he purpose of this chapter is to call attention to the various resources for NT exegesis. These are organized and selected to coordinate with the outline provided by Chapter I. In addition to the specific suggestions given here, the student might wish also to secure one or more of the following bibliographic aids:
Norman E. Anderson, Tools for Bibliographical and Backgrounds Research on the New Testament (South Hamilton, Mass.: Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, 1987).
Joseph A. Fitzmyer, An Introductory Bibliography for the Study of Scripture, Subsidia Biblica, 3 (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1981). Abbreviated throughout as JAF.
Daniel J. Harrington, The New Testament: A Bibliography (Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier, 1985).
Douglas J. Moo (ed.), An Annotated Bibliography on the Bible and the Church (compiled for the Alumni Association of Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, 111., 1986).
Although each of these is now a bit dated (as will always be true of published bibliographies), especially in their selections of commentaries, the student or pastor would benefit greatly from having at least one of these.
Although Moo is a bit limited in some areas of NT exegesis, it is included here because of its larger usefulness for those in pastoral ministry; it is also briefly annotated. Although unfortunately not annotated, Harrington's is an invaluable source for the whole broad range of NT studies, including materials especially pertinent to doing exegesis. Fitzmyer's Introductory Bibliography is currently the best of its kind for exegetical work; it covers the whole Bible, is more fully annotated, and includes titles in the major scholarly languages. Entries given below focus chiefly on English titles. Anderson's Tools is espe-dally important for the vast array of materials available for Step 8.
A bibliography of a slightly different kind should also be noted, especially for those interested in research in NT and related fields:
Robert J. Kepple, Reference Works for Theological Research: An Annotated Selective Bibliographic Guide, 2d ed. (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1981).
The student/pastor needs to keep alert to the periodic publication of such bibliographies, which will supplement these four; and, of course, bibliographic material is now available online. One can find an enormous amount of material on almost any NT topic through http: // www.google.com/.
You should also be aware of an especially useful guide to some of the steps outlined in this Handbook, which also takes the student by the hand and guides her or him through the tools with photographs and examples:
Cyril J. Barber, Introduction to Theological Research (Chicago: Moody Press, 1982).
Note also the two books mentioned in the Preface, as well as the three mentioned in the Preface to the Second Edition, since they have useful sections that will supplement many of the exegetical steps listed in Chapter I. These five works will be referred to throughout this chapter by authors' last names:
Conzelmann-Lindemann = Hans Conzelmann and Andreas Lin-demann, Interpreting the New Testament: An Introduction to the Principles and Methods of N.T. Exegesis (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1988).
Black-Dockery = David Alan Black and David S. Dockery (eds.), New Testament Criticism and Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Zon-dervan Publishing House, 1991).
Kearley et al. = F. Furman Kearley, Edward P. Myers, and Timothy D. Hadley (eds.), Biblical Interpretation, Principles and Practice: Studies in Honor of Jack Pearl Lewis (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1986).
Green = Joel B. Green (ed.), Hearing the New Testament: Strategies for Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1995).
Porter = Stanley E. Porter (ed.), Handbook to Exegesis of the New Testament (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997).
An increasingly large number of computer-aided research tools are now available. The more accessible and useful of these (for PC users) for the purposes of exegesis are:
GRAMCORD, from the Gramcord Institute in Vancouver, Washington (www.GRAMCORD.org/; e-mail: scholars@GRAMCORD.org). This software is available in both PC and Apple Macintosh formats. Besides supplying the raw data of the Greek and Hebrew texts, plus several translations, Gramcord is designed to be both a concordance (for word searches) and a grammatical concordance (for almost any combination of grammatical forms and verbal relationships).
LOGOS ("The Scholar's Library"), from Logos Research Systems (www.christiansoftware.com). This is a very comprehensive system that envisions in time having a full electronic library. Currently over thirty translations are available, as well as the Greek and Hebrew texts. It is also available in both PC and Macintosh versions.
BIBLE WORKS 4.0, from Hermeneutika (www.bibleworks.com/; e-mail: sales@bibleworks.com). This is also a very comprehensive system for help in both Greek and Hebrew exegesis as well as in English translations. Again, it is available in both PC and Macintosh versions.
The most complete hard-copy bibliography of such items (now considerably out of date) for the biblical scholar and student is:
John J. Hughes, Bits, Bytes and Biblical Studies: A Resource Guide for the Use of Computers in Biblical and Classical Studies (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1987).
Step 1. Historical Context in General
For a good overview of both the historical-sociological environment of the NT in general and the historical setting/theological perspective of each of the NT books in particular, see parts 2 and 3 of Conzelmann-Lindemann (pp. 105-282) and chapters 2 and 4 in Green. For further help in answering the questions at this step, one needs two kinds of books: First, you should acquire one of the better introductions, which deal with the variety of critical issues (see JAF 274-84). A good crossconfessional look at things may be obtained from the following three:
Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament (New York: Doubleday, 1997).
Donald A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo, and Leon Morris, An Introduction to the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing blouse, 1992).
Werner G. Kummel, Introduction to the New Testament, rev. Eng. ed., trans. Floward Clark Kee (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1975). [JAF 278]
Second, you need a good content-oriented survey. Here the options are many. The best of these combines the needed elements of a survey (interpetative discussions) with superb, and creatively fresh, discussions of the questions of introduction:
Luke T. Johnson, The Writings of the New Testament: An Interpretation, rev. ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999).
Step 2. Limits of the Passage
For a helpful discussion of this issue, which also spills over into Step 11, see:
Raymond C. Kelcy, "Identifying the Pericope and Its Context," in Kearley et al., pp. 73-81.
Step 3. Paragraph Overview/Provisional Translation
The key to using the Greek text for exegesis is to keep reading it on a regular basis. There are three useful books, any one of which kept close at hand with your Greek NT will help you read the Greek NT, as well as guide you in the making of a provisional translation:
Sakae Kubo, A Reader's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Berrien Springs, Mich.: Andrews University Press, 1971).
Fritz Rienecker and Cleon Rogers, A Linguistic Key to the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1982). [JAF 211]
Max Zerwick and Mary Grosvenor, A Grammatical Analysis of the Greek New Testament; vol. 1: Gospels-Acts; vol. 2: Epistles-Apoca-lypse (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1974,1979). [JAF 211]
Kubo's book gives the basic meaning of words as they appear in the NT text. It is based on word frequency: Words occurring over fifty times in the NT are assumed to be known (but are listed in appendix 1). Words that occur from six to fifty times are listed at the beginning of each biblical book and form that author's "special vocabulary." Then are listed by chapter and verse all words that occur five times or fewer in any NT book. One of the helpful features of Kubo is that word frequencies (how many occurrences in a book/how many in the NT) are given for each word.
Zerwick-Grosvenor should prove more useful, however, for the work of rapid reading and provisional translation. It is keyed to Zer-wick's Greek grammar (see II.3.2.3) and includes more grammatical analysis than Rienecker-Rogers. The latter is perhaps too helpful in that even though it tends to give more lexical help, it is also prone to make questionable exegetical judgments that go beyond the purposes of such a tool.
For an overview of the science of translation and the reason for the choice of the translations suggested in I.1.3.3, see chapter 2 ("The Basic Tool—A Good Translation") in:
Gordon D. Fee and Douglas Stuart, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1993).
