1. Oscar Wilde, The Artist as Critic: Writings of Oscar Wilde (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 359.
1. José López Portillo, Mis tiempos: Biografía y testimonio político (Mexico, 1988), vol. 1, p. 329.
2. Julio Boltvinik Kalinda, Pobreza y estratificación social en México (Mexico, 1994), pp. 82–83.
3. Jorge Zepeda Patterson, ed., Los amos de México (Mexico, 2007), pp. 16–17.
4. Quoted in Fernando Paz Sánchez, ed., Vida y pensamiento de Narciso Bassols (Mexico, 1986), p. 18.
5. López Portillo, Mis tiempos, vol. 1, p. 376.
6. Rudolph H. Strahm and Ursula Oswald Spring, Por esto somos tan pobres (Mexico, 1990), p. 37.
7. Manning Nash, ed., “Essays on Economic Development and Cultural Change in Honor of Bert F. Hoselitz,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 25, supplement (Chicago, 1977): 316–17.
8. Monthly Review, July–August 2007, pp. 136–37.
9. Andre Gunder Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (New York, 1967), p. 4.
10. Héctor Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal (Mexico, 1997), p. 157.
11. Alfonso Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica de la economía mexicana (Mexico, 1972), p. 19.
12. Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York, 1957), p. 163.
13. Fernand Braudel, Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism (Baltimore and London, 1977), p. 69.
14. David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York, 1998), pp. 186, 190, 214, 238.
15. Robert Claiborne, Climate, Man, and History (New York, 1970), p. 365.
16. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ, 2000), pp. 61, 68, 283.
17. Landes, Wealth and Poverty of Nations, 187.
18. Cited in Monthly Review, May 5, 2006, p. 6. On the importance of the discovery of the Americas, see also Derek H. Aldcroft and Ross E. Catterall, eds., Rich Nations—Poor Nations: The Long-Run Perspective (Brookfield, VT, 1996), p. 5; Pomeranz, Great Divergence, pp. 113, 241, 263, 270, 367; and Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (New York, 1944), p. 102.
19. Immanuel M. Wallerstein, The Modern World System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World Economy, 1600–1750 (New York, 1980), p. 142.
20. Monthly Review, November 2004, p. 1.
21. Frank, Underdevelopment or Revolution, p. 9; cited in Wallerstein, Modern World System II, p. 92.
22. Braudel, Afterthoughts on Material Civilization, p. 92.
23. López Portillo, Mis tiempos, vol. 1, p. 376.
24. Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude (New York, 1985), p. 146.
25. Ibid.
26. Moses Abramovitz, Thinking about Growth: And Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare (Cambridge, 1989), p. 4.
27. Landes, Wealth and Poverty of Nations, p. 286.
28. Cited in Amiya Kumar Bagchi, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1990), p. 17.
29. Edward G. Stockwell and Karen Laidlaw, A Third World Development Problem and Prospects (Chicago, 1990), p. 72.
30. Ibid., p. 102.
31. Landes, Wealth and Poverty of Nations, p. 174; Frank, Underdevelopment or Revolution, p. 67.
32. Landes, Wealth and Poverty of Nations, p. 174; Stockwell and Laidlaw, Third World Development Problem, p. 141.
33. Cited in Landes, Wealth and Poverty of Nations, p. 176.
34. Braudel, Afterthoughts on Material Civilization, pp. 66–67.
35. Frank, Underdevelopment or Revolution, pp. 36–37.
36. Stockwell and Laidlaw, Third World Development Problem, p. 114.
37. Jorge Carrión, Mito y magia del mexicano y un ensayo de autocrítica (Mexico, 1952), pp. 63, 111–12.
38. Nash, “Essays on Economic Development,” p. 101; Claiborne, Climate, Man, and History, p. 318.
39. Nash, “Essays on Economic Development,” p. 6; Aldcroft and Catterall, Rich Nations, p. 1.
40. Jesús Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, social y político de México, 1810–1964 (Mexico, 1967).
41. Samuel Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico (New York, 1962), pp. 57, 154.
42. Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 192.
43. Silva Herzog, Pensamiento económico, p. 605.
44. Carrión, Mito y magia, p. 35.
45. Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 217.
46. Stockwell and Laidlaw, Third World Development Problem, p. 35.
47. Joan Robinson, Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1979), p. 51.
48. Claudio Véliz, Obstacles to Change in Latin America (New York, 1965), 1.
49. Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 11.
50. Ibid.
51. Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture, p. 57.
52. Carrión, Mito y magia, p. 63.
1. Miguel León-Portilla, The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1990), p. xxxiii.
2. Sergio Zermeño, La desmodernidad Mexicana y las alternativas a la violencia y a exclusión en nuestros días (Mexico, 2005), p. 29.
3. Samir Amin, Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formation of Peripheral Capitalism (New York, 1976), pp. 19, 57.
4. Robert Claiborne, Climate, Man, and History (New York, 1970), p. 234.
5. New York Times, July 7, 2001; Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies (New York, 1997), p. 222.
6. León-Portilla, Broken Spears, p. xxiv.
7. Ibid.; June 6, July 6, 2003; Colegio de México, Nueva historia mínima de México (Mexico, 2004), 38; L. Don Lambert, “The Role of Climate in the Economic Development of Nations,” Land Economics 47, 1948.
8. León-Portilla, Broken Spears, p. xxxii.
9. Ibid., p. 22.
10. Ibid., p. 23.
11. Michael Harner, “The Ecological Basis for Aztec Sacrifice,” American Ethnologist 4 (February 1977), pp. 117–18, 128; Eric R. Wolf, Sons of the Shaking Earth: The People of Mexico and Guatemala—Their Land and Culture (Chicago, 1959), p. 197.
12. Harner, “Ecological Basis,” p. 197.
13. Ibid., p. 120.
14. Ibid., p. 127.
15. Harper’s Magazine, September 2003, pp. 44–45, 48, 50.
16. Jaime Vicens Vives, An Economic History of Spain (Princeton, NJ, 1969), p. 293.
17. Ibid., p. 296.
18. Ibid., p. 417.
19. Manning Nash, ed., “Essays on Economic Development,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, p. 327.
20. Vicens Vives, Economic History, p. 505.
21. Ibid., pp. 454 and 476.
22. Ibid., p. 495.
23. Ibid., p. 492.
24. Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People (New York, 1992), p. 33.
