A vast amount has been written about the French Revolution over more than two centuries. Early in the 19th century, memoirs and political narratives began to appear, mostly in French but in English as well, many of them with little critical distance from the events themselves. In France, the revolutions of 1830, 1848, and 1871 each ushered in a new period of intense interest about the first, great revolution, and many of those who wrote about the 1789 revolution were politically active in the 19th century, including men such as Alphonse Lamartine, Jules Michelet, Louis Blanc, Hippolyte Taine, and Adolphe Thiers. Those who wrote about the Revolution often did so chiefly to champion the ideals of 1789 and the heroism of its actors or to denounce the excesses of popular violence and the Terror and decry the folly of popular democracy.
As the 19th century drew to an end and the Third Republic became a stable and widely accepted regime, published works on the Revolution took on a more scholarly tone. One thinks in particular of the books of Alphonse Aulard, the first historian to occupy a chair of the French Revolution at the Sorbonne, and Albert Mathiez, who succeeded him in that position. Aulard and Mathiez were unabashed republicans, to be sure, but their scholarship was firmly grounded in the voluminous archival material that was only beginning to be organized and classified in the French National Archives. We should also note here the multivolume history of the Revolution written by the socialist politician Jean Jaurès, who was assassinated on the eve of World War I.
The Russian Revolution in 1917 had a profound effect on the historiography of the French Revolution. The apparent success of a communist revolution in the 20th century prompted some historians to compare the Bolsheviks to the Jacobins of the French Revolution and others to look for the roots of modern communism in the Conspiracy of Equals led by Gracchus Babeuf in 1795–96. The new “mass politics” of the early 20th century also prompted historians to ask new questions in their research. Georges Lefebvre, writing in the 1930s and 1940s, focused his attention on the role of the peasantry in the French Revolution. George Rudé and Albert Soboul, both students of Lefebvre at the Sorbonne, wrote path-breaking studies of the Parisian crowd in the 1790s. Ernest Labrousse explored the economic origins of the Revolution. All of these men wrote within what soon came to be known as the Marxist tradition of revolutionary historiography, emphasizing social history, the importance of economic factors, and the role of class struggle in the politics of the French Revolution.
That tradition was first challenged by a British historian, Alfred Cobban, in his 1964 book The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution. Cobban’s book triggered two decades of “revisionist” history, calling into question the Marxist paradigm that had interpreted 1789 as a “bourgeois revolution.” Prominent among the revisionists were Colin Lucas and William Doyle in Great Britain, George Taylor and Elizabeth Eisenstein in the United States, and François Furet and Denis Richet in France. By 1989, the bicentennial of the French Revolution, the Marxist interpretation had been severely battered, if not quite dismantled, though the revisionists had not succeeded in putting a new interpretive framework in place. In recent years, however, two currents of historiography have made impressive contributions. On the one hand, a number of historians have interpreted 1789 as the “birth of modern democracy,” emphasizing once again the importance of politics in the French Revolution. Keith Baker, Colin Lucas, and Lynn Hunt all deserve mention here. Lynn Hunt has also figured prominently in what has come to be called the “new cultural history” of the French Revolution, along with Roger Chartier, Mona Ozouf, and Antoine de Baecque. The past 20 years have also produced a substantial body of literature on the role of women in the Revolution, including works by Olwen Hufton, Joan Scott, Joan Landes, Dominique Godineau, and Dorinda Outram. As the bibliography to follow should make clear, these are only a few of the historians who might be mentioned as exemplary of the trends in scholarly work on the French Revolution. It is no less fascinating and significant a topic for research today than it has been over the past two centuries.
The bibliography begins with a section on documentary collections, including works (such as that by Alphonse Aulard on the Jacobins) that are essentially collections of archival documents and other collections that are intended for classroom use and offer an overview, through primary documents, of the events of the Revolution. Notable among the more recent of such collections are those edited by Keith Baker, Lynn Hunt, and Laura Mason and Tracey Rizzo.
Many general histories of the Revolution have been written over the past two centuries. For those new to the topic, the short histories by Albert Soboul, Alan Forrest, Jeremy Popkin, and David Andress would all be excellent points of departure. More substantial histories worthy of note include those by Donald Sutherland, William Doyle, Simon Schama, and François Furet. The older histories of Georges Lefebvre and Albert Soboul, as well as those by J. M. Thompson, Jean Jaurès, and Jules Michelet, remain valuable resources.