Step 4. Sentence Flow or Diagram
See II.2.1 and II.2.2 for the few bibliographic resources suggested for use in making the sentence flow or diagram. An introductory discussion to the matters related to sentence analysis and diagramming can also be found in:
F. Furman Kearley, "Diagramming and Sentence Analysis," in Kearley et al., pp. 82-90.
[English Bible readers, those whose difficulties here are the result of a poor knowledge of English grammar, can find significant help in consulting the brief but thorough overview in:
Η. P. V. Nunn, A Short Syntax of New Testament Greek (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), pp. 1-24.
Those who wish to do this work from a very literal English "translation" should use:
J. D. Douglas (ed.), The New Greek-English Interlinear New Testament (Wheaton, 111.: Tyndale House Publishers, 1990).]
Step 5. Textual Criticism
In addition to the full discussion in II.2, see JAF, chapters 4-6; Conzelmann-Lindemann, pp. 17-26 (for another useful "hands-on" approach); chapter 7 in Green (by Bart Ehrman, pp. 127-45); chapter 16 in Kearley et al. (by Frank Pack, pp. 214-25); and the chapter by Eldon J. Epp in Porter (pp. 45-97). Note also the following:
Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, 2d ed., trans. E. F. Rhodes (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1989).
Eldon J. Epp and Gordon D. Fee, Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism, Studies and Documents 45 (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1993).
Gordon D. Fee, "The Textual Criticism of the New Testament," in The Expositor's Bible Commentary, ed. Frank E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1979), vol. 1, pp. 419-33.
J. Harold Greenlee, An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, rev. ed. (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1995). [JAF 89]
Michael W. Holmes, "Textual Criticism," in New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, ed. D. A. Black and D. S. Dockery (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1991), pp. 101-134.
Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, 3d enlarged ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). [JAF 94]
-(ed.), A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 2d
ed. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1994), pp. 1*-16*.
Step 6. Grammar
In addition to the full discussion of the various tools in II.3, see JAF, pp. 59-62. Chapter 18 in Kearley et al. (by C. D. Osbum, pp. 234-43) offers some helpful illustrations of grammar and interpretation at work.
For those who use a computer, there is an especially useful grammatical concordance on software by which one can search for almost any imaginable combination of grammatical possibilities in the NT. This is especially helpful in trying to determine a given author's usage elsewhere, so that all further examples of the grammatical matter you are working on can be seen at the same time. See:
Paul A. Miller (director), Gramcord (2000; The Gramcord Institute, 2218 NE Brookview Dr., Vancouver, WA 98686; www. GRAMCORD.org; e-mail: scholars@GRAMCORD.org).
For the following items, see the discussion in II.3:
John Beekman and John Callow, Translating the Word of God (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1974), pp. 249-66.
Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, trans. and rev. Robert W. Funk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961). [JAF 203]
James A. Brooks and Carlton L. Winbery, Syntax of New Testament Greek (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1979).
Ernest D. Burton, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek, 3d ed. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1898; reprint, Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1976).
Robert W. Funk, A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek, 2d ed., 3 vols. (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press, 1973).
Murray J. Harris, "Appendix: Prepositions and Theology in the Greek New Testament," in The New International Dictionary of
New Testament Theology, ed. Colin Brown (Grand Rapids: Zon-dervan Publishing House, 1978), vol. 3, pp. 1171-1215.
C. F. D. Moule, An Idiom Book of New Testament Greek, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963). [JAF 207]
James H. Moulton and W. F. Howard, A Grammar of New Testament Greek (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark), vol. 1: Prolegomena, by Moulton, 3d ed., 1908; vol. II: Accidence and Word-Formation, by Moulton and Howard, 1929; vol. 3: Syntax, by Nigel Turner, 1963; vol. 4: Style, by Turner, 1976. [JAF 208]
A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research, 4th ed. (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1934). [JAF 209]
A. T. Robertson and W. H. Davis, A New Short Grammar of the Greek Testament, 10th ed. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1933; reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1977).
Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1996).
-, The Basics of New Testament Syntax: An Intermediate Greek
Grammar (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 2000).
Max Zerwick, Biblical Greek Illustrated by Examples (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1963). [JAF 212]
Step 7. Lexical Aids
For this material, see JAF, pp. 51-54. For further help in using these materials, see Cyril Barber, Introduction to Theological Research, pp. 81-101; and chapter 17 in Kearley et al. (by Leon Crouch, pp. 226-33). The materials listed below are discussed in II.4:
Kurt Aland (ed.), Vollstdndige Konkordanz zum griechischen Neuen Testament, 2 vols. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1975, 1983). [JAF 226]
H. Bachmann and H. Slaby (eds.), Computer-Konkordanz zum Novum Testamentum Graece von Nestle-Aland, 26. Auflage, und zum Greek New Testament, 3d ed. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1980).
Horst Balz and Gerhard Schneider (eds.), Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, 3 vols. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1990-1992).
Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3d ed., ed. Frederick W. Danker (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). [JAF 173]
Peder Borgen, Kare Fuglseth, and Roald Skarsten (eds.), The Philo Index: Λ Complete Greek Word Index to the Writings of Philo of Alexandria (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2000).
Colin Brown (ed.), The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, 3 vols. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1975-1978). [JAF 251]
Albert-Marie Denis, Concordance Grecque des Pseudipigraphes d'An-cien Testament (Louvain: Universite Catholique de Louvain, 1987).
J. D. Douglas (ed.), The New Greek-English Interlinear New Testament (Wheaton, 111.: Tyndale House Publishers, 1990).
Barbara Friberg and Timothy Friberg, Analytical Concordance of the Greek New Testament—Lexical Focus (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1981).
Edwin Hatch and Henry A. Redpath, A Concordance to the Sep-tuagint and the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (including the Apocryphal Books), 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897; reprinted in 2 vols., Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1983).
G. H. R. Horsely (ed.), New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: A Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri, 5 vols. (North Ryde, Australia: Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, Macquarie University, 1981-1989).
Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich (eds.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 10 vols. including Index volume (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1964-1976). [JAF 252]
G. W. H. Lampe (ed.), Λ Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961-1968). [JAF 178]
Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., rev. H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940). [JAF 179]
S. R. Llewelyn (ed.), New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: Λ Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri, vols 6-8. (North
Ryde, Australia: Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, Macquarie University, 1992-).
J. Lust, E. Eynikel, and K. Hauspie (eds.), A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint, 2 vols. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1992,1996).
Harold K. Moulton (ed.), The Analytical Greek Lexicon Revised (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1978).
James H. Moulton and G. Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament Illustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-literary Sources (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1914-1930; reprint, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1974). [JAF 180]
William F. Moulton and A. S. Geden, A Concordance to the Greek Testament according to the Texts ofWestcott and Hort, Tischendorf and the English Revisers, 5th rev. ed. by Η. K. Moulton (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1978). [JAF 228]
Alfred Rahlfs (ed.), Septuaginta, 2 vols. (Stuttgart: Wiirtt. Bibelan-stalt, 1959; reprint, New York: United Bible Societies, n.d.).
K. H. Rengstorf (ed.), A Complete Concordance to Flavius Josephus, 4 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973-). [JAF 455]
James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1980).
