Biographical Notes

Henry Livermore Abbott (January 21, 1842–May 6, 1864) Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, the son of a lawyer active in Democratic politics. Graduated from Harvard College in 1860 and began studying law in his father’s office. Commissioned second lieutenant, 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, July 10, 1861. Formed close friendship with his fellow officer Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Fought at Ball’s Bluff. Promoted to first lieutenant, November 1861. Fought at Fair Oaks and in the Seven Days’ Battles, where he was wounded in the arm at Glendale. Older brother Edward killed at Cedar Mountain. Fought at Fredericksburg (December 1862 and May 1863) and Gettysburg; promoted to captain, December 1862, and major, October 1863. Became acting commander of the 20th Massachusetts after all of the regimental officers senior to him were killed or wounded at Gettysburg. Led the regiment at Briscoe Station and fought at Mine Run and at the battle of the Wilderness, where he was fatally wounded on May 6, 1864.

Charles Francis Adams (August 18, 1807–November 21, 1886) Born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of John Quincy Adams and Louisa Johnson Adams and grandson of John and Abigail Adams. Graduated from Harvard in 1825. Admitted to the bar in 1829. Married Abigail Brown Brooks the same year. Served as a Whig in the Massachusetts house of representatives, 1841–43, and in the state senate, 1844–45. Vice-presidential candidate of the Free Soil Party in 1848. Edited The Works of John Adams (1850–56). Served in Congress as a Republican, 1859–61. As U.S. minister to Great Britain, 1861–68, helped maintain British neutrality in the Civil War. Served as the U.S. representative on the international arbitration tribunal that settled American claims against Great Britain for losses caused by Confederate commerce raiders built in British shipyards, 1871–72. Edited the Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (1874–77). Died in Boston.

Henry Adams (February 16, 1838–March 27, 1918) Born in Boston, Massachusetts. Brother of Charles Francis Adams Jr., son of lawyer Charles Francis Adams and Abigail Brooks Adams, grandson of John Quincy Adams, great-grandson of John Adams. Graduated Harvard 1858; studied law in Berlin and Dresden until 1860. Served as secretary to father while Charles Francis Adams served in Congress, 1860–61, and as U.S. minister to Great Britain, 1861–68. Reported British reaction to the American Civil War as anonymous London correspondent of The New York Times, 1861–62. Returned to Washington, D.C., in 1868 to work as journalist. Appointed assistant professor of history at Harvard (1870–77); assumed editorship of North American Review (1870–76). Married Marion Hooper in 1872. Published The Life of Albert Gallatin (1879), biography; Democracy (1880), a novel that appeared anonymously; John Randolph (1882), a biography; Esther (1884), a novel that appeared pseudonymously; History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (1889–91); Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres: A Study of Thirteenth-Century Unity (1904); The Education of Henry Adams (1907). Died in Washington.

Lois Bryan Adams (October 14, 1817–June 28, 1870) Born in Whitestown, New York, the daughter of a carpenter. Family moved in 1823 to Michigan Territory and settled near Ypsilanti, then moved to the Constantine area in 1835. Attended White Pigeon Academy, branch of the University of Michigan, in 1839. Married James R. Adams, a newspaper editor, in 1841. Moved to Kentucky after her husband died of consumption in 1848, and taught school for three years before returning to Michigan in 1851. Began writing for the monthly (later weekly) Michigan Farmer and for the Detroit Advertiser and Tribune. Moved to Detroit in 1853 to work on the Michigan Farmer, and became its copublisher in 1854 and household editor in 1856. Sold her interest in the publication in 1861. Published Sybelle and Other Poems (1862). Moved to Washington, D.C., in 1863 to take post as clerk in the recently formed Department of Agriculture and became assistant to the director of the agricultural museum. Volunteered during the war for the Michigan Soldiers’ Relief Association while contributing columns to the Detroit Advertiser and Tribune. Continued work at the Department of Agriculture after the war. Died in Washington, D.C.

John A. Andrew (May 31, 1818–October 30, 1867) Born in Windham, Maine, the son of a storekeeper and a former schoolteacher. Graduated from Bowdoin College in 1837. Studied law in Boston and began practice there after being admitted to the bar in 1840. An antislavery Whig, Andrew helped organize the Free Soil Party in Massachusetts in 1848. Married Eliza Jane Hersey in 1848. Elected as a Republican in 1857 to one-year term in the state house of representatives. Raised money for John Brown’s legal defense after the Harpers Ferry raid in 1859. Elected governor of Massachusetts in 1860 and was reelected four times, serving from January 1861 to January 1866. Began strengthening state militia immediately after taking office in 1861, and became a strong supporter of the Union war effort and of emancipation. Urged enlistment of black soldiers, and organized the 54th and 55th Massachusetts Infantry in 1863, the first black infantry regiments raised by a northern state. Resumed law practice after retiring from office in 1866. Died in Boston.

George Richard Browder (January 11, 1827–September 3, 1886) Born in Logan County, Kentucky, the son of a slave-owning farmer. Attended Male Academy in Clarksville, Tennessee. Licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1846, ordained as a deacon in 1848 and as an elder in 1850. Married Ann Elizabeth Warfield in 1850. Received farm in Logan County as gift from his father in 1853. Preached on Logan circuit, 1861–63, and at Hadensville, 1863–65. Continued preaching after the war despite recurring illness. Appointed presiding elder of the Louisville Conference in 1876 and served until his death in Logan County.

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (September 8, 1828–February 24, 1914) Born in Brewer, Maine, the son of a farmer. Graduated from Bowdoin College in 1852 and from Bangor Theological Seminary, a Congregational institution, in 1855. Accepted professorship at Bowdoin, where he taught natural theology, logic, rhetoric, and modern languages. Married Frances (Fanny) Caroline Adams in 1855. Used two-year leave of absence, originally granted by the college to study languages in Europe, to obtain commission as lieutenant colonel in the newly formed 20th Maine Infantry in August 1862. Served in reserve at Antietam and saw action at Shepherdstown and Fredericksburg. Became colonel of the 20th Maine in late May 1863 and led the regiment at Gettysburg, where it helped defend Little Round Top on July 2. Promoted to command the Third Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps in August 1863, but fell ill with malaria in November. Served on court-martial duty in early 1864 before rejoining the 20th Maine at Spotsylvania in May 1864. Led regiment at the North Anna River and Cold Harbor before becoming commander of the First Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps. Seriously wounded by gunshot to the pelvis while leading brigade in assault at Petersburg on June 18, 1864. Promoted to brigadier general. Returned to brigade command in November 1864. Wounded in arm and chest at Quaker Road, March 29, 1865. Led brigade at White Oak Road, Five Forks, and in the Appomattox campaign. Received formal surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia on April 12, where he ordered his men to salute the defeated Confederates. Mustered out on January 15, 1866, and returned to professorship at Bowdoin. Served four one-year terms as governor of Maine, 1867–71. President of Bowdoin, 1871–83. Taught moral philosophy, 1874–79, and published Maine, Her Place in History (1877). Resigned as college president in 1883 from ill health due to war wounds. Wrote memoir of the final campaign in Virginia, The Passing of the Armies (published posthumously in 1915). Died in Portland, Maine.

John Hampden Chamberlayne (June 2, 1838–February 18, 1882) Born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of a physician. Attended the University of Virginia, 1855–58, read law in Richmond, and was admitted to Virginia bar in 1860. Enlisted in the 21st Virginia Regiment and served in western Virginia, 1861–62. Became artillery sergeant in the Army of Northern Virginia, February 1862, and was promoted to lieutenant, June 1862. Served at Mechanicsville, Gaines’s Mill, Glendale, Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. Captured at Millerstown, Pennsylvania, on June 28, 1863. Exchanged in March 1864. Served in Overland campaign and the siege of Petersburg. Promoted to captain, August 1864. Evaded surrender at Appomattox Court House and joined Confederate forces in North Carolina before giving his parole at Atlanta, Georgia, on May 12, 1865. Became journalist at the Petersburg Index in 1869. Married Mary Walker Gibson in 1873. Edited the Norfolk Virginian, 1873–76. Founded The State newspaper in Richmond in 1876 and edited it until his death. Died in Richmond.

Mary Chesnut (March 31, 1823–November 22, 1886) Born Mary Boykin Miller in Statesburg, Sumter County, South Carolina, the daughter of Stephen Miller, a former congressman who later served as governor of South Carolina and in the U.S. Senate, and Mary Boykin Miller. Educated at a French boarding school in Charleston. Married James Chesnut Jr. in 1840 and lived on Mulberry, the Chesnut family plantation near Camden, South Carolina. Lived in Washington, D.C., while husband served in the Senate, 1859–60. Spent much of the Civil War in Richmond, Virginia, where her husband served as an advisor to Jefferson Davis, and formed close friendship with Varina Davis. Wrote three unfinished novels after the war, and extensively revised and expanded her wartime journal from 1881 to 1884. Died in Camden.

William Henry Harrison Clayton (June 1840–December 18, 1917) Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Moved with family to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1842 and to western Van Buren County, Iowa, where his father bought a farm in 1855. Enlisted in Company H, 19th Iowa Infantry, in August 1862, and was made the company clerk. Served in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, September 1862–May 1863, and fought in the battle of Prairie Grove. Promoted to sergeant in April 1863. Sent with regiment to Vicksburg in mid-June and served in siege until Confederate surrender on July 4, 1863. Remained in Mississippi until late July, when the 19th Iowa was posted to Louisiana. Captured along with two hundred men from his regiment at Sterling’s Plantation near Morganza, Louisiana, on September 29, 1863. Held as prisoner of war at Shreveport, Louisiana, and Marshall and Tyler, Texas, before being exchanged in July 1864. Rejoined regiment and served at Fort Barrancas near Pensacola, Florida, August–December 1864, and at the entrance to Mobile Bay and in southeastern Mississippi, December 1864–March 1865. Saw action in the siege of Spanish Fort near Mobile, March 27–April 8, 1865. Remained at Mobile after Confederate surrender until July 1865, when his regiment was mustered out. Returned to Iowa, then moved in fall 1865 to Pittsburgh, where he worked as a bookkeeper. Married cousin Elizabeth Cooper in 1869; she died in 1876. Moved in 1879 to farm in Orange, California. Married cousin Ora Clayton in 1879. Gave up farming in 1887 to become public notary and sell insurance and real estate. Served as Orange city treasurer, 1888–92 and 1898–1904, and as city councilman, 1894–98. Died in Orange.