25. Ibid., p. 36.
26. Harper’s Magazine, September 9, 2003, p. 52.
27. Bartolomé Bennassar and others, Orígenes del atraso español (Barcelona, 1985), p. 177.
28. Immanuel M. Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy (New York, 1979), p. 38.
29. Vicens Vives, Economic History, p. 412.
30. Ibid., p. 428.
31. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ, 2000), p. 42.
32. David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York, 1998), p. 172.
1. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (New York, 1944), p. 51.
2. Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo: Una civilización negada (Mexico, 1987), p. 103.
3. Harper’s Magazine, April 2007, pp. 28–29.
4. Miguel León-Portilla, The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1990), p. xxvi.
5. Robert Claiborne, Climate, Man, and History (New York, 1970), p. 236.
6. Quoted in Paul Harrison, Inside the Third World: The Anatomy of Poverty (Brighton, England, 1980), p. 42.
7. Quoted in Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People (New York, 1992), p. 55.
8. Samuel Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico (New York, 1962), p. 31.
9. Santiago Ramírez, El mexicano: Psicología de sus motivaciones (Mexico, 1961), p. 40.
10. Ibid., p. 53.
11. Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, The Colonial Heritage of Latin America: Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective (New York, 1970), p. 87.
12. León-Portilla, Broken Spears, p. 51.
13. Andre Gunder Frank, Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment: Dependence, Class, and Politics in Latin America (New York, 1972), p. 19.
14. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ, 2000), p. 273.
15. Alfonso Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica de la economía mexicana (Mexico, 1972), p. 40; Stein and Stein, Colonial Heritage, pp. 32, 45–46.
16. Eric R. Wolf, Sons of the Shaking Earth: The People of Mexico and Guatemala—Their Land and Culture (Chicago, 1959), p. 177.
17. Leopoldo Solis, La realidad mexicana: Retroversión y perspectiva (Mexico, 1979), p. 17.
18. John H. Coatsworth, Los orígenes del atraso mexicano: Nueve ensayos de historia económica de México en los siglos XVIII y XIX (Mexico, 1990), p. 75; Enrique Florescano, Precios del maíz y crisis agrícola en México (1708–1810) (Mexico, 1969), pp. 150–51 and 155; Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 51.
19. Quoted in Andre Gunder Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (New York, 1969), pp. 235–36.
20. Florescano, Precios del maíz, p. 188.
21. Francois Chevalier, Land and Society in Colonial Mexico (Berkeley, CA, 1963), p. 297.
22. Ibid., p. 164.
23. Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 48.
24. Florescano, Precios del maíz, p. 129.
25. Alejandro de Humboldt, Ensayo político sobre el reino de la Nueva España (Mexico, 1966), pp. 284, 293, and 503; Wolf, Sons of the Shaking Earth, pp. 179 and 181; Frank, Lumpenbourgoisie, Lumpendevelopment, p. 28.
26. Florescano, Precios del maíz, p. 93; Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 126.
27. Coatsworth, Los orígenes del atraso mexicano, p. 32; Florescano, Precios del maíz, p. 190; Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 33.
28. Solis, La realidad mexicana, p. 15; Wolf, Sons of the Shaking Earth, p. 204.
29. Alan Knight, Mexico: The Colonial Era (Cambridge, 2003), p. 223.
30. Coatsworth, Los orígenes del atraso mexicano, pp. 53 and 98; Mariano Otero, Obras, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1967), vol. 1, p. 134.
31. Solis, La realidad mexicana, p. 26; Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 106.
32. Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 106.
33. Stein and Stein, Colonial Heritage, p. 68.
34. Ibid., p. 124.
35. Gustavo Esteva, The Struggle for Rural Mexico (South Hadley, MA, 1983), p. 5.
36. Ramírez, El mexicano, p. 60.
37. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York, 1963), p. 7.
38. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 65.
39. Jaime Vicens Vives, An Economic History of Spain (Princeton, NJ, 1969), p. 391; Wolf, Sons of the Shaking Earth, p. 207.
40. Chevalier, Land and Society, pp. 263 and 285.
41. Vicens Vives, Economic History of Spain, p. 397; Knight, The Colonial Era, p. 79.
42. Stephen H. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment: The Industrialization of Mexico, 1890–1940 (Stanford, CA, 1989), p. 54; Solis, La realidad mexicana, p. 12.
43. Humboldt, Ensayo político, pp. 47 and 449; Wolf, Sons of the Shaking Earth, p. 185.
44. Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 52; Frank, Lumpenbourgoisie, Lumpendevelopment, p. 25; Knight, The Colonial Era, p. 27.
45. Stein and Stein, Colonial Heritage, p. 134; Harrison, Inside the Third World, p. 42.
46. Knight, The Colonial Era, p. 165.
47. Stein and Stein, Colonial Heritage, p. 71.
48. Vicens Vives, Economic History of Spain, p. 316.
49. Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 50.
50. William B. Taylor, Magistrates of the Sacred: Priests and Parishioners in Eighteenth-Century Mexico (Stanford, CA, 1996), p. 61.
51. Ibid., pp. 48 and 50.
52. Ibid., p. 60.
53. Stein and Stein, Colonial Heritage, pp. 57–58.
54. Julio Jiménez Rueda, Historia de la literatura mexicana (Mexico, 1946), p. 160.
55. Francisco González Pinedo, El mexicano: Psicología de su destructividad (Mexico, 1965), pp. 33 and 102; Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture, p. 64.
56. Octavio Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude (New York, 1985), pp. 22, 40, 70; González Pinedo, El mexicano, p. 29.
1. John H. Coatsworth, Los orígenes del atraso mexicano: Nueve ensayos de historia económica de México en los siglos XVIII y XIX (Mexico, 1990), p. 56.
2. Andre Gunder Frank, Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment: Dependence, Class, and Politics in Latin America (New York, 1972), p. 29.
