Chapter 1: The Man Who Knew Too Much
1Michael Freedman, Forbes, 23 May 2005.
2Guy Adams, Independent on Sunday, 17 December 2006.
3James Harding, The Times, 13 March 2007.
4James Meek, Guardian, 17 April 2006.
5Sergei Guriev and Andrei Rachinsky, Ownership Concentration in Russian Industry, mimeo, October 2004.
6Moscow Times, 30 January 2008.
7Ibid.
8Elinor Slater and Robert Slater, Great Jewish Men, Jonathan David Publishers, 1996, p. 60.
9The Times, 7 September 2002.
10Jonathan Dee, New York Times, 9 September 2007.
11Forbes, 16 November 2006.
12Mark Milner and Luke Harding, Guardian, 1 May 2008.
13Dominic Midgley, Spectator, 8 October 2005.
14Robert Service, Observer, 22 July 2007.
Chapter 2: The Russian Billionaires’ Club
1D. Midgeley and C. Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire From Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2005, p. 55.
2From www.newyorkerfilms.com, October 2002.
3BBC News Online, October 2002.
4Financial Times, 1 November 1996.
5Speech to the Frontline Club, June 2007.
6Ibid.
7WPS Monitoring Agency, July 2002.
8Paul Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, Harcourt, 2000, p. 118.
9Oliver Harvey and Nick Parker, Sun, 16 March 2007.
10Dominic Midgley, Management Today, 28 October 2004.
11P. Gumbel, Time, 2 November 2003.
12Chrystia Freeland, Sale of the Century, Little Brown, 2000, p. 117.
13Michael Gillard, ‘From the Kremlin to Knightsbridge’, BBC Radio 4, November 2006.
14Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand, Random House, 2003, p. 207.
15M. Kramer, ‘Rescuing Boris’ Time, 15 July 1996.
16A. Cowell, The Terminal Spy, Doubleday, 2008, p. 56.
17Kramer, op. cit.
18Ibid.
19Klebnikov, op. cit., p. 218.
20Financial Times, 26 April 2003.
21Talbot, op. cit., p. 207.
22Klebnikov, op. cit., p. 201.
23Talbot, op. cit., p. 207.
24D. Midgley and C. Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 56.
25Kommersant, 16 November 1995.
26Andrew Jack, Inside Putin’s Russia, Granta, 2005, p. 83.
27John Thornhill, Financial Times, 28 August 1998.
28See, for example O. Kryshtanovskaya and S. White, ‘The Rise of the Russian Business Elite’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 38 (2005), p. 298.
29Quoted in A. Osborn, ‘The World’s Richest Russian Is Sued for $3 billion in London’, Independent on Sunday, 25 February 2007.
30Interview with Financial Times, 13 July 2007.
31P. Boone and D. Rodionov, ‘Rent Seeking in Russia and the CIS’, Brunswick UBS, Warburg, Moscow, 2002.
32Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Allen Lane, 2007, p. 249.
33Interviewed in Counterpunch, 27 February 2004.
34‘Question Time’, BBC Television, 7 June 2007.
35M. E. de Boyrie, S. J. Pak and J. S. Zdanowicz, ‘Estimating the Magnitude of Capital Flight Due to Abnormal Pricing in International Trade. The Russia-US Case’, CIBER Working Paper, Florida International University, 2004.
36Michael Freedman, ‘Welcome to Londongrad’, Forbes Global, 23 May 2005; see R. Skidelsky, St Petersburg Times, 4 January 2003; David Satter, Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State, Yale University Press, 2003, p. 55.
37Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times, 19 April 2000.
38Nick Kochan, The Washing Machine, Duckworth, 2005, p. 17.
39C. Freeland, Sale of the Century, Abacus, 2005, p. 180.
40S. F. Cohen, Failed Crusade, Norton, 2000, p. 122.
41‘Why I Became a Russian Oligarch’, Financial Times, 29 June 2000.
42Quoted in Observer, 30 August 1998.
Chapter 3: Putin’s Purge
1A. Goldfarb with M. Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident, Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 206.
2Vladimir Voinovich, ‘Russia’s Blank Slate’, New York Times, 30 March 2000.
3D. Midgley and C. Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 114.
4East Constitutional Review, vol. 19, no. 4, Fall 2000.
5Moscow Times, 7 October 2003.
6Goldfarb with Litvinenko, op. cit., p. 183.
7Adi Ignattius, ‘A Tsar is Born’, Time, vol. 170, no. 27, 31 December 2007.
8J. Laughland, ‘Putin Has Been Vilified by the West - but He is Still a Great Leader’, Daily Mail, 22 September 2007.