Two computer-aided research tools now provide one with absolutely exhaustive "concordances" to all uses of Greek words, both literary and nonliterary. See:
Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) (computer data bank), Prof. Theodore F. Brunner, director, University of California-Irvine; Irvine, CA 92717. Tel. (714) 856-6404.
Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri (DDBDP), Prof. William H. Willis, director, Duke University, Box 4762 Duke Station, Durham NC 27706. Tel. (919) 684-5076.
Step 8. Historical-Cultural Background
For these materials, see JAF, pp. 113-32; see also the helpful discussions in Conzelmann-Lindemann, pp. 105-57 (esp. pp. 106-13 for helpful remarks on "sources") and Black-Dockery, pp. 349-76 (by David E. Garland).
IV. Exegesis Aids and Resources For helpful bibliographies of many of these materials, also see:
1 65
Norman E. Anderson, Tools for Bibliographical and Backgrounds Research on the New Testament (South Hamilton, Mass.: Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, 1987).
James H. Charlesworth et al., The New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha: A Guide to Publications, with Excursus on Apocalypses, ATLA Bibliographical Series, 17 (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1987).
Most other necessary bibliographical materials are discussed in II.5.
Step 9 (E). Epistolary Form
9.1. For the seminal discussion of these matters, see:
Adolf Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East: The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco-Roman World, 4th ed. [1st ed., 1910] (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1922; reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1965), esp. pp. 227-51. [JAF 548]
The best overviews of the NT Epistles in the context of ancient letter writing are in the Westminster Press series, the Library of Early Christianity (LEC), edited by Wayne A. Meeks:
David E. Aune, The New Testament in Its Literary Environment, vol. 8 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987), pp. 158-225.
Stanley K. Stowers, Letter Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity, vol. 5 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986).
For another brief but helpful study, see:
William G. Doty, Letters in Primitive Christianity, Guides to Biblical Scholarship (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1973).
For a very helpful discussion of the use of secretaries to write letters in antiquity, see:
Gordon J. Bahr, "Paul and Letter Writing in the First Century," Catholic Biblical Quarterly 28 (1966): 465-77.
The essential book for the various kinds of "forms" found in the Pauline letter tradition is:
James L. Bailey and Lyle D. Vander Broek, Literary Forms in the New Testament: A Handbook (Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992), pp. 21-87.
After an opening chapter that looks at the various "parts" of the Pauline letter (1.9.2 [E]), the chapters take up, in turn, Forms of Argumentation (Rhetoric), the Diatribe, Midrash, Chiasm, Apocalyptic Language and Forms, Paraenesis/Topoi, Vice and Virtue Lists, The Household Code, Liturgical Fragments: Blessings and Doxologies, Poetry and Hymn, and Creeds.
For a collection of these kinds of materials from the Greco-Roman world, see:
Abraham J. Malherbe, Moral Exhortation, A Greco-Roman Sourcebook, Library of Early Christianity, vol. 4 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986).
9.2. Rhetorical Analysis
For introductory overviews of matters of rhetoric and style, see Black-Dockery, pp. 227-54 (by A. Besangon Spencer) and pp. 518-23 (by Craig L. Blomberg). The two more significant studies of the possible use by the NT letter writers of rhetorical argumentation are (although both authors probably overplay their hands on these matters):
George A. Kennedy, New Testament Interpretation through Rhetorical Criticism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1984).
Burton L. Mack, Rhetoric and the New Testament, Guides to Biblical Scholarship (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1990).
Perhaps the most helpful brief introduction to rhetorical analysis in the Pauline letters is:
Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1995).
For critiques of the use of classical rhetorical categories in the Pauline letters, see:
Philip H. Kern, Rhetoric and Galatians: Assessing an Approach to Paul's Epistle, SNTSMS 101 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Jeffrey A. D. Weima, "What Does Aristotle Have to Do with Paul? An Evaluation of Rhetorical Criticism," Calvin Theological Journal 32 (1997): 458-68.
Step 10 (E). Historical Context in Particular
Since this step has to do with the occasion of the letter, no special bibliography is available, although help may be obtained from the introductions in the commentaries and sometimes from specialized studies. These will be discovered in the process of accumulating your bibliography for the specific epistle.
Step 11 (E). Literary Context
The biblical text itself provides the literary context. Hence no bibliography is necessary.
Step 9 (G). Gospel Forms
For a helpful introduction to the various matters that go into the exegesis of the Gospels, see:
Scot McKnight, Interpreting the Synoptic Gospels (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1988).
The analysis of the "forms" of the materials found in the Gospels was a part of the investigation known as form criticism. Historically, this discipline arose as an attempt to study the Gospel materials as they were in the oral period before the first of our written Gospels. The formal analysis was part of an attempt to discover the original life setting of the saying or pericope and to judge its authenticity. The classification and analysis of the forms, however, exists quite apart from the latter concerns.
For brief overviews of form criticism, see Conzelmann-Linde-mann, pp. 59-82, and Black-Dockery, pp. 175-96 (by D. L. Bock). For
helpful introductions and assessments of form criticism itself, see either:
William Barclay, Introduction to the First Three Gospels (rev. ed. of The First Three Gospels) (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1975), pp. 24-81. or:
Keith F. Nickle, The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1980), pp. 29-51.
Nickle's survey has an especially helpful presentation of the forms. On the matter of forms themselves, see also:
James L. Bailey and Lyle D. Vander Broek, Literary Forms in the New Testament: A Handbook (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992), pp. 91-166.
A more complete introduction to form criticism as such, but not as helpful as Nickle or Barclay on the forms, may be found in:
Edgar F. McKnight, What Is Form Criticism? Guides to Biblical Scholarship (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1969).
More complete analysis of the forms, as well as a complete presentation of the Gospel materials, may be found in the classic work on form criticism:
Rudolf Bultmann, The History of the Synoptic Tradition (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1963).
Bultmann was excessively skeptical about authenticity, but his analysis of the forms and development of the tradition may be very useful. Barclay's introduction, noted above, is a careful, critical assessment of this book. A more balanced approach to the subject is:
Vincent Taylor, The Formation of the Gospel Tradition, 2d ed. (London: Macmillan & Co., 1935).
A brief analysis of the form of Jesus' teaching, which approaches the question of form in a slightly different but refreshing way, is:
Robert H. Stein, The Method and Message of Jesus' Teachings (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978), pp. 7-33.
Step 10 (G). Pericope Analysis
For an overview of the concerns that go into this analysis, see Conzelmann-Lindemann, pp. 82-87. The following items are discussed in II.6.
Kurt Aland (ed.), Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum, 9th ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung, 1976). [JAF 125]
-(ed.), Synopsis of the Four Gospels: Greek-English Edition of the
Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum, 3d ed. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1979). [JAF 124]
Albert Huck, Synopsis of the First Three Gospels, 13th ed., rev. Heinrich Greeven (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1981).
Reuben J. Swanson, The Horizontal Line Synopsis of the Gospels, Greek Edition (Pasadena, Calif.: William Carey Library, 1982).
Step 11 (G). The Narrative Context
For helpful introductions to the study of biblical narrative, see:
Joel B. Green, The Gospel of Luke, NICNT (Grand Rapids: Wm. B.
Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1995), pp. 11-20.
Tremper Longman III, Literary Approaches to Biblical Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1987), esp. chap. 4 (pp. 75-118).
Mark Allan Powell, What Is Narrative Criticism? (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990).