Patrick R. Cleburne (March 16, 1828–November 30, 1864) Born in Ovens, County Cork, Ireland, the son of a physician. Apprenticed in 1844 to a physician in Mallow. Applied to study medicine at Apothecaries’ Hall in Dublin, but was rejected for failing to meet the Greek and Latin requirements. Enlisted as private in the 41st Regiment of Foot in 1846 and served on garrison duty in Ireland during the Great Famine. Promoted to corporal in 1849. Purchased discharge and emigrated to United States with his sister and two brothers; arrived in New Orleans on December 25, 1849. Settled in 1850 in Helena, Arkansas, where he managed and later co-owned a drugstore. Sold his share in the store in 1854 and read law. Admitted to bar in January 1856 and began successful legal practice. Became close friend of Democratic politician Thomas C. Hindman (later a Confederate general). Feud between Hindman and Know-Nothing leader Dorsey Rice resulted in gunfight in May 1856 in which Cleburne killed Rice’s brother-in-law and was himself seriously wounded. Elected captain of Yell Rifles, a local militia company, in summer 1860 and colonel of the 1st Arkansas Infantry in May 1861. Appointed brigade commander in Army of Central Kentucky in October 1861. Promoted to brigadier general in March 1862. Led brigade at Shiloh, Richmond (Kentucky), and Perryville, and was shot in mouth at Richmond. Promoted to major general in December 1862. Commanded division at Stones River, Chickamauga, and Chattanooga. Proposed emancipating and arming slaves in address to generals of the Army of Tennessee, January 2, 1864. Led division in Atlanta campaign and in General John B. Hood’s invasion of Tennessee. Killed in battle of Franklin.

Richard Cobden (June 3, 1804–April 2, 1865) Born in Heyshott, near Midhurst, West Sussex, England, the son of a farmer. Attended Bowes Hall School in Yorkshire before entering his uncle’s calico trading firm in London in 1819. Formed his own trading partnership in 1828 and opened calico printing works in Sabden, Lancashire, in 1831. Moved to Manchester in 1832. Traveled to the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. Published pamphlets England, Ireland, and America (1835) and Russia (1836), criticizing military expenditures and advocating free trade. Helped form Anti-Corn-Law League to campaign for repeal of duties on imported grain. Began friendship and political collaboration with orator John Bright. Married Catherine Anne Williams in 1840. Elected to Parliament in 1841. Following the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, traveled to France, Spain, Italy, and Russia. Campaigned for free trade, international arbitration, and the reduction of armaments. Opposed the Crimean War and criticized British policy in China. Lost parliamentary seat in 1857 but was elected by another constituency in 1859. Helped negotiate commercial treaty with France in 1860, and organized international peace conferences. Publicly supported the Union and opposed British intervention in the Civil War. Died in London.

James A. Connolly (March 8, 1838–December 15, 1914) Born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of a tanner. Moved with family around 1850 to Chesterville, Ohio. Graduated from Selby Academy in Chesterville and studied law. Admitted to the bar in 1859 and served as assistant clerk of the Ohio state senate, 1859–60. Moved to Charleston, Illinois, in 1860. Mustered into service as major of the newly-formed 123rd Illinois Infantry in September 1862. Fought at Perryville. Married Mary Dunn, sister of the judge with whom he had read law, in February 1863. Fought at Milton (Vaught’s Hill) and Chickamauga. Joined staff of the Third Division, Fourteenth Corps, commanded by Brigadier General Absalom Baird. Served at Chattanooga, in the Atlanta campaign, and in Sherman’s marches through Georgia and the Carolinas. Helped escort Abraham Lincoln’s body to Springfield. Returned to law practice in Charleston before moving to Springfield in 1886. Served in Illinois state house of representatives, 1872–76, as U.S. attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, 1876–85 and 1889–94, and as a Republican congressman, 1895–99. Died in Springfield.

Richard Cordley (September 6, 1829–July 11, 1904) Born in Nottingham, England. Family moved to farm in Livingston County, Michigan Territory, in 1833. Attended Ann Arbor Classical School. Graduated from the University of Michigan in 1854 and Andover Theological Seminary in 1857. Recruited by American Home Missionary Society to settle in Kansas. Became minister of Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence in December 1857. Founded quarterly (later monthly) publication Congregational Record and married Mary Ann Minta Cox in 1859. Established Sunday and night schools to educate runaway slaves, helped other fugitives flee to Canada, and founded the Second Congregational Church (“Freedman’s Church”) for freed slaves in 1862. Escaped injury during William Quantrill’s raid on Lawrence on August 21, 1863, although his house and office were destroyed. Helped found the University of Kansas in 1866. Resigned position at Plymouth Congregational in 1875. Served as pastor in Flint, Michigan, 1875–78, and Emporia, Kansas, 1878–84. Returned to Lawrence and served as pastor of Plymouth Congregational from 1884 until his death. Published A History of Lawrence, Kansas (1895) and Pioneer Days in Kansas (1903). Died in Lawrence.

Kate Cumming (December 1826–June 5, 1909). Born Catherine Cumming in Edinburgh, Scotland. Moved with family to Montreal and then to Mobile, Alabama, arriving there by 1845. Volunteered after the battle of Shiloh in April 1862 to help nurse Confederate soldiers in northern Mississippi. Returned to Mobile after two months, then began serving in September 1862 as hospital matron in Chattanooga, where she was officially enrolled as a member of the Confederate army medical department. Following the evacuation of Chattanooga in the summer of 1863, served at several field hospitals in Georgia and Alabama. Returned to Mobile after the war. Published A Journal of Hospital Life in the Confederate Army of Tennessee (1866). Moved with father in 1874 to Birmingham, Alabama, where she taught school and gave music lessons. Published Gleanings from Southland (1895). Died in Birmingham.

William Parker Cutler (July 12, 1812–April 11, 1889) Born in Warren Township, Washington County, Ohio, the son of a farmer active in local and state politics. Attended Ohio University at Athens, then returned to work on family farm. Elected to Ohio house of representatives as a Whig, 1844–47, and served as speaker, 1846–47. Married Elizabeth P. Voris in 1849. Trustee of Marietta College, 1849–89, and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1850. President of Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 1850–54 and 1858–60. Served in U.S. Congress as a Republican, 1861–63; defeated for reelection. President of Marietta & Pittsburgh Railroad, 1868–72, and served as contractor on railroad construction projects in Indiana and Illinois, 1869–73. Died in Marietta, Ohio.

Maria Lydig Daly (September 12, 1824–August 21, 1894) Born Maria Lydig in New York City, the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant and landowner. Married Judge Charles P. Daly of the New York Court of Common Pleas, the son of poor Irish immigrants, in 1856 despite opposition from many members of her family who objected to his Catholicism and family background. Supported the Woman’s Central Association of Relief during the Civil War and visited sick and wounded soldiers. Died at her country home in North Haven, New York.

Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) Born in Christian (now Todd) County, Kentucky, the son of a farmer. Moved with his family to Mississippi. Graduated from West Point in 1828 and served in the Black Hawk War. Resigned his commission in 1835 and married Sarah Knox Taylor, who died later in the year. Became a cotton planter in Warren County, Mississippi. Married Varina Howell in 1845. Elected to Congress as a Democrat and served 1845–46, then resigned to command a Mississippi volunteer regiment in Mexico, 1846–47, where he fought at Monterrey and was wounded at Buena Vista. Elected to the Senate and served from 1847 to 1851, when he resigned to run unsuccessfully for governor. Secretary of war in the cabinet of Franklin Pierce, 1853–57. Elected to the Senate and served from 1857 to January 21, 1861, when he withdrew following the secession of Mississippi. Inaugurated as provisional president of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861. Elected without opposition to six-year term in November 1861 and inaugurated on February 22, 1862. Captured by Union cavalry near Irwinville, Georgia, on May 10, 1865. Imprisoned at Fort Monroe, Virginia, and indicted for treason. Released on bail on May 13, 1867; the indictment was dropped in 1869 without trial. Published The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government in 1881. Died in New Orleans.

Theodore A. Dodge (May 28, 1842–October 25, 1909) Born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the son of a manufacturer. Educated at Berlin, Heidelberg, and University College, London. Commissioned first lieutenant in Company G, 101st New York Infantry, in February 1862. Led company in the Seven Days’ Battles at Oak Grove, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. Became regimental adjutant during the summer of 1862. Fought at Second Bull Run and was wounded in leg at Chantilly. Resigned from 101st New York and became adjutant of the 119th New York Infantry in November 1862. Fought at Chancellorsville. Wounded in ankle at Gettysburg on July 1 and had right leg amputated below the knee five days later. Commissioned as captain in the Veteran Reserve Corps in November 1863. Served in the enrollment and desertion branches of the Provost Marshal General’s office in Washington, D.C. Married Jane Marshall Neil in 1865. Attended Columbia Law School and was admitted to the District of Columbia bar in 1866. Commissioned as captain in the regular army and served as superintendent of military buildings in Washington, 1866–70. Moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and became successful manufacturer of tires and other rubber products. Published The Campaign of Chancellorsville (1881), A Bird’s-eye View of Our Civil War (1883), Patroclus and Penelope (1886), Great Captains (1889), Alexander (1890), Hannibal (1891), Caesar (1892), Riders of Many Lands (1894), Gustavus Adolphus (1895), Army and Other Tales (1899), and Napoleon (1904–7). Following the death of his wife, married Clara Isabel Bowden in 1892. Moved to Paris in 1900. Died in Nanteuil-le-Hadouin, Oise, France.

Francis Adams Donaldson (June 7, 1840–May 3, 1928). Born in Philadelphia, where he was raised by his aunt after the death of his parents. Worked as clerk in a shipping company. Enlisted in June 1861 in the 1st California Regiment (later the 71st Pennsylvania Infantry) and became a sergeant in Company H. Captured at Ball’s Bluff and was a prisoner in Richmond until his exchange in February 1862. Returned to his regiment and was promoted to second lieutenant. Served in Peninsula campaign and was wounded in the arm at Fair Oaks on May 31, 1862. Commissioned as captain of Company M, 118th Pennsylvania Infantry, in August 1862. Served at Antietam, Shepherdstown, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and in the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns. Feuded with his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel James Gwyn, who refused to give Donaldson permission to resign from the regiment. In December 1863 Donaldson publicly insulted and threatened Gwyn, resulting in Donaldson’s court-martial and dismissal from the army. (Sentence was changed in March 1864 to dismissal without “disability” after Donaldson made a personal appeal to President Lincoln.) Returned to Philadelphia and entered the insurance business. Founded his own company in 1866 and remained at its head until 1917. Married Mary Heyburger Landell in 1872. Died in Philadelphia.

Frederick Douglass (February 1818–February 20, 1895) Born Frederick Bailey in Talbot County, Maryland, the son of a slave mother and an unknown white man. Worked on farms and in Baltimore shipyards. Escaped to Philadelphia in 1838. Married Anna Murray, a free woman from Maryland, and settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he took the name Douglass. Became a lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society, led by William Lloyd Garrison, in 1841. Published Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave (1845). Began publishing North Star, first in a series of antislavery newspapers, in Rochester, New York, in 1847. Broke with Garrison and became an ally of Gerrit Smith, who advocated an antislavery interpretation of the Constitution and participation in electoral politics. Published My Bondage and My Freedom (1855). Advocated emancipation and the enlistment of black soldiers at the outbreak of the Civil War. Met with Abraham Lincoln in Washington in August 1863 and August 1864, and wrote public letter supporting his reelection in September 1864. Continued his advocacy of racial equality and women’s rights after the Civil War. Served as U.S. marshal for the District of Columbia, 1877–81, and as its recorder of deeds, 1881–86. Published Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881). After the death of his wife Anna, married Helen Pitts in 1884. Served as minister to Haiti, 1889–91. Died in Washington, D.C.

