Abbott, H. Porter, 56
action, 105–49
embodied and disembodied metaphors and, 125–34
grounded cognition and, 117–21
interactions in narrative and narration, 134–44
narrative affordances and, 144–49
paradoxes of simulation and, 117–25
understanding, 6–7, 123, 126, 157. See also action-perception circuit; imitation; pattern-forming activity
action-perception circuit, 7, 11, 13, 106–17, 199, 216n7
Addis, Donna Rose, 85
Adolphs, Ralph, 102
aesthetic experiences, 85–86, 107, 161, 181, 186, 215n3
affective appraisals, 98–101
affect theory, 62–63, 96, 213n8. See also emotions
affordances, 42, 44, 144–49, 178, 201, 211n16, 217n15
Alderson-Day, Ben, 165–66, 220n7
ambiguity, 30, 35, 155–56, 158, 167, 196, 215n4
Anderson, Michael L., 22, 118, 124
anger, 7, 21, 43, 94–97, 132–34, 159, 200. See also emotions
anticipation and retrospection, 36, 58–73, 85–86, 99–100, 147
anticipatory understanding, 94, 97, 121
aphasia, 23
Aristotle: desire to classify narratives and, 202
on imitation of action, 105
on memory, 83
Poetics, 215n2
temporality and, 27
theory of catharsis and, 159–60, 163
theory of plots and, 4, 11, 27, 32, 69
arithmetic problems, 83
Armstrong, Paul B.: Challenge of Bewilderment, 210n9, 217n13, 222n17
Conflicting Readings, 216n8
How Literature Plays with the Brain, 215n4
Arstila, Valtteri, 56
artificial intelligence theory, 18, 20, 47, 200
as-if relations, 8, 28, 110, 119–21, 124, 126, 130, 140–41, 179–82, 190, 200, 207, 222n18
challenging habits and patterns, 179–81, 198
identification and, 158–60
impressionism and, 193, 195, 197
Asperger’s syndrome, 162
as-relations and as-structure, 17, 18, 29, 111–12, 121, 149, 207
aesthetic movements and, 197
doubling and, 161, 168, 222n18
intentionality and, 44
simulation and, 7, 128–29, 151, 163, 200
attention and awareness, 49, 64, 77, 83, 86, 124, 147
awareness of an intention, 68
children’s attentional engagement with their parents, 169–70
conscious awareness, 54, 57, 59, 74, 98–99
emotions focusing, 101
initial awareness, 59–60, 62–63
attunement, 93–94, 97, 100–101, 107, 171, 182
Auerbach, Erich, 129
Austen, Jane: Pride and Prejudice, 51–52
authorial audience, 185, 219–20n6
autism, 162
Auyoung, Elaine, 44, 138–40, 146, 202, 211n12
Aziz-Zadeh, Lisa, 127
Bal, P. Matthijs, 168
Balzac, Honoré de: Père Goriot, 33, 128–29, 130
“Sarrasine,” 88
Bang, Dan, 172
Barnes, Djuna: Nightwood, 83
Barsalou, Lawrence, 100, 113–14, 117, 118–20
Barthes, Roland: S/Z, 88, 212n2
Bayesian models of predictive processing, 45, 147, 202, 211n12, 216n8
Bear, Mark, 107
Beckett, Samuel, 222n18
Berlin, Isaiah, 34
Bernaerts, Lars (ed.): Stories and Minds: Cognitive Approaches to Literary Narrative, 14
Berthoz, Alain: The Physiology and Phenomenology of Action (with Petit), 106, 134, 144–45
Berwick, Robert C., 209n4
binding, 54, 61, 62, 74, 81, 89
biocultural hybrids, 23–24, 25, 47, 149, 180, 189, 205, 206–7
Bolens, Guillemette, 43–44, 135, 148–49, 152–53
Bourke, Joanna, 132–33
bracketing, 143
brain, anatomy of, 20–23
anterior cingulate cortex, 160
brain stem, 68
Broca’s area, 23, 114–15, 216n7
cortex, 4, 20–22, 54–55, 68, 98, 186, 200
frontal cortex, 186
hippocampus, 68, 87, 98, 214n14
insula, 160
motor cortex, 6, 22, 66, 87, 109, 112–14, 122–27, 136–38, 157
premotor cortex, 112, 127, 138
visual cortex, 20, 22, 50, 54, 68, 95, 123–24, 193, 200
Wernicke’s area, 23
brain, conceptions of: asynchronous temporal processes, 6, 54–65, 104, 213n11
chaos and rules in terms of network behavior, 19–20
computer model superseded, 18, 20, 54, 77, 200–201, 210n4
default mode network (DMN), 85–86
imagined in a vat, 3
