1 Franz Kafka, Letters to Milena, translated by Philip Boehm (New York: Schocken Books, 1990), pp. 217–8.
2 Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon (London: Random House (Vintage), 1998), p. 333.
3 ‘Walking the Way of the Survivor; A Talk With Aharon Appelfeld’, Philip Roth, New York Times, 28 February 1988.
4 Walter Benjamin, ‘A Berlin Chronicle’, in Reflections, translated by Edmund Jephcott (New York: Schocken Books, 1986). All my quotations from this work are taken from pp. 41–3.
5 Letter to Alma Mahler in August 1914. Cited in Alex Ross, The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2007), p. 72.
6 Source: J. Eichenberg AG expropriation file. List of shareholders and their racial origins submitted to Berlin’s Police President. Location: ‘Akte zur Enteignung der J. Eichenberg AG’, Handelsregisterakte, HRB 22680 später HRB 51960, Landesamt zur Regelung offener Vermögensfragen, Berlin.
7 Joachim Günther (Hrsg.), Neue Deutsche Hefte, Band 24, Heft 1 (Berlin: Neue Deutsche Hefte Verlag, 1977), p. 173.
8 As quoted in Henriette von Gizycki, Kaplan Fahsel in seinem Werdegang unter Zuhilfenahme seiner Briefe und Aufzeichnungen (Berlin: Germania Verlag, 1930), p. 120. All translations of Gizycki are mine.
9 Gizycki, p. 103.
10 Gizycki, p. 120.
11 Falschheit und Arroganz.
12 Gizycki, p. 15.
13 Gizycki, p. 18.
14 Gizycki, p. 20.
15 Gizycki, p. 52.
16 Gizycki, p. 57.
17 ‘weckte den jugendlichen Sinn für einen neuen Rhythmus und Humor, für eine neue Selbständigkeit und demokratische Freiheit’ – Helmut Fahsel, diary entry, cited in Gizycki, p. 17.
18 Verein für Kraft und Schönheit.
19 Gizycki, pp. 18–20.
20 ‘Ich strebe nach Vollkommenheit des Körpers’. Gizycki, p. 12.
21 Was ein junger Mann wissen muss.
22 Annali von Alvensleben, Abgehoben (Hamburg: Christians Verlag, 1998), p. 18.
23 The Reichssippenamt was charged with Erb- und rassenkundliche Untersuchungen.
24 A Mischling ersten Grades, which I have translated as ‘Hybrid of the First Degree’, was defined as a person with two Jewish grandparents and was forbidden to marry an Aryan German. They were, though, free to marry each other. Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution 1933–39 (London: HarperCollins, 1997), pp. 145–51. A Mischling zweiten Grades (‘Hybrid of the Second Degree’) was a quarter-Jew: one with a single Jewish grandparent.
25 Quoted in Christopher R. Browning (with Jürgen Matthäus), The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), p. 404.
26 In August 1935, the Genossenschaft der deutschen Bühnenangehörigen, which actors had to join in order to become members of the Reichstheaterkammer, demanded proof of Aryan background from all its members (not just from newcomers). It was a long-drawn-out process – the last demand for proof was sent out in February 1938. Florian Odenwald, Der nazistische Kampf gegen das ‘Undeutsche’ in Theater und Film 1920–1945 (München: Herbert Utz Verlag, 2006), pp. 193–6.
27 Bundesarchiv Berlin, BArch, R9361V/16995.
28 BArch, R9361V/56771. My translation.
29 BArch, R9361V/56771. My translation.
30 Werner Finck, Witz als Schicksal – Schicksal als Witz (Hamburg: Marion von Schröder Verlag, 1966), p. 60.
31 Christabel Bielenberg, When I Was a German, 1934–1945: An Englishwoman in Nazi Germany (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), pp. 111–2.
32 Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse, Einsernes Kreuz 1. Klasse, Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe, Deutsches Kreuz in Gold.
33 Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes.
34 Annette Haller, Der Jüdische Friedhof an der Weidegasse in Trier (Trier: Paulinus Verlag, 2003), pp. xvi–xvii.
35 ‘Der Name Eiche sowie Eichenberg haben einen urdeutschen Klang.’ My translation.
36 Source: J. Eichenberg AG expropriation file, letters to the Berlin Police President’s office of August Plöger, 1 July 1939, and of his lawyer Walter Patschan, 26 August 1940. Location: ‘Akte zur Enteignung der J. Eichenberg AG’, Handelsregisterakte, HRB 22680 später HRB 51960, Landesamt zur Regelung offener Vermögensfragen Berlin.
37 Source: J. Eichenberg AG expropriation file. Location: ‘Akte zur Enteignung der J. Eichenberg AG’, Handelsregisterakte, HRB 22680 später HRB 51960, Landesamt zur Regelung offener Vermögensfragen Berlin.
38 This paragraph on Charlotte Pommer is indebted to Sabine Hildebrandt, The Anatomy of Murder: Ethical Transgressions and Anatomical Science during the Third Reich (New York: Berghahn Books, 2016), pp. 165–6.
39 Hannah Arendt, Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess, translated by Richard and Clara Winston (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p. 85.
40 Christoph Kreutzmüller, Final Sale in Berlin: The Destruction of Jewish Commercial Activity, 1930–1945, translated by Jane Paulick and Jefferson Chase (New York: Berghahn Books, 2015), p. 277.
41 Kreutzmüller, p. 328.
42 Kreutzmüller, p. 277.