Lewis Douglass (October 9, 1840–September 19, 1908) Born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, oldest son of abolitionist Frederick Douglass and Anna Murray Douglass. Moved with family in 1848 to Rochester, New York, where he attended public schools and later worked as a printer for Frederick Douglass’ Paper and Douglass’ Monthly. Along with his brother Charles, enlisted in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry in March 1863. Promoted to sergeant major in April. Fought at Fort Wagner. Given medical discharge on May 10, 1864, after months of illness. Moved to Denver, Colorado, with brother Frederick in 1866 and worked as secretary for a mining company. Returned east in 1869 to work in the Government Printing Office in Washington, D.C. Married Amelia Loguen in 1869. Assisted father in editing and publishing weekly Washington newspaper The New National Era, 1870–74. Served on legislative council for the District of Columbia, 1872–73, and as assistant U.S. marshal for the District, 1877–81. Began successful real estate business. Died in Washington.

Catherine Edmondston (October 10, 1823–January 3, 1875) Born Catherine Ann Devereux in Halifax County, North Carolina, the daughter of a plantation owner. Married Patrick Edmondston in 1846. Lived on Looking Glass, plantation in Halifax County. Published pamphlet The Morte d’Arthur: Its Influence on the Spirit and Manners of the Nineteenth Century (1872), in which she accused the Union army of barbarism. Died in Raleigh.

Wilbur Fisk (June 7, 1839–March 12, 1914). Born in Sharon, Vermont, the son of a farmer. Family moved to Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1852 to work in woolen mills, then returned to Vermont in 1854 and settled on farm in Tunbridge. Worked as hired farm laborer and taught in local schools. Enlisted in September 1861 in Company E, 2nd Vermont Infantry. Contributed regular letters under the name “Anti-Rebel” to The Green Mountain Freeman of Montpelier from December 11, 1861, to July 26, 1865. Saw action in the siege of Yorktown and in the Seven Days’ Battles. Hospitalized with severe diarrhea in Washington, D.C., in early September 1862. Recovered in convalescent camp in Fairfax, Virginia, then went absent without leave and married Angelina Drew of Lawrence, Massachusetts, in February 1863. Returned to regiment in March 1863 and served at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg. Sent with regiment in July 1864 to help defend the capital against Jubal Early’s Washington raid. Served in the Shenandoah Valley at Winchester, Fisher’s Hill, and Cedar Creek before returning to Petersburg siege lines in December 1864. Detached for guard duty at Sixth Corps hospital at City Point, Virginia, in January 1865, and served there for remainder of the war. Rejoined family, who had moved to Geneva, Kansas, and worked on farm. Licensed as Congregational preacher in 1874, and the following year became pastor of a church in Freeborn, Minnesota, where he served until his retirement in 1909. Following the death of his first wife in 1898, married Amanda Dickerson Dickey in 1909. Died in Geneva, Kansas.

Samuel W. Fiske (July 23, 1828–May 22, 1864) Born in Shelburne, Massachusetts. Graduated from Amherst College in 1848. Taught school, studied for three years at the Andover Theological Seminary, then returned to Amherst in 1853 as a tutor. Traveled in Europe and the Middle East. Published Dunn Browne’s Experiences in Foreign Parts (1857), travel letters written to the Springfield Republican under a nom de plume. Became pastor of the Congregational church in Madison, Connecticut, in 1857. Married Elizabeth Foster in 1858. Became second lieutenant in the 14th Connecticut Infantry in August 1862. Signing himself Dunn Browne, wrote weekly letters to the Springfield Republican describing campaigns and camp life (collected in 1866 under the title Mr. Dunn Browne’s Experiences in the Army). Served at Antietam and Fredericksburg. Promoted to captain in early 1863. Captured at Chancellorsville on May 3, 1863, he was paroled in late May and exchanged in June. Served at Gettysburg. Wounded in the battle of the Wilderness on May 6, 1864, and died in Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Charlotte Forten (August 17, 1837–July 22, 1914) Born in Philadelphia, the daughter of Robert Bridges Forten, a sail maker, and Mary Virginia Woods Forten; both parents were members of prominent black Philadelphia families and active abolitionists. Mother died in 1840. Moved to Salem, Massachusetts, in 1853 and lived with family of black abolitionist Charles Lenox Remond while attending Higginson Grammar School and Salem Normal School. Graduated in 1856. Taught school in Salem and Philadelphia and tutored her cousins in Byberry, Pennsylvania, 1856–62, while suffering several bouts of illness. Published poems and essays in The Liberator, Christian Recorder, and National Anti-Slavery Standard. Moved to St. Helena Island, South Carolina, in October 1862 to teach freed slaves, becoming one of the first black schoolteachers in the Sea Islands. Helped nurse wounded soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts after the battle of Fort Wagner in July 1863. Returned to Philadelphia in May 1864. Published essay “Life on the Sea Islands” in the Atlantic Monthly, May–June 1864. Moved to Boston in 1865 to work as secretary at the New England Freedmen’s Union Commission, an organization that supplied financial and material support to teachers of freed slaves. Published translation of French novel Madame Thérèse; or, The Volunteers of ’92 by Emile Erckman and Alexandre Chatrain in 1869. Taught school in Charleston, South Carolina, 1871–72, and Washington, D.C., 1872–73. Worked as clerk in U.S. Treasury Department, 1873–78. Married the Reverend Francis Grimké, nephew of abolitionists Sarah and Angelina Grimké, in 1878. Lived in Jacksonville, Florida, 1885–89, where her husband pastored the Laura Street Presbyterian Church. Returned to Washington, D.C., in 1889 when Francis Grimké became the pastor of the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church. Continued to publish essays and poems. Became a founding member of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896. Died in Washington.

Arthur James Lyon Fremantle (November 11, 1835–September 25, 1901). The son of a major general in the British army, Fremantle graduated from the Royal Military College at Sandhurst and entered the army in 1852. Commissioned in Coldstream Guards in 1853. Promoted to captain in the Coldstream and lieutenant colonel in the army in 1860. Posted the same year to Gibraltar, where he met Confederate naval commander Raphael Semmes in 1862. Became increasingly sympathetic to the Confederate cause and obtained six months’ leave to go to North America. Entered Texas from Mexico in April 1863 and traveled through the Confederacy, meeting Sam Houston, Joseph E. Johnston, Braxton Bragg, Pierre G. T. Beauregard, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and James Longstreet. Witnessed the battle of Gettysburg, then crossed the lines in western Maryland and sailed from New York in July 1863. Published Three Months in the Southern States, April–June 1863 in late 1863. Married Mary Hall in 1864. Commanded a battalion in the Coldstream Guards, 1877–80, and served as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cambridge, commander-in-chief of the army, 1881–82. Promoted to major general in 1882. Served in Sir Garnet Wolseley’s expeditionary force in the Sudan as governor of Suakin, 1884–85, commander of the Brigade of Guards, and chief of staff before returning to England in 1886. Served as governor of Malta, 1894–99. Died at Cowes on the Isle of Wight.

Benjamin B. French (September 4, 1800–August 12, 1870) Born in Chester, New Hampshire, the son of a lawyer who later served as the state attorney general. Admitted to the bar in 1825, the same year he married Elizabeth S. Richardson. Served in New Hampshire house of representatives, 1831–33. Assistant clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1833–45; clerk of the House, 1845–47. President of the Magnetic Telegraphic Company, 1847–50. Commissioner of public buildings in Washington, 1853–55. Left Democratic Party and became a Republican. Appointed commissioner of public buildings in 1861. After the death of his wife in 1861, married Mary Ellen Brady, 1862. Oversaw completion of the U.S. Capitol and helped organize Lincoln’s funeral. Worked as clerk in the Treasury Department after position of commissioner of public buildings was abolished in 1867 by Radical Republicans angered by his support of President Andrew Johnson. Died in Washington, D.C.

Isaac Funk (November 17, 1797–January 29, 1865) Born in Clark County, Kentucky, the son of a farmer. Family moved to farm in Fayette County, Ohio, in 1807. Attended school for parts of three winters before age thirteen. Spent year working in the Kanawha salt works in western Virginia before returning to Ohio in 1821. Began trading in cattle and hogs with his father and brother Absalom. Moved with Absalom in 1824 to McLean County, Illinois, and settled on farm in area later known as Funk’s Grove. Married Cassandra Sharp in 1826. Expanded livestock business, eventually owning 25,000 acres of land on which he raised cattle and hogs for sale in Chicago and other markets. Served as a Whig in the Illinois house of representatives, 1840–42. Helped found Illinois Wesleyan University in 1850. A friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln, Funk was a delegate to the 1860 Republican convention in Chicago and campaigned for Lincoln in the fall. Served as a Republican in the Illinois state senate from 1862 until his death in Bloomington, Illinois.

James Henry Gooding (August 28, 1838–July 19, 1864). Born into slavery in North Carolina, Gooding had his freedom purchased by James M. Gooding, possibly his father, and was brought to New York City. Enrolled in September 1846 in the New York Colored Orphan Asylum, where he was educated. Indentured in 1850, possibly to a dentist, but left position in 1852. Signed on to whaling ship Sunbeam in New Bedford, Massachusetts, claiming to be a freeborn man from Troy, New York, and sailed in July 1856. Worked in galley as ship hunted sperm whales in the Indian and Pacific oceans before returning to New Bedford in April 1860. Made second whaling voyage as steward on Black Eagle, May 1860–November 1861, hunting right whales off western Greenland. Sailed for Montevideo as cook and steward on merchant ship Richard Mitchell in January 1862. Returned to New Bedford in late summer and married Ellen Louisa Allen in September 1862. Wrote six poems during his voyages that were printed in broadside form. Enlisted in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry on February 14, 1863, and became a private in Company C. Wrote forty-eight letters from the 54th Massachusetts that were printed in the New Bedford Mercury, March 1863–February 1864, signed “J.H.G.” and “Monitor.” Fought at Fort Wagner. Wrote letter to President Lincoln in September 1863 protesting unequal pay for black soldiers. Promoted to corporal in December 1863. Wounded in leg and taken prisoner at battle of Olustee, February 20, 1864. Died in prison camp at Andersonville, Georgia.

Ulysses S. Grant (April 22, 1822–July 23, 1885) Born in Point Pleasant, Ohio, the son of a tanner. Graduated from West Point in 1843. Served in the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846–48, and promoted to first lieutenant in 1847. Married Julia Dent in 1848. Promoted to captain, 1854, and resigned commission. Worked as a farmer, real estate agent, and general store clerk, 1854–61. Commissioned colonel, 21st Illinois Volunteers, June 1861, and brigadier general of volunteers, August 1861. Promoted to major general of volunteers, February 1862, after victories at Forts Henry and Donelson. Defeated Confederates at Shiloh, April 1862, and captured Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 1863. Promoted to major general in the regular army, July 1863, and assigned to command of Military Division of the Mississippi, covering territory between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi, October 1863. Won battle of Chattanooga, November 1863. Promoted to lieutenant general, March 1864, and named general-in-chief of the Union armies. Accepted surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. Promoted to general, July 1866. Served as secretary of war ad interim, August 1867–January 1868. Nominated for president by the Republican Party in 1868. Defeated Democrat Horatio Seymour, and won reelection in 1872 by defeating Liberal Republican Horace Greeley. President of the United States, 1869–77. Made world tour, 1877–79. Failed to win Republican presidential nomination, 1880. Worked on Wall Street, 1881–84, and was financially ruined when private banking firm of Grant & Ward collapsed. Wrote Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, 1884–85, while suffering from throat cancer, and completed them days before his death at Mount McGregor, New York.

