adaptative preferences 128
achievement
agency achievement (success), realized and instrumental 153–4
and freedom 112–13, 150–3, 269
addictive and habitual behavior 226–8
advantage, personal or rational 116, 119, 151, 163, 178, 181, 269; see also well-being
agencies 56
alienation 43
agency 12, 13, 24, 38, 45–6, 47, 48–9, 68, 79, 87, 94, 126–7, 146, 180 n. 25, 245, 287, 300–2, 323, 339, 344, 360–2, 366
and well-being 18, 112–13, 127, 137, 150–3, 221–2, 298, 304, 357–8
as meta-capability 223
basic need approach and 137–8
citizen 13
collective 77, 87, 90, 158–9, 321–8
Cortina and Conill on 217–48
direct and indirect 153, 154–6, 180 n. 19, 313
economists concept of 158
Marx on 17
Nussbaum on 19, 127, 150, 159–63, 188, 190
Sen on 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 112–13, 137, 146 n. 94, 150–3, 152–9, 156–9, 162, 178, 180 n. 20, 181, 202, 203, 217–48, 272–4, 298, 300–2, 344, 360–2
See also equality, threshold view of; freedom, and determinism
“Agency and Well-being: The Development Agenda” (Sen) 150
Amnesty International 391
Andean Pact 391
anti-corruption strategies 38, 60
anti-materialism 219
anti-perfectionism
See also justice, political conception of
applied ethics, see philosophy, practical
Arabsolangi rose cultivation initiative 7, 345
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 69, 70
Argentina 81
The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity (Sen) 297
Aristotelianism 17, 46, 123, 162, 190
Aristotelian/Marxist tradition, 16
Asian values 365
Asociacioón Talamanquenña para Ecoturismo y Conservacioón (ATEC) 13
autonomy criticism of deliberative democracy 360–2
Cortina on 14, 218, 219–20, 232, 236, 249 n. 12
moral (Kant) 20, 46, 127, 190, 249 n. 12, 250
basic capabilities
Nussbaum on 177
basic needs 14, 38, 68, 148 n. 123
basic and nonbasic needs, relationship between 134
Nussbaum on 138–40
basic needs approach (BNA) 129–40
capability approach and 129, 131, 132–3, 134, 136, 137–9, 140, 148 n. 120
economic growth and 129–40
Bengal Relief Fund 7
Bhagavagita 111
bioethics 53
Botswana 265
Brazilian Constitution (1988) 373 n. 66
capability/capabilities
affiliation (Nussbaum) 162
Nussbaum on 19, 149 n. 153, 172–4, 177, 182–3
Nussbaum’s lists of 185–8, 192, 209–10 n. 6, 210, 348, 349, 356–60, 372
practical reason (Nussbaum) 150, 160, 169, 187, 203, 206
Sen on 20, 21, 149 n. 153, 168–78, 183, 184, 269–70, 305
Sen on evaluation of 117–23, 149 n. 153, 178, 185–6, 192–9, 209, 305–6, 329, 348
capability approach 1–2
agency-focused version of 1, 22–3, 24, 49, 55, 79, 217–48, 270, 279–80, 281, 282, 287, 315, 344, 348, 365–8, 389–92
and distributive justice 47, 305–6, 307–9, 356, 365–8
and human rights 290
and world hunger 21, 262, 263, 265
basic needs approach and 129, 131, 132–3, 136, 140
capabilities approach (Nussbaum) 2
capability orientation and 2, 19, 21–3, 24, 109, 168, 209
criticisms of 22, 54–5, 355–68
dangers of 22, 54–5, 287 n. 29
ethics of consumption in 225–43
ethics of responsibility in 220, 223–5, 231, 235–6, 241
new directions of 21–3
prudential version of 20, 65 n. 58, 214, 218, 219
“Capability and Well-being” (Sen) 194
carrying capacity 70
Catholic Relief Services 292 n. 110
Central America 12
Ciencia y desarrollo (Bunge) 12
famine in 277
citizenship, local, national, and global 390, 394–5, 402 n. 70
civil society (global) 38, 393, 401 n. 60
Colorado State University 25, 36
Commission on Global Governance 392
Commission on Human Security 53
Commodities and Capabilities (Sen) 186
commodity approach 113–16, 140
assessment of Sen and Nussbaum on 124–5