interactive brain hypothesis, 102
stability vs. instability, 78–79, 81, 84
synchronization and desynchronization processes, 5, 19, 54–59, 76, 103, 171–72, 203
brain-body interactions: as-if body loop, 158, 160
language and, 23
participatory sense-making and, 103
seeing-as and, 17–19
brain-body-world interactions, 4, 5, 11, 62, 89
cortical functions and, 20–22, 203
measuring equipment and, 90
brain-to-brain coupling, 9, 171, 182, 185–86, 203
Brontë, Charlotte: Jane Eyre, 48
Brooks, Peter, 30
Brown, Donald E., 24
Buckner, Randy L., 85
Burke, Kenneth, 136
Busch, Niko, 74–75
Butler, Octavia: Parable of the Sower, 162
Cacciari, Cristina, 127
Calvino, Italo: If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler, 83
Caramazza, Alfonso, 122
Carroll, David C., 85
Carroll, Lewis: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, 145
Cartesian model, 5, 38, 53, 222n18
Casasanto, Daniel, 216–17n11
Castano, Emanuele, 151, 152, 161–63, 169
categorization process, 17–18, 202, 206, 221n14. See also frames and scripts
Cave, Terence, 42, 85, 138, 142, 145–46, 178, 188, 201, 216n8
Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 23, 209n4
characters, 88, 101, 141, 155–56, 165–66, 189, 215n2
Chatterjee, Anjan, 118
Chekhov, Anton, 162
Cheng, Yawei, 160
Churchland, Patricia, 215n4
Cikara, Mina, 170
circularity of literary interpretation, 18, 205–6
Clark, Andy, 42, 106, 147, 177–78, 211n16, 216n8, 221n13
classification. See taxonomic, rule-based approach
distributed, 177–86
embodied cognition, 5, 9, 13, 15, 17, 26–29, 45–48, 53, 105, 116, 118, 211n16, 222n18
emotion interconnected with, 95
figuration in narrative and, 26–37
grounded cognition, 117–22
performance deficits and cognitive ability, 121–22
social cognition, 119, 120, 151–52, 162, 165, 169
cognitive archive of stories, 186–98, 206, 222n18
cognitive formalism, 6, 14–15, 20, 22, 209n1
cognitive narratology, 9, 14–18, 201
cognitive science: first-generation, 15, 16–17, 20, 42, 200, 215n1
narrative theory and, 26, 52, 168, 200
relation to literary theories of memory and imagination, 85
second-generation, 15–17, 43, 105, 201, 211n12, 215n1
Cohn, Dorrit, 153, 155–56, 218–19n3
cointentionality, 13
collaboration, 169–73, 182, 221n12. See also synchronization
color phi phenomenon, 61–62, 212n7
comic panels, 75
conceptual blending, 40–41
concordant discordance, 12, 29, 32, 41, 46–48, 52, 54, 69–70, 74, 100, 103, 105, 142, 203
affordances and, 145–46
concretization, 141
configuration. See figuration / configuration / refiguration
conflict of interpretations, 14, 34, 192, 199, 201, 205, 210n6
Lord Jim, 34–35, 79–80, 143–44, 194, 196
consciousness, 3
archive of world’s stories and, 186–98, 222n18
doubling and, 70
electrochemical activity and, 52
evolution and, 84
4e cognition and, 4
impressionism and, 190–97
intentional binding in, 61
lag in, 54, 59–60, 66–67, 69–70, 98, 99, 142
memory and problem solving requiring, 83
modernism and, 196–97
multiple drafts model of, 212n7
phenomenology and, 210n6
reading fiction and, 153–56, 164
social powers of narrative and, 153, 186–98. See also attention and awareness; point of view
consistency building, 12, 35, 93, 139, 144–45, 165, 196
conventions, 7, 42, 48–51, 120, 125–28, 145, 191–93, 211n14
Cowell, Jason, 170
Crane, Stephen, 191
Crick, Francis, 186–87
Culler, Jonathan, 211n14
cultural practices, 7, 11, 15, 23, 120
archive of world’s stories and, 198, 206, 222n18
biocultural hybridity and, 23–24, 25, 47, 149, 180, 190, 205, 206–7, 222n18
bodily experience and, 148
group identification and, 170, 220n10
metaphors for pain and, 132–33, 200