3. Eric Van Young, The Other Rebellion: Popular Violence, Ideology, and the Mexican Struggle for Independence, 1810–1821 (Stanford, CA, 2001), pp. 70–71.
4. Manuel López Gallo, Economía política en la historia de México (Mexico, 1965), p. 50.
5. Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People (New York, 1992), p. 153.
6. López Gallo, Economía política, pp. 76 and 79.
7. Amiya Kumar Bagchi, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1990), p. 50; Paul Harrison, Inside the Third World: The Anatomy of Poverty (Brighton, England, 1980), pp. 52–53.
8. Octavio Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude (New York, 1985), p. 120.
9. Andre Gunder Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution in Latin America (New York, 1969), p. 376.
10. Quoted in Brian Hamnett, Juárez (New York, 1994), p. 8.
11. Claudio Véliz, Obstacles to Change in Latin America (New York, 1965), p. 235.
12. Mariano Otero, Obras, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1967), vol. 1, p. 127.
13. Enrique Cárdenas Sánchez, Cuando se originó el atraso económico mexicano: La economía en el largo siglo XIX, 1780–1920 (Mexico, 2003), pp. 51–52.
14. Ibid., p. 73.
15. Ibid., p. 71.
16. Samuel Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico (New York, 1962), p. 21.
17. López Gallo, Economía política, p. 66.
18. Quoted in López Gallo, Economía política, p. 172.
19. Enrique Serna, El seductor de la patria: D. Antonio López de Santa Ana (Mexico, 1999), p. 111.
20. Walter L. Berneker, De agiotistas y empresarios: En torno de la temprana industrialización mexicana (siglo XIX) (Mexico, 1992).
21. Otero, Obras, vol. 1, p. 28.
22. Julio Jiménez Rueda, Historia de la literatura mexicana (Mexico, 1946), pp. 168–69.
23. Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture, pp. 9 and 18.
24. Lorenzo de Zavala, Obras: Viaje a los Estados Unidos de América (Mexico, 1976), p. 180.
25. Francisco González Pineda, El mexicano: Su dinámica psicosocial (Mexico, 1961), p. 133.
26. José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, The Mangy Parrot: The Life and Times of Periquillo Sarniento (Cambridge, 2004), p. 307.
27. Serna, El seductor de la patria, p. 253.
28. José María Luis Mora, México y sus revoluciones, 3 vols. (Mexico, 1950), vol. 1, pp. 33 and 56; Jesús Reyes Heroles, El liberalismo mexicano, 3 vols. (Mexico, 1961), vol. 3, p. 435.
29. Otero, Obras, vol. 1, p. 113.
30. Mora, Revoluciones, vol. 1, p. 78.
31. Eric R. Wolf, Sons of the Shaking Earth: The People of Mexico and Guatemala—Their Land and Culture (Chicago, 1959), p. 235.
32. Justo Sierra, The Political Evolution of the Mexican People (Austin, TX, 1969), p. 191.
33. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 197.
34. Otero, Obras, vol. 1, pp. 101 and 130.
35. Mora, Revoluciones, vol. 1, p. 90.
36. Fernández de Lizardi, Mangy Parrot, pp. 45–46.
37. Mora, Revoluciones, vol. 1, pp. 45–46.
38. Reyes Heroles, El liberalismo mexicano, vol. 3, p. 463.
39. Mora, Revoluciones, vol. 1, p. 65.
40. Enrique Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power (New York, 1997), p. 29.
41. Mora, Revoluciones, vol. 1, p. 57.
42. Arturo Arnáiz y Freg, Lucas Alamán: Semblanza e ideario (Mexico, 1939), p. xiii.
43. Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, The Colonial Heritage of Latin America: Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective (New York, 1970), p. 134.
44. Berneker, De agiotistas y empresarios, p. 124.
45. Ibid., p. 130.
46. Ibid., p. 90.
47. Ibid., p. 67.
48. Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 124.
49. Secretaría de Industria y Comercio, ed., La economía mexicana en la época de Juárez (Mexico, 1972), p. 113.
50. Cárdenas Sánchez, El atraso económico mexicano, p. 134.
51. E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848–1875 (New York, 1975), p. 78.
52. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York, 2001), pp. 62–63.
53. Alfonso Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica de la economía mexicana (Mexico, 1972), p. 179.
54. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 234.
55. Ibid.
56. Francisco Xavier Guerra, México: Del antiguo régimen a la Revolución, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1988), vol. 1, p. 49; Hamnett, Juárez, p. 23.
57. Comisión Nacional para la Conmemoración del fallecimiento de Don Benito Juárez, Testimonio de Don Melchor Ocampo (Mexico, 1972), p. 25.
58. Raúl Arreola Cortés, Melchor Ocampo: Textos políticos (Mexico, 1975), p. 45.
59. Ibid., p. 46.
60. Ibid., p. 10.
61. Ibid., p. 52.
62. Ibid., p. 55.
63. Ibid., p. 149.
64. Hamnett, Juárez, p. 27.
65. Ibid., p. 42; Raymond Vernon, The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development: The Role of the Private and Public Sectors (Cambridge, MA, 1965), p. 29.
66. Vernon, Dilemma of Mexico’s Development, pp. 35–36; Jesús Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, social y político de México, 1810–1946 (Mexico, 1967), p. 189.
67. Julio Jiménez Rueda, Antología de la prosa en México (Mexico, 1946), p. 259.
68. Secretaría de Industria y Comercio, La economía mexicana, p. 53.
69. Quoted in Jiménez Rueda, Antología, p. 259.
70. Herzog, El pensamiento económico, p. 231.
71. Ibid., pp. 196–97.
72. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 258.
73. Mariano Azuela, Cien años de novela mexicana (Mexico, 1947), p. 116.
74. Ibid., p. 130.
75. Leopoldo Solis, La realidad mexicana: Retrovisión y perspectiva (Mexico, 1979), p. 30.
76. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 172.
77. Coatsworth, Los orígenes del atraso mexicano, p. 153.
78. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 232.
79. Ibid., p. 230.
80. Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 152; Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, pp. 230–31.