Step 10 (A). Historical Questions
For an overview of the question of Luke-Acts and ancient historiography, see:
David E. Aune, The New Testament in Its Literary Environment (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987), pp. 158-225.
For the basic historical questions asked at this step (who, what,
where, when), one should consult one of the better Bible dictionaries. See II.5.2.1 (cf. JAF, chap. 11).
For the broader and more complex question of history in Acts, see:
Martin Hengel, Acts and the History of Earliest Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980).
I. Floward Marshall, Luke: Historian and Theologian (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971).
Step 11 (A). Literary Context
See the bibliography under 1.11 (G). For two commentaries that approach exegesis with these questions in mind, see:
Joel B. Green, The Acts of the Apostles, NICNT (forthcoming).
I. Howard Marshall, The Acts of the Apostles, TNTC (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1980).
Step 9 (R). Apocalyptic Form
On the question of the form of the Apocalypse, with further helpful bibliography, see especially:
David E. Aune, The New Testament in Its Literary Environment (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987), pp. 226-52.
You will also find much help in:
Richard Bauckham, The Theology of the Book of Revelation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Step 12. Biblical Theology
Although NT theology is primarily a descriptive task, the presuppositions and prior theological commitments of the author often affect the way he or she sees things. Therefore it seems useful here to present the major NT theologies under confessional categories, with the caveat that one not read only from one's own point of view. There is much that can be learned from all of the theologies listed here (cf. Harrington, The New Testament: A Bibliography, pp. 143-91; JAF 345-54).
From the perspective of a more radical, in this case existential, point of view, see:
Rudolf Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951,1955). [JAF 345]
Hans Conzelmann, An Outline of the Theology of the New Testament (New York: Harper & Row, 1969). [JAF 346]
Bultmann's work is something of a classic and is especially full of insights on Paul.
From a more moderate theological stance, see:
Leonhard Goppelt, Theology of the New Testament, vol. 1: The Ministry of Jesus in Its Theological Significance; vol. 2: The Variety and Unity of the Apostolic Witness to Christ (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.,1981-). [JAF 347]
Werner G. Kiimmel, The Theology of the New Testament (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1973). [JAF 349]
Ethelbert Stauffer, New Testament Theology (London: SCM Press, 1955). [JAF 354]
From a conservative point of view, see:
Donald Guthrie, New Testament Theology (Downers Grove, 111.: Inter-Varsity Press, 1981).
George E. Ladd, A Theology of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1974).
The best from the Roman Catholic tradition is:
Karl H. Schelkle, Theology of the New Testament, 4 vols. (Col-legeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1971-1978). [JAF 352]
Since Paul and John receive so much attention in their own right, you should be aware of the better theologies here. For Paul, pride of place now goes to:
James G. D. Dunn, The Theology of Paul the Apostle (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997).
For a more traditional approach, see:
Herman Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His Theology (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.1975 ׳).
The classic study for John is:
C. H. Dodd, The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953).
For a brief compendium of Johannine thought, see:
G. R. Beasley-Murray, Gospel of Life: Theology in the Fourth Gospel (Peabody Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1991).
For an overview of scholarly research on the theology of John, see:
Robert Kysar, The Fourth Evangelist and His Gospel: An Examination of Contemporary Scholarship (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1975), esp. part 3, pp. 174-263.
Step 13. Secondary Literature
Large numbers of valuable articles and books are published every year in the NT field. It is especially important that you know where such articles and books can be found and how to go about locating what you are looking for in this vast array of material. Since cataloging of these materials has already been done well by Fitzmyer, pp. 1-21, here I will simply call your attention to the more significant items, with very little annotation.
13.1. Bibliographic Aids
The first task, and the one that lightens the load considerably when one knows precisely where to look, is the accumulation of a bibliography. In the NT field we are richly served at this point. See especially chapter 1(C) of JAF. The more significant published bibliographies that deal directly with NT exegesis are those on Christ and the Gospels by Metzger (JAF 16), on Paul by Metzger (JAF 17), on Acts by the Mattills (JAF 14), on John by Malatesta, and on "Festschriften" by Metzger (JAF 15). For current bibliography there are two absolutely indispensable tools:
Elenchus bibliographicus biblicus [JAF 6]
New Testament Abstracts [JAF 18]
You simply cannot expect to do serious and up-to-date work on anything in the NT without access to these two invaluable tools.
13.2. Periodicals
For the vast array of periodical literature that has scholarly articles on NT subjects, see chapter 2 in JAF. The more significant ones for NT study are:
Biblica [JAF 33]
Catholic Biblical Quarterly [JAF 37]
Expository Times [Not listed in JAF, but frequently it has some good-quality articles]
Interpretation [JAF 40]
Journal of Biblical Literature [JAF 41]
Journal for the Study of the New Testament [JAF 42]
New Testament Studies [JAF 44]
Novum Testamentum [JAF 45]
Review and Expositor Revue Biblique [JAF 47]
Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft [JAF 55]
13.3. Commentaries
For a list of commentary series, see JAF, pp. 87-90. For a helpful listing of the best NT commentaries for each of the NT books (through 1985), see Harrington, The New Testament: A Bibliography. It must be remembered that good new commentaries appear with regularity. The list given below is my own judgment as to the three (sometimes four) best commentaries (in English) for each NT book as of the writing of the third edition of this Handbook. Beyond that date, see the notices of new books in New Testament Abstracts.