9Vladimir Isachenkov, ‘New Putin Biography on Shelves’, Associated Press, 17 January 2002.
10R. Polonsky, ‘The Spy Who Came in from the Cold’, New Statesman, 15 March 2004.
11Speaking to the Frontline Club, 6 June 2007.
12Ignattius, op. cit.
13Goldfarb with Litvinenko, op. cit., p. 135.
14‘Leaders: Putin’s People, Russia’s Government’, The Economist, 25 August 2007.
15Labour Minister Sergey Kalashnikov, news conference, 27 October 1999.
16Interview with Anatoly Chubais, Der Spiegel, 25 September 2007.
17Speaking on ‘Rich in Russia’, Frontline, PBS, October 2003.
18‘Aeroflot, an Oligarch and a Complex Business Deal’, Financial Times, 28 July 2000.
19P. Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, Harcourt, 2000, pp. 286-7.
20Goldfarb with Litvinenko, op. cit., p. 181.
21Ibid., p. 182.
22David E. Hoffman, The Oligarchs, Public Affairs, 2002, p. 487.
23Goldfarb with Litvinenko, op. cit., p. 206.
24Klebnikov, op. cit., p. 16.
25Simon Bell, ‘Russian Billionaires Beware’, Daily Telegraph, 27 July 2003.
26‘Particulars of Claim: Boris Berezovsky v Roman Abramovich’, Commercial Court, High Court, 8 January 2008.
27G. York, ‘Kremlin Tightens Muzzle on Media’, Toronto Globe & Mail, 21 November 2000.
28Vanity Fair, July 2000.
Chapter 4: Hiding the Money
1Jamestown news service, Eurasian Monitor, vol. 6, issue 214, 15 November 2000.
2A. Goldfarb with M. Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident, Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 237.
3R. Kay, Daily Mail, 4 September 2008.
4Patrick E. Tyler, ‘Russian Says Kremlin Faked “Terror Attacks”’, New York Times, 1 February 2002.
5Ibid.
Chapter 5: The Russians Have Landed
1Keith Dovkants, Evening Standard, 3 March 2008.
2G. Tett, ‘Russian Money Aids a Bear Market’, Financial Times, 7 February 1994.
3C. Freeland, Sale of the Century, Abacus, 2005, p. 158.
4Quoted in P. Lashmar, et al., ‘Russians in London’, Independent on Sunday, 12 September 1999.
5Evening Standard, 11 March 2002.
6Blavatnik was born in Russia but is now an American citizen.
7Knight Frank and Citi Bank, Annual Wealth Report, 2007; the rise in the relative prices in London compared to New York partly reflects the heavy depreciation in the dollar in the last three years. Had the dollar remained stable, New York would now be worth around a quarter more in pounds per square foot.
8Knight Frank, Country Review, 2007.
Chapter 6: Boys with Toys
1Quoted in Sun, 6 August 2007.
2Quoted in Financial Times, 27 November 2004.
3D. Midgley and C. Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 13.
4Quoted in G. Rayner and O. Koster, ‘Putin “Told Roman to Clean Up His Act”’, Daily Mail, 15 March 2007.
5Dominic Midgley, Spectator, 8 October 2005.
6Observer, 24 December 2006.
7T. Walker and R. Eden, ‘Roman’s Candle’, Sunday Telegraph, 29 October 2006.
8Quoted in A. Blundy, ‘Cash and Caviar’, Guardian, 8 September 1994.
9Quoted in L. Thomas, ‘Rich Russians Go on London Spending Spree’, Sunday Times, 13 February 1994.
10Quoted in C. Toomey, ‘The Tsars Come Out to Play’, Sunday Times, 23 April 2006.
11Quoted in Stefanie Marsh, The Times, 13 July 2006.
12Quoted in K. Murphy, ‘Ruble Rousers’, New Republic, 4 February 2007.
13A. Akbar and A. Osborne, ‘Harvey Nichols Goes East, Independent, 16 April 2005.
14Quoted in Thomas, op. cit.
15Ibid.
16Quoted in V. Groskop, ‘Tsar Attractions’, Guardian, 19 August 2005.
17Vogue, November 2006.
18Financial Times, 8 October 2005.
Chapter 7: The Big Game Hunters
1International Herald Tribune, 10 March 2007.
2Quoted in M. Taylor, ‘Salesroom Records Tumbled in a Frenetic Week’, Guardian, 23 June 2007.
3G. Barker, ‘Party Could Run and Run’, Evening Standard, 9 February 2007.
4Abigail Asher, Spear’s Wealth Management Survey, Art and Collecting Special, Spring 2007.