81. Marcelo Carmagnani, El estado y el mercado: La economía pública del liberalismo mexicano, 1850–1911 (Mexico, 1994), p. 35; Secretaría de Industria y Comercio, La economía mexicana, p. 100.
82. Secretaría de Industria y Comercio, La economía mexicana, p. 101.
83. Daniel Cosío Villegas, ed., Historia moderna de México: El Porfiriato, vols. 2, 7, and 8 (Mexico, 1959), vol. 2, p. 713.
84. Joan Robinson, Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1979), p. 61.
85. Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 158.
86. Cosío Villegas, Historia moderna de México, vol. 2, p. 82.
87. Secretaría de Industria y Comercio, La economía mexicana, p. 52.
88. Ibid., p. 52.
89. López Gallo, Economía política, p. 131.
90. Ibid., p. 127.
91. Krauze, Biography of Power, p. 29.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid., p. 225.
94. Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica, p. 148.
95. Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York, 1967), p. 376.
1. E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848–1875 (New York, 1975), p. 235.
2. Ibid., pp. 135 and 267; Federico Gamboa, Santa (Mexico, 1992), pp. 90 and 173.
3. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York, 2001), p. 83.
4. Gamboa, Santa, p. 173.
5. Gregorio López y Fuentes, Tierra (Boston, 1949), p. 58.
6. Manuel López Gallo, Economía política en la historia de México (Mexico, 1965), p. 261; Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo: Una civilización negada (Mexico, 1987), p. 158.
7. Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People (New York, 1992), p. 272.
8. Ibid., p. 275.
9. Octavio Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude (New York, 1985), pp. 129–30.
10. John H. Coatsworth, Los orígenes del atraso mexicano: Nueve ensayos de historia económica de México de los siglos XVIII y XIX (Mexico, 1990), pp. 145 and 137; Alicia Hernández Chávez, México: Breve historia contemporánea (Mexico, 2000), p. 265; Claudio Véliz, Obstacles to Change in Latin America (New York, 1965), p. 18; Raymond Vernon, The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development: The Role of the Private and Public Sectors (Cambridge, MA, 1965), pp. 42 and 57.
11. Stephen H. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment: The Industrialization of Mexico, 1890–1940 (Stanford, CA, 1989), p. 207; John Mason Hart, Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War (Berkeley, CA, 2002), p. 33; Jesús Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, social y político de México, 1810–1964 (Mexico, 1967), p. 248.
12. José Ives Limantour, Apuntes sobre mi vida pública (Mexico, 1965), pp. 39, 54, 55; Manuel Calero, Un decenio de política mexicana (New York, 1920), p. 19; Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, pp. 229 and 331.
13. Mariano Azuela, Cien años de novela mexicana (Mexico, 1947), p. 75.
14. Samuel Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico (New York, 1962), p. 95; Daniel Cosío Villegas, ed., Historia moderna de México: El Porfiriato, vols. 2, 7, and 8 (Mexico, 1959), vol. 7, p. 317.
15. Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 131; Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture, pp. 51 and 53.
16. Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture, p. 53.
17. Julio Jiménez Rueda, Historia de la literatura mexicana (Mexico, 1946), p. 311; Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, p. 366.
18. Francisco Bulnes, El porvenir de las naciones Latinoamericanas ante las recientes conquistas de Europa y Norteamérica (Mexico, 1889), pp. 10–11.
19. Enrique Ochoa, Feeding Mexico: The Political Uses of Food since 1910 (Wilmington, DE, 2000), p. 25.
20. Jiménez Rueda, Historia, p. 282.
21. Azuela, Cien años, p. 193; Jiménez Rueda, Historia, p. 305.
22. Jiménez Rueda, Historia, p. 156.
23. Cosío Villegas, Historia moderna de México, vol. 7, pp. 643 and 1171.
24. Hart, Empire and Revolution, p. 152; Cosío Villegas, Historia moderna de México, vol. 7, p. 241; Earl Shorris, The Life and Times of Mexico (New York, 2004), pp. 198 and 210; Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, p. 251.
25. López Gallo, Economía política, p. 276; Leopoldo Solis, La realidad mexicana: Retrovisión y perspectiva (Mexico, 1979), p. 48.
26. Richard J. Salvucci, “The Origins and Progress of U.S. Mexican Trade, 1825–1948: Hoc opus hic est,” Hispanic American Historical Review 1973 (December 1991), p. 723; Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, The Colonial Heritage of Latin America: Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective (New York, 1970), p. 140.
27. Enrique Florescano, Ensayos sobre el desarrollo económico de México y América Latina, 1500–1976 (Mexico, 1979), p. 186.
28. Quoted in Hart, Empire and Revolution, p. 790.
29. Quoted in Hart, Empire and Revolution, p. 123.
30. Ibid., p. 163; Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, The People of Sonora and Yankee Capitalists (Tucson, AZ, 1988), p. 114.
31. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 278.
32. Cosío Villegas, Historia moderna de México, vol. 7, p. 384.
33. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, p. 38.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., p. 280.
36. Cosío Villegas, Historia moderna de México, vol. 7, p. 463.
37. Stephen H. Haber, ed., How Latin America Fell Behind: Essays on the Economic Histories of Brazil and Mexico, 1800–1914 (Stanford, CA, 1997), p. 211.
38. Cosío Villegas, Historia moderna de México, vol. 7, p. 476.
39. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, p. 193.
40. Haber, How Latin America Fell Behind, p. 157.
41. Francois Xavier Guerra, México: Del antiguo régimen a la Revolución, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1988), vol. 1, p. 330; Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, p. 64.
42. Quoted in Cosío Villegas, Historia moderna de México, vol. 7, p. 330.
43. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 292.
44. Cosío Villegas, Historia moderna de México, vol. 7, p. 348.
45. Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, p. 259.
46. Joseph Conrad, “Heart of Darkness” and “The Secret Sharer” (New York, 2004), p. 100.
47. López Gallo, Economía política, p. 299.
48. Stephen H. Haber, Armando Razo, and Noel Maurer, The Politics of Property Rights: Political Stability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929 (New York, 2003), p. 285.