cutaneous rabbit phenomenon, 61–62
D’Aloia, Adriano, 159
dance, 56, 102, 103, 109, 111, 171, 174, 212n3
daydreaming, 86
decoding: word and sentence, 81
delayed, 144
defamiliarization, 34, 93, 128, 180, 194, 211n14
default mode network (DMN), 85–86
Defoe, Daniel: Moll Flanders, 51
Dehaene, Stanislas, 9, 22, 68, 70, 78, 81, 83, 124
De Jaegher, Hanne, 102
DeLillo, Don, 162
Dennett, Daniel, 212n7
Dickens, Charles: David Copperfield, 48
Great Expectations, 64–66, 69–70, 84–85, 154–55, 213n9
Dikker, Suzanne, 182
Dionysian dissolution, 176
Di Paolo, Ezequiel, 102
discordance. See concordant discordance; disjunctions; dissonance
discourse: compared with story, 30–31, 32–33, 35, 55–56, 145–46, 202
disjunctions in, 34–35
free indirect, 155–56, 189, 218–19n3
discursive psychology, 16
disjunctions: in discourse, 34–35
in narrative, 142, 202. See also interruption in narrative continuity
Dostoevsky, Fyodor: Crime and Punishment, 141, 159–60
doubling, 7, 8, 13, 36–37, 70–73, 82, 131, 169, 195–96, 200, 203, 207
as-if construction and, 110, 119, 120
beneficial as well as deleterious consequences of, 170, 172, 207
empathy and, 150, 153, 158, 160, 218n1
free indirect discourse and, 155–56
theories of other minds and, 157, 160–65. See also mirroring processes; paradox of the alter ego
Dove, Guy, 118
Dreyfus, Hubert, 18
Droit-Volet, Sylvie, 74, 93–94
Dudai, Yadin, 84
Easterlin, Nancy, 70, 209n4, 210n10
Eco, Umberto, 120
EEG measurement, 89, 171, 182–83, 185, 220n11
Eliot, George: Middlemarch, 33
Eliot, T. S., 31
embodiment: cognition and, 5, 9, 13, 15, 17, 26–29, 45–48, 105, 116, 118, 211n15
embodied and disembodied metaphors, 125–34. See also brain, conceptions of; cognition; consciousness; emotions; temporality
emotions: affective appraisals and, 98–101
as-if emotions in response to stories, 159–60
attunement and, 93–94, 97, 100–101
cognition and, 95
as cultural experiences, 96, 200, 201
intentionality of, 95–98
make-believe quasi-feelings and, 141
neuroscience of, 21, 43, 95, 199, 201
not neural signatures, 21, 95, 201
scales for affect and, 99
shared emotions, 93
social work of, 96
temporality of, 90–104. See also affect theory; empathy
empathy, 7, 13, 150, 152–69, 200
effects of literary fiction, 150–52, 162–63, 166–68
effects of nonfiction, 169
in-group bias and, 220n10. See also identification
empirical turn in cognitive literary studies, 204–5
emplotment: correlated to temporality of the brain, 54
as natural cognitive capability, 49, 111, 115. See also figuration / configuration / refiguration; plot-formation; probability
enactivism, 5, 9, 15, 16, 42, 53, 105, 209n2, 211n16, 222n18
engrams, 86
episodic dimension, 74, 78, 83, 87–88
equilibrium and disequilibrium, 78–81, 83, 84
Erdrich, Louise, 162
essentialism, 180. See also biocultural hybrids; universals
Evans, Vyvyan, 209n4
evolution: consciousness and, 84
cooperative behavior and, 221n12
emotions and, 96
neural reuse and, 23
emotion and, 99–100
gap filling and, 44
patterns and, 45, 70, 125, 139
predictions about probability and, 147, 172, 202
of reciprocation, 173. See also anticipation and retrospection; fore-structure; surprise
experientiality, 47
explanatory gap, 2–3, 8, 52–53, 199, 207
extended mind, 177–78
eye movements (saccades), 49–50, 107
fabula, 30
familiarity, 48–49, 70, 109, 117, 148. See also defamiliarization; habituation
The Sound and the Fury, 73, 92–93, 197
Fazio, Patrik, 115
fear, 27, 36, 94–95, 101, 158, 160, 163, 218n17. See also emotions
Fernyhough, Charles, 165–66, 220n7
fictionality, 216n6
Fielding, Henry: Shamela, 167