Edward O. Guerrant (February 28, 1838–April 26, 1916). Born in Sharpsburg, Kentucky, the son of a physician. Graduated from Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, in 1860. Briefly attended Danville Seminary and taught school in Flat Creek. Enlisted as private in the Confederate 1st Battalion Kentucky Mounted Rifles at Gladesville, Virginia, in February 1862. Became clerk on staff of Brigadier General Humphrey Marshall, the Confederate commander in southwestern Virginia, and was commissioned as his assistant adjutant general in December 1862. Continued his staff duties under Marshall’s successors William Preston, John S. Williams, and John Hunt Morgan, serving in southwestern Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and northeastern Tennessee and seeing action in several engagements. Surrendered in eastern Kentucky in late April 1865. Studied medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and Bellevue Hospital, New York. Established medical practice in Mount Sterling, Kentucky, in 1867. Married Mary Jane DeVault in 1868. Entered Union Theological Seminary at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia in 1873 and was licensed as a Presbyterian preacher in 1875. Served as minister of the First Presbyterian Church in Louisville, 1879–82. Appointed by the Kentucky Synod in 1882 as evangelist to eastern Kentucky. Became minister of churches in Troy and Wilmore in 1885. Contributed two articles to the Century Magazine “Battles and Leaders of the Civil War” series. Helped establish several schools in eastern Kentucky. Published Bloody Breathitt (1890), The Soul Winner (1896), Forty Years Among the Highlanders (1905), The Galax Gatherers: The Gospel among the Highlanders (1910), and The Gospel of the Lilies (1912). Founded the Inland Mission, also known as the Society of Soul Winners, in 1897 to continue evangelical work in Appalachia. Died in Douglas, Georgia.

Henry W. Halleck (January 16, 1814–January 9, 1872) Born in Westernville, New York, the son of a farmer. Educated at Union College. Graduated from West Point in 1839. Published Elements of Military Art and Science (1846). Served in California during the U.S.-Mexican War. Resigned from the army in 1854 as captain. Married Elizabeth Hamilton, granddaughter of Alexander Hamilton, in 1855. Practiced law in California. Published International Law, or, Rules Regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and War (1861). Commissioned as a major general in the regular army in August 1861. Commanded the Department of the Missouri, November 1861–March 1862, and the Department of the Mississippi, March–July 1862. General-in-chief of the Union army from July 11, 1862, to March 12, 1864, when he was succeeded by Ulysses S. Grant. Served as chief of staff for the remainder of the war. Commanded Military Division of the Pacific, 1866–69, and the division of the South, 1869–72. Died in Louisville, Kentucky.

Cornelia Hancock (February 8, 1840–December 31, 1927) Born in Hancock’s Bridge, near Salem, New Jersey, the daughter of a Quaker fisherman. Educated in Salem schools. Brother and several cousins enlisted in Union army in 1862. Traveled to Gettysburg with her brother-in-law Dr. Henry T. Child in July 1863 and served as volunteer nurse in Second Corps and general army hospitals until September. Volunteered as nurse at the Contraband Hospital for escaped slaves in Washington, D.C., October 1863–February 1864, and at army hospitals in Virginia at Brandy Station, February–April 1864; Fredericksburg and White House, May–June 1864; and City Point, June 1864–May 1865. Founded the Laing School for freed slaves in Pleasantville, South Carolina, in 1866 with funds from the Freedmen’s Bureau and donations from the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends. Resigned as principal in 1875 and returned to Philadelphia. Visited England and studied efforts to help the poor in London. Helped found the Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charitable Relief in 1878 and the Children’s Aid Society of Philadelphia in 1882. Engaged in philanthropic work in the Sixth Ward and in “Wrightsville,” a slum neighborhood in South Philadelphia. Retired in 1914 to Atlantic City, New Jersey, where she died.

John Hay (October 8, 1838–July 1, 1905) Born in Salem, Indiana, the son of a doctor. Family moved to Warsaw, Illinois. Graduated from Brown University in 1858. Studied law in office of his uncle in Springfield, Illinois. Traveled to Washington in 1861 as assistant private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, serving until early in 1865. First secretary to American legation in Paris, 1865–67; charge d’affaires in Vienna, 1867–68; and legation secretary in Madrid, 1868–70. Published Castilian Days (1871) and Pike County Ballads and Other Pieces (1871). Married Clara Louise Stone in 1874. Served as assistant secretary of state, 1879–81. Political novel The Bread-Winners, an attack on labor unions, published anonymously in 1884. In collaboration with John G. Nicolay, wrote Abraham Lincoln: A History (10 volumes, 1890) and edited Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln (2 volumes, 1894). Ambassador to Great Britain, 1897–98. Served as secretary of state in the administrations of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, 1898–1905. Among first seven members elected to American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1904. Died in Newbury, New Hampshire.

Charles B. Haydon (1834–March 14, 1864) Born in Vermont. Raised in Decatur, Michigan. Graduated from the University of Michigan in 1857, then read law in Kalamazoo. Joined the Kalamazoo Home Guard on April 22, 1861, then enlisted on May 25 for three years’ service in the 2nd Michigan Infantry. Fought at Blackburn’s Ford during the First Bull Run campaign. Commissioned second lieutenant in September 1861 and promoted to first lieutenant in February 1862. Fought at Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, the Seven Days’ Battles, Second Bull Run, and Fredericksburg; promoted to captain in September 1862. Regiment was sent to Kentucky in April 1863 and to Vicksburg in June as part of the Ninth Corps. Wounded in the shoulder while leading his company at Jackson, Mississippi, on July 11, 1863. Returned to active duty in December 1863 and was made lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Michigan. Died of pneumonia in Cincinnati while returning to Michigan on a thirty-day furlough after reenlisting.

William W. Heartsill (October 17, 1839–July 27, 1916) Born in Louisville, Tennessee. Educated at local schools. Began working in a wholesale merchandise firm in Nashville in 1856. Moved to Marshall, Texas, in 1859, where he became a clerk in a dry goods store. Enlisted in W. P. Lane Rangers, a cavalry company, in April 1861. Helped guard Texas frontier against Indian raids until November 1862, when his company was sent to Arkansas. Taken prisoner in the surrender of Fort Hindman at Arkansas Post, January 1863. Exchanged at City Point, Virginia, in April 1863 and sent to central Tennessee, where the enlisted men from the Lane Rangers became part of a consolidated Texas infantry regiment. Fought at Chickamauga and served in siege of Chattanooga. Deserted in early November 1863 along with several other Lane Rangers and returned to Texas, where he resumed service under his former commander in the Rangers. Served as guard at prisoner-of-war camp at Tyler, Texas, in spring 1864. Posted to Louisiana and Arkansas in summer 1864 before returning to Texas, where he served until the Confederate surrender there in May 1865. Returned to Marshall and acquired a grocery and saddle store. Married Judith Elizabeth Stevens. Printed memoir Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days in the Confederate Army one page at a time on his personally owned press, 1874–76. Elected mayor, 1876, and member of the board of aldermen, 1881. Died in Waco, Texas.

Francis J. Higginson (July 19, 1843–September 13, 1931) Born in Boston and raised in Deerfield, Massachusetts. Graduated from U.S. Naval Academy in 1861. Assigned to frigate Colorado and was wounded during raid in September 1861 that burned schooner Judah in Pensacola harbor. Served on gunboat Cayuga in passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and the capture of New Orleans. Promoted to lieutenant in August 1862. Assigned to South Atlantic Blockading Squadron and served on gunboat Vixen, frigate Powhatan, and the sloop Housatonic. Participated in bombardment of Charleston Harbor and served in the landing party that unsuccessfully attempted to capture Fort Sumter in September 1863. Executive officer of the Housatonic when it was sunk by Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, February 17, 1864. Promoted to lieutenant commander, 1866, and commander, 1876. Married Grace Glenwood Haldane in 1878. Promoted to captain in 1891. Commanded battleship Massachusetts in Spanish-American War, 1898, taking part in naval blockade of Cuba and invasion of Puerto Rico. Promoted to commodore, 1898, and rear admiral, 1899. Commanded North Atlantic Fleet, 1901–3. Published Naval Battles of the Century (1903). Retired from navy in 1905. Died in Kingston, New York.

Thomas Wentworth Higginson (December 22, 1823–May 9, 1911) Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the son of the bursar of Harvard College. Graduated from Harvard in 1841. Taught school and tutored in Boston suburbs before entering Harvard Divinity School. Graduated in 1847 and was ordained by the Unitarian First Religious Society in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Married Mary Elizabeth Channing in 1847. Became active in abolitionism, temperance, women’s rights, and other reform movements. Resigned pulpit in 1849. Lectured and wrote for newspapers before becoming minister of nondenominational Free Church in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1852. Helped lead unsuccessful attempt to free fugitive slave Anthony Burns from the Boston courthouse in 1854 in which a guard was killed. Traveled to Kansas in 1856 with group of antislavery settlers he had helped recruit and outfit. Began contributing essays and stories to the Atlantic Monthly. Became member of the “Secret Six,” group of radical abolitionists who financed and supported John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, 1858–59. Began correspondence with Emily Dickinson in 1862. Joined 51st Massachusetts Infantry as captain in September 1862. Accepted colonelcy of 1st South Carolina Volunteers, regiment of freed slaves raised in the Sea Islands, in November 1862. Led series of expeditions that gathered supplies and freed slaves in coastal Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina from January until July 1863, when he was wounded. Fell ill with malaria in October 1863. Wrote letters to newspapers calling for equal pay for black soldiers. Left South Carolina in May 1864 and moved to Newport, Rhode Island. Resigned commission in October 1864. Continued writing for magazines and became advocate for woman suffrage. Published novel Malbone: An Oldport Romance (1869), memoir Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870), and Young Folks’ History of the United States (1875). Wife died in 1877. Moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1878. Married Mary (Minnie) Potter Thatcher, 1879. Served as Republican in the Massachusetts house of representatives, 1879–83. Edited Poems (1890) of Emily Dickinson with Mabel Loomis Todd. Published memoirs Cheerful Yesterdays (1898) and Parts of a Man’s Life (1905). Died in Cambridge.

Emma Holmes (December 17, 1838–January 1910) Born in Charleston, South Carolina, the daughter of a physician and plantation owner. Family moved to Camden, South Carolina, in June 1862, where she began teaching. Returned after the war to Charleston, where she continued to teach and tutor. Died in Charleston.