5The Times, 22 August 2006.
6Asher, op. cit.
7Express on Sunday, 24 June 2007.
8Quoted in The Times, 9 June 2007.
9Ibid.
10William Hazlitt, Political Essays, 1819.
11Mike Von Joel, ‘After the Second Home, Mistress and Boat - an Art Collection, That’s the Thing’, State of Art, Spring 2007.
12Ibid.
13‘The Great Russian Art Boom’, Channel 4, 28 September 2008.
14Ibid.
15The Times, 22 August 2006.
16Ian Cobain, ‘Usmanov’s responses to Guardian questions’, www.guardian.co.uk, 19 November 2007.
17See note 1.
18Andrew Osborn, Independent on Sunday, 11 June 2006.
19Vogue, November 2006.
20Stefanie Marsh, The Times, 13 July 2006.
21Mail on Sunday, 18 March 2007.
22Quoted in Sunday Times, 13 July 2008.
23Anna Politkovskaya, A Russian Diary, Harvill Secker, 2007, p. 43.
24Guardian, 27 February 2003.
25Mineweb, 15 January 2007.
Chapter 8: The Curse of Yukos
1Michael Gillard, ‘From the Kremlin to Knightsbridge’, BBC Radio 4, November 2006.
2Alan Cowell, The Terminal Spy, Doubleday, 2008, p. 174.
3Russian money-laundering: hearings before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, US House of Representatives, 21-22 September 1999, p. 191.
4Khodorkovsky owned 28 per cent of Menatep, which, in turn, owned most of Yukos.
5Thomas Catan, Financial Times, 16 May 2004.
6Lucy Komisar, ‘Yukos Kingpin on Trial’, CorpWatch, 10 May 2005.
7Gillard, op. cit.
8Quoted in Mail on Sunday, 23 November 2003.
9Gillard, op. cit.
10Trade was another widely used means of siphoning off large volumes of money and defrauding Russia. Exporters would report selling at a price well below the actual price received and the difference would be stashed away in foreign bank accounts. Maria E. de Boyrie, Simon J. Pak and John S. Zdanowicz, ‘Estimating the Magnitude of Capital Flight due to Abnormal Pricing in International Trade: the Russia-USA Case’, Center for International Business and Educational Research Working Paper, Florida University, 2004.
11Lucy Komisar, ‘While Washington Denies Any Problem, Swiss Probe “Missing” $4.8 Billion Loan to Russia’, Pacific News Service, 16 October 2000.
12Simon Pirani, ‘Oligarch? No, I’m Just an Oil Magnate’, Observer, 4 June 2000.
13Guardian, 15 December 2001.
14‘The Tycoon and the President’, The Economist, 21 May 2005.
15Valentine Low, ‘Russian Oil Baron Builds £10m Bridge with West’, Evening Standard, 11 December 2001.
16Guardian, 15 December 2001.
17Lucy Komisar, ‘Yukos Kingpin on Trial’, CorpWatch, 10 May 2005.
18Rachel Campbell-Johnston, ‘Walpole’s Coming Home’, The Times, 2 October 2002.
19Rob Blackhurst, New Statesman, 31 January 2005.
20Andrew Jack, Inside Putin’s Russia, Granta, 2005, p. 213.
21Jack, op. cit., p. 310.
22Quoted in Financial Times, 13 November 2003.
23Quoted in Marshall Goldman, ‘The Rule of Outlaws Is Over’, Transition Newsletter, Vol. 14/15, 2004.
24Kim Sengupta, Independent, 20 July 2004.
25Spectator, 8 October 2005.
26Sengupta, op. cit.
27Quoted in A. Higgins and S. Liesman, ‘Markets Under Siege’, Wall Street Journal Europe, 24 September 1998.
28Quoted in Nick Kochan, ‘Mammon: Russia’s Unorthodox Exile’, Observer, 26 March 2006.
29Standard Schaefer, ‘Russia: Reforming the Reformers,’ Counterpunch, 27 February 2004..
30Pirani, op. cit.
31Schaefer, op. cit.
32Paul Starobin, ‘A Russian’s Plea to Back America’, BusinessWeek, 14 March 2003.
33Quoted in Independent, 12 January 2007.
34Paul Klebnikov, Wall Street Journal, 17 November 2003.
35See note 1.
36Quoted in Peter Baker and Susan Glasser, ‘How Democracy Was Rolled Back in Russia’, Wall Street Journal, 8 June 2005.
37‘Key Shareholder in YUKOS Granted Israeli Citizenship’, Haaretz, 5 November 2003.
