Secretaries (Selinsgrove, Pa., 1993), p. 320, Lyons to Russell, April 13, 1863, and p. 322, May 5, 1863. The most controversial revelation in the Blue Book was Lord Lyons’s private meeting with New York Democrats in November 1862. The Republican administration put the worst possible interpretation on it, even though Lyons was not doing anything wrong or unusual for a diplomat by talking to the opposition party. “The Despatches of Lord Lyons prove how difficult it is to become familiar with the public spirit in this country, even for a cautious, discreet diplomat and an Englishman,” wrote Adam Gurowski. “I am at a loss to understand why Earl Russell divulged the above mentioned correspondence, thus putting Lord Lyons into a false and unpleasant position with the party in power.” Diary from November 18, 1862–October 18, 1863 (New York, 1864), p. 182.
13. Diary of Gideon Welles, 3 vols. (Boston, 1911), vol. 2, p. 250, April 1, 1863. It was no help to Lyons that Welles vehemently opposed Seward on the letters of marque question. His chief objection stemmed from the fact that it would remain the purview of the State Department rather than his own.
14. Sumner calmed down a little, but remained adamant that the Peterhoff’s mails should have been dealt with by the prize court. Ironically, when the British cabinet had a chance to consider the Peterhoff affair rationally, it too reached the same conclusion. The Lord Chancellor asked: “What will be most [helpful] for our interest as a future belligerent?” The answer, obviously, was the right to seize the enemy’s letters from neutral ships.
15. PRO 30/22/37, Frf. 42–43, Lyons to Russell, April 7, 1863.
16. PRO FO115/394, f. 35, B. Lowry to Lyons, May 28, 1863.
17. Richmond Enquirer, October 3, 1863.
18. Emory University, Gregory MSS, Lawley to Gregory, March 26, 1863.
19. Ibid.
20. BL Add. MS 41567, ff. 246–47, George Henry Herbert to mother, March 31, 1863.
21. Matthew John Graham, The Ninth Regiment New York Volunteers (Lancaster, Ohio, 1997), p. 420.
22. Bruce Catton, The Civil War (New York, 2004), p. 130.
1. Bernard Price, Sussex: People, Places, Things (London, 1975), p. 149.
2. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 3, p. 161.
3. The Times, June 11, 1863.
4. William C. Davis (ed.), The Civil War: A Historical Account of America’s War of Secession (New York, 1996), p. 114.
5. Jeffry D. Wert, The Sword of Lincoln (New York, 2006), p. 246.
6. Henry Hore identified the raiders as belonging to Mosby’s Raiders, and, while there is no reason to doubt his word, it is worth noting that Mosby was at Warrenton Junction, Virginia, on May 3. See Jeffry D. Wert, Mosby’s Rangers (New York, 1990), pp. 57–58.
7. Price, Sussex, p. 150.
8. Geoffrey C. Ward, Ric Burns, and Ken Burns, The Civil War (New York, 1990), p. 210.
9. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, p. 294, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, May 8, 1863.
10. Hore returned to England after the war. He joined the Capital and Counties Bank in Chichester, eventually rising to bank manager. He died in 1887. Price, Sussex, p. 145.
11. David Saville Muzzey, The United States of America: Through the Civil War (New York, 1931), p. 575.
12. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols.; vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863 (New York, 1960), p. 453.
13. The Times, June 16, 1863.
14. Winston S. Churchill, The American Civil War (New York, 1985), p. 100
15. Ian F. W. Beckett, The War Correspondents: The American Civil War (London, 1997), p. 102.
16. Illustrated London News, August 8, 1863.
17. Ibid., August 29, 1863.
18. William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key (Lincoln, Nebr., 2003), p. 151.
19. Illustrated London News, August 29, 1863.
20. Philip Tucker, “Confederate Secret Agent in Ireland: Father John B. Bannon and His Irish Mission, 1863–1864,” Journal of Confederate History, 5 (1990), p. 55.
21. Francis Galton (ed.), Vacation Tourists, 1862–1863 (London, 1864), p. 412.
22. Ibid., p. 410.
23. PRO FO 115/394, ff. 305–7, Mayo to Lyons, June 26, 1863.
24. James G. Hollandsorth, Pretense of Glory (Baton Rouge, La., 1998), p. 120.
25. Huguenot Historical Society, LeFevre/DuBois/Eltin Family Papers/NYUL58T-320–0057, Assistant Surgeon S. E. Hasbrouck to Sol, 133rd New York Volunteers, June 16, 1863.