Jedediah Hotchkiss (November 30, 1828–January 17, 1899). Born near Windsor, New York, the son of a farmer. Graduated from Windsor Academy in 1846. Taught school for a year in Lykens Valley, Pennsylvania, then became tutor to family living on Mossy Creek in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Taught himself mapmaking. Became principal of the newly established Mossy Creek Academy in 1852. Married Sara Ann Comfort in 1853. Moved in 1859 to Churchville, Virginia, where he opened the Loch Willow Academy. Closed the academy in June 1861 and offered services to Confederate army. Served as mapmaker for Confederate forces in western Virginia until August 1861, when he contracted typhoid fever. Resumed military service in March 1862 and became topographical engineer on the staff of Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson. Performed reconnaissances and made detailed maps during Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley campaign in the spring of 1862. Remained in the valley until July 1862, then rejoined Jackson’s staff and served in the Second Manassas and Maryland campaigns and at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Following Jackson’s death, continued mapmaking and reconnaissance duties under Richard S. Ewell during Gettysburg campaign. Served under Jubal Early in his raid on Washington and in the subsequent campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. Performed reconnaissance duties in western Virginia in the spring of 1865. Kept a school in Staunton, Virginia, 1865–67. Published The Battlefields of Virginia; Chancellorsville with William Allan (1867). Continued to work as topographer, and became promoter and investor in mining and land development projects in western Virginia and West Virginia. Published Virginia: A Geographical and Political Summary (1876) and, with Joseph A. Waddell, Historical Atlas of Augusta County (1885). Contributed maps to the Atlas of the War of the Rebellion (1880–1901). Wrote Virginia, third volume in twelve-volume series Confederate Military History (1899). Died in Staunton, Virginia.

David Hunter (July 21, 1802–February 2, 1886) Born in Princeton, New Jersey, the son of a Presbyterian minister. Graduated from West Point in 1822. Married Maria Indiana Kinzie, 1829. Resigned commission in July 1836, but reentered the army in November 1841 as paymaster. Commissioned as brigadier general of volunteers, May 1861, and promoted to major general, August 1861. Led brigade at First Bull Run, where he was wounded. Commanded Department of Kansas, November 1861–March 1862, and Department of the South, March-September 1862 and January–June 1863. Declared military emancipation of slaves in Department of the South, May 9, 1862; his order was revoked by President Lincoln on May 19. Attempted to recruit black regiments in the spring of 1862 but failed to receive War Department authorization. Served as president of the court-martial that convicted General Fitz John Porter in January 1863. Commanded the Army of West Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley, May–June 1864. Retreated from the valley following his defeat at Lynchburg, and resigned command in August 1864. President of the military commission that tried the conspirators in the Lincoln assassination, May–June 1865. Resigned commission on July 31, 1866. Died in Washington, D.C.

John S. Jackman (December 1841–December 21, 1912). Born in Carroll County, Kentucky. Worked as carpenter and schoolteacher. Moved to Bardstown. Enlisted in September 1861 at Bowling Green in the Confederate 5th (later the 9th) Kentucky Infantry. Saw action at Shiloh, Stones River, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and in the Atlanta campaign. Wounded in the head by shell fragment at Pine Mountain, Georgia, on June 14, 1864. Rejoined regiment in December 1864 in Georgia, where he spent the remainder of the war. Studied law in Russellville, Kentucky, after the war and began successful chancery practice in Louisville in 1871. Helped publish the Confederate veterans’ journal Southern Bivouac, 1882–87. Died in Louisville.

Harriet Ann Jacobs (1813–March 7, 1897) Born in Edenton, North Carolina, the daughter of slaves. After the death of her mother in 1819, she was raised by her grandmother and her white mistress, Margaret Horniblow, who taught her to read, write, and sew. In 1825 Horniblow died, and Jacobs was sent to the household of Dr. James Norcom. At sixteen, to escape Norcom’s repeated sexual advances, Jacobs began a relationship with a white lawyer, Samuel Tredwell Sawyer (later a member of the U.S. House of Representatives), with whom she had two children, Joseph (b. 1829) and Louisa Matilda (b. 1833). In 1835, Jacobs ran away and spent the next seven years hiding in a crawl space above her freed grandmother’s storeroom. In 1842, escaped to New York City, where she was reunited with her children. Worked as a nurse for the family of Nathaniel Parker Willis; moved to Boston in 1843 to avoid recapture by Norcom. Moved to Rochester in 1849, where she became part of a circle of abolitionists surrounding Frederick Douglass. In 1852, Cornelia Grinnell Willis, second wife of Nathaniel Parker Willis, purchased Jacobs’s manumission. Published Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself pseudonymously in 1861. From 1862 to 1868 Jacobs engaged in Quaker-sponsored relief work among former slaves in Washington, D.C.; Alexandria, Virginia; and Savannah, Georgia. She then lived with her daughter in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in Washington, D.C., where she died.

Hannah Johnson (c. 1820–?) The daughter of a slave who escaped from Louisiana to the North before her birth, Johnson was self-taught and was living in Buffalo, New York, in 1863 when she wrote to President Lincoln about her son, who was serving in the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.

Charles C. Jones Jr. (October 28, 1831–July 19, 1893) Born in Savannah, Georgia, the son of minister Charles C. Jones and Mary Jones. Educated at South Carolina College and the College of New Jersey (Princeton). Graduated from Dane Law School at Harvard, 1855. Practiced law in Savannah, where he served as alderman, 1859–60, and mayor, 1860–61. Married Ruth Berrien Whitehead, 1858, and after her death, Eva Berrien Eve, 1863. Commissioned lieutenant in Chatham Artillery, August 1861. Promoted to lieutenant colonel and made chief of artillery for Georgia, October 1862. Practiced law in New York City, 1866–77, then returned to Georgia. Published several historical and archaeological studies, including Indian Remains in Southern Georgia (1859), The Monumental Remains of Georgia (1861), Antiquities of the Southern Indians (1873), and The History of Georgia (1883). Died in Augusta, Georgia.

Charles C. Jones Sr. (December 20, 1804–March 16, 1863) Born in Liberty County, Georgia, the son of a plantation owner. Educated at Phillips Andover Academy, Andover Theological Seminary, and Princeton Theological Seminary. Married first cousin Mary Jones in 1830. Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Savannah, 1831–32. Returned to Liberty County, where he owned three plantations. Taught at Columbia Theological Seminary, South Carolina, 1837–38 and 1848–50. Published Catechism of Scripture Doctrine and Practice (1837) and The Religious Instruction of the Negroes of the United States (1842). Lived in Philadelphia, 1850–53, while serving as the corresponding secretary of the board of domestic missions of the Presbyterian Church. Died in Liberty County.

John B. Jones (March 6, 1810–February 4, 1866) Born in Baltimore, Maryland. Lived in Kentucky and Missouri as a boy. Married Frances Custis in 1840. Became editor of the Saturday Visitor in Baltimore, 1841. Published several novels, including Wild Western Scenes (1841), The War Path (1858), and Wild Southern Scenes (1859). Established weekly newspaper Southern Monitor in Philadelphia, 1857. Fearing arrest as a Confederate sympathizer, Jones moved in 1861 to Richmond, Virginia, where he worked as a clerk in the Confederate War Department. Died in Burlington, New Jersey, shortly before the publication of A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary.

Elizabeth Blair Lee (June 20, 1818–September 13, 1906) Born in Frankfort, Kentucky, daughter of journalist Francis Preston Blair and Elizabeth Gist Blair, sister of Montgomery Blair (postmaster general, 1861–64) and Frank Blair (a Union major general, 1862–65). Moved with family in 1830 to Washington, D.C., where her father edited the Globe and advised Andrew Jackson. Educated at boarding school in Philadelphia. Married naval officer Samuel Phillips Lee, a cousin of Robert E. Lee, in 1843. Became board member and active patron of the Washington City Orphan Asylum in 1849. Lived in Washington and at the Blair estate in Silver Spring, Maryland. Died in Washington.

Robert E. Lee (January 19, 1807–October 12, 1870) Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, the son of Revolutionary War hero Henry “Light-Horse Harry” Lee and Ann Carter Lee. Graduated from West Point in 1829. Married Mary Custis, great-granddaughter of Martha Washington, in 1831. Served in the U.S.-Mexican War, and as superintendent of West Point, 1852–55. Promoted to colonel in March 1861. Resigned commission on April 20, 1861, after declining offer of field command of the Federal army. Served as commander of Virginia military forces, April–July 1861; commander in western Virginia, August–October 1861; commander of the southern Atlantic coast, November 1861–March 1862; and military advisor to Jefferson Davis, March–May 1862. Assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia on June 1, 1862, and led it until April 9, 1865, when he surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox. Named general-in-chief of all Confederate forces, January 1865. Became president of Washington College (now Washington and Lee), September 1865. Died in Lexington, Virginia.

Francis Lieber (March 18, 1798–October 2, 1872) Born Franz Lieber in Berlin, Prussia. Fought in the Prussian army in the Waterloo campaign and was seriously wounded at Namur. Imprisoned for four months for anti-government activities in 1819. Received degree in mathematics from Jena in 1820. Studied at Dresden, then served briefly as volunteer in the Greek War of Independence in 1822. Left Greece and traveled to Rome, where the Prussian ambassador, the historian Barthold Niebuhr, encouraged him to publish a book on his experiences in Greece (it appeared in 1823). Returned to Berlin in 1823 and continued his study of mathematics. Arrested in 1824 and imprisoned for six months for alleged subversion. Fled to England in 1826. Immigrated to Boston in 1827, where he served as director of a newly established gymnasium and swimming school. After the gymnasium venture failed, edited the Encyclopaedia Americana, published successfully in thirteen volumes, 1829–33. Married Mathilda Oppenheimer in 1829. Moved to Philadelphia in 1834 and published a constitution and plan of education for Girard College. Accepted a chair in history and political economy at South Carolina College (later University of South Carolina) in Columbia in 1835. Published numerous books and essays on law, government, and politics, including Legal and Political Hermeneutics (1837), Manual of Political Ethics (1838–39), and On Civil Liberty and Self-Government (1853). Resigned position in South Carolina in 1855. Appointed professor of history and political science at Columbia College in New York in 1857. During the Civil War one of his sons was killed fighting for the Confederacy in 1862, while his other two sons fought for the Union, one of them losing an arm at Fort Donelson. Became adviser to Henry W. Halleck on the laws of war. Wrote A Code for the Government of Armies, issued in revised form by the Union War Department as General Orders No. 100 in April 1863. Became professor at Columbia Law School in 1865. Helped gather and preserve the records of the Confederate government. Appointed in 1870 to commission settling claims arising from the U.S.-Mexican War. Died in New York City.

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809–April 15, 1865) Born near Hodgenville, Kentucky, the son of a farmer and carpenter. Family moved to Indiana in 1816 and to Illinois in 1830. Settled in New Salem, Illinois, and worked as a storekeeper, surveyor, and postmaster. Served as a Whig in the state legislature, 1834–41. Began law practice in 1836 and moved to Springfield in 1837. Married Mary Todd in 1842. Elected to Congress as a Whig and served from 1847 to 1849. Became a public opponent of the extension of slavery after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Helped found the Republican Party of Illinois in 1856. Campaigned in 1858 for Senate seat held by Stephen A. Douglas and debated him seven times on the slavery issue; although the Illinois legislature reelected Douglas, the campaign brought Lincoln national prominence. Received Republican presidential nomination in 1860 and won election in a four-way contest; his victory led to the secession of seven southern states. Responded to the Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter by calling up militia, proclaiming the blockade of southern ports, and suspending habeas corpus. Issued preliminary and final emancipation proclamations on September 22, 1862, and January 1, 1863. Appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union forces in March 1864. Won reelection in 1864 by defeating Democrat George B. McClellan. Died in Washington, D.C., after being shot by John Wilkes Booth.

