Index

A

Abbo of Fleury   112
Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales
23849D   67
Peniarth 1   60–1
Peniarth 105B   67–8
Adeliza of Louvain   27
Adomnan   81
Advice to Women   92–3
Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham   62, 106
Passion of St Edmund   112
Ailred of Rievaulx, De institutione inclusarum   122
aithed (‘the abducted, taken’)   82
Alexander-romances   79
Alexander to Aristotle   79
Alfred, king of Wessex   15, 16, 19, 80, 122
alliterative verse   21–2, 48–9, 51–4
Alysoun   91
anchoress   63–5
Ancrene Wisse   64–5
Aneirin, Y Gododdin   115
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle   42–3
Anglo-Saxon settlement   1–4, 16–17
Anne of Bohemia   118
anonymous authorship   7, 9, 19, 53, 59, 62, 97
Anra Choluim Chille   38
Apollonius of Tyre   71–2, 88
Arthur, King of the Britons   10, 46, 53, 55, 57–9, 60, 95, 128
Arthurian literature   32, 40–1, 46, 53–7, 79, 94–5
Athelstan, King   42–3
Athelston   51, 121
auctoritee (authority)   9, 93
audiences   9, 26, 28–9, 33, 36–45, 56, 89, 96
female audience   63–5
Augustine of Hippo   10, 101, 103
Augustine, St (missionary to England)   17
authorship   9, 31–2, 62, 63, 101, 119
Awyntyrs of Arthure   33
Ayenbit of Inwit (Dan Michael)   109–10

B

Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury   47
ballade   87
Barbour, John, Brus   81
bards, bardic culture   29–30, 48, 80, 91, 114–15
Battle of Brunanburh   42–3
beast of battle   85
Bede   16–18, 42, 101, 103
Ecclesiastical History of the English People   16–22, 42
Benedeit, Le Voyage de Saint Brendan   27–8
Beowulf   19, 36–7, 44, 75–7, 114–15
Beroul   89
Beunans Ke (Life of St Ke)   67
Beunans Meriasek   67, 68
Bisclavret   82–3
Black Death   4
Boccaccio   4
Teseida   45
Il Filostrato   93
Bodmin Gospels   67
Body and Soul debates   106–7
Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy   80, 101, 120
Boeve   57
Book of the Dean of Lismore   81
Book of Durrow   25
Book of John Mandeville   79
Book of Taliesin   30, 60
Book of Virtues and Vices   103
Breuddwyd Rhonabwy (Dream of Rhonabwy)   33
Brut   28, 50, 59; see also Barbour; Layamon; Wace
Brut y Tywysogion   46
Brutus   10, 50, 55, 58

C

Cædmon’s Hymn   19–21, 39
Cambridge
Corpus Christi College 201 71, 88
Corpus Christi College 61   34
Trinity College, B. 14. 39   87, 96–7
University Library, Ff. 1. 16 (Findern Manuscript)   124
University Library, Kk. 5. 16 (Moore Bede)   20–1
caritas   95–9
Carmarthen   61
carole   86–7
Castle of Perseverance   66
Caxton, William   126, 127, 128
Celts and Celtic culture   6, 12–18, 24, 25, 31, 44, 55, 79, 81; see also languages
chanson de geste   73, 86
Chanson de Roland   73–4
Charlemagne   74, 128
charms   111
charters   70
Chaucer, Geoffrey   33, 50, 80, 100–1, 118, 119–21
Book of the Duchess   38
Canterbury Tales   29, 32–5, 44–5, 52, 63, 77, 82–3, 91, 101, 109, 112, 113, 120
Legend of Good Women   118
Retraction   100, 111, 128
Troilus and Criseyde   9, 51, 63, 93–4, 101, 120, 124
Chester Mystery Plays   35, 66
Chevrefoil   40, 91
chivalric code   45, 54–5, 86, 112
Chrétien de Troyes   58–9
Christopher, St   83
chronicles   42–6, 45
Cleanness   53
Clemence of Barking, Vie de Sainte Catherine   62
Cloud of Unknowyng   97
Cnut   115–16, 122, 126
Columba   21
Cathach of   24–5
Elegy for   38–40
Life of   81
Columbanus   21
comitatus   57–8, 86
communal text   29–34
community   29, 55, 57, 64–9
confessionals   106, 109
Cornish see languages
courtly love   38, 44–5, 88–95, 120
crusades   47, 73–5
Cuthbert, Gospelbook of   17–18
cycles of drama   65–8
Cycles of the Kings   39
cyfarwyddyd   60
Cynddylan   84–5
Cynewulf, Fates of the Apostles   102
cywyddwyr   117