49. Stein and Stein, Colonial Heritage, p. 143.
50. Enrique Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power (New York, 1997), p. 219.
51. Vernon, Dilemma of Mexico’s Development, p. 50.
52. Tom Barry, Zapata’s Revenge: Free Trade and the Farm Crisis in Mexico (Boston, 1995), p. 16.
53. Viviane Brachet-Marquez, The Dynamics of Domination: State, Class, and Social Reform in Mexico, 1910–1990 (Pittsburgh and London, 1994), p. 5.
54. Shorris, Life and Times of Mexico, p. 196.
55. Krauze, Biography of Power, p. 38.
56. Azuela, Cien años, p. 6.
1. Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, The Great Rebellion: Mexico 1905–1924 (New York, 1980), p. 73. See this study for a full discussion of the upheaval of 1919, known as the Revolución in Mexico.
2. Ruiz, Great Rebellion, p. 73.
3. Ibid., p. 79.
4. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York, 2001), p. 261.
5. Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, p. 63.
6. Francois Xavier Guerra, México: Del antiguo régimen a la Revolución, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1988), vol. 2, p. 236.
7. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 252.
8. Ruiz, Great Rebellion, p. 124; Guerra, México, vol. 2, pp. 237 and 235.
9. Ruiz, Great Rebellion, p. 110.
10. José Ives Limantour, Apuntes sobre mi vida pública (Mexico, 1965), pp. 101, 196–97, 199.
11. Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo: Una civilización negada (Mexico, 1987), p. 165; Alfonso Aguilar Monteverde, Dialéctica de la economía mexicana (Mexico, 1972), p. 210.
12. Andre Gunder Frank, Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment: Dependence, Class, and Politics in Latin America (New York, 1972), p. 134.
13. Alberto J. Pani, Apuntes autobiográficos, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1950), vol. 1, p. 196, and vol. 2, p. 211; Colegio de México, Nueva historia mínima de México (Mexico, 2004), p. 233.
14. Jesús Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, social y político de México, 1810–1964 (Mexico, 1967), p. 437.
15. Ruiz, Great Rebellion, pp. 158–59.
16. Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, p. 539.
17. Ruiz, Great Rebellion, p. 160.
18. Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, p. 386.
19. Ibid., p. 517.
20. Comisión Nacional, Diario de los debates del Congreso Constituyente, 1916–1917, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1960), vol. 2, p. 499.
21. Tom Barry, Zapata’s Revenge: Free Trade and the Farm Crisis in Mexico (Boston, 1995), p. 1995.
22. Raymond Vernon, The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development: The Role of the Private and Public Sectors (Cambridge, MA, 1965), p. 79.
23. Stephen H. Haber, Armando Razo, and Noel Maurer, The Politics of Property Rights: Political Stability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929 (New York, 2003), p. 346; Leopoldo Solis, La realidad mexicana: Retrovisión y perspectiva (Mexico, 1979), p. 95.
24. Alberto J. Pani, El problema supremo de México: Ensayo de crítica constructiva de la política financiera (Mexico, 1955), p. 60; Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, p. 504.
25. Martín Guzmán, El águila y la serpiente (Mexico, 1941), p. 78.
26. Heberto Castillo, Desde la trinchera (Mexico, 1986), p. 186.
27. Ruiz, Great Rebellion, p. 384.
28. Manuel López Gallo, Economía política en la historia de México (Mexico, 1965), p. 426.
29. Ruiz, Great Rebellion, p. 402.
30. Stephen H. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment: The Industrialization of Mexico, 1890–1940 (Stanford, CA, 1989), p. 124; Judith Adler Hellman, Mexico in Crisis (1985), p. 15.
31. Pani, Problema supremo, pp. 56–57; Albert J. Pani, Mi contribución al nuevo régimen (Mexico, 1936), pp. 242–43.
32. Pani, Apuntes autobiográficos, vol. 2, p. 216.
1. Alberto Pani, Mi contribución al nuevo régimen (Mexico, 1936), p. 332; Enrique Cárdenas Sanchez, ed., Historia económica de México (Mexico, 1994), p. 143; Colegio de México, Nueva historia mínima de México (Mexico, 2004), p. 263; Stephen H. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment: The Industrialization of Mexico, 1890–1940 (Stanford, CA, 1989), p. 151; Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, The Colonial Heritage of Latin America: Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective (New York, 1970), p. 191.
2. Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People (New York, 1992), pp. 386–87.
3. Ibid., p. 387.
4. Derek H. Aldcroft and Ross E. Catterall, eds., Rich Nations—Poor Nations: The Long-Run Perspective (Brookfield, VT, 1996), p. 49; Claudio Véliz, Obstacles to Change in Latin America (New York, 1965), p. 78; Andre Gunder Frank, Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment: Dependence, Class, and Politics in Latin America (New York, 1972), p. 130; Raymond Vernon, The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development: The Role of the Private and Public Sectors (Cambridge, MA, 1965), p. 84.
5. Adolfo Gilly, El Cardenismo: Una utopía mexicana (Mexico, 1994), p. 148.
6. Alicia Hernández Chávez, México: Breve historia contemporánea (Mexico, 2000), pp. 385 and 388.
7. Tom Barry, Zapata’s Revenge: Free Trade and the Farm Crisis in Mexico (Boston, 1995), p. 24; Judith Adler Hellman, Mexico in Crisis (New York, 1985), p. 36; Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, pp. 392–93.
8. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 398.
9. Ibid.
10. Amiya Kumar Bagchi, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1990), p. 161.
11. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, pp. 401–2.
12. Ibid., p. 401.
13. Hernández Chávez, México, p. 402; Véliz, Obstacles to Change, p. 16.
14. Fernando Paz Sánchez, Vida y pensamiento de Narciso Bassols (Mexico, 1986), pp. 56, 61, 70, 167; Jesús Silva Herzog, El pensamiento económico, social y político de México, 1810–1964 (Mexico, 1967), p. 563.
15. Gilly, El Cardenismo, p. 37; Cárdenas Sánchez, Historia económica de México, p. 332; Hellman, Mexico in Crisis, p. 36.