Tom Jones, 51
figuration / configuration / refiguration 2, 7, 17–19, 26–38, 41, 47, 68, 77–78, 84, 111, 180, 207. See also action-perception circuit; emplotment; mimesis
first-person experience, 186, 190, 191
Flaubert, Gustave: Madame Bovary, 155, 189
flexibility and openness to change, 1, 11, 19, 22, 78, 84, 116–17, 119, 180–81. See also consistency building; habit formation; pattern-forming activity; surprise
Fludernik, Monika, 15, 16, 46–47, 49, 51, 211nn13–14
fluency, 138–40, 142, 144, 202
fMRI measurement, 8, 23, 85–86, 89–90, 109, 113, 124, 126–27, 161, 183, 185–87, 220n11
focalization, 37, 188, 206, 219n3. See also free indirect discourse; perspectives; point of view
folk psychology, 155
Ford, Ford Madox, 35, 191, 194–95, 197, 206
The Good Soldier, 35–36, 194, 196
Fordham, Finn, 217n14
fore-structure, 58, 94, 109–12, 121, 125, 215–16n5
forgetting, 83–90. See also memory
frames and scripts, 14–15, 18–19, 47, 75, 200, 214n13, 221n14
Fraps, Thomas, 61
free indirect discourse, 155–56, 189, 218–19n3
free riders, 173
Freud, Sigmund, 86
Frith, Christopher, 103, 154–55, 171–73, 218n2
Frith, Uta, 171
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 102, 175, 219–20n6
Gallagher, Catherine, 216n6
Gallagher, Shaun, 20, 27, 38, 63, 86, 103, 108–9, 136, 154–55, 213n11
Gallese, Vittorio, 126–27, 128
games and play, 102, 175–76, 179, 212n3
gap filling, 26, 44, 119–20, 139–40, 205
Genette, Gérard, 6, 12, 31, 32, 35, 56, 81, 202, 206, 210n8, 212n2, 219n3
genre, 101, 144–47, 167, 188, 190, 219n5
Gerrig, Richard, 18–19, 68–69, 120, 151–52, 164–65, 168–69, 204
gestalt theory and processes, 17, 73, 76, 77, 78, 82, 108–9, 180, 193
gestures, 13, 121, 128, 135–37, 148–49, 171
Gibbs, Raymond, 125
Gibson, James J., 17, 42, 67, 81, 144, 177, 201, 217n15
Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, 106
Glenberg, Arthur M., 145
Goethe: Sorrows of Young Werther, 167
Gombrich, E. H., 192–93
grammar, 14, 16, 23, 83, 156, 200. See also universal grammar
graphic novels, 75
Greene, Joshua, 170
grounded cognition, 117–21
group identification, 170, 220n10
Guerard, Albert, 210n9
habit formation, 116–17, 180, 194, 207
habituation, 19, 107, 128, 211n14, 215n3
Hagendoorn, Ivar, 67
Hakemulder, Jèmeljan, 168
haptic perception, 89, 114, 116, 136, 139, 189
Harry Potter series, 219n5
hearing, 3, 56, 95. See also sound
Hearing the Voice project (Durham University), 165–66
Hebb’s law, 19, 20, 23, 25, 49, 86, 117, 126, 135
Heidegger, Martin, 5, 8, 17, 58, 91, 94, 99, 109, 121, 142, 211n13, 215–16n5
Being and Time, 38
Hein, Grit, 158
Herman, David, 16, 39–40, 41, 43, 177, 222n18
Storytelling and the Sciences of the Mind, 39–40, 41, 209n2
emotions and, 100–1
hermeneutic code (HER), 88
hermeneutic phenomenology, 5
hermeneutic turn, 210n6
pattern-forming activity and, 121, 152, 201. See also conflict of interpretations; validity in interpretation
heteronomous existence, 88–90, 175, 179, 219n6
Hickok, Gregory, 108, 122–23, 215n4
Hoffman, Martin: Empathy and Moral Development, 220nn9–10
Hogan, Patrick Colm, 21, 24–25, 98
Homer, 31
Odyssey, 31
homogeneity, 54, 59, 66, 71, 117, 159, 174, 180, 183
humanities: consilience between cognitive science and, 52, 199
need for pattern in cognitive science and, 18
reevaluation and shifts in light of scientific research, 52, 201
Hume, David, 61
Hunt, Lynn, 167
Husserl, Edmund, 5, 8, 27, 57, 98, 211n13, 212n4
Hutchison, William, 160
hyperscanning, 171–72, 185, 220–21n11
identification, 13, 36, 152–69
group, 170, 220n10. See also empathy
Ildirar, Sermin, 48–49
illusions, 33, 35–36, 85, 92, 116, 138–44, 205.