D

Dafydd ap Gwilym   10, 109
Morfudd fel yr Haul   91
Y Rhugl Groen   91
Dallan, St   38–40
Dante   4
Divine Comedy   18
‘Dark Ages’   5–6
Deor   110
devil   82
Dives et pauper   113
drama   65–8, 69, 107–8
Dream of the Rood, The   7, 97
Dunbar, William, Lament for the Makaris   121

E

Edward the Confessor   88
Eleanor of Aquitaine   28, 45, 58, 89
elegy   37–8, 84–8
Emma, Queen, Encomium Emmae Reginae   122, 123
English see languages
Englynion y Beddau (Verses of the Graves)   60–1
epic   18, 36–7, 57, 77
Estoire de Merlin   82
Exeter Book of Old English Poetry   14–15

F

fabliau   91, 101
Falsaron   74
Fenian Cycle   39
file (Irish poet)   114, 116
fin’amor   88–91; see also courtly love
Four Branches see Mabinogi
Franks Casket   6–7
Frauenlieder   85
French see languages
friars   4, 105
fuþorc (runes)   6–7, 102

G

Gaimar, Geoffrey   28
genre   10, 13, 18, 40, 42, 45–6, 62, 80, 88–9, 105, 119
Geoffrey of Monmouth   28, 50, 58–9
Gerald of Wales   101
Gemma ecclesiastica   109
Itinerarium Cambriae   47–8, 79
Topographia Hibernica   47–8
Germanic Heroic Code   37, 57–8, 76, 86
Gildas   10, 12–13, 16, 42
gnomic literature   49
Godric of Finchale, lyrics   87
goliardic literature   40
Gospels   10, 24, 25, 61, 67
Gower, John   119–21, 124
Confessio amantis   71–2
Guest, Charlotte   59
Guillaume de Machaut   38
Gui de Warewic (Guy of Warwick)   61, 74
Gwallwg   60

H

Hales, Thomas, Love-Ron   123
Hali Meiðhad   64
Havelock the Dane   57
heaven   28, 38, 63, 93, 111, 123
Heledd Cycle   84–5
hell   75, 106–7
Henry I   27–8
Henry II   28, 40, 45
Henry IV   118
Henry V   118
Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum   45
Henryson, Robert   80–2, 120–1
Hereford, Mappa Mundi   77
heroic verse   30, 33, 36–7, 56, 57, 84, 111, 115
Hilton, Walter, Scale of Perfection   97
Hoccleve, Thomas, Regiment of Princes   118, 119, 121–2, 124
Hoxne   110

I

identity   42–51, 54
Iolo Goch   10
Sir Hywel y Fwyall   117
Irish see languages
Isidore of Seville   72

J

Jacobus de Voragine, Golden Legend   62
James I of Scotland, Kingis Quair   119–20, 124
Jews   112
John of Gaunt   38, 113, 118
Julian of Norwich   97
Revelations of Divine Love   99

K

Katherine Group   63
King Horn   46, 57–8
King of Tars   61–2
knights   40, 44, 53, 57–8, 79, 88–90
Knights of the Round Table   46, 59, 94–5; see also Arthurian literature