16. Viviane Brachet-Marquez, The Dynamics of Domination: State, Class, and Social Reform in Mexico, 1910–1990 (Pittsburgh and London, 1994), p. 77; Cárdenas Sánchez, Historia económica de México, p. 313; Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, p. 171; Vernon, Dilemma of Mexico’s Development, p. 84.
17. Héctor Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal (Mexico, 1997), p. 114.
18. Rafael Izquierdo, “Proteccionismo en México,” in Raymond Vernon, ed., Public Policy and Private Enterprise in Mexico (Cambridge, 1964), p. 283; Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 395.
19. José López Portillo, Mis tiempos: Biografía y testimonio político, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1988), vol. 1, pp. 148–49.
20. Roger Simon, Gramsci’s Political Thought: An Introduction (London, 1991), p. 91.
21. Alastair Davidson, Antonio Gramsci: The Man, His Ideas (Sydney, Australia, 1967–1968), pp. 44–47.
22. Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo: Una civilización negada (Mexico, 1987), p. 90.
23. Ibid., p. 167.
24. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 365.
25. Ibid., pp. 367–70.
26. Ibid., pp. 375–76.
27. Ibid., p. 377.
28. Samuel Ramos, Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico (New York, 1962), p. 155.
1. Joan Robinson, Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1979), p. 129; Alicia Hernández Chávez, México: Breve historia contemporánea (Mexico, 2000), p. 431.
2. José Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana: La vida en México de 1940 a 1970, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1990), vol. 1, p. 263.
3. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 22, 27, 43, 49.
4. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 107, 113.
5. Heberto Castillo, Desde la trinchera (Mexico, 1986), p. 45.
6. Ibid., pp. 31–33.
7. Quoted in Earl Shorris, The Life and Times of Mexico (New York, 2004), p. 322.
8. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 116.
9. José López Portillo, Mis tiempos: Biografía y testimonio político, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1988), vol. 1, pp. 457–58; Raymond Vernon, The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development: The Role of the Private and Public Sectors (Cambridge, MA, 1965), p. 116.
10. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 58.
11. Edward G. Stockwell and Karen Laidlaw, A Third World Development: Problems and Prospects (Chicago, 1981), p. 215.
12. Claudio Véliz, Obstacles to Change in Latin America (New York, 1965), p. 5.
13. Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People (New York, 1992), p. 411; Hernández Chávez, México, p. 397.
14. Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo: Una civilización negada (Mexico, 1987), p. 177.
15. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ, 2000), p. 243.
16. López Portillo, Mis tiempos, vol. 1, p. 378; Octavio Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude (New York, 1985), p. 255.
17. López Portillo, Mis tiempos, vol. 1, p. 375.
18. Stephen H. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment: The Industrialization of Mexico, 1890–1940 (Stanford, CA, 1989), p. 2; Dennis Gilbert, Mexico’s Middle Class in the Neoliberal Era (Tucson, AZ, 2007), pp. 2–3.
19. Amiya Kumar Bagchi, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1990), p. 205; Stockwell and Laidlaw, Third World Development, p. 280; Ansley J. Coale and Edgar M. Hoover, Population Growth and Economic Development in Low-Income Countries: A Case Study of India’s Prospects (Princeton, NJ, 1958), p. 331.
20. New York Times, July 8, 1999.
21. Stockwell and Laidlaw, Third World Development, p. 286.
22. Bonfil Batalla, México profundo, p. 178; Stockwell and Laidlaw, Third World Development, p. 86.
23. Derek H. Aldcroft and Ross E. Catterall, eds., Rich Nations—Poor Nations: The Long-Run Perspective (Brookfield, VT, 1996), p. 9.
24. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, p. 2; Bagchi, Political Economy of Underdevelopment, pp. 242 and 245; Samir Amin, Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formation of Peripheral Capitalism (New York, 1976), p. 210.
25. Judith Adler Hellman, Mexico in Crisis (New York, 1985), pp. 68–69.
26. Ibid., pp. 210–11.
27. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 247.
28. Castillo, Desde la trinchera, p. 231; Manuel Camacho Solis, Cambio sin ruptura (Mexico, 1994), p. 53; Rodolfo H. Strahm and Ursula Oswald Spring, Por esto somos tan pobres (Mexico, 1990), p. 111.
29. Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York, 1957), p. 77.
30. López Portillo, Mis tiempos, vol. 1, 366–67, 377, 430; Francisco González Pineda, El mexicano: Psicología de su destructividad (Mexico, 1965), pp. 218–19.
31. Shorris, Life and Times, p. 521; Castillo, Desde la trinchera, p. 93.
32. López Portillo, Mis tiempos, vol. 1, 452.
33. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 2, p. 234.
34. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 232; Castillo, Desde la trinchera, p. 92.
35. Véliz, Obstacles to Change, p. 26; González Pineda, El mexicano, p. 224; Castillo, Desde la trinchera, p. 189.
36. Manning Nash, ed., “Essays on Economic Development and Cultural Change in Honor of Bert F. Hoselitz,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 25, supplement (Chicago, 1997): 255.
37. Vernon, Dilemma of Mexico’s Development, pp. 95 and 227; Nash, “Essays on Economic Development,” p. 393.
38. Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 107.
39. Vernon, Dilemma of Mexico’s Development, p. 101.
40. Aldcroft and Catterall, Rich Nations, p. 52; Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 175.
41. Vernon, Dilemma of Mexico’s Development, p. 103.
42. Héctor Guillén Romo, El sexenio de crecimiento cero: Contra los defensores de las finanzas (Mexico, 1990), p. 50.
43. González Pineda, El mexicano, p. 244; Castillo, Desde la trinchera, p. 39.
44. Hellman, Mexico in Crisis, pp. 65–66.
45. Ibid., pp. 224–25; Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 416.
46. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 451.
47. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 2, p. 234.
48. Guillén Romo, El sexenio de crecimiento cero, p. 11.
49. Ruiz, Triumphs and Tragedy, p. 456.
50. Ibid., pp. 460–61.
51. Baran, Political Economy of Growth, p. 174.
52. Immanuel M. Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy (New York, 1979), p. 85.
53. David Barkin, Un desarrollo distorsionado: La integración de México a la economía mundial (Mexico, 1991), pp. 127 and 141.