Chapter 9: Plotting Revolution
1Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand, Random House, 2003, p. 207.
2Quoted in ‘Worldbeaters’, New Internationalist, December 2003.
3The Russian Godfathers: The Fugitive, Oxford Productions, BBC2, 8 December 2005.
4David Charter and Philip Webster, ‘Groucho Trips up the G8 Spin Doctors’, The Times, 13 July 2006.
5New Perspective Quarterly, September 2004.
6Russian Godfathers, op. cit.
7Dow Jones International News, 17 November 2003.
8Tony Halpin, ‘Putin Critic Charged with Stealing $13 million from Bank’, The Times, 31 July 2003.
9‘There Is Nothing to Take Away from There’, Kommersant, 13 May 2005.
10Quoted in Mark Franchetti, ‘Russian Threat to Reveal Putin’s Corrupt Aides’, Sunday Times, 24 April 2005.
11Nick Paton Walsh, ‘Moscow Diary: Crime Pays’, Guardian, 2 April 2005.
12Gordon Hahn, ‘Managed Democracy? Building Stealth Authoritarianism in St Petersburg’, Demoktratizatsiya, 12, no. 2, Spring 2004, pp. 195-231.
13Paul Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, Harcourt, 2000.
14Russia’s GDP in 2004 was $458 billion.
15Y. Osetinskaya, ‘Thirty-Six Billionaires’, Vedomosti, 13 May 2004.
16Ibid.
17Olga Kryshtanovskaya and Stephen White, ‘Putin’s Militocracy’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 19, no. 4, (October-December 2003), pp. 289-306.
18A. Cowell, The Terminal Spy, Doubleday, 2008, p. 48.
19New York Review of Books, 13 April 2000.
20Sunday Times, 23 December 2007.
21Guardian, 13 April 2007.
22Russian Interior Ministry News Bulletin, 11 December 2001.
23‘Worldbeaters’, op. cit.
24Quoted in Michael Freedman. ‘Dark Force’, Forbes, 21 May 2007.
25Minutes of Evidence Before the Foreign Affairs Committee, HC 495-iii, 18 July 2007.
1According to some accounts, there were more than three Russians at the meeting, at least initially. See Alan Cowell, The Terminal Spy, Doubleday, 2008, p. 8.
2Ibid., p. 22.
3Viv Groskop, interview with Marina Litvinenko, Observer, 3 June 2007.
4Ibid.
5Sunday AM, BBC1, 10 December 2006.
6Thomas de Waal, ‘Murder Most Foul’, Washington Post, 27 July 2008.
7Gary Busch, a London-based transportation consultant, quoted in Bryan Burroughs, ‘The Kremlin’s Long Shadow’, Vanity Fair, 1 April 2007.
8Martin Sixsmith, The Litvinenko File, Macmillan, 2007, p. 168.
9Tom Mangold, ‘The Litvinenko Mystery’, BBC Radio 4, 16 December 2006.
10Ibid.
11Sixsmith, op. cit., p. 305.
12Ibid., pp. 244-5.
13Moscow Times, 24 April 2007.
14Newsnight, BBC2, 7 July 2008.
15The group of three was joined by another man, but only as Litvinenko was leaving. The man’s role remains unclear but he was not contaminated with polonium and is not believed to be a suspect.
16A. Goldfarb with M. Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident, Simon & Schuster, 2007, Part V: The Return of the KGB.
17Bryan Burroughs, ‘The Kremlin’s Long Shadow’, Vanity Fair, 1 April 2007.
18Quoted in C. Shulgan, ‘I, Spy - Russia’s Most Wanted’, Toronto Globe & Mail, 31 March 2007.
19‘Litvinenko Poisoning: An Interview with Yevgeny Limarov’, Kommersant-Vlast, 25 June 2007.
20Sixsmith, op. cit., p. 281.
21Olga Kryshtanovskaya and Stephen White, ‘Putin’s Militocracy’, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 19, no. 4, 2003.
22Sharon Werning Rivera and David Rivera, ‘The Russian Elite Under Putin: Militocratic or Bourgeois?’, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 22, no. 2, 2006, pp. 125-44.
23Arkady Ostrovsky, ‘Yukos Crisis: Putin Oversees Big Rise in Influence of Security Apparatus’, Financial Times, 1 November 2003.
24Ibid.
Chapter 11: Showdown
1Quoted in Catherine Belton, Financial Times, 13 July 2007.
2Keith Dovkants, ‘Abramovich Accused of £5 bn Shares Blackmail’, Evening Standard, 11 October 2007.