imagination, 6, 80, 84–86, 89, 138
imitation, 7, 27, 105, 161, 167, 171, 199. See also mimesis
immersion, 33–36, 45–46, 48, 72, 92, 138, 140, 142, 144, 157, 166, 192
impressionism: literary, 194–97, 206, 221–22n17
visual arts, 190–94
infants, 38, 102, 108, 169, 174
inferences, 60–61, 115, 119–21, 124, 165, 216n8
innate language faculty, 209n4
innocent eye, 192–93
integration, 54, 57, 73–83, 90
intentionality, 108, 121, 135, 200
of actions, 108–9
as-relations and, 44
of emotions, 95–98
operative or non-thetic intentionality, 38, 63, 98
shared (we-intentionality), 169–79, 181–84, 221n12
intergenerational transmission, 104, 149, 198, 206
International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature, 204
interruption in narrative continuity, 143–44, 194, 202
intersubject correlation analysis (ISC), 214n15
intersubjectivity, 11, 36, 90–104, 153–54, 198, 202–3. See also paradox of the alter ego
on anticipation and retrospection, 147
on consistency building, 145
on fictionality, 216n6
The Fictive and the Imaginary, 110–11
on illusion-building and breaking, 141
on paradoxical duplication of “real” and “alien me,” 159
reading theory of, 26, 32, 81–82, 140, 146, 205, 211n13
theory of the imaginary, 211n13
virtual dimension and, 141
worldmaking and, 39
James, Henry, 36, 129, 145, 187–89, 191, 206, 217n13
The Ambassadors, 37, 40, 44, 195–96
The Golden Bowl, 129–30
The Portrait of a Lady, 80, 189
The Turn of the Screw, 79
What Maisie Knew, 195–96
The Wings of the Dove, 188–89
James, William, 5, 12, 15, 26–27, 93, 189, 212n5
Jauss, Hans Robert, 26, 211n13
Jeannerod, Marc, 60, 108, 113, 122, 136, 142
Johnson, Mark: Metaphors We Live By (with Lakoff), 125
Philosophy in the Flesh (with Lakoff), 125–26, 132
Joyce, James, 48, 50–51, 71–72, 92, 191, 206, 222n18
Finnegans Wake, 50–51, 52, 130–31, 211n15, 217n14
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 107–8, 111–12, 189
Ulysses, 31, 52, 82, 92, 131, 197
Kaschak, Michael P., 145
Kearney, Richard, 17
Keen, Suzanne, 97, 150–51, 168
Kellogg, Robert, 206
The Nature of Narrative (with Scholes), 51, 206, 215n2
Kidd, David Comer, 151, 152, 161–63, 169
Kierkegaard, Søren, 212n5
kinematic theory of narrative, 44, 148–49, 152–53
kinesic intelligence, 152
kinesthetic empathy, 138–39, 152–53, 158–59
Kolers, Paul, 212n7
Konvalinka, Ivana, 172–73, 220n11
Kuhn, Thomas, 52
Kukkonen, Karin, 44–45, 146–47, 148, 202, 216n8, 218n17
Kuzmičová, Anežka, 138
Lakoff, George: Metaphors We Live By (with Johnson), 125
Philosophy in the Flesh (with Johnson), 125–26, 132
Lamm, Claus, 158
as biocultural hybrid, 23–24
human capacity for, 112, 169, 200, 221n12
innovation and change in, 23–24, 40–41, 211n11
as joint attentional skill, 170
as whole-brain phenomenon, 23, 200
langue-parole distinction, 14, 16, 200, 209n3
Lawrence, D. H., 222n18
Leavis, F. R., 217n13
LeDoux, Joseph, 98
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim: Laocoön, 71
Levine, Caroline, 217–18n15
Libet, Benjamin, 4, 59–61, 62–63, 66, 67, 142
Lindquist, Kristen A., 21
Lipps, Theodor, 158
literary theory, 190, 202, 204, 205. See also narrative theory
lived worlds and narrative worldmaking, 37–46
Livingstone, Margaret, 107
localization, 124, 210n4, 217n12. See also brain, conceptions of; network thinking and connectivity; neural reuse
Lodge, David, 187–89
Thinks . . . , 187–88
Lothe, Jakob, 210n8, 212n2, 215n2
Malafouris, Lambros, 217n15
Mann, Thomas: The Magic Mountain, 73
Marvell, Andrew, 188
Massumi, Brian, 62–63, 67, 98, 213n8
Matlock, Teenie, 125
McCloud, Scott, 75
McGill Pain Questionnaire, 132
McKechnie, Shirley, 109
memory: imagination and, 85–86
kinesthetic, 152
long-term memory, 86, 88, 89, 99
neuroscience of, 56, 68, 83–90, 204
procedural memory, 87–88, 138, 142
seven sins of, 84–85
short-term memory, 86, 88, 89, 99
working memory, 57, 74, 83, 87, 89, 99
memory-based processing, 19, 86, 120, 165
mental time travel, 86
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 5, 8, 45, 143
on bodily gesture and conventions, 209n3
on dialogue as shared operation, 175
on duality of visible and invisible, 110, 139
on embodied consciousness, 45
on emotions’ variance in cultural expression, 96
on experiencing others, 90–91, 154