54. Véliz, Obstacles to Change, pp. 79–80; Baran, Political Economy of Growth, p. 175; Bagchi, Political Economy of Underdevelopment, p. 132.
55. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, p. 49.
56. Leopoldo Solis, La realidad mexicana: Retrovisión y perspectiva (Mexico, 1979), p. 32.
57. Andre Gunder Frank, Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment: Dependence, Class, and Politics in Latin America (New York, 1972), p. 43.
58. Castillo, Desde la trinchera, p. 152.
59. Hellman, Mexico in Crisis, p. 95; Barkin, Un desarrollo distorsionado, pp. 39 and 127.
60. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 196; Proceso, October 6, 2002; Los Angeles Times, November 28, 2001; New York Times, October 1, 2001.
61. Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 290.
62. Gustavo Esteva, The Struggle for Rural Mexico (South Hadley, MA, 1983), pp. 65–66.
63. Nash, “Essays on Economic Development,” p. 391.
64. Tom Barry, Zapata’s Revenge: Free Trade and the Farm Crisis in Mexico (Boston, 1995), p. 29.
65. Bagchi, Political Economy of Underdevelopment, p. 156.
66. Paul Harrison, Inside the Third World: The Anatomy of Poverty (Brighton, England, 1980), pp. 93–94; Barry, Zapata’s Revenge, p. 101.
67. Barry, Zapata’s Revenge, p. 31.
68. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 149.
69. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 207 and 221.
70. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 27.
71. Bonfil Batalla, México profundo, p. 93.
72. López Portillo, Mis tiempos, vol. 1, p. 448; Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 211.
73. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 138.
74. Carlos Fuentes, The Death of Artemio Cruz (New York, 1964), pp. 28, 46, 117, 130, 186, 256, and 268.
75. Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana, vol. 1, p. 221.
76. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 101.
77. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 73.
78. Samuel Schmidt, El deterioro del presidencialismo mexicano: Los años de Luis Echeverría (Mexico, 1986), p. 61.
1. Héctor Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal (Mexico, 1997), pp. 101–3.
2. Amiya Kumar Bagchi, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1990), p. 143.
3. Héctor Guillén Romo, El sexenio de crecimiento cero: Contra los defensores de las finanzas (Mexico, 1990), p. 112.
4. Joan Robinson, Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1979), p. 130.
5. Bagchi, Political Economy of Underdevelopment, p. 146.
6. Quoted in Claudio Véliz, Obstacles to Change in Latin America (New York, 1965), p. 109.
7. Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, NJ, 1995), p. 213.
8. Colegio de México, Nueva historia mínima de México (Mexico, 2004), p. 294; Rodolfo H. Strahm and Ursula Oswald Spring, Por esto somos tan pobres (Mexico, 1990), p. 159; Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal, p. 107.
9. Andre Gunder Frank, Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment: Dependence, Class, and Politics in Latin America (New York, 1972), p. 133.
10. Tom Barry, Zapata’s Revenge: Free Trade and the Farm Crisis in Mexico (Boston, 1995).
11. Earl Shorris, The Life and Times of Mexico (New York, 2004), p. 594; Alicia Hernández Chávez, México: Breve historia contemporánea (Mexico, 2000), p. 484.
12. Los Angeles Times, January 12,1994. p. A1.
13. Oswaldo de Rivero B., The Myth of Development: Nonviable Economies of the 21st Century (London, 2001), p. 85.
14. Jorge Zepeda Patterson, ed., Los amos de México (Mexico, 2007), p. 30.
15. Ibid., p. 242.
16. Bagchi, Political Economy of Underdevelopment, pp. 194–95.
17. New York Times, July 21, 2006, p. C1.
18. La Jornada, March 21, 2002.
19. Proceso, September 12, 1999, pp. 43–44.
20. New York Times, June 9, 1999, p. A3.
21. Bagchi, Political Economy of Underdevelopment, p. 141.
22. Leslie Sklair, The Transnational Capitalist Class (Malden, MA, 2001), p. 69; Narciso Bassols Batalla, La revolución mexicana cuesta abajo (Mexico, 1960), p. 207.
23. Sklair, Transnational Capitalist Class, p. 69.
24. Gabriel Székely, ed., Manufacturing across Borders and Oceans: Japan, United States, and Mexico (La Jolla, CA, 1991), p. 15.
25. Dennis Gilbert, Mexico’s Middle Class in the Neoliberal Era (Tucson, AZ, 2007), pp. 11, 27, 29, and 63.
26. José Agustín, Tragicomedia mexicana: La vida en México de 1940 a 1970, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1990), vol. 2, p. 226.
27. Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1997, p. A1.
28. Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo: Una civilización negada (Mexico, 1987), p. 92; Gilbert, Mexico’s Middle Class, p. 12.
29. Santiago Ramírez, El mexicano: Psicología de sus motivaciones (Mexico, 1961), pp. 66–67.
30. Proceso, March 7, 2004, pp. 32–34.
31. Stephen H. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment: The Industrialization of Mexico, 1890–1949 (Stanford, CA, 1989), p. 1.
32. La Jornada, August 8, 2001, p. 4.
33. Mercedes González de la Rocha and Barbara B. Gant, “The Urban Family and Poverty in Latin America,” Latin American Perspectives 22 (1995): 12–25.
34. Mercedes González de la Rocha, The Resources of Poverty: Women and Survival in a Mexican City (Oxford, 1994), pp. 31, 33, 41.
35. Barry, Zapata’s Revenge, p. 188.
36. Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal, p. 122.
37. Barry, Zapata’s Revenge, p. 103; David Barkin, Un desarrollo distorsionado: La integración de México a la economía mundial (Mexico, 1991), pp. 40 and 61; Barry, Zapata’s Revenge, p. 103.
38. Escobar, Encountering Development, p. 104; James H. McDonald, “NAFTA and the Milking of Dairy Farmers in Central Mexico,” Culture and Agriculture 51–52 (1995).