Series abbreviations:
AB Anchor Bible (Doubleday)
BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary (Baker)
BNTC Black's New Testament Commentaries (Hendrick
son)
EBC
Expositor's Bible Commentary (Zondervan)
ECC Eerdmans' Critical Commentary (Eerdmans)
Herm Hermeneia (Fortress)
ICC International Critical Commentary (T. & T. Clark)
NCBC New Century Bible Commentary (Eerdmans)
NIBC New International Biblical Commentary (Elen-
drickson)
NICNT New International Commentary (Eerdmans)
NIGTC New International Greek Testament (Eerdmans)
Pillar Pillar Commentaries (Eerdmans)
SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph
Series
SP Sacra Pagina (Liturgical)
TNTC Tyndale New Testament Commenary (Eerdmans)
WBC Word Biblical Commentary (Word)
Matthew:
W. D. Davies, D. C. Allison (ICC) D. Hagner (WBC)
D. A. Carson (EBC)
Mark:
R. Guelich (WBC)
C. E. B. Cranfield W. L. Lane (NICNT)
M. Hooker (BNTC)
Luke:
J. B. Green (NICNT)
I. H. Marshall (NIGTC)
J. A. Fitzmyer (AB)
J. Nolland (WBC)
John:
G. R. Beasley-Murray (WBC)
R. A. Brown (AB)
R.Schnackenburg
D. A. Carson (Pillar)
Acts:
I. H. Marshall (TNTC)
L. T. Johnson (SP)
D. J. Williams (NIBC)
E. Haenchen
Romans:
D. A. Moo (NICNT)
J. D. G. Dunn (WBC)
C. E. B. Cranfield (ICC)
L. Morris (Pillar)
1 Corinthians:
G. D. Fee (NICNT)
A. Thiselton (NIGTC)
R. B. Hays (Interpretation)
2 Corinthians:
V. P. Furnish (AB)
R. P. Martin (WBC)
P. Barnett (NICNT)
J. Lambrecht (SP)
Galatians:
J. D. G. Dunn (BNTC)
H. D. Betz (Herm)
J. L. Martyn (AB)
R. A. Longenecker (WBC)
Ephesians:
A. T. Lincoln (WBC)
P T. O'Brien (Pillar)
E. Best (ICC)
M. Barth (AB)
Philippians:
G. D. Fee (NICNT)
P. T. O'Brien (NIGTC)
M. Bockmuel (BNTC)
M. Silva (BECNT)
Colossians/Philemon:
P. T. O'Brien (WBC)
J. D. G. Dunn (NIGTC)
Μ. Y. MacDonald (SP)
N. T. Wright (TNTC)
1 and 2 Thessalonians:
C. A. Wanamaker (NIGTC)
E. Best (HNTC)
I. H. Marshall (NCBC)
A. Malherbe (AB)
1 and 2 Timothy/Titus:
I. H. Marshall (ICC)
G. W. Knight (NIGTC)
W. B. Mounce (WBC)
J. D. Quinn, W. C. Wacker (ECC/AB)
Hebrews:
W. L. Lane (WBC)
H. Attridge (Herm)
F. F. Bruce (NICNT)
D. Hagner (NIBC)
James:
P. H. Davids (NIGTC)
D. A. Moo (Pillar)
L. T. Johnson (AB)
R. P. Martin (WBC)
1 Peter:
P. H. Davids (NICNT)
J. R. Michaels (WBC)
P. Achtemeier (Herm)
L. Goppelt
2 Peter/Jude:
R. J. Bauckham (WBC)
J. N. D. Kelly (HNTC)
E. Μ. B. Green (TNTC)
R. Webb (NICNT)
1,2,3 John:
R. A. Brown (AB)
I. H. Marshall (NICNT)
S. S. Smalley (WBC)
C. Kruse (Pillar)
Revelation:
G. Beale (NIGTC)
D. E. Aune (WBC)
R. H. Mounce (NICNT)
G. B. Caird (BNTC)
Step 14. Translation
A good translation not only renders the words of the original into their best English equivalents; it also reflects the style, the spirit, and even the impact of the original wherever possible. You are the best judge of what constitutes a faithful translation. Your familiarity with the passage in the original, and with the audience for whom you write or preach, allows you to choose your words to maximize the accuracy of the translation. Remember that accuracy does not require wooden literalism. The words of different languages do not correspond to one another on a one-for-one basis. Your translation should leave the same impression with you when you read it as does the original. A translation that meets this criterion can be considered faithful to the original.
Two books on Bible translation are very valuable. Both should be read in their entirety, rather than referred to only for specific information.
John Beekman and John Callow, Translating the Word of God (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1974).
This book contains serious, thoughtful discussions of the special problems presented by translating Scripture from one language to another. There is advice on how to handle metaphors, similes, words with multiple meanings, idioms, and so on.
Sakae Kubo and Walter Specht, So Many Versions? (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1975).
This book reviews at length the major twentieth-century English translations of the Bible, providing copious examples from each and
commenting throughout on the translation techniques and assumptions involved.
For articles of all kinds on the theory and practice of translation, you should be aware of:
The Bible Translator (London, 1950-). [JAF 35]
Step 15. Application
Books on hermeneutics as application are more difficult to suggest, partly because one's interests here will depend significantly on one's confessional stance. Still useful in this regard is:
A. Berkeley Mickelsen, Interpreting the Bible: A Book of Basic Princi-pies for Understanding the Scriptures (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1963).
You should also know about six books that deal with interpreting the NT, including discussions of the various methodologies outlined in this book as well as sections on broader methodological concerns:
David A. Black and David S. Dockery (eds.), New Testament Criticism and Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1991).
Joel B. Green (ed.), Hearing the New Testament: Strategies for Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1995).
Daniel J. Harrington, S.J., Interpreting the New Testament: A Practical Guide, New Testament Message 1 (Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier, 1979).
F. Furman Kearley, Edward P. Myers, and Timothy D. Hadley (eds.), Biblical Interpretation, Principles and Practice: Studies in Honor of Jack Pearl Lewis (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1986.)
I. Howard Marshall (ed.), New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Principles and Methods (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977). [JAF 515]
Stanley E. Porter (ed.), Handbook to Exegesis of the New Testament (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997).
Another helpful book, dealing with the history of biblical interpretation, is:
Robert M. Grant and David Tracy, A Short History of the Interpretation of the Bible, 2d rev. and enlarged ed. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984).
An important book that brings the whole discussion up to date is:
Anthony C. Thiselton, The Two Horizons: New Testament Hermeneutics and Philosophical Description with Special Reference to Heidegger, Bultmann, Gadamer, and Wittgenstein (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1980).
A book that wrestles with the hermeneutical issues raised by the various genres of the Bible is:
Gordon D. Fee and Douglas Stuart, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1993).
Finally, probably the best single introduction to the methodology of expository preaching, with step-by-step guidance for actual sermon preparation, is:
James W. Cox, A Guide to Biblical Preaching (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1976).
The most useful book on preaching from the various genres of biblical literature, as well as a book full of helpful discussions on preaching itself, is:
Sidney Greidanus, The Modern Preacher and the Ancient Text (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1988).
Appendix
The Task of Theological Exegesis and Reader-Response Criticism
our basic theological assumptions underlay this Handbook when it was first written two decades ago: (1) that along with the Old Testament, the New Testament is Holy Scripture, God's Word given to his people for their life together within the community of faith; (2) that God has spoken his Word through human authors and texts; (3) that the biblical texts themselves reflect a detectable level of both divine and human intentionality; and (4) that the task of exegesis is to understand the divine-human intention locked within the text, not in an attempt to control the text but so that the Word might lead its readers to the text's true end—obedience. Although much has changed in both the philosophical and the methodological landscape over the past two decades, changes that the second and third editions of this Handbook reflect, these basic theological assumptions that informed this book are still in place. One recent turn in scholarship, however, requires special attention here because it so significantly questions the whole enterprise this Handbook seeks to encourage.
When I began my studies four decades ago, existentialism was the reigning philosophy of the more influential NT scholars, and "form criticism" and "redaction criticism"—with their atomizing effects on the biblical texts—were the reigning methodologies. As existentialism has slowly given way to postmodernism, a new collection of textual strategies, equally atomizing I would argue, has taken root.
One of the most recent methods is reader-response criticism. Reader-response criticism does not seek to understand the historical world behind the text (historical research, as this volume advocates). Nor does reader-response criticism seek to map the literary world o/the text (i.e., paying close attention to the literary "architecture" of a text, as this volume encourages). Rather, reader-response criticism is concerned with the world in front of the text. That is, for these practitioners the "author," "historical context," and idea of textual "intentionality" are mere illusions. The only interaction worthy of investigation and reflection is the one that occurs between text and reader; and, in the end, the reader (and the reader alone) is responsible for the production of "meaning." Thus, the place of privilege once reserved for the author, the historical circumstances surrounding a text, and the intentionality locked within a text has now been surrendered to the reader.