crude version 113–16
Nussbaum and Sen compared on 113–16, 118–25, 131–2, 269
Nussbaum on 123–4
Rawlsian version 116–25
Sen on 38, 114–15, 118–25, 131–2, 269
commodity fetishism 113, 130, 131, 219
communitarianism 47
constitutions and constitutionalism 45, 124, 161–2, 170, 189, 198, 199–200, 201–6, 305, 306, 332 n. 40, 345, 356–60
Consumer Bill of Rights (Cortina) 240
consumption 1, 52, 251 n. 29, 252 n. 36
agency-focused capability ethic of 20–1, 65 n. 58, 127–8, 129, 217–48, 249 n. 2, 251 n. 29, 254 n. 82, 272–4
Cortina’s ethic of 217–48
Global Pact on Consumption 242
North American 378
Northern 44, 52, 246–7, 249 n. 9
prudential ethic of 20, 65 n. 58, 214, 218, 219
Southern 247–8
cost-benefit analysis 346, 351
Costa Rica 11–15, 18, 49, 50, 94, 100 n. 32, 115, 130, 231, 236–9
and development ethics 12
“just, participatory ecodevelopment” in 14, 16, 68
Counter Culture Coffee 246–7
The Cruel Choice: A New Concept in the Theory of Development (Goulet) 4
Dalits 266
decentralization 369; See also development, local (grassroots)
deliberation, public 2, 45, 46, 49, 248, 321–8; See also democracy, deliberative; participation, deliberative; dialogue
democracy 19, 97 n. 9, 330 n. 7
aggregative versus deliberative, 309, 311–12
and agency (self-determination) 69, 70, 158–9, 178, 250, 279–80
and economic growth 97
and influence (control) 299, 315
arguments for 299–302, 303–8, 331 n. 22
arguments against 48, 334 n. 63, 357–60, 359–60
as global (cosmopolitan) 190, 391, 396, 402 n. 73
breadth (inclusiveness) of 231, 235–6, 250, 299, 311, 313, 314–17, 342
“Democratic fix” of (Cunningham, Young) 319
Dewey’s conception of 31 n. 75
Dre` ze and Sen on democratic ideals, institutions, and practices 207–8, 277–8, 297–308, 320, 321, 329, 342, 345, 360
intrinsic value of 299–302
“liberty principle and equality principle” (Little) 331 n. 17
minimalist conceptions of 310, 312, 319, 335 n. 93
Nussbaum on 127, 198–200, 201–6, 208, 213 n. 62, 213–14 n. 73, 306, 337 n. 132, 357
participatory 38, 70, 313, 393–4
scalar concept of 299
Sen on values of 207–8, 251 n. 25, 277, 299–308, 318
“universal citizenship principle” (Little) 331 n. 17
voting (majority rule) in 326–8
See also agency; democracy, deliberative; self-determination; social choice
“Democracy as a Universal Value” (Sen) 297
democracy, deliberative 14–15, 22, 23, 24, 49, 54, 66 n. 63, 87, 93, 95–6, 103 n. 62, 111, 128, 203, 205–6, 231, 235–6, 248, 252 n. 54, 262, 299, 353–4
accountability, ideal in 313–14
agreements and disagreements in 325–8
aims 310–12
and constitutions, relationship 358–9
capacities and virtues in 328–9, 337 n. 132, 347
clientalism and 315
criticisms of 319, 348, 355–68, 372, 373
definition of 309, 311–12, 333 n. 56
enabling conditions for 317–21
four-stage process of 321–8
membership in 316–17
procedural fairness in 318–19
publicity, ideal in 310–11, 313, 323
reciprocity, ideal in 310–13, 323, 326
toleration in 326
voting in 326–8
See also agency; self-determination; “empowered participatory governance”; participatory budgeting
democratization 375–97
development
aid for 7–10
alternative conceptions of 28, 74, 98 n. 20, 99 n. 25
and capitalism 79
and freedom (capability expansion, removal of unfreedoms) 21, 79, 92
and global institutions 49–51, 279, 395
and human activity 380–92
anti-development critique of 37–40, 45
as capability expansion and agency promotion (Sen) 36, 223–4, 250 n. 22, 276–80
dependency theory of 67–8, 76, 79, 99
descriptive versus normative senses of 41–2, 98 n. 22
dimensions of 77