39. Strahm and Spring, Por esto somos tan pobres, p. 55.
40. Barry, Zapata’s Revenge, p. 153.
41. Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1994, p. A10.
42. Barry, Zapata’s Revenge, p. 43.
43. New York Times, December 23, 1994, p. A1.
44. Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1994, p. A3.
45. David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York, 1998), p. 494; Shorris, Life and Times, p. 588.
46. Samuel Schmidt, El deterioro del presidencialismo mexicano: Los años de Luis Echeverría (Mexico, 1986), p. 126; Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal, p. 198.
47. New York Times, July 9, 1999, p. A3.
48. Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal, p. 186.
1. Harper’s, March 3, 2004, p. 33.
2. Gabriela Coronado and Bob Hodge, El hipertexto multicultural en México posmoderno: Paradojas e incertidumbres (Mexico, 2004), p. 178.
3. Octavio Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude (New York, 1985), p. 285.
4. Edward G. Stockwell and Karen Laidlaw, A Third World Development: Problems and Prospects (Chicago, 1981), pp. 251 and 261.
5. Proceso, January 4, 2009, p. 29.
6. Santiago Ramírez, El mexicano: Psicología de sus motivaciones (Mexico, 1961), pp. 95–96.
7. Eric R. Wolf, Sons of the Shaking Earth: The People of Mexico and Guatemala—Their Land and Culture (Chicago, 1959), p. 114; Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo: Una civilización negada (Mexico, 1987), p. 88.
8. Jorge Carrión, Mito y magia del mexicano y un ensayo de autocrítica (Mexico, 1952), p. 122.
9. Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 78.
10. Siglo Veintiuno, February 24, 1993.
11. Samir Amin, Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formation of Peripheral Capitalism (New York, 1976), pp. 196 and 298; Amiya Kumar Bagchi, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 68–189.
12. José López Portillo, Mis tiempos: Biografía y testimonio político, 2 vols. (Mexico, 1988), vol. 1, pp. 456–57.
13. Earl Shorris, The Life and Times of Mexico (New York, 2004), pp. 706–7.
14. Los Angeles Times, May 5, 24, 2006; Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York, 1957), p. 216; David Barkin, Un desarrollo distorsionado: La integración de México a la economía mundial (Mexico, 1991).
15. Dennis Gilbert, Mexico’s Middle Class in the Neoliberal Era (Tucson, AZ, 2007), pp. 1, 2, 4, 9, 14.
16. Stockwell and Laidlaw, Third World Development, p. 256.
17. Quoted in Héctor Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal (Mexico, 1997), p. 207.
18. Joan Robinson, Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1979), pp. 67 and 80.
19. Oswaldo de Rivero B., The Myth of Development: Nonviable Economies of the 21st Century (London, 2001), p. 119.
20. Paul Harrison, Inside the Third World: The Anatomy of Poverty (Brighton, England, 1980), p. 363; Rivero B., Myth of Development, p. 7.
21. Shorris, Life and Times, pp. 706–7, 709.
22. La Jornada, May 22, 2003, p. 18.
23. New York Times, January 7, 8, 2004, pp. A1 and A2.
24. Proceso, November 30, 2008, pp. 26–28.
25. Los Angeles Times, July 28, 2005, p. A6.
26. Rodolfo H. Strahm and Ursula Oswald Spring, Por esto somos tan pobres (Mexico, 1990), p. 244.
27. López Portillo, Mis tiempos, vol. 1, p. 639.
28. Bagchi, Political Economy of Underdevelopment, p. 36.
29. John Mason Hart, Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War (Berkeley, CA, 2002), p. 433; Strahm and Spring, Por esto somos tan pobres, p. 125.
30. Bonfil Batalla, México profundo, p. 220.
31. La Jornada, March 10, 2009, p. 2.
32. La Jornada, July 13, 2005.
33. Proceso, March 18, 2007, pp. 36–39.
34. Immanuel M. Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy (New York, 1979), pp. 49 and 73.
35. Shorris, Life and Times, p. 471.
36. Sergio Zermeño, La desmodernidad Mexicana y las alternativas a la violencia y a la exclusión en nuestros días (Mexico, 2005), p. 29.
37. La Jornada, January 29, 2004, p. 25.
38. La Jornada, September 9, 1998; Tom Barry, Zapata’s Revenge: Free Trade and the Farm Crisis in Mexico (Boston, 1995), p. 129.
39. La Jornada, September 9, 1998; Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude, p. 271.
40. New York Times, December 19, 2002, p. A3.
41. Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 132.
42. Enrique de la Garza and Carlos Salas, eds., Nafta y Mercosur: Proceso de apertura económica y trabajo (Mexico, 2003), pp. 95, 105.
43. For the maquila industry, see Ramon Eduardo Ruiz, On the Rim of Mexico: Encounters of the Rich and Poor (Boulder, CO, 2000), chap. 4.
44. Zermeño, La desmodernidad Mexicana, p. 70.
45. New York Times, February 15, 2001, p. A16.
46. Enrique de la Garza and Carlos Salas, eds., La situación del trabajo en México, 2006 (Mexico, 2006), p. 26.
47. Ruiz, On the Rim of Mexico, p. 67.
48. Enrique de la Garza Toledo, “The Crisis of the Maquiladora Model in Mexico,” Work and Occupations (New York, 2007), vol. 34, pp. 399–429.
49. Ibid., p. 38.
50. New York Times, July 16, 2002, p. W1.
51. La Jornada, April 5, 2003, p. 25.
52. Rafael Ricardo, Los socios de Elba Esther (Mexico, 2007), pp. 318–19.
53. Guillén Romo, La contrarrevolución neoliberal, p. 167.
54. Stockwell and Laidlaw, Third World Development, pp. 243–44.
55. Claudio Véliz, Obstacles to Change in Latin America (New York, 1965), p. 102.
56. La Jornada, January 20, 2004, p. 15.
57. Shorris, Life and Times, p. 523.
58. Coronado and Hodge, El hipertexto multicultural, p. 13.
59. Raúl Béjar and Héctor Rosales, eds., La identidad mexicana como problema político y cultural (Mexico, 1999), p. 130.