L

Land of Cockayne   105
Langland, William   50
Piers Plowman   52–3, 55, 104, 107–8, 113, 122
languages and writing systems
Cornish   5, 66, 67, 68
English, Middle   40, 46, 48–50, 53–4, 91
English, Old   2, 5, 7, 14–16, 19, 20–2, 33, 37, 49, 61, 85, 116
French   2, 5, 27–8, 29, 38, 40, 46–50, 52, 55, 64, 73–4, 80, 88, 95, 105, 110
Gaelic   18, 81
Irish   5–7, 21, 27, 31–2, 38–9, 44, 46, 79, 82, 86, 89, 109–10, 114, 116
Latin   5–7, 10, 12–13, 14–16, 18–19, 21, 28–9, 40, 46–7, 49, 68, 73, 87, 91, 103–5, 113, 122
Ogham   5–6, 39
Old Norse (or Scandinavian)   5, 18, 29, 49, 53, 81, 114–16
Pictish   5, 18, 81
Scottish   18, 44, 80, 81, 82, 114, 116, 119–20
Welsh   5, 10, 14–15, 16, 18, 30–3, 43, 46–9, 59–62, 79, 91, 102, 114, 117
Lanval   40
Lateran Councils   104, 106, 109
Latin see languages
Laugharne   70
law   10, 27, 70, 109
Lay Folks’ Catechism   110
Layamon, Brut   50, 59
lays   27, 40–1, 80
Leabhar Breac   107
Leabhar Mhic Cárthaigh Riabhaigh (Book of Lismore)   64
Lebor Laignech (Book of Leinster)   44
Letter of Prester John   79
Liber monstrorum   80
Lindisfarne Gospels   25
Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin (Black Book of Carmarthen)   60
London, British Library
Cotton Nero A. x (Gawain-manuscript)   53–4
Cotton Nero D. iv (Lindisfarne Gospels)   25
Cotton Vitellius A. xv (Beowulf-manuscript)   36–7, 78, 79
Harley 913   105
Harley 978   40–1
Harley 2253   91, 92, 93
Lydgate, John   118–19
Life of our Lady   119
Siege of Thebes   119
Temple of Glass   119
Troy Book   119
lyric   29, 40, 84–8, 91–3, 105, 124

M

Mabinogi   10, 46, 59–60, 79
makars   81, 114, 120
Malory, Thomas   50
Le Morte Darthur   94–5, 126, 127, 128
manuscript production   23–5, 50
Manuscripts
Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales see Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales
Cambridge see Cambridge
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy 23 P 16   107
Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, Advocatesx 19. 2. 1 (Auchinleck Manuscript)   80
Exeter, Cathedral Library, 3501 (Exeter Book)   14–15
London, British Library see London, British Library
Oxford, Bodleian Library see Oxford, Bodleian Library
St Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18   20–2
Margaret, St   61–3
Margery Kempe   97–9
Book of Margery Kempe, The   98
Marie de Champagne   58
Marie de France, Fables   40–1
Lais   40–1, 80, 82, 91
Marvels of the East   78, 79
Matilda, Empress and Queen   28
‘Matter of Britain’, romance   46, 128
‘Matter of Rome’, romance   45
Meilyr Brydydd   102
Merlin   82
monstrosity   71–83
multilingualism and multidialectalism   28, 46–54, 68, 87, 96, 105, 119, 122–3
music   20, 40, 58, 86, 111–12
mysticism   97–9, 102

N

national identity   46–9
Nine Worthies   128
Norman Conquest   4, 27, 46, 73
Nun of Barking, La Vie d’Edouard le confesseur   51