26. Arthur J. L. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States (Lincoln, Nebr., 1991), p. 120.
27. Ibid., p. 7.
28. Raphael Semmes, Service Afloat: A Personal Memoir of My Cruises and Services (1868; repr. Baltimore, 1987), p. 314.
29. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 108.
30. Ibid., p. 117.
31. Frank L. Klement, The Limits of Dissent (New York, 1998), p. 168.
32. The details of Colonel Grenfell’s life are taken from Stephen Z. Starr, Colonel Grenfell’s Wars (Baton Rouge, La., 1971), a brilliant piece of detective work on an extremely elusive figure.
33. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 149.
34. Ibid., pp. 149–50.
35. Ibid., p. 164.
36. Ibid., p. 180.
1. Henry Vane, Affair of State (London, 2004), p. 65.
2. Patrick Jackson, The Last of the Whigs: A Political Biography of Lord Hartington, Later 8th Duke of Devonshire (London, 1994), p. 33.
3. “Bow down ye ignoble hard-working members!,” the Earl of Kimberley wrote sarcastically in his diary, who thought the position should have gone to him. Journal of John Wodehouse, First Earl of Kimberley (Cambridge, 1997), April 20, 1863. When Lawley heard the news of Hartington’s promotion he sent him the official report on the U.S. attack on Charleston on April 7. “A printed copy of it was handed to me as a favour, and I was told that I might make any use of it in Europe which I tried, short of its publication.”
4. Frances Leigh Williams, Matthew Fontaine Maury (Piscataway, N.J., 1963), p. 409. Maury learned of his son’s disappearance on April 8, 1863.
5. Merseyside Maritime Museum, Fraser, Trenholm MSS, B/FT box 1/7, Bulloch to Prioleau, April 20, 1863.
6. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, April 7, 1863.
7. Martin Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, p. 305.
8. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, p. 275, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., April 23, 1863.
9. The inscription on the plaque reads: “Presented by English gentlemen, as a tribute of admiration for the soldier and patriot, Thomas J. Jackson, and gratefully accepted by Virginia in the name of the Southern people. Done A. D. 1875, in the hundredth year of the commonwealth. ‘Look! There is Jackson, Standing like a Stone-Wall.’ ” The Beresford Hope quotation is from his The Results of the American Disruption (London, 1862), p. 44.
10. Charles P. Cullop, “English Reaction to Stonewall Jackson’s Death,” West Virginia History, 29/1 (Oct. 1967), pp. 1–5.
11. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston, 1917), p. 126.
12. Library of Congress, Mason Papers, James Spence to Mason, June 16, 1863.
13. Harriet Martineau: Selected Letters, ed. Valerie Sanders (Oxford, 1990), p. 201, Martineau to Henry Bright, May 3, 1863.
14. Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 50.
15. Joyce Miank Lierley (ed.), Affectionately Yours: Three English Immigrants, the American Civil War and a Michigan Family Saga (Omaha, Nebr., 1998), p.166, Mary Ann Rutter to brother, September 24, 1863.
16. John Bailey (ed.), Diary of Lady Frederick Cavendish, 2 vols. (New York, 1927), vol. 1, p. 161. The future Lady Frederick was also Gladstone’s niece, which no doubt played a role in her early political education.
17. Wilbur Devereux Jones, “The Confederate Rams at Birkenhead,” Confederate Centennial Studies, 19 (Wilmington, N.C., 2000), p. 47.
18. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1178, June 27, 1863.
19. F. L. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy (2nd ed., Chicago, 1959), p. 450.
20. Ibid., p. 461.
21. Herman Ausubel, John Bright: Victorian Reformer (New York, 1966), p. 136.
22. Ibid.
23. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1973), p. 187.
24. Emory M. Thomas, Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B. Stuart (Norman, Okla., 1999), p. 226.
25. Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, 2nd series (340.195), Lawley to Hartington, June 14, 1863.
26. Edward G. Longacre, Jersey Cavaliers (Hightstown, N.J., 1992), p. 144.
27. OR, ser. 1, vol. 27/1, doc. 39, p. 966, June 10, 1863.
28. OR, ser. 1, vol. 27/1, doc. 43, p. 1054, June 10, 1863.
29. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 2, p. 32, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, June 14, 1863.