3This account is as reported by Berezovsky. Abramovich and his representatives refused to comment.
4Kevin Dowling, Sunday Times, 7 October 2007.
5‘Berezovsky v Abramovich’, [2008] EWHC 1138 (Comm) (22 May 2008) paras 4(e) and 2; ‘Particulars of Claim’, Berezovsky v Abramovich, High Court, 8 January, 2008, p. 17.
6Dominic Midgley and Chris Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 239.
7Eric Reguly, Toronto Globe & Mail, 12 November 2007.
8Luke Harding, Guardian, 24 July 2007.
9Belton, op. cit.
10Ibid.
11Andrew Kramer, New York Times, 20 August 2006.
12Ruling by Justice Clarke, ‘Cherney v Deripaska’ - 2008 EWHC 1530 (Comm), Queen’s Bench Division, High Court, 3 July 2008, para. 58.
13Belton, op. cit.
14Quoted in ruling by Justice Clarke, para. 9.
15Ibid., para. 9.
16Ibid., para. 166.
17Sabrina Tavernise, ‘Handful of Corporate Raiders Transform Russia’s Economy’, New York Times, 13 August 2002.
18Rusal always claimed that the dispute between Cherney and Deripaska was a matter for them and not the company, making the company’s main owner the sole defendant.
19Ruling by Justice Langley, ‘Cherney v Deripaska’ - 2007 EWHC 965 (Comm) - Case No. 2006 Folio 1218, Queen’s Bench High Court, 3 May 2007, para. 39.
20Ibid., para. 45.
21Ruling by Justice Clarke, op. cit., para. 264.
22Ibid., para. 47.
23Ibid., para. 10.
24Benjamin Wegg-Prosser, Guardian Blog, Guardian, 23 October 2008.
25Jon Ungoed-Thomas and Nicola Smith, ‘The Secret World of Lord Freebie’, Sunday Times, 10 October 2008.
26Washington Post, 25 January 2008.
27John Helmer, ‘Deripaska Settles Big London Claim to Speed Aluminium IPO’, www.johnhelmer.net, May 2007.
28Quoted in Toronto Star, 13 November 2007.
29‘Jim Pettit: Immigration from Russia to the US Seems to Have Peaked and Is Now Falling’, Interfax, 2007.
30Martin Sixsmith, The Litvinenko File, Macmillan, 2007, p. 135.
31Belton, op. cit., 13 July 2007.
32Nicolas van Praet, ‘Magna’s Man in Moscow Remains a Mystery’, Financial Post, 25 August 2007.
33Financial Times, 19 July 2005.
34Mail on Sunday, 30 April 2006.
35St Petersburg Times, 2 May 2006.
36Terry Macalister. ‘City Are Worried by the Rush to Float’, Guardian, 1 November 2006.
37Independent, 27 June 2006.
38Edward Lucas, ‘We Must Be Tough with the Despot’, Daily Mail, 13 July 2007.
39John Helmer, ‘Cherney and Putin to the Rescue of Russian Aluminium’, Standart News Agency, 4 September 2007.
40Belton, op. cit.
Chapter 12: Paint the Town Red
1D. Robertson, The Times, 11 October 2008.
2Geordie Greig, ‘Capital Gains’, Tatler, June 2007.
3Independent, 17 December 2006.
4Chris Blackhurst, Evening Standard, 30 April 2007.
5Daily Mail, 1 May 2007.
6Quoted in J. Sherman, ‘Super-Rich Barred as Kensington Keeps it in Family’, The Times, 14 November 2005.
7Helen Davies, Sunday Times, 12 November 2006.
8Sunday Times, 4 July 2004.
9Quoted in K. Sekules, ‘The Best Town to Make an Upper Lip Stiff’, New York Times, 7 February 2007.
10Editorial, Spear’s Wealth Management Survey, Winter 2006/7.
11Rosie Cox, The Servant Problem, Tauris, 2006.
12Financial Times, 27 October 2007.
13See, for example, Doreen Massey, World City, Polity, 2007, chapter 2; Chris Hamnett, Unequal City: London in the Global Arena, Routledge, 2003; Greater London Authority, London Divided: Income Inequality and Poverty in the Capital, London, 2003.
14Evening Standard, 6 July 2007.
15Simon Parker and David Goodhart, ‘A City of Capital’, Prospect, April 2007.
16Ajay Kapur et al., ‘The Global Investigator. Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances’, Citigroup Equity Research, 14 October 2005.
17Luke Harding, Guardian, 14 October 2008.
18See note 1.
19Guardian, 25 October 2008.
20Andrew E. Kramer, New York Times, 18 October 2008.