Theodore Lyman (August 23, 1833–September 9, 1897) Born in Waltham, Massachusetts, the son of a wealthy merchant and textile manufacturer. Graduated from Harvard in 1855. Studied natural history with Louis Agassiz after graduation. Traveled to Florida in 1856 to collect marine specimens for the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. Graduated from Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard in 1858. Married Elizabeth Russell, a cousin of Robert Gould Shaw in 1858. Traveled in Europe, 1861–63. Joined staff of George G. Meade in September 1863 with rank of lieutenant colonel and served until Lee’s surrender. Returned to home in Brookline and resumed work at Museum of Comparative Zoology. Served in Congress as an independent, 1883—85. Retired from scientific work in 1887 due to failing health. Died in Brookline.

Judith W. McGuire (March 19, 1813–March 21, 1897) Born Judith White Brockenbrough near Richmond, Virginia, the daughter of a judge. Married John P. McGuire, an Episcopalian rector, in 1846. Moved to Alexandria in 1852 when husband became principal of the Episcopal High School of Virginia. Fled Alexandria in May 1861 and settled in Richmond in February 1862. Worked as a clerk in the Confederate commissary department, November 1863–April 1864. Published Diary of a Southern Refugee, During the War (1867). Kept a school with her husband in Essex County in the 1870s. Published General Robert E. Lee: The Christian Soldier (1873). Died in Richmond.

Lafayette McLaws (January 15, 1821–July 24, 1897) Born in Augusta, Georgia, the son of a cotton broker. Attended the University of Virginia, 1837–38. Graduated from West Point in 1842 and was commissioned in the infantry. Saw action in the war with Mexico at Fort Brown, Monterrey, and the siege of Veracruz. Married Emily Taylor, niece of Zachary Taylor, in 1849. Served in New Mexico, Indian Territory, and Utah. Resigned commission as captain in March 1861 and joined the Confederacy. Commissioned colonel of the 10th Georgia Infantry in June 1861. Promoted to brigadier general, September 1861, and major general, May 1862. Led division at Williamsburg, Savage’s Station, Malvern Hill, Harpers Ferry, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the siege of Chattanooga, and Knoxville, Relieved of his command in December 1863 by his corps commander James Longstreet for failing to capture Fort Sanders during the Knoxville campaign. Assigned to defend Savannah, Georgia, in May 1864. Commanded division in the Carolinas campaign and at Bentonville. Served as court clerk in Richmond County, Georgia, 1866–68. Bought farm in Effingham County, Georgia, in 1870. Appointed postmaster for Savannah by Ulysses S. Grant in 1876 and served until 1885. President of company that sought to build canal from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico, 1876–84. Died in Savannah.

George G. Meade (December 31, 1815–November 6, 1872) Born in Cádiz, Spain, the son of an American merchant. Family returned to Philadelphia in 1816. Graduated from West Point in 1835. Resigned in 1836 to work as engineer and surveyor. Married Margaretta Sergeant in 1840. Reentered army in 1842 as topographical engineer. Served under Zachary Taylor in the U.S.-Mexican War at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterrey, and under Winfield Scott in the siege of Veracruz. Engaged in engineering and surveying duties in Delaware Bay, Florida, and the northern lakes, 1847–61. Commissioned as brigadier general of volunteers, August 1861. Became brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac, October 1861. Fought at Mechanicsville, Gaines’s Mill, and Glendale, where he was wounded. Returned to duty in August 1862. Commanded brigade at Second Bull Run and a division at South Mountain and Antietam, where he temporarily led the First Corps after Joseph Hooker was wounded. Promoted to major general of volunteers, November 1862. Commanded division at Fredericksburg. Appointed commander of the Fifth Corps in December 1862 and led it at Chancellorsville. Replaced Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac on June 28, 1863, and led it until the end of the war. Received the thanks of Congress for his victory at Gettysburg. Promoted to major general in the regular army, September 23, 1864. Held postwar commands in the South and in the mid-Atlantic states. Died in Philadelphia.

Montgomery C. Meigs (May 3, 1816–January 2, 1892) Born in Augusta, Georgia, the son of a physician. Moved with family to Philadelphia. Graduated from West Point in 1836 and began service in engineering corps. Married Louisa Rodgers in 1841. Supervised construction of the Washington Aqueduct, 1852–60, and of the wings and dome of the Capitol, 1853–59. Promoted to brigadier general, May 1861, and made army quartermaster general, a post he held throughout the war. Designed the Pension Building in Washington, D.C., after retiring from the army in 1882. Died in Washington.

Herman Melville (August 1, 1819–September 28, 1891) Born in New York City, the son of a merchant. Educated at schools in New York City and in upstate New York. Worked as bank clerk, bookkeeper, and schoolteacher. Sailed for Pacific on whaling ship in 1841 and returned in 1844 on frigate United States. Published Typee (1846) and Omoo (1847), fictionalized accounts of his experiences in the South Seas. Married Elizabeth Shaw in 1847. Published Mardi (1849), Redburn (1849), White-Jacket (1850), Moby-Dick (1851), Pierre; or, The Ambiguities (1852), Israel Potter (1855), The Piazza Tales (1856), and The Confidence-Man (1857). Visited Union lines in Virginia in spring 1864. Published poetry collection Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866). Worked as customs inspector in New York City, 1866–85. Published long poem Clarel (1876) and two small books of poetry, John Marr and Other Sailors (1888) and Timoleon (1891). Died in New York City, leaving Billy Budd, Sailor, in manuscript.

Matthew M. Miller (November 28, 1840–1918) Born in Galena, Illinois. Attended Yale College but left school to enlist as a private in the 45th Illinois Volunteers. Fought at Shiloh. Promoted to first lieutenant, June 1862, and became captain of Company I, 9th Louisiana (African Descent) Infantry, November 1862. Fought at Milliken’s Bend. Mustered out in May 1865. Returned to Illinois and practiced law. Married Anna Florence Woodbury in Boston in 1873. Moved to Kansas, where he died.

Sarah Morgan (February 28, 1842–May 5, 1909) Born in New Orleans, the daughter of a lawyer. Family moved in 1850 to Baton Rouge, where father served as a judge. Spent war with widowed mother and sisters in Baton Rouge, in the countryside near Port Hudson, and in Union-occupied New Orleans. Two of her brothers died of illness in January 1864 while serving in the Confederate army. Moved with mother to brother’s plantation near Columbia, South Carolina, in 1872. Began writing editorials for the Charleston News and Courier in 1873 as “Mr. Fowler.” Married Francis Warrington Dawson, editor of the News and Courier, in 1874. Husband killed in 1889 by doctor who had been paying unwanted attentions to family’s governess. Moved in 1899 to Paris, where her son lived. Published Les Aventures de Jeannot Lap, version of Brer Rabbit stories, in 1903. Died in Paris.

Charles F. Morse (September 22, 1839–December 11, 1926) Born in Boston, Massachusetts. Graduated from Harvard in 1858. Commissioned as first lieutenant in Company B of the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry in May 1861. Became friends with fellow officer Robert Gould Shaw. Fought at Front Royal. Promoted to captain in July 1862 and fought at Cedar Mountain and Antietam. Served as provost marshal of the Twelfth Corps during the Chancellorsville campaign. Promoted to major and fought with 2nd Massachusetts at Gettysburg. Sent with regiment to Tennessee in early autumn 1863. Promoted to lieutenant colonel. Served in Atlanta campaign and in Sherman’s march across Georgia. Led regiment in the Carolinas campaign until March 16, 1865, when he was wounded at Averasborough, North Carolina. Mustered out in July 1865. After failed attempt at cotton farming in Georgia, became general superintendent of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad in 1870. Married Ellen Mary Holdrege in 1874. Appointed general manager of the Kansas City Stockyards Company in 1879 by Charles Francis Adams, Jr., the company president. Successfully increased stockyard business and later served as company president. Published Letters Written During the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1898). Retired to Falmouth, Massachusetts, in 1913. Wrote memoir A Sketch of My Life Written for My Children: And a Buffalo Hunt in Nebraska in 1871, posthumously published in 1927. Died in Falmouth.

William H. Neblett (March 2, 1826–May 4, 1871) Born in Winchester, Mississippi, the son of a physician. Family moved to Texas in 1839. Attended school in Anderson and studied law. Married Elizabeth Rowan Scott in 1852. Moved in 1855 to Corsicana, where he practiced law and raised cotton and corn on plantation. Edited weekly secessionist newspaper Navarro Express in 1860. Moved to Lake Creek in Grimes County in 1861. Enlisted as private in the 20th Texas Infantry in March 1863. Served at Galveston as guard for gunboat Bayou City before obtaining position as clerk in brigade headquarters. Transferred to quartermaster department in Houston in July 1864 on grounds of ill health, suffering from rheumatism and neuralgia. Returned to plantation after war. Died in Anderson, Texas.

Oliver W. Norton (December 17, 1839–October 1, 1920) Born in Angelica, New York, the son of a Presbyterian minister. Educated at academy in Montrose, Pennsylvania. Taught school in 1858 in Waites Corner, New York. Family moved to Springfield, Pennsylvania, in 1860, where he taught school and worked on a farm. Enlisted in Company K, 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry, in 1861. Served as brigade bugler under Daniel Butterfield and became first bugler to play “Taps.” Saw action in the Seven Days’ Battles, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, where he served as Strong Vincent’s brigade bugler during the fighting for Little Round Top. Commissioned first lieutenant with the 8th U.S. Colored Troops in November 1863. Fought at Olustee, Petersburg, and Darbytown Road. Mustered out in November 1865. Worked as bank clerk in New York City. Married Lucy Coit Fanning in 1870. Moved to Chicago and established business manufacturing cans and sheet-metal goods with his brother Edwin. Published Army Letters 1861–1865 (1903), Strong Vincent and his brigade at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863 (1909), and The Attack and Defense of Little Round Top (1913). Died in Chicago.

Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822–August 23, 1903) Born in Hartford, Connecticut, the son of a merchant. Attended schools in Hartford and boarded with several tutors in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Worked in dry goods importing firm in New York City, 1840–42. Traveled to Canton (Guangzhou), China, 1842–43. Studied farming and moved in 1848 to a farm his father purchased for him on Staten Island, New York, where he experimented with new agricultural and landscaping methods. Visited Europe in 1850. Published Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England (1852). Traveled through the South, 1852–54. Published A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), later much expanded as The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveler’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States (1861). Won contest along with Calvert Vaux to design new Central Park in Manhattan and was named architect-in-chief of the project in 1858. Married Mary Cleveland Olmsted, his brother’s widow, in 1859. Became general secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission in 1861. Directed operations of hospital ships during the Peninsula campaign, May–July 1862. Made inspection tour of the Midwest and Mississippi valley, February–April 1863. Resigned from Sanitary Commission in September 1863 and became manager of the Mariposa Estate in northern California. Returned to New York in 1865 and established landscape architecture firm with Vaux, working on park and college campus projects across the United States. Moved to Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1881. Retired in 1895. Suffering from senility, became a patient in 1898 at McLean Asylum in Belmont, Massachusetts, where he died.