30. Thomas, Bold Dragoon, p. 226.
31. British Library of Political and Economic Science, LSE, Farr MSS, GB 0097 Farr/vol. 10, Add. 2, ff. 5–25.
32. PRO FO282/10/d.211, ff. 104–11, Archibald to Lyons, July 8, 1863.
33. PRO FO 114/402, f. 1038, Lyons to Revd. W. E. Hoskins, December 3, 1863. Lyons also passed on two letters from his brother officers, testimonials to how bravely Hoskins fought and died.
34. PRO FOI 15/394, f. 100, Miss Hodges to Lord Lyons, June 8, 1863. Many years later, Hoskins’s family erected a gravestone on his burial plot.
35. West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, box 301, Lyons to sister, June 16, 1863.
1. Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, 2nd series (340.195), Lawley to Hartington, June 14, 1863.
2. Arthur J. L. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States (Lincoln, Nebr., 1991), p. 220. The quotation in the first footnote on this page is from p. 191.
3. Ibid., p. 208.
4. Ibid., p. 211.
5. According to William Torens, Davies was sent to the 7th Tennessee Infantry first, from August 1863 to November 1864, and then became a lieutenant and AAIG to Heth on November 30, 1864.
6. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 211.
7. Justus Scheibert wrote eloquently about such damaged terrain: “Only grunting swine wandered around on level ground, often rooting at the shallow graves and gnawing on bodies which stared with distorted horrible expressions at persons who rode by.” Justus Scheibert, Seven Months in the Rebel States During the North American War, 1863, trans. Joseph C. Hayes, ed. William Stanley Hoole (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 2009), p. 33.
8. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, pp. 36–37, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, June 19, 1863.
9. Emory M. Thomas, Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B. Stuart (Norman, Okla., 1999), p. 241.
10. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 91.
11. Morris to Lawley, June 25, 1863, quoted in Brian Jenkins, “Frank Lawley and the Confederacy,” Civil War History, 23 (March 1997).
12. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 177.
13. Fitzgerald Ross, Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, ed. Richard Barksdale Harwell (Champaign, Ill., 1997), p. 42.
14. Historians have since exonerated Ewell. He had less than an hour to get his troops into line and charge the ridge before Federal defenders received thousands of reinforcements. James M. McPherson (ed.), Battle Chronicles of the Civil War, 6 vols. (Lakeville, Conn., 1989), vol. 3, p. 69. But when Francis Lawley wrote his report of the day’s fighting he repeated without examination the accusation that Ewell had lost the battle through his bungling.
15. Ross, Cities and Camps, p. 48.
16. Joseph E. Persico, My Enemy, My Brother: Men and Days of Gettysburg (New York, 1988), p. 135.
17. The Times, August 18, 1863.
18. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 260.
19. The Times, August 18, 1863.
20. Susannah Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle (New York, 2006), p. 163.
21. Jeffry D. Wert, The Sword of Lincoln (New York, 2006), p. 294.
22. “Rebel Without a Cause—From Shakespeare Country,” Crossfire: The Magazine of the American Civil War Round Table, 48 (April 1993).
23. Dawson, Reminiscences, p. 95.
24. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 190.
25. Dawson, Reminiscences, p. 96.
26. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915: An Autobiography with a Memorial Address (New York, 1916), p. 151.
27. Somewhere in the stream was Lieutenant Colonel George T. Gordon of the 34th North Carolina Infantry. He had arrived in the South six months earlier, a fugitive from British and Canadian justice. An accomplished fraud, he tricked the authorities into awarding him the rank of major. To his surprise, the war exposed a hitherto completely hidden layer of decency. Promotions followed and by Gettysburg he was a brigade commander. After the war, however, he returned to his old ways.
28. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 267.
29. Dawson, Reminiscences, p. 96.
30. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander, ed. Gary Gallagher (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1989), p. 266.
31. Adams, Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915: An Autobiography, p. 151.
32. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbana, Ill., 1958), p. 286.
33. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 268.
34. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 274.
35. James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox (New York, 2004), p. 361. Longstreet added: “It is simply out of the question for a lesser force to march over broad, open fields and carry a fortified front occupied by a great force of seasoned troops.” Longstreet was stung by the criticisms of his own actions at Gettysburg and energetically defended himself against charges that ranged from treason to arrogance.