Such a view simply points out one aspect of the obvious: that interpretation involves the interpreter. But what it also implies, philosophically if not always in practice, is that anyone's reading of the text is as valid as another's and, again in sharp distinction to the strategy advocated in this volume, that there is no way to arbitrate between competing readings. Reader-response criticism, therefore, while fitting nicely into a philosophical-theological worldview that takes us back to Schleiermacher and Kant, stands in unrelieved tension with the biblical revelation—that it was the one true God who chose to reveal himself to creation and to Israel and the church, and to enshrine this revelation in the texts cherished as the Christian Bible. Such a theological conviction necessarily commits the interpreter to historical and literary inquiry. Readers must seek to understand how God revealed himself to people then and there, so that they can grasp how God speaks the Word that is once and for all.
How, then, shall the interpreter proceed, especially one who is guided by a theological commitment to revelation? One response is simply to ignore those methods whose philosophical convictions stand in direct opposition to those which have guided interpreters throughout the ages. And many have and will choose to do this, and not without a certain amount of justification. Some things, however, may be learned from the various strategies currently being deployed, even from those whose practice calls into question what has been outlined in this book. Just as a judicious use of source, form, redaction, and tradition criticism has advanced our understanding of the biblical texts, so too will a prudent and critical use of the vast array of critical approaches to texts provide new insights into the anatomy and life of the NT documents. I point to two examples.
1. Some practitioners of rhetorical criticism are relentless in their attempts to classify the parts of Paul's letters. Everything must fit into Aristotle's (or Quintilian's) mold. Indeed, the act of interpretation nearly ends with classification. While I am suspicious of this procedure, nevertheless rhetorical criticism reminds us that texts in their present form are wholes and must be looked at holistically, and that the NT Epistles are documents that across the board are trying to persuade or dissuade (even when they also carry other agendas). Therefore, part of the exegetical process is to be aware of the kinds of rhetoric that are employed in the process of trying to persuade.
2. The same may be said of the appropriation of narratology to read many parts of the NT. Those who are teaching us, when all the rest of our work is done, to read the Gospels, Acts, and the Revelation as wholes, and especially to read Luke-Acts as one story, are aiding the exegetical task immensely. So much have I been influenced by this wind of change that my latest book for the lay reader (How to Read the Bible Book by Book, with Douglas Stuart [Grand Rapids: Zonder-van Publishing House, 2002]) has been written precisely to help the reader not only see each biblical book as a whole but also see how each fits into the metanarrative of the whole of Scripture.
But at the end of the day, an exclusive dependence on reader-response criticism requires too heavy a price from the interpreter. To say that the biblical texts operate like any other kind of literature is one thing, but to begin with the assumption that the biblical texts only operate like any other texts misses something central to the task of theological exegesis. If those of us who do exegesis on the basis of the theological assumptions of this Handbook are locked into a belief sys-tern, so too is the reader-response critic; it is simply a different set of theological assumptions—that begin with an inquiring self rather than with a speaking God.
At the same time, and even if one were to allow that the method itself is incommensurate with revelation, the methodology suffers philosophically from serious self-contradiction, brought about by the fact that reader-response critics write books and articles. First, it is quite clear that their own "texts" both assume an author and have a very decided intentionality to them. At issue is the inner contradiction of such an enterprise: that they write books trying to persuade others as to the rightness of this enterprise, which at its very core does not allow that other authors may have similar intentionality. That is, reader-response criticism practiced as pure theory allows no texts to have "meaning" in the sense assumed in this Handbook; yet the writers of these books and articles have such a view of "meaning" as the very reason for their own literary enterprise. Moreover, why should such a critic write articles or books giving one reader's (their own) response to the text when the philosophical underpinnings of the enterprise argue that every reader is a law unto herself? Thus, finally, the golden rule could well serve as a good methodological starting point for all writers: "Do unto (the texts of) others as you would have others do unto you (and your texts)."
My ultimate concern nevertheless is that if "meaning" lies only with the reader, not in the text or with the (unknowable) author of the text, then from this view the possibility of the Christian community's hearing from God through its sacred texts is rather thoroughly negated. But what this new "criticism" should do for the exegete (who believes in authors and tries to take Scripture seriously) is accentuate the reality that there is no such thing as "objective" exegesis. The exegete is a reader, whatever else, and as such we bring all of who we are to the reading of the text, applying both known and unknown presuppositions of all kinds—theological, sociological, and cultural. But rather than let that reality be a cause for despair and therefore give up the exercise altogether, it should drive us in two directions: (1) to make us work all the harder to spot those presuppositions and thus be open to changing our minds about texts on a regular basis and (2) to cause us all the more to take a stance of humility before the text, rather than a heavy-handed, authoritarian ownership (mastery?) of the text.
In the end our presuppositions should both encourage us—God has spoken and continues to speak through these words to bring peo-pie to himself and to build up his people through all the winds of change—and humble us, by reminding us that when all our work as
exegetes is done, God still has the last word and we must bow before him in humble obedience.
For further reading on reader-response criticism, one might look at the sympathetic but thoughtfully critical overview by Kevin J. Van-hoozer in Green, Hearing, pp. 301-28. A more thorough and even more sympathetic overview may be found in:
A. K. M. Adam, What Is Postmodern Biblical Criticism? Guides to Biblical Scholarship (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995).
Two excellent introductions to the new literary criticism also include sections on reader-response criticism:
Tremper Longman III, Literary Approaches to Biblical Criticism, Foundations of Contemporary Interpretation 3 (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1987).
Mark Allan Powell, What Is Narrative Criticism? Guides to Biblical Scholarship (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990).
For a more comprehensive critique that moves in the directions offered here, see:
Loren Wilkinson, "Hermeneutics and the Postmodern Reaction against 'Truth,' " in The Act of Bible Reading, ed. Elmer Dyck (Downers Grove, 111.: InterVarsity Press, 1996), pp. 114-47.