ethical (moral) issues in 35, 38, 40–1, 48, 60 n. 19, 64 n. 57, 217
failures in 49–51, 93, 98 n. 17
generic definition of 1, 38, 41
humiliation-reducing 53, 64 n. 51
local (grassroots) 22, 329, 338–68, 370, 372, 393–4
multidisciplinary field 35, 41
obstacles to 39
options and forecasts 82–3, 101 n. 49, 102 n. 53
radical theory of 79
Ramírez on 12–13
Sen on BLAST (“Blood, Sweat, and Tears”) development strategy 304
style in 78
synchronic versus diachronic 77
theory-practice of 13, 16, 24, 41, 67–96, 71–3, 93–4, 96 n. 1, 97 n. 14, 109, 141 n. 1, 382
unilinear versus multilinear 79, 100 n. 36
See also development ethics; economic growth
Development as Freedom (Sen) 16, 55, 58 n. 9, 137–8, 156, 158, 195, 297
development ethics 1, 2, 11, 24, 35, 41
and developed countries 24
and development planning and strategies 5–10, 35, 38, 60 n. 19, 64, 89–93, 217
and ethics of food aid 7–10, 36, 258, 280–4
and hunger alleviation 21, 258, 280–4
and Washington DC 30
answers in 40–3
consensus in 42
contextual sensitivity in 42, 115
contribution of Sen to 17, 21, 109
controversies in 43–51
courses in 2–10, 11, 15, 36, 37
criticisms of 39, 54, 64 n. 57
critique, dialectical in 71, 81, 85, 88, 102, 283
exemplars in 94, 101–2, 105 n. 78
experts versus popular agency in 48–9
history and stages of 4–11, 16, 24, 26, 35–6, 57 n. 1
levels of 42
moralism 87
nature of 19–20, 21, 24, 40, 51–6, 71–3, 86, 95–6, 109, 217, 280, 281, 283, 375–6
new directions and challenges 21–3, 24, 30, 51–6
nondiscrimination in 42–3, 45–6, 52
questions in 37–40
scope of 43–5
Sen’s contributions to 17, 21, 109, 141 n. 1, 262, 282–3
status of moral norms in 43, 45–6, 85–9, 98 n. 22, 101 n. 47, 111
tasks of 48, 380, 387–8, 396, 397
textbooks in 54
universalism versus particularism (relativism) in 43, 45–6, 100 n. 39, 115
values as ends and means in 91–2, 113, 115, 286
See also development; value neutrality
dialogue 20, 43, 46, 49, 86–9, 94, 95–6, 112, 197, 262
and deliberation 197–9, 214 n. 84, 230, 234–5
Nussbaum on philosophical dialogue 197–9
discourse ethics 20
displaced persons 53
economic growth 17, 29, 35, 41, 42, 74, 92, 110, 129–40, 265
economics
development economics 126
development of 17, 29–30 n. 60
institutional 158
ecotourism 69–70
efficiency and effectiveness 101 n. 48, 110, 332 n. 43
education
moral 13
United States Department of 3, 12
egalitarianism, authoritarian 43
egoism, psychological 367–8
El Salvador 12
elite capture, see inequality
empirical/normative distinction, see fact/value distinction
“empowered participatory governance” (Fung and Wright) 22–3, 49, 310–14, 354
empowerment 19, 38, 87, 220, 241, 339, 350; See also agency; self-determination
entitlements (Sen) 266–9, 289 n. 53
environmental issues 41, 48, 51, 68–70, 184, 231, 236
equality 38
and basic capabilities 135–6, 220–1, 229–30, 231, 235–6
and opportunities 14, 229–30, 366–7
before the law 318
enabling condition for deliberative democracy 317–21
gender 38
moral 220, 251 n. 25, 302, 317–18
political freedom (liberty) 317–18
Sen on 144 n. 67, 251 n. 25, 302, 331, 366, 382–3, 400 n. 39
threshold view of 45–6, 47, 134–6, 229–30, 241, 318, 332 n. 37, 366–7
See also equity; justice, distributive
equity 47, 62 n. 33, 332 n. 43, 389, 392; See also equality
ethics
guiding role of 261–2
interpretive role of 261–2, 286–7 n. 24
“Ethics and Development” (Sen) 30 n. 73, 55
“Ethics and Leadership” (Public Sector and Governance, World Bank) 56
The Ethics of Assistance: Morality and the Distant Needy (Chatterjee) 286 n. 16
The Ethics of Development (Gasper) 37
ethical salience 261–2, 286 n. 23