36. William Stanley Hoole, Lawley Covers the Confederacy (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1964), p. 63.
37. The Times, August 18, 1863.
1. Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 171, cols. 1827–28, June 3, 1863, John Bright.
2. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1973), p. 187.
3. F. L. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy (2nd ed., Chicago, 1959), p. 461.
4. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. in 1 (New York, 1958), vol. 2, p. 172.
5. Ibid., p. 173.
6. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, no. 25, pp. 839–40, Hotze to Benjamin, July 11, 1863.
7. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1183, July 14, 1863.
8. Francis Galton (ed.), Vacation Tourists, 1862–1863 (London, 1864), p. 412.
9. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells (c. 1881).
10. William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key (Lincoln, Nebr., 2003), p. 185.
11. Sheffield Archives, WHM 461 (24), Hampson to Lord Wharncliffe, January 17, 1865.
12. PRO FO115/395, f. 60, Mayo to Lyons, July 24, 1863.
13. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 179.
14. Historical Collection, Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, vol. 29 (Lansing, Mich., 1900), p. 604.
15. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, no. 26, pp. 849–51, Hotze to Benjamin, July 23, 1863.
16. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 59, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 23, 1863; Economist, August 1, 1863, quoted in Hugh Brogan, “America and Walter Bagehot,” Journal of American Studies, 11/3 (Dec. 1977), p. 340.
17. Charles Vandersee, “Henry Adams Behind the Scenes: Civil War Letters to Frederick W. Seward,” 71/4 (1967), p. 259.
18. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, pp. 204–55.
19. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 2, p. 32, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 23, 1863.
20. Ibid., p. 54, Charles Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 24, 1863.
21. Norman Longmate, The Hungry Mills: The Story of the Lancashire Cotton Famine, 1861–5 (London, 1978), p. 205.
22. Lance Davis and Stanley L. Engerman, Naval Blockades in Peace and War (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 128–29.
23. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1188, July 27, 1863.
24. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols.; vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863 (New York, 1960), p. 120.
25. Susannah Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle (New York, 2006), p. 177.
26. Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic of New York City (New York, 2005), p. 298.
27. Sarah Forbes Hughes (ed.), Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, 2 vols. (New York, 1900), vol. 2, p. 49.
28. Arthur J. L. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States (Lincoln, Nebr., 1991), p. 300.
29. Ellis, The Epic of New York City, p. 305.
30. The description of the draft riots is largely taken from the following sources: Ellis, The Epic of New York City; Joel Tyler Hedley, The Great Riots of New York, 1712–1873 (New York, 1873); David Barnes, The Draft Riots of New York, July, 1863: The Metropolitan Police; Their Service During Riot Week (New York, 1863); Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham (New York, 1999), pp. 888–99.
31. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (London, 1988), p. 610. The Gatling gun had been patented in 1862.
32. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 339, July 15, 1863.
33. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, p. 303.
34. Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots (Oxford, 1990), p. 17.
35. George Rowell, “Acting Assistant Surgeon,” Nineteenth Century Theatre Research, 12 (1984), p. 33.
36. Strong, Diary of the Civil War, p. 341, July 17, 1863.
37. Ellis, The Epic of New York, p. 315.
38. PRO FO282/8, ff. 325–28, Archibald to Russell, July 18, 1863.
39. PRO FO282/10, ff. 126–27, d. 238, Archibald to Lyons, July 20, 1863.
40. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York, 2005), p. 536.
41. Northumberland RO, 2179/1, C. A. Race to Father, July 24, 1863. Another lost soul in the Federal army was thirty-four-year-old Theodore Lee. Unhappy at home and beset by financial problems, he had fled England because “I wanted a radical change.… I needed a change to prevent both mind and body being comfortably boxed up at the expense of my friends.” Joining the Federal army as a substitute had seemed his only option. So far his life was tolerable, he wrote to his brother and sister in England, except that “the mosquitoes and bugs are terrible at night.” Leicestershire RO, D3796/6, Theodore Lee to his brother and sister, August 16, 1863.