As with any major historical event, biography offers an interesting avenue into the complexities and contingencies of the period. Among those cited here, Norman Hampson’s biographies of Danton and Robespierre deserve mention, as do Louis Gottschalk’s works on Lafayette and Marat, David Jordan’s biography of Robespierre, and John Hardman’s study of Louis XVI. Among works on the Old Regime in crisis, Georges Lefebvre’s The Coming of the French Revolution remains a classic. Also worthy of note are the works of C. B. A. Behrens, David Bell, Robert Darnton, Jean Egret, Daniel Gordon, Daniel Mornet, Daniel Roche, and Dale Van Kley.
For the period of the Constituent Assembly, the most important work is the recent book by Timothy Tackett. One might also look to the books by David Andress, Harriet Applewhite, Michael Fitzsimmons, Robert Griffiths, and Kenneth Margerison. Of particular note among the books listed in the section on the Legislative Assembly is Gary Kates’s work on the Cercle Social. The National Convention has been the focus of considerable historical research. Notable among the works cited are those by Marc Bouloiseau, Lucien Jaume, David Jordan, Michael Kennedy, and Alison Patrick.
For the period of the Directory, Martyn Lyons’s overview is indispensable. The books by Georges Lefebvre and Denis Woronoff on the Thermidorians are valuable, as are the studies of Gracchus Babeuf by both John Scott and Claude Mazauric. For 18 Brumaire, the article by Hunt, Lansky, and Hanson is insightful, as is Lefebvre’s classic study. For a treatment of the impact of Napoleon and his relation to the Revolution see the book by Louis Bergeron.
The remaining sections of the bibliography focus on particular historiographical approaches to the study of the Revolution or to thematic categories. The Terror remains a highly charged topic. Notable in this section are the short book by Daniel Arasse, the collection of essays edited by Keith Baker, the classic statistical study by Donald Greer, the sympathetic and nuanced book by Jean-Pierre Gross, and the highly regarded study of the Committee of Public Safety by R. R. Palmer. On the subject of religion and the Catholic Church, Suzanne Desan’s book is noteworthy, as are the works of John McManners, Timothy Tackett, Dale Van Kley, and Michel Vovelle.
The cultural history of the French Revolution is a burgeoning area of historiography. Maurice Agulhon, Antoine de Baecque, Keith Baker, Roger Chartier, Thomas Crow, Robert Darnton, Paul Friedland, Lynn Hunt, Emmett Kennedy, Laura Mason, Dorinda Outram, and Mona Ozouf have all written noteworthy books that are included in this section. Excellent points of departure for the reader new to this area would be Lynn Hunt’s Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution and Roger Chartier’s Cultural Origins of the French Revolution.
Among the social and economic histories of the Revolution, Alfred Cobban’s short book remains essential, as do the works of Ralph Greenlaw, Norman Hampson, Patrice Higonnet, Peter Jones, George Rudé, and Albert Soboul. Important recent works include those by John Markoff and Michael Sonenscher. Particularly significant books on women and gender include those by Dominique Godineau, Carla Hesse, Olwen Hufton, Joan Landes, Joan Scott, and the collections edited by Levy, Applewhite, and Johnson and Melzer and Rabine. Jean-Paul Bertaud, T. C. Blanning, Alan Forrest, John Lynn, and Samuel Scott are among the most important military historians of the Revolutionary period.
Edmund Burke leads the way on the subject of international reactions to the French Revolution, but see also the works by Geoffrey Best, Richard Cobb, Marvin Cox, and Eric Hobsbawm. Notable among the histories of Paris during the Revolution are the substantial article by Richard Andrews and the books by Pierre Caron, Richard Cobb, David Garrioch, Patrice Higonnet, Raymonde Monnier, Daniel Roche, and Barry Shapiro. The 12-volume contemporary classic by Louis-Sébastien Mercier remains well worth a look.
Among historians of provincial France during the Revolution, Gail Bossenga, Malcolm Crook, Antonino de Francesco, W. D. Edmonds, Alan Forrest, Jacques Guilhamou, Paul Hanson, Maurice Hutt, Jean-Clément Martin, Claude Riffaterre, William Scott, Donald Sutherland, and Charles Tilly all merit attention. Among recent historiographical essays on the Revolution, see those by Suzanne Desan, Jack Censer, and Michel Vovelle, as well as the lengthy reflection on the bicentennial controversies by Steven Kaplan.