John Paris (September 1, 1809–October 6, 1883). Born in Orange County, North Carolina. Licensed to preach in the Methodist Protestant Church in 1839. Ordained as a deacon in 1842 and chosen as a church elder in 1844. Married Sally Ann Bellamy in 1845. Following her death, married Maria Yancey in 1849. Published History of the Methodist Protestant Church (1849) and Baptism, Its Mode, Its Design, and Its Subjects (1852). Moved to Virginia in 1852. Became chaplain of the 54th North Carolina Infantry in July 1862 and served with regiment at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Plymouth, Drewry’s Bluff, and in the Shenandoah Valley and Appomattox campaigns. Served as pastor on the Albemarle Circuit in North Carolina after the war. Published “Soldier’s History of the War” in periodical Our Living and Our Dead (1874–76), “Causes Which Produced the War” in Southern Historical Monthly (1876), and The Methodist Protestant Manual (1878). Died in Buffalo Springs, Virginia.

Edmund DeWitt Patterson (March 20, 1842–May 22, 1914). Born Lorain County, Ohio, the son of a farmer and a schoolteacher. Raised by his grandfather and uncle after his mother’s death in 1852. Attended local schools to age seventeen. Sold books and magazines in Tennessee and Alabama. Taught school and worked as a store clerk in Waterloo, Alabama. Enlisted in May 1861 in Company D, 9th Alabama Infantry. Saw action at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks and was seriously wounded at Glendale. Rejoined regiment in November 1862. Fought at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, where he was captured on July 2, 1863. Held in prison camp at Johnson’s Island, Ohio, until prisoner exchange in March 1865. Studied law after the war. Married Eleanor Mildred McDougal in 1869 and entered law partnership with her father, serving as clerk and master of chancery court for Hardin County, Tennessee, 1870–82. Elected to Tennessee state senate for one term in 1882. Served as circuit court judge, 1886–97. Died in Redlands, California.

Catharine Peirce (March 16, 1828–April 2, 1867) Born Catharine Milner in Pennsylvania, the daughter of a schoolteacher. Married Taylor Peirce in York County, Pennsylvania, in 1846. Joined husband, who had been working as a farm laborer, in Union, Iowa, in 1851. Spent war with children, brother, and sister-in-law in Des Moines, Iowa, helping brother to run boardinghouse for transient soldiers while her husband served in the Union army. Died in Des Moines while giving birth to her daughter Catharine, who survived.

Taylor Peirce (July 20, 1822–November 21, 1901) Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Married Catharine Milner in York County, Pennsylvania, in 1846. Traveled to Iowa to trade with Fox and Sac Indians. Became farm laborer in Iowa in 1850. Enlisted in 22nd Iowa Infantry at Newton in August 1862 and became sergeant in Company C. Served in southern Missouri, in the Vicksburg campaign, and in southern Louisiana and coastal Texas. Sent with regiment to the Shenandoah Valley in August 1864 and fought at Winchester and Cedar Creek. Served with regiment on garrison duty at Savannah, Georgia, and Morehead City, North Carolina, in winter and spring of 1865. Returned after the war to Des Moines, Iowa, where his wife died in 1867. Served as city clerk of Des Moines, 1871–79, and city auditor, 1874–77. Married Eliza Ann Van Horn in 1873. After 1879 worked in grain business and in a plow factory. Died in Des Moines.

George Hamilton Perkins (October 20, 1836–October 24, 1899) Born in Hopkinton, New Hampshire, the son of a lawyer. Graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1856. Returned to the United States from West Africa in summer 1861 and was assigned to the gunboat Cayuga as first lieutenant in December 1861. Served in passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and the capture of New Orleans, April 1862. Patrolled the lower Mississippi River and served on blockade duty off Mobile, Alabama and the Texas coast, 1862–64. Promoted to lieutenant commander, December 1862. Assumed command of the ironclad monitor Chickasaw in July 1864. Fought in battle of Mobile Bay, August 5, 1864. Commanded Chickasaw on Gulf blockade duty for remainder of the war. Married Anna Minot Weld in 1870. Retired as captain in 1891. Died in Boston.

Samuel Pickens (June 9, 1841–September 9, 1890) Born in Greensboro, Alabama, the son of a wealthy plantation owner. Attended University of Virginia. Helped manage family plantation before the war. Enlisted in Company D, 5th Alabama Infantry, in September 1862. Fought at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Wounded at Winchester on September 19, 1864. Captured at Petersburg on April 2, 1865. Returned to family plantation after war.

Whitelaw Reid (October 27, 1837–December 15, 1912). Born near Cedarville, Ohio, the son of a farmer. Graduated from Miami University in 1856. Edited and published the Xenia News, 1857–60. Supported Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election. In 1861 began contributing to the Cincinnati Times, Cleveland Herald, and Cincinnati Gazette. Reported on the 1861 Union offensive in western Virginia and the battle of Shiloh for the Gazette. Became the Washington correspondent for the Gazette in June 1862, signing his dispatches “Agate,” while also contributing reports to the Chicago Tribune and newspapers in St. Louis, Cleveland, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. Reported from the field at Gettysburg. Published After the War (1866), describing his travels through the South following the Confederate surrender. Unsuccessfully tried to raise cotton in Louisiana and Alabama, 1866–67. Published Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers (1868). Reported on the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson and the 1868 political conventions for the Gazette. Joined the New York Tribune in 1868 and served as its managing editor, 1869–72. Following the death of Horace Greeley, he became the Tribune’s editor, 1872–1905, and publisher, 1872–1912. Served as U.S. minister to France, 1889–92. Nominated by the 1892 Republican convention as vice presidential running mate for President Benjamin Harrison (election was won by former president Grover Cleveland). Served as member of the commission that negotiated peace treaty with Spain in 1898 and as U.S. ambassador to Great Britain, 1905–12. Died in London.

John M. Schofield (September 29, 1831–March 4, 1906) Born in Gerry, New York, the son of a Baptist minister. Family moved to Bristol, Illinois, in 1843. Worked as surveyor and teacher before being nominated for West Point. Graduated in 1853 and commissioned in artillery. Taught natural philosophy at West Point, 1855–60. Married Harriet Whitehorn Bartlett in 1857. Obtained leave of absence in 1860 to teach physics at Washington University in St. Louis. Commissioned as major in 1st Missouri Infantry in April 1861. Served as chief of staff to Nathaniel Lyon and saw action at Wilson’s Creek, where Lyon was killed. Promoted to brigadier general in November 1861 and held series of positions in Missouri. Commanded Department of the Missouri, May 1863–January 1864. Commanded the Army of the Ohio in the Atlanta campaign. Promoted to major general in May 1864. Commanded Twenty-third Corps at Franklin and Nashville and in North Carolina, where he joined Sherman’s army in March 1865. Served as agent of the State Department in France, 1865–66, negotiating withdrawal of French troops from Mexico. Commanded the Department of the Potomac, August 1866–June 1868, implementing Reconstruction in Virginia. Secretary of War under President Andrew Johnson, June 1868–March 1869. Commanded Department of the Missouri, 1869–70, and the Department of the Pacific, 1870–76. Traveled to Hawaii in 1872 and recommended acquisition of naval base at Pearl Harbor. Superintendent of West Point, 1876–81. Commanding general of United States Army, 1888–95. After death of first wife, married Georgia Kilburne in 1891. Published Forty-six Years in the Army (1897). Died in St. Augustine, Florida.

Raphael Semmes (September 27, 1809–August 30, 1877) Born in Charles County, Maryland. Raised by his uncle in Washington, D.C., after being orphaned in early childhood. Appointed midshipman in U.S. Navy in 1826. Served in Mediterranean, West Indies, and in Florida during the Second Seminole War. Promoted to lieutenant in 1837. Married Anne Elizabeth Spencer in 1837, the same year he was promoted to lieutenant. Assigned to blockade duty at the outbreak of the U.S.-Mexican War and took command of the brig Somers in October 1846. Exonerated by court of inquiry after Somers sank in a sudden squall on December 8, 1846, with the loss of more than half its crew. Served in landing at Veracruz and subsequent march to Mexico City. Practiced law in Mobile, Alabama, after the war while awaiting orders. Published Service Afloat and Ashore during the Mexican War (1851). Promoted to commander in 1855. Resigned from U.S. Navy in February 1861. Commissioned as commander in the Confederate navy in March 1861 and given command of commerce raider Sumter. Escaped blockade in the Gulf of Mexico in June 1861 and captured or burned eighteen American merchant vessels in the Caribbean and Atlantic before being blockaded in Gibraltar in January 1862. Promoted to captain and assumed command of raider Alabama in August 1862. Captured or destroyed sixty-four American ships in the Caribbean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean before the Alabama was sunk off Cherbourg, France, by the Union sloop Kearsarge on June 19, 1864. Escaped to England on a British yacht and returned to Virginia in January 1865. Commanded James River Squadron until the end of the war. Arrested for treason in December 1865 but was released in April 1866. Taught literature and philosophy at Louisiana State Seminary (later Louisiana State University) and edited Memphis Daily Bulletin before returning to law practice in Mobile. Published Memoirs of Service Afloat during the War Between the States (1869). Died at Point Clear, Alabama.

Robert Gould Shaw (October 10, 1837–July 18, 1863) Born in Boston, the son of a wealthy merchant and lawyer; both parents were active abolitionists. Family moved to West Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1841 and to Staten Island, New York, in 1847. Traveled with family in Europe, 1851–56, and was educated at boarding school in Switzerland and by private tutors in Hanover, Germany. Attended Harvard, 1856–59. Worked for uncle’s mercantile company in New York City, 1859–61. Commissioned as second lieutenant in 2nd Massachusetts Infantry in May 1861 and was later promoted to captain. Fought at Front Royal, Cedar Mountain, and Antietam. Accepted colonelcy of 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the first black regiment to be raised by a northern state, in January 1863. Married Annie Kneeland Haggerty on May 2, 1863, shortly before regiment left for South Carolina. Led regiment in raid on Darien, Georgia, June 11, 1863. Killed while leading assault on Fort Wagner in Charleston Harbor and was buried in mass grave with his soldiers.

William T. Sherman (February 8, 1820–February 14, 1891) Born in Lancaster, Ohio, the son of an attorney. Graduated from West Point in 1840. Served in Florida and California, but did not see action in the U.S.-Mexican War. Married Ellen Ewing in 1850. Promoted to captain; resigned his commission in 1853. Managed bank branch in San Francisco, 1853–57. Moved in 1858 to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he worked in real estate and was admitted to the bar. Named first superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy at Alexandria (now Louisiana State University) in 1859. Resigned position when Louisiana seceded in January 1861. Commissioned colonel, 13th U.S. Infantry, May 1861. Commanded brigade at First Bull Run, July 1861. Appointed brigadier general of volunteers, August 1861, and ordered to Kentucky. Assumed command of the Department of the Cumberland, October 1861, but was relieved in November at his own request. Returned to field in March 1862 and commanded division under Ulysses S. Grant at Shiloh. Promoted major general of volunteers, May 1862. Commanded corps under Grant during Vicksburg campaign, and succeeded him as commander of the Army of the Tennessee, October 1863, and as commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, March 1864. Captured Atlanta, September 1864, and led march through Georgia, November–December 1864. Marched army through the Carolinas and accepted the surrender of Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston at Durham Station, North Carolina, April 26, 1865. Promoted to lieutenant general, 1866, and general, 1869, when he became commander of the army. Published controversial Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (1875, revised 1886). Retired from army in 1884 and moved to New York City. Rejected possible Republican presidential nomination, 1884. Died in New York City.

