Bibliography

When The Black West first appeared in 1971, its annotated bibliography was introduced by this sentence: “Kenneth Wiggin Porter (ed.), The Negro on the American Frontier (New York: Arno Press, 1971), a pioneer collection of essays, reprinted with new bibliographical material, is probably the best starting place in black western history.” If Professor Porter were alive today – he died in 1981 – he would agree that this statement has an antique ring. He would have been delighted with the enormous scholarly attention that has followed his pioneering efforts.

The leading bibliographical sources today are: W. Sherman Savage’s Blacks in the West (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976); Roger D. Hardaway’s “The African American Frontier: A Bibliographic Essay” in Monroe Lee Billington and Roger D. Hardaway, eds., African Americans on the Western Frontier (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1998); and James de T. Abajian’s Blacks and their Contribution to the American West: A Bibliography (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1974).

Today’s most up-to-date bibliography appears in Quintard Taylor’s In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528– 1990 (New York: Norton, 1998), which, with its fourteen maps, two dozen tables, and footnoted text, is the current definitive history of African Americans in the West (“West” being west of the 98th meridian). This volume extends from the pioneer period of the 1600s to life in the 1990s.

In addition to those outstanding bibliographies, the following sources were highly useful in researching this volume of The Black West. This list also includes some books designed for young readers.

Aptheker, Herbert, ed. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States (New York: Citadel, 1951).

———. Abolitionism: A Revolutionary Movement (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989).

Armitage, Susan, Theresa Banfield, and Sarah Jacobus. “Black Women and Their Communities in Colorado,” Frontiers, vol. II, no. 2.

———, and Deborah G. Wilbert. “Black Women in the Pacific Northwest, A Survey and Research Project,” in Karen Blair, ed., Pacific Northwest Women (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1987).

Asbaugh, Carolyn. Lucy Parsons: American Revolutionary (Chicago: Kerr, 1976).

Barr, Alwyn. Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996).

Beasley, Delilah L. The Negro Trail Blazers of California (Los Angeles, 1919).

Belous, Russell E., ed. America’s Black Heritage (Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 1969).

Berlin, Ira. Many Thousand Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press, 1998).

Berwanger, Eugene H. The Frontier Against Slavery (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967).

Bittle, William E., and Gilbert L. Geis. “Racial Self-Fulfillment and the Rise of an All-Negro Community in Oklahoma” in August Meier and Elliot M. Rudwick, eds., The Negro in the Making of Black America, vol. I (New York: Atheneum, 1969).

Blockson, Charles L. The Underground Railroad (New York: Prentice Hall, 1987).

Bolton, Hubert Eugene, ed. Original Narratives of Early American History, Spanish Explorations in the South West, 1542–1706 (New York: Charles Scribner, 1925).

Bonner, T. D., ed. The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth (New York: Arno Press, 1969), a reprint of the Beckwourth “autobiography.”

Bontemps, Arna, and Jack Conroy. Anyplace But Here (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966).

Brice, Henry C. The New Man: Twenty-Nine Years a Slave, Twenty-Nine Years a Free Man (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996).

Bringhurst, Newell G. Saints, Slaves, and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981).

Browne, John Ross. Report of the Debates in the Convention of California, on the Formation of the State Constitution in September and October, 1849 (New York: Arno Press reprint, 1973).

Bruyn, Kathleen. “Aunt” Clara Brown (Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing Co., 1970).

Buckley, Gail. American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert Storm (New York: Random House, 2001).

Bunch, Lonnie, III. Black Angelenos: The Afro-American in Los Angeles, 1850–1950 (Los Angeles: California Afro-American Museum, 1988).

Burton, Art. Black, Red, and Deadly: Black and Indian Gunfighters of the Indian Territories (Austin, Tex.: Eackin Press, 1991).

Butler, Ann M. “‘Still in Chains’: Black Women in Western Prisons, 1865–1910,” Western Historical Quarterly, vol. 20 (February 1989).

Carroll, John M. The Black Military Experience in the West (New York: Liveright, 1972).

Carroll, Joseph C. “William Trail: An Indiana Pioneer,” Journal of Negro History, vol. XXIII (October 1938).

Cashin, Herschel V., et al. Under Fire with the Tenth Cavalry (New York, 1899; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1969).

Christiansen, James B. “Negro Slavery in the Utah Territory,” Phylon, vol. XVIII, no. 3.

Coffin, Levi. Reminiscences (1878; reprinted, New York: W. W. Norton, 1966).

Cox, Clinton. The Forgotten Heroes: The Story of the Buffalo Soldiers (New York: Scholastic, 1993).

Crane, R. C., ed. “D. W. Wallace (‘80 John’): A Negro Cattleman on the Texas Frontier,” West Texas Historical Society Yearbook (1952).