For the serious student of the French Revolution, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris and the National Archives in Paris are indispensable resources. Each French department has its own archival repository as well. The Public Record Office and the British Library in London also hold important collections. In the United States, the New York Public Library and the libraries of Yale University, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Florida State University, the University of Chicago, Stanford University, and the University of California at Berkeley all have impressive book collections and documentary materials. The Newberry Library in Chicago and the Lilly Library at Indiana University contain important collections of Revolutionary newspapers and pamphlets.
International Reactions to the Revolution
Aulard, François-Alphonse. La Société des Jacobins: Recueil de documents pour l’histoire du Club des Jacobins de Paris. 6 vols. Paris: Librairie Jouaust, 1889–97.
——. Recueil des actes du Comité de salut public. 27 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1889–1923.
Bailly, J.S., and H. Duveyrier, eds. Procès-verbaux des séances et délibérations de l’Assemblée Générale d’électeurs de Paris. 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1790.
Baker, Keith Michael, ed. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Beik, Paul H., ed. The French Revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.
Bloch, C., and A. Tuetey, eds. Procès-verbaux et rapports du Comité de mendicité de la Constituante (1790–91). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1911.
Brette, Armand. Recueil de documents relatifs à la convocation des Etats Généraux de 1789. 4 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1894–1915.
Brunel, Françoise, and Sylvain Goujon. Les Martyrs de prairial: textes et documents inédits. Geneva: Georg, 1992.
Caron, Pierre. Paris pendant la Terreur: Rapports des agents secrets du ministre de l’intérieur. Paris: A. Picard, 1943.
Cobb, Richard, and John M. Roberts, eds. French Revolution Documents. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966, 1973.
Dawson, Philip, ed. The French Revolution. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.
Elyada, Ouzi, ed. Lettres Bougrement Patriotiques de La Mere Duchêne suivi du Journal des Femmes février-avril 1791. Paris: Les Editions de Paris/EDHIS, 1989.
Guillaume, James, ed. Procès-verbaux du Comité d’Instruction publique de la Convention nationale. 6 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1891–1907.
Hardman, John. French Revolution Documents, (1792–95). Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973.
Hunt, Lynn, ed. The French Revolution and Human Rights. Boston: St. Martin’s, 1996.
Hyslop, Beatrice Fry. A Guide to the General Cahiers of 1789 with the texts of unedited cahiers. Morningside Heights, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1936.
——. French Nationalism in 1789 According to the General Cahiers. New York: Octagon Books, 1968.
Mason, Laura, and Tracey Rizzo, eds. The French Revolution: A Document Collection. New York: D.C. Heath, 1999
Mavidal, J., E. Laurent et al., eds. Archives parliamentaires de 1787 à 1860. Première série (1789 à 1799). 99 vols, to date. Paris: Paul Dupont, 1867–1913; Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1961—.
Michon, Georges. Correspondance de Maximilien et Augustin Robespierre. Paris, 1926.
Pouliquen, Monique, ed. Doléances des peuples coloniaux à l’Assemblée Nationale Constituante. Paris: Archives Nationales, 1989.
Roberts, J.M., and John Hardman, eds. French Revolution Documents. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1966.
Sèze, Raymond de. Défense de Louis. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1792.
Stewart, John Hall, ed. A Documentary History of the French Revolution. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
Walter, Gérard. Actes du Tribunal révolutionnaire. Paris: Gallimard, 1968.
Wickham Legg, L.G. Select Documents Illustrative of the History of the French Revolution: the Constituent Assembly. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905.
Abbott, John S.C. The French Revolution of 1789 as viewed in the light of Republican institutions. 2 vols. Boston, Mass.: Jefferson Press, 1887.
Acton, J.E.E.D. Lectures on the French Revolution. London: Macmillan, 1910.
Andress, David. French Society in Revolution, 1789–1799. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.
Arbellot, Guy, and Bernard Lepetit, eds. Atlas de la Révolution française. Paris: Editions de l’Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1987.
Aulard, François-Alphonse. Histoire politique de la Révolution française: origines et développement de la démocratie et de la République. 1789–1804. Paris: A. Colin, 1909.
Beik, Paul. The French Revolution Seen from the Right: Social Theories in Motion, 1789–1799. New York: Howard Fertig, 1970.