William Wrenshall Smith (August 15, 1830–c. 1904) Born in Washington, Pennsylvania, where he graduated from Washington College in 1852. Worked in the family dry goods business and banking office. His mother was the sister of Ellen Wrenshall Dent, Ulysses S. Grant’s mother-in-law, and during the Civil War he visited Grant’s headquarters several times. Married Emma Willard McKennan in 1867. Founded Trinity Hall, a boys’ school, in Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1879.

George E. Stephens (1832–April 24, 1888) Born in Philadelphia, the son of free blacks who had fled from Virginia after the Nat Turner rebellion. Worked as upholsterer and cabinetmaker. An active abolitionist, he helped found the Banneker Institute, a literary society and library for blacks, in Philadelphia in 1853. Served on coastal survey ship Walker in 1857–58 and visited Charleston, South Carolina. Became cook and personal servant to Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Tilghman of the 26th Pennsylvania Infantry in 1861 while serving as war correspondent for the New York Weekly Anglo-African, an influential black newspaper. Helped recruit in early 1863 for the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the first black regiment raised by a northern state, then enlisted in the regiment as a sergeant. Served in siege of Charleston, South Carolina, and fought in the assault on Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863. Continued to write for the Anglo-African and protested the failure of black soldiers to receive equal pay. Commissioned as first lieutenant before being mustered out in July 1865. Worked for the Freedman’s Bureau in Virginia educating freed slaves, 1866–70. Returned to Philadelphia before moving in 1873 to Brooklyn, where he worked as an upholsterer until his death.

Kate Stone (May 8, 1841–December 28, 1907) Born Sarah Katherine Stone in Hinds County, Mississippi, the daughter of a plantation owner. Family moved to plantation in Madison Parish, Louisiana, thirty miles northwest of Vicksburg. Educated at boarding school in Nashville. Two of her five brothers died while serving in the Confederate army in 1863. Family fled plantation in April 1863 during the Vicksburg campaign and went to eastern Texas. Returned to plantation in November 1865. Married Henry Bry Holmes in 1869. Founded local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Died in Tallulah, Louisiana.

George Templeton Strong (January 26, 1820–July 21, 1875) Born in New York City, the son of an attorney. Graduated from Columbia College in 1838. Read law in his father’s office and was admitted to the bar in 1841. Joined father’s firm. Married Ellen Ruggles in 1848. Served on Columbia board of trustees and as vestryman of Trinity Episcopal Church. Helped found the U.S. Sanitary Commission, June 1861, and served as its treasurer through the end of the war; also helped found the Union League Club of New York in 1863. Died in New York City.

Walter H. Taylor (June 13, 1838–March 1, 1916) Born in Norfolk, Virginia, the son of a commission merchant. Graduated from Norfolk Military Academy. Attended Virginia Military Institute, 1854–55. Worked in Norfolk branch of Bank of Virginia, 1855–61. Joined 6th Virginia Infantry in April 1861. Became assistant adjutant general on staff of Robert E. Lee in May 1861 and served with him in Richmond, western Virginia, and South Carolina. Continued in position when Lee took command of the Army of Northern Virginia in June 1862 and served until Lee’s surrender at Appomattox. Promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1864. Married Elizabeth Selden Saunders in Richmond, Virginia, on night of April 2, 1865. Returned to Norfolk after the war and worked in hardware business before becoming president of the Marine Bank in 1876. Served as director of several insurance and railroad companies. Published Four Years with General Lee (1878) and General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (1906). Died in Norfolk.

James H. Tomb (March 16, 1839–May 25, 1929) Born in Savannah, Georgia, the son of a painter. Family moved in 1852 to New Berlin, Florida, where father operated a sawmill. Commissioned in Confederate navy in June 1861. Served on the Mississippi as engineer on gunboats Jackson and McRae. Captured at Forts Jackson and St. Phillip in April 1862. Exchanged in October 1862. Assigned to ironclad ram Chicora and served in successful attack on Union fleet blockading Charleston, South Carolina, on January 31, 1863. Worked on design of torpedoes (underwater explosive devices). Became engineer of ironclad ram David, which damaged U.S.S. New Ironsides in a night attack off Charleston on October 5, 1863. Made unsuccessful attack on the U.S.S. Memphis in March 1864. Served at Charleston until its evacuation in February 1865. Surrendered and paroled in Florida in May 1865. Served with Brazilian navy during the Paraguayan War, 1866–67. Opened hotel in St. Louis in 1872. Married Sarah Green in 1880. Retired in 1905 to Jacksonville, Florida, where he died.

Clement L. Vallandigham (July 29, 1820–June 17, 1871) Born in New Lisbon, Ohio, the son of a Presbyterian minister. Attended New Lisbon Academy and Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania. Served as principal of Union Academy in Snow Hill, Maryland, 1838–40. Returned to Ohio in 1840 to study law. Admitted to bar in 1842. Served as a Democrat in the Ohio house of representatives, 1845–46. Married Louisa Anna McMahon in 1846. Moved in 1847 to Dayton, where he practiced law and edited the Dayton Western Empire, 1847–49. Served in Congress, 1858–63, and became a leading “Peace Democrat” opposed to emancipation and the continued prosecution of the war. Arrested in Dayton on May 5, 1863, and tried before military commission for expressing “disloyal sentiments and opinions.” Expelled across lines into Confederate-held territory in Tennessee. Made his way to Canada in June 1863 after receiving Democratic nomination for governor of Ohio and campaigned from exile, but was defeated in October 1863. Returned to United States in June 1864 and helped draft peace platform adopted by Democratic national convention in August. Resumed law practice. Accidentally shot himself on June 16, 1871, while demonstrating to other attorneys how his client’s alleged victim could have accidentally shot himself during an altercation (his client was later acquitted). Died the following day in Lebanon, Ohio.

Charles S. Wainwright (December 31, 1826–September 13, 1907) Born in New York City, the son of a farmer from Dutchess County in the Hudson Valley. Helped manage family estate near Rhinebeck. Served in New York state militia. Commissioned as major in the 1st New York Artillery on October 17, 1861. Served as chief of artillery in Hooker’s division, Army of the Potomac, from January 1862. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, April 1862, and colonel, May 1862. Fought at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks before falling ill in early June 1862. Returned from sick leave in August 1862 and became chief of artillery in the First Corps in September 1862; joined his command after the battle of Antietam. Served at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. Commanded artillery brigade in Fifth Corps, 1864–65, and served in the Overland campaign, the siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox campaign. Returned to farming in Dutchess County before moving to Washington, D.C., around 1884. Died in Washington.

Henry C. Whelan (January 8, 1835–March 2, 1864) Born in Philadelphia, the son of a merchant. Attended University of Pennsylvania for two years. Worked in shoe store. Commissioned as captain in 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry in September 1861. Promoted to major in March 1863. Fought at Brandy Station and in Mine Run campaign. Returned in December 1863 to Philadelphia, where he died of pulmonary disease.

Walt Whitman (May 31, 1819–March 26, 1892) Born in Huntington Township, New York, the son of a farmer and carpenter. Moved with family to Brooklyn in 1823. Learned printing trade at Brooklyn newspapers. Taught school on Long Island, 1836–38. Became freelance journalist and printer in New York and Brooklyn. Published first edition of Leaves of Grass in 1855 (revised editions appeared in 1856, 1860, 1867, 1870, 1881, and 1891). Traveled to northern Virginia in December 1862 after learning that his brother George had been wounded at Fredericksburg. Became volunteer nurse in Washington, D.C., army hospitals. Published Drum-Taps and Sequel to Drum-Taps in 1865. Worked as clerk at the Interior Department, 1865, and the office of the attorney general, 1865–73. Published prose recollections of his war experiences in Memoranda During the War (1875) and Specimen Days and Collect (1882). Died in Camden, New Jersey.

Charles B. Wilder (August 28, 1802–May 7, 1882) Born in Needham, Massachusetts. Married Mary Ann Guild in 1827. Became successful paper merchant. Appointed superintendent of contrabands at Fort Monroe, Virginia, in February 1863 and commissioned as captain. Charged with embezzlement in 1865 after he purchased confiscated land in Virginia with the intent of distributing it to freed slaves, but was acquitted at court-martial. Mustered out in March 1866. Moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where he died.

Alpheus S. Williams (September 20, 1810–December 21, 1878) Born in Deep River, Connecticut, the son of a manufacturer. Graduated from Yale College in 1831. Admitted to the bar in 1834. Moved to Detroit in 1836, where he practiced law and joined the local militia company. Married Jane Hereford Pierson in 1839; she died in 1848. Served as probate judge of Wayne County, 1840–44, and published the Detroit Daily Advertiser, 1843–48. Commissioned as brigadier general of volunteers in August 1861. Commanded brigade in the Army of the Potomac, October 1861–March 1862. Led a division in the Shenandoah Valley campaign and at Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run. Assumed temporary command of Twelfth Corps at Antietam following the death of General Mansfield. Commanded division at Chancellorsville and was temporary commander of the Twelfth Corps at Gettysburg. Sent with his division in September 1863 to Tennessee, where they guarded railroads. Served in the Atlanta campaign and commanded the Twentieth Corps in the march through Georgia and the Carolinas. Mustered out on January 15, 1866. Served as U.S. minister to San Salvador, 1866–69. Returned to Detroit. Married Martha Ann Tillman in 1873. Elected to Congress as a Democrat and served from 1875 until his death in Washington, D.C.

William Winters (1830–April 8, 1864?) Born in Connecticut. Married Harriet J. Smith in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1853. Moved to Hawes Creek Township in Bartholomew County, Indiana, where he worked as a saddle and harness maker. Enlisted in Company I, 67th Indiana Infantry, in August 1862. Taken prisoner along with his regiment when the Union garrison at Munfordville, Kentucky, surrendered on September 17, 1862. Returned to Indiana after being paroled the day after his capture. Exchanged in late November 1862. Regiment joined Sherman’s expedition against Vicksburg. Saw action at Chickasaw Bayou. Served as hospital attendant during expedition to capture Arkansas Post and in army camps near Vicksburg. Saw action at Port Gibson, Champion Hill, Big Black River, and in the siege of Vicksburg. Sent with regiment to southern Louisiana in August 1863 and to Matagorda Bay, Texas, in December. Returned to southern Louisiana in February 1864 and served in Red River campaign. Missing in action and presumed killed in the battle of Sabine Crossroads.

Jonathan Worth (November 18, 1802–September 5, 1869) Born in Guilford County, North Carolina, the son of a physician. Attended Caldwell Institute in Greensboro. Married Martitia Daniel in 1824, the same year he began practicing law in Asheboro. Served in North Carolina house of commons, 1830–32, where he opposed nullification. Served in state senate, 1840–41 and 1858–61. Opposed secession in 1861. Elected state treasurer in 1862 and served until 1865, when he was elected governor. Reelected in 1866. Opposed ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which made southern state governments subject to military authority. Declined to run for reelection in 1868 and refused to recognize the election of William W. Holden as his successor. Removed from office by military authority in July 1868. Died in Raleigh.