42. British Library of Political and Economic Science, LSE, Farr MSS, Add. 2, J. G. Kennedy to William Farr, August 9, 1863. Sometimes, the case was reversed and the legation was pitted between a penitent son and his furious family. Charles Race, an English sergeant stationed at Fort Monroe, needed all his courage to inform his father that he was still alive: “With feelings of sorrow which it is utterly impossible for me to describe, I take my pen in a trembling hand to write and let you know where I am,” he wrote on July 24, 1863. “I went as you are aware to London and, after passing a few miserable days there, a burning sense of shame at the idea of looking anybody in the face again combined, I now think with a kind of insanity, I formed the idea of coming to America.… I left England whether ever to see you again or not, God only knows.”
43. PRO FO115/395, f. 73, Belshaw to Lyons, August 14, 1863.
44. Diary of Gideon Welles, 3 vols. (Boston 1911), vol. 1, pp. 409–10, August 21, 1863.
45. University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., Rush Rhees Library, Seward MSS, Lyons to Seward, July 20, 1863.
46. PRO FO5/892, ff. 17–24, Lyons to Russell, August 3, 1863.
47. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 133–36, Lyons to Russell, August 7, 1863.
48. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 143–46, Lyons to Russell, August 14, 1863.
49. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 147–59, Lyons to Russell, September 2, 1863.
50. PRO 30/22/22, ff. 255–57, Palmerston to Russell, September 14, 1864.
51. C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, 1981), p. 664.
52. Justus Scheibert, Seven Months in the Confederate States During the North American War, 1863, trans. Joseph C. Hayes, ed. William Stanley Hoole (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 2009), pp. 132, 140.
53. PRO FO5/907, ff. 179–88, Stuart to Russell, August 15, 1863.
54. Cornhill Magazine, 10 (1864), pp. 99–110.
55. Fitzgerald Ross, Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, ed. Richard Barksdale Harwell (Champaign, Ill., 1997), p. 107.
56. Merseyside Maritime Museum, Fraser, Trenholm MSS, B/FT box 1/107, Thomas Prioleau to Charles K. Prioleau, September 9, 1863. The comment by Lawley in the footnote on this page is taken from Alan Hankinson, Man of Wars: William Howard Russell of “The Times,” 1820–1907 (London, 1982), p. 182.
1. North Carolina State Archives, Private Collections, PC 1226, Rose O’Neal Greenhow MSS, London Diary, p. 3.
2. The Private Journal of Georgiana Gholson Walker, ed. Dwight Franklin Henderson, Confederate Centennial Studies, 25 (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1963), p. 53.
3. Ann Blackman, Wild Rose: Rose O’Neale Greenhow, Civil War Spy (New York, 2005), p. 267.
4. Warren F. Spencer, The Confederate Navy in Europe (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), pp. 144–76. In addition to Spencer, the other invaluable works on this subject are King Cotton Diplomacy by Frank Owsley (2nd ed., Chicago, 1959) and Great Britain and the Confederate Navy by Frank J. Merli (Bloomington, Ind., 1965).
5. David Hepburn Milton, Lincoln’s Spymaster: Thomas Haines Dudley and the Liverpool Network (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2003), p. 107.
6. Diary of Gideon Welles, 3 vols. (Boston, 1911), vol. 1, pp. 428, 437.
7. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, August 28, 1863.
8. PRFA, 1 (1864), p.367, Adams to Russell, September 5, 1863.
9. MHS, June 1914. “Argyll Letters, 1861–1865,” pp. 66–107, Duchess of Argyll to Sumner, July 23, 1863, p. 81.
10. “Letters of Richard Cobden to Charles Sumner,” American Historical Review, 2 (1897), p. 312, Cobden to Sumner, August 7, 1863. Cobden continued: “Had England joined France they would have been followed by probably every other State of Europe, with the exception of Russia. This is what the Confederate agents have been seeking to accomplish. They have pressed recognition on England and France with persistent energy from the first.”
11. PRO 30/22/22, f. 243, Palmerston to Russell, September 4, 1863. In fact, he expected them to lose the case: “I think you are right in detaining the iron clads now building in the Mersey and the Clyde, though the result may be that we shall be obliged to set them free—There can be no doubt that ships coated with iron must be intended for warlike purposes, but to justify seizure we must, I conceive, be able to prove that they are intended for the use of the Confederates and to be employed against the Federal government, and this may not be easy as it will be to lay hold of them.”
12. Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 290.