Blanc, Louis. Histoire de la Révolution française. 12 vols. Paris: Langlois et Leclercq, 1847–62.
Blanning, T.C.W., ed. The Rise and Fall of the French Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
——. The French Revolution: Class War or Culture Clash? Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.
Boroumand, Ladan. L’Homme sans souveraineté. Droits de l’homme et droit de la nation dans les assemblées de la Révolution française, thèse de doctorat. 2 vol. Paris: Éditions de l’EHESS, 1995.
Bosher, J.F. The French Revolution. New York: Norton, 1988.
Boursin, E. Dictionnaire de la Révolution Française. Paris, 1893.
Brinton, Clarence Crane. The Jacobins: An Essay in the New History. New York: Macmillan, 1930.
——. A Decade of Revolution, 1789–1799. New York: Harper & Row, 1934.
Carlyle, Thomas. The French Revolution: A History. New York: The Modern Library, 1934.
Censer, Jack R., and Lynn Hunt. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001.
Challamel, Augustin. Les Clubs contre-révolutionnaires. Cercles, comités, sociétés, salons, réunions, cafés, restaurants et librairies. Paris: L. Cerf, 1895.
Chateaubriand, François-René. An Historical, Political, and Moral Essay on Revolutions, Ancient and Modern. English translation by anonymous translator. London: H. Colburn, 1815.
Cobb, Richard Charles. A Second Identity: Essays on France and French History. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
——. The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789–1820. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Cobb, Richard, and Colin Jones, eds. Voices of the French Revolution. Topsfield, Mass.: Salem House Publishers, 1988.
Cobban, Alfred. A History of Modern France: Old Regime and Revolution, 1715–1799. Baltimore, Md.: Penguin Books, 1968.
——, ed. Aspects of the French Revolution. New York: George Braziller, 1968.
Cochin, Augustin. La Crise de l’histoire révolutionnaire, Taine et Monsieur Aulard. Paris: H. Champion, 1909.
——. La Révolution et la libre pensée: la socialisation de la pensée (1750–1789); la socialisation de la personne (1793–1794); la socialisation des biens (1793–1794). Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1924.
Cole, Alistair, and Peter Campbell. French Electoral Systems and Elections Since 1789. Aldershot, Hants, UK: Gower, 1989.
Comninel, George. Rethinking the French Revolution: Marxism and the Revisionist Challenge. London: Verso, 1987.
Connelly, Owen. French Revolution/Napoleonic Era. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1979.
Crook, Malcolm. Elections in the French Revolution: an apprenticeship in democracy, 1789–1799. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
——, ed. Revolutionary France: 1788–1880. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Dalberg-Action, John Emerich Edward. Lectures on the French Revolution. Edited by John Neville Figgis and Reginald Vere Laurence. New York: Noonday Press, 1959.
Dartford, Gerald P. The French Revolution. Wellesley Hills, Mass.: Independent School Press, 1972.
Doyle, William. Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Dunn, Susan. Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light. New York: Faber and Faber, 1999.
Faÿ, Bernard. L’esprit Révolutionnaire en France et aux États-Unis à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Edouard Champion, 1925.
Fierro, Alfred, Jean-François Fayard, and Jean Tulard. Histoire et Dictionnaire de la Révolution française: 1789–1799. Paris: R. Laffont, 1987.
——. Bibliographie de la Révolution française: 1940–1988. Paris: Références, 1989.
Forrest, Alan. The French Revolution. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
Fox, Edward Whiting. History in Geographic Perspective: The Other France. New York: Norton, 1971.
Furet, François. Penser la Révolution française. Paris: Gallimard, 1978. Translated as: Interpreting the French Revolution. Elborg Forster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
——. La Révolution: de Turgot à Jules Ferry, 1770–1880. Paris: Hachette, 1988. Translated as: Revolutionary France, 1770–1880. Antonia Nevill. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Furet, François, and Denis Richet. La Révolution. Paris: Hachette, 1965–66.
Furet, François, and Mona Ozouf, eds. Dictionnaire critique de la Révolution française. Paris: Flammarion, 1988. Translated as: A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
Gauchet, Marcel. La Révolution des pouvoirs: La Souveraineté, le peuple et la représentation, 1789–1799. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.
Gauthier, Florence. Triomphe et mort du droit naturel en Révolution. Paris: Presses Univérsitaires de France, 1992.