gestalt theory and, 17
on gestures, 135–36
on operative intentionality, 38, 63, 98–99, 143, 213n11
on paradox of the alter ego, 90–91, 153–54
on unity of tactile sensations, 134–35
metaphor, 7, 24, 27, 40–41, 47, 114, 125–34, 193, 200, 210n6
Metz, Christian, 55
mimesis, 28–29, 64, 82, 105, 116, 134, 138, 139, 141, 164, 198, 201, 202
mirroring processes, 11, 13, 109, 150, 157, 160–61. See also doubling
mirror neurons, 121–22, 126–27, 157–58, 161, 215n4, 216n10, 219n4
Mitchell, W. J. T., 213n12
modernism, 51, 82, 92, 191, 192, 196–97, 206, 222n18
modularity, 124, 200. See also brain, conceptions of
Monet, Claude, 191
“Impression: Sunrise,” 191–93, 194
Montaigne, 146
mood, 31, 99, 210n8, 219n3. See also emotions
morality, 151–52, 166–67, 207. See also social powers of narrative
Morse code, 76
motion agnosia, 82–83
motor cognition, 6–7, 13, 22, 87, 108–9, 113–14, 122–23, 125, 127, 136–38, 157
multiple-plot novels, 33–34
Murphy, Elliott, 209–10n4
music, 8, 9, 56, 60, 77, 88, 102, 103, 111, 114, 173–76, 212n3. See also rhythm
musical group interaction (MGI), 174
Nabokov, Vladimir: Lolita, 165, 219–20n6
Nadeau, Stephen E., 19–20, 23, 209n4
“What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” 186
narrative: brain processes enabling, 11, 88
kinematic theory of, 44
natural vs. unnatural, 46–53
rhetorical definition of, 43
social work of, 91, 150–52, 166–69, 177–82, 207
temporality and, 6, 55, 73–83. See also discourse; figuration/configuration/refiguration; mimesis; telling and following stories; temporality
narrative theory, 2, 11–19, 24–37, 206
endings of stories and, 65–66, 80–81
figurative activity and, 26–37
as guide to reading, 205
learning from neuroscience, 5, 8–10, 13–25, 199, 200, 202
research questions for neuroscience, 9–10, 203–4
structuralism and, 209n1
universal grammar and, 14, 83–84
worldmaking and, 37–46. See also narratology
narrative universals, 24–25
narrativity, 47
narratology: classificatory schemes of, 6, 14, 46
closure in fiction and, 80–81
fabula and sjužet, 30
relation between language, cognition, and narrative, 13–14, 200
natural narratology, 46–47, 50
post-classical, 15
relation to changes in science, 9, 14, 15, 201
second-generation, 15–16, 43, 201
structuralist cognitive narratology, 9, 14, 199, 203, 215n5. See also cognitive narratology; narrative theory
narrator’s voice, 31, 33, 37, 160, 165–66, 184–85, 189, 210n8, 218n3. See also focalization
natural vs. unnatural narratives, 46–53, 130
network thinking and connectivity, 85–86, 124
neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs), 2, 5, 52, 55, 67, 186, 202
neurobiology, 2, 6, 9, 11, 13, 19, 21–22, 47
of brain-body interaction, 114, 117, 207
of collaborative meaning making, 103
of emotions, 95
of grounded cognition, 122
of morality, 151
temporality and, 56–58, 76, 213n11
neuronal activity, 5, 19, 52–53, 55–57, 68, 74, 89, 112, 138, 160, 187, 200. See also Hebb’s law
neuroscience: complementary to narrative theory, 5, 8–10, 13–25, 199, 200, 202
of emotions, 21, 43, 95, 199, 201
evolution of, 5–6, 9, 200–1, 209n4
learning from narrative theory, 8–10, 13–25
limitations of, 89–90, 185, 186–88, 203–5
of memory and forgetting, 56, 68, 83–90, 204
research questions to explore in relation to narrative theory, 203–4
second-person, 8, 171, 216–17n11
niche construction, 42
Nicolai, Friedrich: The Joys of Young Werther, 167
Niedenthal, Paula: “Embodying Emotion,” 120–21
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 40, 118–19, 176, 200
Noë, Alva, 53, 106–7, 135, 177, 222n19
Nussbaum, Martha, 150–51
Obhi, Sukhvinder, 61
observational learning, 161
pain, 7, 132–34, 157, 160–61, 200
paradox of the alter ego, 8, 90–91, 153–56, 159, 189
Parma mirror-neuron group, 122, 126–27, 216n10
pattern-completion inference mechanism, 119, 124, 140
pattern-forming activity, 2, 7, 13, 46, 49–51, 68, 201
Hebbian firing and wiring, 86–87
oscillation and, 35, 55–57, 103, 182, 192–96
play between building and breaking in narrative, 1, 12, 143–44, 202
recurring patterns in narratives, 24, 49, 178, 179
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 5
perception: action, role of, 7, 11, 13, 106–17, 122
conventions’ effect on, 211n14
ecological theory of, 144–45