13. Somerset RO, Somerset MSS, d/RA/A/2a/39/11, Palmerston to Somerset, September 13, 1863. Palmerston continued: “If we get these ships they will tend to give us moral as well as maritime strength.” On October 2, Palmerston was ruminating on the theme of war with the United States: “We shall be pretty well off, I see, by next summer, with an addition for 1865; and there seems no good reason to expect a rupture with France within that period though it would be hazardous to say as much of our relations with the United States.”
14. Detective Officer William Cozens filed the following report: “On Sunday the 13th instant, 95 men of the crew of the Florida arrived here by Railway from Cardiff the greater portion of them are natives of Ireland and some from various parts of Great Britain, the rest are composed of Germans, Dutchmen and a few Americans.” PRO HO45/7261/122.
15. BDOFA, Part 1, ser. C, vol. 6, p. 184, Adams to Russell, September 16, 1863.
16. D. P. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865 (New York, 1974), p. 326, PRFA, 1 (1864), p. 384, Russell to Adams, September 25, 1863.
17. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston 1920), vol. 2, p. 82, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., September 16, 1863.
18. Diary of Gideon Welles, vol. 1, p. 435, September 17, 1863.
19. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 227–30, Lyons to Russell, November 6, 1863.
20. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 213–16, Lyons to Russell, October 23, 1863.
21. For a fuller discussion of Sumner’s motives and the reaction to his speech, see David Herbert Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York, 1970), pp. 126–37.
22. Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.), The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2 vols. (Boston, 1990), vol. 2, pp. 197–98, Sumner to Bright, October 6, 1863.
23. Quoted in Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1220, October 8, 1863.
24. Edward Chalfant, Better in Darkness (New York, 1994), p. 69.
25. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, October 24, 1863.
26. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1212, September 22, 1863.
27. Benjamin did not have a clear idea, when he sent the dispatch on August 4, of what Mason’s departure would achieve, beyond pinning his hopes on the French to break clear of their alliance with Britain. Charles Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1998), p. 149.
28. North Carolina State Archives, Private Collections, PC 1226 Rose O’Neal Greenhow Papers, London Diary, p. 35.
29. Blackman, Wild Rose, p. 271.
30. PRO 30/22/26, Argyll to Russell, October 17, 1863.
31. Philip Guedalla (ed.), Gladstone and Palmerston, Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr. Gladstone, 1851–1865 (London, 1928), pp. 264–66, Palmerston to Gladstone, October 9, 1863; Gladstone to Palmerston, October 8, 1863.
32. BDOFA, part 1, ser. C, vol. 6, doc. 348, Captain Inglefield to Lord Paget, November 1, 1863; Inglefield to Vice-Admiral Grey, October 25, 1863.
33. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston, 1917), p. 164.
34. University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., Rush Rhees Library, A.W39 Thurlow Weed MSS, Currie to Weed, September 15, 1863.
35. Some of James Horrocks’s letters were deposited in the Lancashire Record Office in Preston; the rest are in the Blackburn Museum. In 1982, the curator of the Blackburn Museum, A. S. Lewis, collated the two collections and published them under the title My Dear Parents. The combination of Lewis’s scholarship and Horrocks’s engaging style makes the book one of the most important eyewitness accounts of Civil War life by an English volunteer. Horrocks’s father owned a cotton mill and had suffered hard during the cotton famine. Horrocks was forced to abandon his studies at the Wesleyan teachers’ training college in London and return home to Bolton. The pregnancy of Martha Jane Hammer had added another financial burden. She successfully sued him for financial support. He ran away to America rather than submit to the court, leaving his family with the embarrassment of the unpaid support.
36. A. S. Lewis (ed.), My Dear Parents (New York, 1982), p. 23, Horrocks to parents, September 5, 1863.
37. Ibid.
38. Daniel B. Lucas, Memoir of John Yates Beall (Montreal, 1865), p. 265.
39. W. W. Baker, “Memoirs of Service” (property of Mr. Jack Beall), p. 21.
40. Jeffry D. Wert, Mosby’s Rangers (New York, 1990), p. 98.
41. Jeffry D. Wert, The Sword of Lincoln (New York, 2006), p. 313.
42. Frank E. Vandiver (ed.), The Civil War Diary of Josiah Gorgas (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1947), p. 55.
43. Sam Watkins, Company Aytch (New York, 1999), p. 74.