Gaxotte, Pierre. La Révolution française. 3e édition. Paris: Imprimerie Michels fils, 1928. Translated as: The French Revolution. Walter Alison Phillips. London: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1932.
Gershoy, Leo. The Era of the French Revolution, 1789–1799: Ten years that shook the world. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1957.
——. The French Revolution and Napoleon. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964.
Godechot, Jacques Léon. Les Institutions de la France sous la Révolution et l’empire. Paris: Presses Univérsitaires de France, 1951.
——. La pensée révolutionnaire en France et en Europe, 1780–99. Paris: A. Colin, 1964.
——. Les Révolutions (1770–1799). Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1963. Translated as: France and the Atlantic Revolution of the Eighteenth Century, 1770–1799. Herbert H. Rowen. New York: The Free Press, 1965.
——. La grande nation: l’expansion révolutionnaire de la France dans le monde de 1789 à 1799. Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1983.
Goodwin, Albert. The French Revolution. London: Hutchinson, 1953.
Greer, Donald. The Incidence of the Emigration during the French Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951.
Gueniffey, Patrice. Le Nombre et la raison: La Révolution française et les élections. Paris: Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1993.
Hampson, Norman. The First European Revolution, 1776–1815. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969.
Higgins, E.L. The French Revolution. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1938.
Higonnet, Patrice L.-R. Goodness beyond Virtue: Jacobins during the French Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Jaurès, Jean. Histoire Socialiste de la Révolution française. Paris: Editions de la Librairie de l’humanité, 1922–27.
Jones, Colin. The Longman Companion to the French Revolution. London: Longman, 1988.
——. The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon. London: Penguin Press, 2002.
Jones, Peter. Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774–1791. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1995.
——. The French Revolution: Seminar Studies in History Series. New York: Longman, 2003.
Kafker, Frank A., and James M. Laux. The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations. Malabar, Fla.: Robert E. Krieger Publishing, 1989.
Kaplow, Jeffry, ed. New Perspectives on the French Revolution: Readings in Historical Sociology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965.
Kates, Gary, ed. The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies. London: Routledge, 1998.
Lamartine, Alphonse De. History of the Girondists. 3 vols. Translated by H.T. Ryde. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856.
Le Bozec, Christine, and Eric Wauters, eds. Pour la Révolution française: en hommage à Claude Mazauric. Mont-Saint-Aignan: Publications de l’Univérsité de Rouen-IRED-CRHCT, 1998.
Lefebvre, Georges. La Révolution française. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1951. Translated as: The French Revolution. 2 vols. Elizabeth Moss Evanson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962–1964.
Lewis, Gwynne. The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate. London: Routledge, 1993.
Livesey, James. Making Democracy in the French Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Lucas, Colin, ed. The Political Culture of the French Revolution. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988.
——. Rewriting the French Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
Madelin, Louis. The French Revolution. London: William Heinemann, 1925.
Maistre, Joseph de. Considerations on France. Translated and edited by Richard A. Lebrun. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974.
Martin, Jean-Clément. La France en Révolution, 1789–1799. Paris: Belin, 1990.
——. La Révolution française: étapes, bilans et conséquences. Paris: Seuil, 1996.
——. Contre-Révolution, Révolution et Nation en France, 1789–1799. Paris: Seuil, 1998.
Mathiez, Albert. La Révolution française. Paris: A. Colin, 1922–1927. The French Revolution. Translated by Catherine Alison Phillips. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1929.
Matthews, Shailer. The French Revolution. New York: Longmans, Green, 1991.
Mazauric, Claude. Sur la Révolution française: contributions à l’histoire de la révolution bourgeoise. Paris: Editions sociales, 1970.
——. “Sur le Dictionnaire critique de la Révolution française de F. Furet et M. Ozouf.” Stanford French Review 14 (1990): 85–103.
McLaughlin, J.P. “Ideology and Conquest: the Question of Proselytism and Expansion in the French Revolution, 1789–1793.” Historical Papers, Canadian Historical Association (1976).
McPhee, Peter. The French Revolution, 1789–1799. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Michelet, Jules. Précis de l’histoire de France jusqu’à la Révolution française. Paris: L. Hachette, 1834. Translated as: Historical View of the French Revolution. C. Cocks. London: H.C. Bohn, 1848.
——. Histoire de la Révolution française. Paris: Librairie internationale, 1868. Translated as: History of the French Revolution. Charles Cocks. Edited and with an Introduction by Gordon Wright. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.