horizonal absences in, 139–40, 147
integration in, 140
intersubjectivity and, 153
motor, 67
natural, 48–49
speech, 136
temporality of, 60–63, 67–69, 75–76, 81, 98
visual, 192–93. See also action-perception circuit; defamiliarization; habituation
performance deficits and cognitive ability, 121–22
perspectives, 34–37, 53, 79, 81–85, 88, 90–92, 110, 139–40, 167, 170, 182–85, 194–97
Petit, Jean-Luc: The Physiology and Phenomenology of Action (with Berthoz), 106, 134, 144–45
Petit, Philippe, 158
Pettitt, Clare, 217n13
Phelan, James, 14, 26, 43, 78, 80–81, 202, 218n16, 219–20n6, 221n16
phenomenology: definition of intentionality in, 38, 108
paradox of the alter ego and, 8, 153
phenomenological model of literature, 2, 38, 201, 210n5
suspension of natural attitude and, 143
Pinker, Steven, 14, 150–51, 166–68, 207
plasticity, 20–21, 111, 124, 198
play. See games and play
plot-formation, 12, 32, 35, 70, 77–79, 91–92, 196. See also action; emplotment
Poggioli, Renato, 214n12
point of observation, 81–82, 106
point of view, 48, 187–90, 195. See also focalization; perception
Pöppel, Ernst, 75–76
Pound, Ezra, 213–14n12
pragmatism, 38
predictive processing, 45, 67, 147, 202, 211n16, 221n13
preference rules, 6, 14, 15, 17–19, 43–44, 68–69, 170, 200, 215n5
prefiguration. See figuration / configuration / refiguration
prism spectacle experiment, 60, 63, 212n6
probability, 146–47, 202, 218n16
In Search of Lost Time, 56, 206
psychology, 16, 21, 94, 118–20, 151, 156–57, 163–65, 168
Pulvermüller, Friedemann, 112, 114, 136
qualia, 186, 188, 190–95, 197, 203
quasi judgments, 141
rabbit-duck figure, 17, 35, 76, 143
Rabinowitz, Peter, 80
Raposo, Ana, 127
Rapp, David, 69
ratchet effect, 169
reading: cortical capacities and, 22, 200
differences among readers, 22–23, 204–5
not linear logical processing, 19
scanning left to right bias in visual art, 72
temporality of integration in, 73–83
word decoding, 81. See also immersion; pattern-forming activity
realism, 51, 128, 191, 192, 206
reciprocity, 68, 173, 179, 221n12
reductionism, 2–3, 5, 186–87, 199
reenactment, 7, 118–24, 134–44, 160
refiguration. See figuration / configuration / refiguration
relativism, 24
relevance theory, 42, 201, 216n8
reliable vs. unreliable narration, 56, 79, 196
rhythm, 67, 75–78, 102–3, 112, 114, 131, 174–76
Richardson, Alan, 85–86
Richardson, Samuel: Clarissa, 51
Ricoeur, Paul, 2, 104, 200, 201
on eventfulness of language, 211n11
Fludernik on, 211n13
on illusion of sequence, 73–74
on imitation of action, 105–6
langue-parole distinction critiqued by, 209n3
on narrative intelligence, 177
Oneself as Another, 210n6, 213n10
on recollection and reading, 63–64
“Structure, Word, Event,” 211n11
on temporality, 26, 27, 28–29, 30, 58, 213n10
theory of plots and, 4, 11, 12, 43
on worldmaking, 38–39
Ridley, James, 213n9
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 122
Robinson, Jenefer, 98, 100–101, 141, 216n9
Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory, 15
Rubin, James, 192
Rüschemeyer, Shirley-Ann, 127
Ruskin, John, 192–93
Ryan, Marie-Laure, 45–46
Narrative as Virtual Reality, 46
Ryan, Vanessa, 142
Ryle, Gilbert, 40
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 159
Sathian, Krish, 114
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 14, 125, 209n3
scaffolding, 41
scanning technologies. See EEG measurement; fMRI measurement
Schlesinger, I. M., 81
Scholes, Robert, 206
The Nature of Narrative (with Kellogg), 51, 206, 215n2
Schwan, Stephan, 48–49
seeing-as, 2, 17–19, 26–46, 47, 120, 180, 198, 202, 210n8, 214n13
circularity of literary interpretation and, 18, 205–6
emplotment and, 30
frames and scripts and, 47, 221n14
segmentation of time, 73–83
self-consciousness, 70–71, 142, 147
self-understanding, 155
Sensorimotor Foundations of Higher Cognition (Haggard, Rossetti, & Kawato, eds.), 118
sensorimotor system, 117–18, 121, 127–28, 133
shared intentionality, 169–70, 174–76, 178–79, 182–84, 198
Shklar, Judith, 181
Shklovsky, Viktor, 194, 211n14
Silva, Alcino J., 84
simulation, 13, 113, 199–200, 220n6
as-relations and, 7, 128–29, 151, 163
fiction as simulation of social worlds, 163–64
paradoxes of, 117–25
simulation theory (ST), 157, 162–63, 164–65
sjužet, 30