Abegg, Martin G., 106 Achtemeier, Paul, 142,149,176 Adam, A. K. M185 ״
Aland, Barbara, 59, 60, 61, 66,160 Aland, Kurt, 59, 60, 61, 66, 83,113, 114,160,162,169 Allison, D. C., 174 Almquist, H., 107
Anderson, Norman E., 155-156,165 Attridge, H., 176
Aune, David E165,169,170 ,29 ,28 ״, 177
Bachmann, H., 83,162 Bahr, Gordon ]., 165 Bailey, James L., 144,166,168 Balch, David L., 101 Balz, Horst, 93,162 Barber, Cyril J., 40, 85,156,162 Barclay, William, 168 Barnett, P, 175 Barrett, C. K., xiv Barth, M., 175
Bauckham, Richard, 28,170,176 Bauer, Walter, 83, 88,163 Beale, Gregory K., 28, 29, 30, 31,103, 177
Beasley-Murray, G. R., 172,174 Beekman, John, 75,161,177 Bennett, Boyce M., 99 Berger, Klaus, 108 Best, E., 175,176 Betz, Hans Dieter, 107,108,175 Bietenhard, H., 93 Billerbeck, P., 108 Black, David A., xi, xviii, 157,160,
164,166,167,178 Blass, Friedrich, 74,161 Blomberg, Craig L., 166 Bock, D. L., 167 Bockmuel, M., 175 Bonsirven,}., 109 Borgen, Peder, 91,163 Boring, M. Eugene, 108 Boyd, W., 89 Braun, H., 106
Bromiley, Geoffrey W., 104 Brooks, James A., 74, 76,161 Brown, Colin, 75, 93, 162,163 Brown, R. A., 174,176 Brown, Raymond E., 158 Bruce, F. F., 176 Brunner, Theodore F., 164 Bultmann, Rudolf, 168,171 Burton, Ernest D., 75,161 Buttrick, George A., 104
Caird, G. B., 177 Callow, John, 75,161,177 Carson, Donald A., 158,174 Cary, Max, 100 Charlesworth, J. H., 106,165 Colpe, Carsten, 108 Conzelmann, Hans, 156,158, 160, 164,167, 169,171 Cox, James W., 179 Cranfield, C. E. B., 174,175 Crim, Keith, 104 Crouch, Leon, 162
Danby, H., 106
Danker, Frederick W., xi, xvi, 83, 87, 88,163
Davids, Peter H., 105,142,149,176 Davies, W. D., 174 Davila, James R., 106 Davis, W. H., 74,162 Debrunner, Albert, 74,161 Deissmann, Adolf, 165 Delling, Gerhard, 93 Denis, Albert-Marie, 90,163 Derrett, J. Duncan M., 99 DeSilva, David A., 101 Dockery, David S., xi, xviii, 157,160,
164,166,167,178 Dodd, C. H172 ״
Doty, William G., 165 Douglas, J. D., 42, 84,160,163
Dunn, James G. D171,175,176 ״ Dupont-Sommer, Andre, 106 Dyck, Elmer, 185
Ehrman, Bart, 160 Elliott, John H., 101 Epp, Eldon J., 65,160 Epstein, I., 106 Evans, Craig A., 98,103 Eynikel, E., 90,164
Fee, Gordon D92,159,160 ,65 ,60 ״, 175,179
Ferguson, Everett, 98 Fitzmyer, Joseph A., 93,155-156, 172,174
Flynt, Peter W., 106 Freedman, David Noel, 104,196 Friberg, Barbara, 85,163 Friberg, Timothy, 85,163 Friedrich, Gerhard, 93,163 Fuglseth, Kare, 91,163 Funk, Robert W., 74,161 Furnish, V. P175 ״
Gaebelein, Frank E., 160 Garland, David E., 164 Geden, A. S., 83,164 Goppelt, Leonhard, 171,176 Grant, Robert M., 179 Green, E. Μ. B., 176 Green, Joel B״ xi, 27,105,157,158, 160,169,170,174,178,185 Greenlee, J. Harold, 65,160 Greeven, Heinrich, 113,114,169 Greidanus, Sidney, 179 Grosvenor, Mary, 11,159 Guelich, R., 174 Guthrie, Donald, 171
Haarhoff, T. J., 100 Haase, Wolfgang, 100
Hadley, Timothy D., xviii, 157,
178
Haenchen, E., 175 Hagner, D., 174,176 Harrington, Daniel J., xiv, xviii, 100, 106,155-156,170,173,178 Harris, Murray J., 75,161 Hatch, Edwin, 90,163 Hauspie, K90,164 ״
Hawthorne, Gerald E, 105 Hays, John H., xiii Hays, Richard B., 103,175 Hengel, Martin, 99,170 Holladay, Carl R., xiii Holmes, Michael W., 60,160 Hooker, M174 ״
Horsely, G. H. R., 91,163 Howard, W. F., 67, 74,162 Huck, Albert, 113,169 Hughes, John J., 157
Jeffers, James S., 98 Jeremias, Joachim, 99 Johnson, Luke T., 158,175,176 Jones, H. S., 92,163
Kaiser, Otto, xiii
Kearley, F. Furman, xviii, 157,158,
160,161,162,178 Keener, Craig, 98,108 Kelcy, Raymond C., 158 Kelly, J. N. D176 ״
Kennedy, George A., 166 Kepple, Robert J., 156 Kern, Philip H167 ״
Kittel, Gerhard, 93,163 Knight, G. W., 176 Koester, Helmut, 100 Kruse, C177 ״
Kubo, Sakae, 11,159,177 Kiimmel, Werner G., xiii, 158,171 Kysar, Robert, 172
Ladd, George E., 171 Lambrecht,J., 175 Lampe, G. W. H., 92,163 Lane, W. L., 174,176 Lietzmann, H., 113 Liddell, H. G., 92,163 Lincoln, A. T., 175 Lindemann, Andreas, 156,158,160, 164,167,169 Ling, T., 89
Llewelyn, S. R., 91,163 Longenecker, R. A., 175 Longman, Tremper III, 169,185 Lust,J90,164 ״
MacDonald, Μ. Y., 176 Mack, Burton L., 166 Malatesta, E., 172 Malherbe, Abraham J., 166,176 Marshall, I. Howard, xi, xiii, xviii,
105,170,174,176,177,178 Martin, Ralph P105,175,176 ״ Martyn, J. L., 175 Matthews, Victor H., 99 Mattill, A. J., 172 Mattill, Μ. B172 ״
Mattingly, Harold, 100 McKenzie, R92,163 ״
McKnight, Edgar E, 168 McKnight, Scot, 105,167 Meeks, Wayne A., 165 Merk, Otto, 93
Metzger, Bruce M., 60, 65, 66, 68, 161,172
Michaels, J. R., 29,142,149,176 Mickelsen, A. Berkeley, 178 Miller, L. Jane, 99 Miller, Madeleine S., 99 Miller, Paul A., 161 Milligan, G., 91,164 Moo, Douglas J., 155-156,158,175, 176
Morris, Leon, 158,175 Moule, C. F. D75,162 ״
Moulton, Harold. K., 83, 85,164 Moulton, James H., 67,74,91,162,164 Moulton, William E, 83,164 Mounce, Robert H., 29, 31,176,177 Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, 166 Musaph-Andriesse, R. C., 107 Mussies, G., 107