O

Of One That is So Fair and Bright   96–7
oral literature   22, 29–30, 33, 37, 44, 59, 65; see also performance
Ordinalia   66, 67, 68
Orfeo   80–2
origin myths   1–4, 16–17, 22, 43–4, 55, 79
Orkney   116
Orm, Ormulum   103, 116
Osbern Bokenham, Legendys of Hooly Wummen   62
Óttarr svarti   115
Ovid   38, 93
Metamorphoses   80
Owl and the Nightingale, The   83
Oxford, Bodleian Library
Arch. Selden B. 24   124
Bodley 791 (Ordinalia)   66–7
Digby 23   74
Rawlinson poet. 241   105

P

Pangur Bán   39
Paston, Agnes   124–5
pastourelle   87
Patience   53
patronage   10, 25–8, 31, 33, 37–8, 47, 62, 81, 86, 113–22
Pearl   53
Peasants’ Revolt   113
penitentials   109–10
Perspice Christicola   40
Petrarch   4, 5
performance   29–33, 35, 37
of writing   102
Picts   4, 5
Pierce the Ploughman’s Crede   113
Piers Plowman see Langland
Play of the Sacrament   65–6
Poema Morale   50
poetic form   47–54
poets   114–16
praise poetry   114–17
preaching   102–105; see also sermons; saints’ lives
Pride of Life   65–6
print   126–8
prognostications   111
Pryderi, King of Dyfed   60

R

Ralph d’Escures   103
Reginald of Coldingham   87
regionalization   51–4
religious orders   4, 61–5, 102–5
reverdie   52, 87
Rhygyfarch ap Sulien, Life of St David   62
Rhyme Royal   51, 93, 120
Richard II   52, 93, 120
Richard Rolle, Ego Dormio   97
Robert Mannyng of Brunne, Handlyng Synne   111–12
Rome   1
romance   44–5, 51, 55–64, 71–5, 86, 126–7
Renaissance   1, 5
Ruskin, John   86
Ruthwell Cross   7, 8, 9

S

saints’ lives (hagiography)   17, 38–40, 45, 61–5, 88, 103
salvation   99–113
Saracen   58, 73–5, 112
scop   29, 114–15
Scotti   4, 81
Scottish literature see languages
scribes   19–21, 24–6, 32, 40, 103, 105
Seafarer, The   85
Second Shepherd’s Play   66
sermons   61–2, 72, 101, 103–9
shape-shifting   82–3
sin   104–10
Siôn Cent   10–11
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight   32, 52, 53–7, 70, 82, 116, 121
Sir Gowther   82
skald (Old Norse poet), skaldic culture   29, 114–16
Somme le roi   109
South English Legendary   63–4
Spoils of Annwn   61
Sumer is icumen in   40
supernatural   80–3

T

tail-ryhme verse   51
Táin Bó Cúailnge   31–2, 44
Taliesin   30–1
textual communities   26–35
Thomas, Roman de Horn   57
Thomas of Britain, Tristan and Iseut   89–91
Thomas of Chobham, Summa confessorum   109
Thomas of Norwich, Life and Miracles of St William   112
Tristan   82
troubadour   58, 86
trouvère   58, 86

U

Ubi sunt?    85–6
Ulster Cycle   79
universities   4, 26
Urien   30–1, 115

V

Vikings   2, 42, 115
Vernon Manuscript   123

W

Wace   28, 50, 59, 61
Wakefield master   66
Wales and Welsh   2, 43, 46–7, 59; see also languages
Walter Map, De nugis curialium   41–2, 80
Wanderer, The   85, 111
Weland the Smith   6
West Saxon   50
When the Turf is your Tower   87–8
Widsith   33
Wife’s Lament   85
William of Malmesbury   62, 73
Gesta regum Anglorum   73
Vita Wulfstani   62
William of Winchester   40
Winchester Malory   126–7
Wulf and Eadwacer   85
Wulfstan of York, Sermo Lupi ad Anglos   105–6
Wycliffe, John   113

Y

Y Gogynfeirdd   47
Y Tair Rhamant (Three Romances)   59
Yonec   40
York Corpus Christi Plays   35