Smith, Tim, 49–50
Smollett, Tobias: The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom, 148
social cognition, 119, 120, 151–52, 162, 165, 169, 177–80
social justice, 150, 181. See also injustice
social powers of narrative, 150–98, 203–4, 207
collaboration and, 169–76, 182–84
consciousness and, 186–98
distributed cognition and, 177–86
synchronizing cognitive activity and, 184
solipsism, 8, 90, 153–54, 156, 157, 163. See also paradox of the alter ego
Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, 32
sound, 3, 20, 75, 76, 112, 115, 139. See also music
spatial form in modern literature, 71–73, 213–14n12
speech, 60, 135–36, 183. See also langue-parole distinction
Speer, Nicole, 113–14
Sperber, Dan, 216n8
Spolsky, Ellen, 80
stage fright, 142
Stein, Gertrude: Tender Buttons, 145
Sterne, Laurence: Tristram Shandy, 51
Stevens, Catherine, 109
Stickgold, Robert, 85
structuralism, 14, 16, 41, 45, 209, 209n1, 209n4
structuralist cognitive narratology, 9, 14, 199, 200, 215n5
subjective referral, 60–64, 67, 69–72
surprise, 1, 32, 35, 55, 56, 59, 100–101
synchronization, 5, 19, 54–59, 76, 103, 171–73, 181–84
taxonomic, rule-based approach, 5, 6, 14–18, 25–26, 37–46, 202–3, 221n14. See also categorization process; frames and scripts
telling and following stories, 1–3, 6, 53, 117–18, 179, 184
asynchronous temporal processes in, 55, 59, 89
consciousness as essential to, 84
empathy resulting from, 150–51
evolution and, 89
memory requirements for, 84–85, 90
neurobiology of mental functioning and, 11, 74
participatory sense-making of, 102–3
social powers and, 150–52
universal grammar and, 14, 83–84
worldmaking and, 38. See also narrative; narratology; reading
anachronies and, 12, 35, 70, 143–44, 194, 202
anticipation and retrospection, 58–73
of brain functioning, 54–63
communal time, 103–4
endings of stories and, 65–66, 80–81
of integration in cognition, narrative, and reading, 73–83
of intersubjectivity and emotion, 90–104
narrative and, 2, 11, 13, 26, 35, 55, 199
neuroscience of memory and forgetting, 83–90
segmentation and, 73–83
subjective time, variations in, 94
unity of mind and, 57
theater, 212n3
theory of mind (ToM), 151, 152, 157, 161–63, 168–69, 184, 200, 204, 219n5
to-and-fro movements, 1, 5, 9, 11, 61, 77, 86, 89, 98, 179–80, 186
of anticipation and retrospection, 116
collaborative sensemaking and, 102, 173, 174
of figuration and refiguration, 18, 46
of narrative interactions, 43, 175, 181
preference rules and, 19
reciprocal processes of pattern formation, 68, 70
of shared intentionality, 177
Todorov, Tzvetan, 78
Tolstoy, Leo: Anna Karenina, 33–34, 91–92, 101, 138–39, 141
Tomasello, Michael, 136, 169–70, 221n12
Tomkins, Silvan, 21
top-down, bottom-up interactions, 12, 19, 70, 74
Tourette’s syndrome, 66
tragedy, 27, 36, 101, 147, 160
Trehub, Sandra, 174
triangulations, 13, 26, 53, 200
Turner, Mark, 40–41
underspecification, 42
universal grammar, 14, 23, 83–84, 200, 209n4
universals, 24–25. See also biocultural hybrids
unpredictability, 20–22, 44–45, 69, 117, 119, 146, 151, 158–60, 178, 207, 217–18n15
unreliable vs. reliable narration, 56, 79, 196
validity in interpretation, 201, 205, 222n18. See also conflict of interpretations
Van Bavel, Jay J., 170
van Gelder, Tim, 77
Vannuscorps, Gilles, 122
VanRullen, Rufin, 74–75
Varela, Francisco, 56–58, 68, 75, 76, 99–100, 211n16, 214n13
Veltkamp, Martijn, 168
video games, 212n3
violence, 161
vision, 2, 9, 20, 22, 54, 56, 75, 95, 106–7, 139.
voice. See narrator’s voice
von Grünau, Michael, 212n7
Wallace, David Foster: Infinite Jest, 82
Walton, Kendall, 140–41
wandering viewpoint of the reader, 82
Wertheimer, Max, 212n7
Werther crisis, 167
Wheatley, Thalia, 173
Wicker, Bruno, 160
Wiesel, Thorstein, 193
Wilkowski, Benjamin, 132
Willems, Roel, 216–17n11
Wilson, Deirdre, 216n8
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 153–54
Wittman, Marc, 75
Woolf, Virginia, 48, 92, 191, 206, 222n18
“Modern Fiction,” 196–97
To the Lighthouse, 48, 73, 197
Wordsworth, William: “Tintern Abbey,” 86
worldmaking in narrative, 37–46
Yarrow, Kielan, 61
Yeazell, Ruth Bernard, 217n13
Zahavi, Dan, 27, 86, 103, 154, 155
Zeki, Semir, 17, 54, 186–87, 217n12
zero-degree narratives, 12, 32, 35
Zola, Emile, 191