Myers, Edward R, xviii, 157,178
Neusner, Jacob, 109 Nickelsburg, George W. E., 106 Nickle, Keith E, 168 Nolland, J., 174 Nunn, Η. P. V., 13,160
O'Brien, P. T175 ״
Osburn, C. D., 161 Osiek, Carolyn, 101
Pack, Frank, 160 Petzke, G., 107
Porter, Stanley E., xii, 98,157,160, 178
Powell, Mark Allan, 169,185 Pryke, E. J., 128
Quinn, J. D., 176
Rahlfs, Alfred, 90,164 Redpath, Henry A., 90,163 Reid, Daniel G., 105 Rengstorf, K. H90,164 ״
Ridderbos, Herman, 172 Rienecker, Fritz, 159 Robertson, A. T., 74, 77,162 Rogers, Cleon, 159
Sanders, James A., 103 Sandmel, Samuel, 110
Schelkle, Karl H171 ״ Schnackenburg, Rv 174 Schneider, Gerhard, 93,162 Schurer, Emil, 98 Scott, David H., 99 Scott, J. Julius, 99 Scott, James M., xix Scott, Robert., 92,163 Sevenster, J. N., 108 Shaw, Harry, 58 Simon, M., 106 Silva, Moises, 102,175 Skarsten, Roald, 91,163 Slaby, H83,162 ״
Smalley, S. S., 177 Smith, E. W. Jr., 108 Soulen, Richard N., xvi Specht, Walter, 177 Spencer, A. Besangon, 166 Stambaugh, John E., 101 Stauffer, Ethelbert, 171 Stein, Robert H., 169 Stowers, Stanley K., 165 Strack, Hermann L., 108 Strong, James, 84-85,164 Stuart, Douglas, xi, xiv, xv, xvi, 159, 179,183
Swanson, Reuben J., 114,169
Taylor, Vincent, 168 Temporini, Hildegard, 100 Thiselton, A., 92,175,179 Thompson, J. A., 99 Tischendorf, C., 65 Tracy, David., 179 Turner, Nigel, 67, 74,162
van der Horst, R W., 107 Vander Broek, Lyle D., 144,166,
168
Vanhoozer, Kevin J., 185
Vermes, Geza, 98 von Soden, H., 65
Wacker, W. C., 176 Wallace, Daniel B., 73, 74,162 Wanamaker, C. A., 176 Watts, Rikki E., 103 Webb, R., 176 Weima, Jeffrey A. D., 167
Wendland, H. -Dv 89 Wilkinson, Loren, 185 Williams, D. J., 175 Willis, William H., 164 Winebery, Carlton L., 74, 76,161 Wright, N. T., 176
Zerwick, Max, 11, 75,159,162
|
Genesis 2:2-3 |
97 |
|
Leviticus 2:13 |
141 |
|
1 Samuel 1-3 |
102 |
|
2 Samuel 7:14-15 |
102 |
|
Psalms 110:1 |
102 |
|
Isaiah 5:1-7 |
102 |
|
34:4 |
30 |
|
53 |
139,144 |
|
Ezekiel 34:20-31 |
102 |
|
Joel 1-2 |
30 |
|
Matthew 1-28 |
115 |
|
3:18-23 |
118 |
|
5:15 |
118 |
|
7:1-5 |
114,127,130 |
|
7:2 |
118 |
|
7:24-27 |
103,114 |
|
10:5-12 |
22 |
|
10:26 |
118,125 |
|
11:12 |
76 |
|
13:12 |
118 |
|
18:10-14 |
131 |
|
20:25 |
87 |
|
24:28 |
24 |
|
25:14-30 |
130 |
|
25:29 |
118 |
|
Mark 1:21-44 |
126 |
|
2:l-3:6 |
126 |
|
3:13-19 |
129 |
|
3:20-21 |
129 |
|
3:22-27 |
129 |
|
3:28-30 |
129 |
|
3:31-35 |
129-130 |
|
4:10-12 |
129 |
|
4:11 |
45 |
|
4:21-25 |
114-128 |
|
4:24-25 |
130 |
|
4:25 |
125 |
|
4:26-34 |
129 |
|
5:15 |
118,125 |
|
7:1-5 |
119 |
|
7:3-1 |
96 |
|
7:19 |
103 |
|
7:24-27 |
118 |
|
8:27-38 |
148 |
|
8:27-10:16 |
136 |
|
9:49-50 |
135-149 |
|
Luke | |
|
1-2 |
102 |
|
1:15-17 |
102 |
|
1:26-38 |
102 |
|
2:14 |
51-52 |
|
6:12-16 |
129 |
|
6:17-7:50 |
129 |
13:13 |
|
6:37-42 |
127,130 |
16:1 |
|
6:40 |
22 |
16:6 |
|
6:47-49 |
103 |
16:12 |
|
8:1-3 |
129 |
1 Corinthians |
|
8:4 |
129 |
1-4 |
|
8:4-21 |
128,129 |
1:4 |
|
8:5-8 |
129 |
1:18-2:5 |
|
8:9-10 |
129 | |
|
8:11-15 |
129 |
1:26-31 1:27 |
|
8:16 |
125 |
1:29 |
|
8:16-18 |
115,128,130 |
1:30 |
|
8:18-21 |
118 |
1:31 |
|
8:19-21 |
130 |
2:2 |
|
8:22 |
129 |
2:3 |
|
9:2-5 |
22 | |
|
10:3 |
22 |
2:4-5 |
|
10:16 |
22 |
2:6-7 |
|
11:33 |
125 |
2:6-8 |
|
12:2 |
125 |
2:6-16 |
|
12:2-9 |
22 | |
|
2:10-14 | ||
|
12:11-12 |
22 |
3:1 3:16 |
|
12:51-53 |
22 | |
|
14:25-27 |
22 |
3:17 |
|
15:3-7 |
131 | |
|
17:33 |
22 |
5:5 |
|
19:11-27 |
130 |
5:9-11 6:1 |
|
22:17-20 |
21 |
7:1 7:5 |
|
John | ||
|
2:12-12:50 |
127 |
7:10 |
|
3:13 |
59-70 |
7:14 |
|
3:15 |
59-70 |
7:21 |
|
20:30-31 |
125 |
7:25-38 |
|
20:31 |
76 |
9:14 |
|
Acts 4:26 |
87 |
11:23 11:29 |
|
7:25 |
87 |
12 |
|
7:35 |
87 |
12:13 |
|
Romans |
12:31 13 | |
|
12:20 |
76 |
14 |
|
88, 89 |
14:1—4 |
55-58 |
|
80 |
14:28 |
58 |
|
81 |
15:29 |
2 |
|
81 |
2 Corinthians | |
|
1:15 |
80 | |
|
92 |
5:5 |
79 |
|
52 |
6:14-7:1 |
146 |
|
48 | ||
|
81,94 |
Ephesians | |
|
44,80 |
2:2 |
89 |
|
94 |
5:18 |
76 |
|
80 |
6:5-9 |
149 |
|
94 |
Colossians | |
|
45-46 |
3:22-4:1 |
149 |
|
47-48 | ||
|
48 |
1 Thessalonians | |
|
42-50 |
1:2 |
43-44 |
|
81,84,88, |
1:2-3 |
52 |
|
89, 92,93 |
1:2-6 |
53 |
|
92 |
1:3 |
76 |
|
92 |
1:5 |
77 |
|
45 |
3:9 |
53 |
|
45 |
4:4 |
80 |
|
43 |
5:16-18 |
54-55 |
|
79 |
5:19-22 |
54-55 |
|
1 |
5:21 |
77 |
|
43 |
2 Thessalonians | |
|
80 | ||
|
ha |
1:3 |
52 |
|
/o |
2:13 |
52 |
|
22 | ||
|
2 |
3:6 |
81 |
|
77 |
1 Timothy | |
|
80 |
2:9-10 |
110 |
|
22 |
2:14 |
110 |
|
20-21 |
2:15 77, 78,110 | |
|
141 |
3:6 |
76 |
|
57 |
3:6-7 |
78 |
|
77 |
4:6 |
12,72 |
|
71 |
5:6 |
77 |
|
57 |
6:1-2 |
149 |
|
80 |
6:10 |
105 |
|
Titus | |
|
1:9 |
88 |
|
2:9-10 |
149 |
|
Hebrews | |
|
1:3 |
76 |
|
1 Peter | |
|
1-3 |
145 |
|
1:18 |
145 |
|
2:10 |
145 |
|
4:3 |
145 |
|
1:1-3:12 |
136 |
|
2:18-25 |
135-150 |
|
2:18-3:7 |
145 |
|
3:22 |
136 |
|
1 John | |
|
2:1 |
1 |
|
Revelation 1-22 |
31 |
|
1:5 |
88 |
|
5 |
29 |
|
6:12-14 |
30 |
|
9:7-11 |
30 |
|
12 |
29 |
|
17 |
29 |