Crimmins, Colonel M. L. “Captain Nolan’s Lost Troop on the Staked Plains,” West Texas Historical Association Yearbook, vol. III (July 1928).

Crockett, Norman L. The Black Towns (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1979).

Daniels, Douglass Henry. Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco (Philidelphia: Temple University Press, 1980).

Davis, Harry E. “John Malvin, A Western Reserve Pioneer,” Journal of Negro History, vol. XXIII (October 1938).

Debo, Angie. A History of the Indians of the United States (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984).

DeGraff, Lawrence B. “Race, Sex and Regions: Black Women in the American West,” Pacific Historical Review (May 1980).

———, Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor, eds. Seeking Eldorado: African Americans in California (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001).

Downey, Fairfax. The Buffalo Soldiers in the Indian Wars (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969).

Drinnon, Richard. Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire Building (New York: Meridian, 1980).

Du Bois, W.E.B. “The McGees of St. Paul,” The Crisis, vol. XL (New York: NAACP, 1933).

———, ed. The Atlanta University Publications (Arno Press reprint, 1968).

———. John Brown (1909; reprinted, New York: International Publishers, 1963).

Durham, Philip, and Everett L. Jones. The Negro Cowboys (New York, Dodd, Mead, 1965).

———. The Adventures of the Negro Cowboys (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1966).

Dykstra, Robert B. Bright Radical Star: Black Freedom and White Supremacy in the Hawkeye Frontier (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).

Flipper, Henry Ossian. The Colored Cadet at West Point (1878; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1968).

Foner, Jock D. Blacks and the Military in American History (New York: Praeger, 1974).

Forbes, Jack D. Afro-Americans in the Far West: A Handbook for Educational Research (Berkeley, 1969).

———. Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of the Red-Black Peoples (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993).

Franklin, Jimmie Lewis. Journey Toward Hope: A History of Blacks in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982).

Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1967).

Franklin, William E. “The Archy Case: The California Supreme Court Refuses to Free a Slave,” Pacific Historical Review, vol. XXXII (1963).

Garrison, Wendell P., Jr., ed. “Smoked Yankees” and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898–1902 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971).

———. Black Americans and the White Man’s Burden, 1898–1903 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1975).

George, Lynell. No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels (London: Verso Press, 1992).

Gerber, David A. Black Ohio and the Color Line, 1860–1915 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).

Gibbs, C. R. Black Explorers: 2300 BC to the Present (Silver Spring, Md: Three Dimensional Publishing, 2003).

Gibbs, Mifflin Wister. Shadow and Light (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1902; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1968).

Goode, Kenneth G. California’s Black Pioneers (Santa Barbara, Cal.: McNally & Lofton, 1974).

Greene, Lorenzo Johnston. The Negro in Colonial New England (New York: Atheneum, 1968).

Griggs, Sutton E. Imperium in Imperio (1899; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1969).

Haley, James Evetts. Charles Goodnight: Cowman and Plainsman (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1936).

Hamilton, Kenneth Marvin. Black Towns and Profit (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991).

Harris, Richard E. The First Hundred Years: A History of Arizona Blacks (Apache Junction, Ariz.: Relmo Publishers, 1983).

Hill, Mozell C. “The All-Negro Communities of Oklahoma: The Natural History of a Social Movement,” Journal of Negro History, vol. XXXI (July 1946).

Hine, Darlene Clark, et al., eds. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia (Brooklyn: Carlson, 1992).

Horse, Gerald. Black and Brown: African Americans in the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920 (New York: New York University Press, 2005).

Hughes, Langston. Famous Negro Heroes of America (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1985).

Kaplan, Sidney, and Emma N. Kaplan. The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1989, revised edition).

Katz, William Loren. Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage (New York: Atheneum, 1986).

———. Black People Who Made the Old West (New York: Africa World Press, 1992).

———. Eyewitness: A Living Documentary of the African American Contribution to American History (New York: Touchstone, 1995).

———. “Elvira Conley: A Black Frontier Business Woman,” paper delivered October 19, 1984, at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History in Washington, D.C.

———. Black Women of the Old West (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1995).

———. Black Pioneers: An Untold Story (New York: Atheneum, 1999).

Kremer, Gary R. James Milton Turner and the Promise of America (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996).

Lapp, Rudolph M. Blacks in Gold Rush California (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977).

Leckie, William H. The Buffalo Soldiers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967).

Lee, Irvin H. Negro Medal of Honor Men (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1967).

Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987).

Littlefield, Daniel F., Jr. Africans and Creeks: From the Colonial Period to the Civil War (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979).

————. Africans and Seminoles: From Removal to Emancipation (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993).

Logan, Rayford W., and Michael R. Winston, eds. Dictionary of American Negro Biography (New York: Norton, 1982).

Love, Nat. The Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known in the Cattle Country as “Deadwood Dick” by Himself (Los Angeles, 1907; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1968).