Mignet, François-Auguste. Histoire de la Révolution française: depuis 1789–jusqu’en 1814. Paris: Didier, 1880. Translated as: History of the French Revolution. Anonymous. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1902.
Morris, William O’Connor. The French Revolution and First Empire. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902.
Palmer, R.R. The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800. 2 vols. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1959–1964.
——. The World of the French Revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
Popkin, Jeremy. A Short History of the French Revolution. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1995.
Ragan, Bryant T., and Elizabeth A. Williams, eds. Re-creating Authority in Revolutionary France. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
Roberts, J.M., and John Hardman, eds. The French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Rudé, George. Revolutionary Europe, 1783–1815. London, 1964.
——. The French Revolution: Its Causes, its History, and its Legacy after 200 Years. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1988.
Sa’adah, Anne. The Shaping of Liberal Politics in Revolutionary France: a Comparative Perspective. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Viking, 1989.
Scott, Samuel F., and Barry Rothaus. Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution. 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985.
Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Soboul, Albert. La Révolution française. Paris: Editions Sociales, 1982. Translated as: The French Revolution, 1789–1799. Alan Forrest and Colin Jones. London: New Left Books, 1974.
——, ed. Dictionnaire Historique de la Révolution française. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1989.
Solé, Jacques. La Révolution en Questions. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1988.
Sorel, Albert. Europe et la Révolution française: Les moeurs et les traditions politiques. Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit, 1884–1904. Translated as: Europe and the French Revolution: The Political Transitions of the Old Regime. Alfred Cobban and J.W. Hunt. Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1971.
Stephens, H. Morse. A History of the French Revolution. 3 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1886.
Stone, Bailey. The Genesis of the French Revolution: A Global-Historical Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Sutherland, Donald. France 1789–1815: Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Sydenham, Michael J. The French Revolution. New York: Capricorn Books, 1965.
——. The First French Republic, 1792–1804. London: Batsford, 1974.
Taine, Hippolyte. Les Origines de la France contemporaine. 2 vols. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1952.
——. The Origins of Contemporary France: The Ancient Regime, the Revolution, the Modern Regime: Selected Chapters. Edited and with an introduction by Edward T. Gargan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Thiers, Adolphe. Histoire de la Révolution française. Paris: Lecointe, 1834. Translated as: The History of the French Revolution. 5 vols. Frederick Shoberl. London: Richard Bentley, 1838.
Thompson, James Matthew. The French Revolution. London: Basil Blackwell, 1943.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. L’Ancien régime et la Révolution. In Oeuvres complètes, edited by J.-P. Mayer, vol. 2, pt. I. 18 vols to date. Paris: Gallimard, 1951–.
——. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Trans. Stuart Gilbert. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955.
Vincent, K. Steven, and Alison Klairmont-Longo. The Human Tradition in Modern France. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2000.
Vovelle, Michel. La Chute de la Monarchie, 1787–1792. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1972.
——. Les Images de la Révolution française: Actes du colloque des 25–26–27 octobre 1985, tenu en Sorbonne. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1988.
——. La Découverte de la politique: Géopolitique de la révolution française. Paris: La Découverte, 1992.
——. Révolution et république: L’Exception française. Paris: Kimé, 1994.
——. 1789–1799, Nouveaux chantiers d’histoire révolutionnaire: Les Institutions et les hommes. Paris: CTHS, 1995.
——, ed. La Révolution française, images et récits, 1789–1799. 5 vols. Paris: Messidor, 1986.
Waldinger, Renée, Philip Dawson, and Isser Woloch. The French Revolution and the Making of Citizenship. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993.
Walter, Gérard. Histoire des Jacobins. Paris: Gallimard, 1946.
Weiner, Margery. The French Exiles, 1789–1815. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1960.
Woloch, Isser. The New Regime: Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789–1820s. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994.
——. “Deputies, Voters, and Factions in French Revolutionary Political Culture.” Historical Journal 42 (1999), 277–83.
Acomb, Frances. Mallet du Pan (1749–1800): A Career in Political Journalism. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1973.
Almeras, Henri d’. Barras et son temps. Paris: Albin Michel, 1929.
Bachaumont, Louis Petit de, et al. Mémoires secrets pour servir à l’histoire de la République des lettres en France, depuis MDCCLXII jusqu’à nos jours; ou Journal d’un observateur. 36 vols. London: John Adamson, 1780–89.
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