MacLaughlin, Colin M., and Jaime E. Rodriguez. The Forging of the Cosmic Race: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).

Marks, George P., ed. Black Cowboys of Texas (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2000).

McConnell, Roland C. Negro Troops in Antebellum Louisiana (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968).

McLogan, Esther. A Peculiar Paradise: A History of Black Oregon (Portland: Georgian Press, 1980).

McPherson, James M. The Negro’s Civil War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1956).

Millis, Walter. The Martial Spirit (Boston: Little, Brown, 1931).

Mulroy, Kevin. Freedom on the Border (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 1993).

Mumford, Esther Hall. Seattle’s Black Victorians, 1852–1901 (Seattle: Ananse Press, 1980).

———, ed. Seven Stars & Orion (Seattle: Ananse Press, 1986).

Painter, Nell Irvin. Exodusters (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976).

Penn, I. Garland. The Afro-American Press and its Editors (Springfield, Ill., 1981; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1969).

Porter, Kenneth W. The Negro on the American Frontier (New York: Arno Press, 1971).

Price, Armistead S., and Clint Wilson. A History of the Black Press (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1996).

Price, Richard, ed. Maroon Societies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969).

Proceedings of the State Convention of the Colored Citizens of the State of California, first held at Sacramento, November 20, 21, and 22, 1855, in the Colored Methodist Church in Sacramento (Democratic State Journal, San Francisco, 1856).

Quarles, Benjamin. Black Abolitionists (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).

Rawick, George P., ed. The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Co., 1972).

Redkey, Edwin S. Black Exodus (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1969).

Richardson, Barbara. “Research on Black Women in the Early Southwest U.S.,” unpublished handwritten manuscript (1987) provided by the author.

Roberson, Jere W. “Edwin P. McCabe and the Langston Experiment,” Chronicles of Oklahoma, vol. 51, no. 3 (October 1971).

Rout, Leslie B., Jr. The African Experience in Spanish America: 1502 to the Present Day (London: Cambridge University Press, 1977).

Rusco, Elmer R. “Good Time Coming?” Black Nevadans in the Nineteenth Century (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975).

Schomburg, Arthur A. “Two Negro Missionaries to the American Indians,” Journal of Negro History, vol. XXI (October 1936).

Sertima, Ivan Van, ed. African Presence in Early America (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Press, 1992).

Sherman, General W. T. “Old Times in California,” North American Review (March 1889).

———. “Old Shady, With a Moral,” North American Review (October 1888).

Siebert, Wilbur Henry. The Mysteries of Ohio’s Underground Railroad (Columbus, Ohio: Long’s College Book Company, 1951).

———. The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom (New York: Macmillan, 1898; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1970).

Sprague, John T. The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War (1848; reissued 1964 by the State of Florida).

Steward, T. G. The Colored Regulars in the United States Army (Philadelphia, 1904; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1969).

Stewart, Paul W., and Wallace Y. Ponce. Black Cowboys (Broomfield: Phillips Publishing, 1986).

Strode, Woody. Goal Dust (New York: Macmillan Books, 1990).

Takaki, Ronald T. Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th Century America (New York: Knopf, 1979).

Taylor, Quintard. “Blacks in the West: An Overview,” Western Journal of Black Studies (March 1977).

———, and Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, eds. African American Women Confront the West, 1600–2000 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).

Teall, Kaye M., ed. Black History in Oklahoma: A Resource Book (Oklahoma City Public Schools, 1971).

Thompson, Erwin N. “The Negro Soldiers on the Frontier: A Fort Davis Case Study,” Journal of the West, vol. VII (April 1968).

Thornbrough, Emma Lou. The Negro in Indiana (Bloomington: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1957).

Thurman, Sue Bailey. Pioneers of Negro Origin in California (San Francisco: Acme Publishers, 1952).

Tucker, Phillip Thomas. Cathy Williams: From Slave to Female Buffalo Soldier (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2003).

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Negro Populations in the United States, 1790–1915 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1968).

Vincent, Ted. “Afromestizos in Mexican Politics 1810–1937,” 1997 manuscript in author’s possession.

Voegli, V. Jacque. Free but Not Equal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).

Wallace, Edward S. “General John Lapham Bullis, Thunderbolt of Texas Frontier,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. LV (July 1951).

Williams, George Washington. History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880 (1883; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1968).

Winegarten, Ruthe. Black Texas Women: 150 Years of Trial and Triumph (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).

Woodson, Carter G. “The Negroes of Cincinnati Prior to the Civil War,” Journal of Negro History, vol. 1, no. 1 (1915).

Woodward, Elon A. The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, vols. I–III (National Archives manuscript, 1888).

Wright, Richard R. “Negro Companions of the Spanish Explorers” in August Meier and Elliot M. Rudwick, eds., The Making of Black America, vol. I (New York: Atheneum, 1969).