Ethiopia 262, 266, 274, 288 n. 36
Ética y desarrollo: La relación marginada (Kliksberg) 37
European Union (EU) 391
fact/value distinction 71–2, 89, 286–7; See also value neutrality
famine 5–10, 21, 83, 261, 262–4, 287, 288 n. 35
and democracy 277–8
and free press 303
famine relief 5–10, 27, 30, 36, 261, 302–3
ethics of 5–10, 83, 84, 259–62
food
availability of 21, 255–6, 257–8, 266–9, 290, 293
distribution of 266
entitlements to (command over) 21, 266–9
security/insecurity 21, 278, 287 n. 32, 290
Sen on 257–8, 262, 272–80, 290
agency-focused approach to 279–80, 284
and development aid 7–10, 27, 36, 276–80
justifications for food aid 259–62, 285 n. 15
rights-based approaches to 279
Food Aid after Fifty Years: Recasting its Role (Barrett and Maxwell) 255, 283, 291 n. 85
food aid, ethics of 21, 35–6, 258, 259–62
and development ethics 258, 280–4
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 255, 259
Food for Work 275
For an Ethic of Consumption: Consumer Citizenship in a Global World (Cortina) 218
Fourth World (Milanovic) 384
and determinism 77–9, 100 n. 32, 152–3, 245, 265; See also human nature
and the good life 45–6
conditioned freedom 78–9, 81, 151
negative/positive 38, 117–23, 145 n. 75, 157, 167, 169
political 38
processes and opportunities (Sen) 176, 177, 302, 304, 328, 357–8
See also agency; capability/capabilities; self-determination
functioning
Sen on 164–8, 177–8, 182, 269, 305
futurism 83
garbage-pickers (cartoneros) (Argentina) 341
gender inequality 4, 266–7, 276
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 384
A Geography of the Third World (Dickenson et al.) 77
Gini coefficient 384, 385, 399 n. 28
global financial flows 53
global warming 52
democratization of 23, 24, 391, 392–6
ethical assessment of 51, 380–92, 396, 400–1 n. 55
generic concept of 376–7
hyperglobalism 376–8, 380, 381, 385, 390–2
legal 390
liberal internationalism 392–3, 396
radical republicanism 393–4, 396
skepticism (anti-globalization) 378–9, 380, 381, 388, 390–2
transformationalism 379–80, 391
governance 1, 280; See also democracy
gross domestic/national product (GDP, GNP) 38, 74, 113, 380, 381
Guatemala 12
Haiti 264
happiness 38, 127–9, 146 n. 99, 165–6, 231, 236–9, 387
Hong Kong 94
Huaorani (Ecuador) 301
Human Development Index (HDI) 193, 194, 382, 399 n. 28
Human Development and Capability Association (HDCA) 37, 55–6, 60 n. 15
Human Development Reports 53, 62–2, 183
human dignity 46, 53, 331 n. 17, 340
Nussbaum on 162, 163, 188–9, 209
human diversity (Sen) 114–15, 119
and well-being 300
Nussbaum on 124, 148 n. 128, 163, 173, 181 n. 51, 191–2, 197–9
human identity 81, 394–5, 402 n. 70
human nature 80–1
essentialist theories of 80, 100 n. 41
voluntarist and hisoricist theories of 80–1
human rights, see rights, human
Human Rights Watch 391
hunger (malnutrition) 1, 5, 6, 16, 20, 21, 24, 255–84, 287 n. 31, 288
acute (famine)/chronic 262–4, 286–7, 288
and entitlement failure 267–8
and moral obligation 26–7 n. 23, 35–6
capability approach to 21 hidden 288 n. 37
remedy and prevention 21
Sen on cause and cure of 8, 21, 262, 263, 265, 267–8, 270–80
Hunger and Public Action (Drèze and Sen) 8
income tax, international 401 n. 66
Bhopal disaster 81
community forestry groups 329, 342
Panchayats 369
India: Development and Participation, 2nd edn. (Drèze and Sen) 297, 369
individualism
inequalities 1, 7, 25, 40, 43, 52, 144–5 n. 67, 318, 319, 335 n. 92, 356, 362–5, 381, 388
concepts of (Milanovic) 383–8
Inequality Re-examined (Sen) 192, 194, 305, 306
insiders and outsiders 11, 14–15, 56, 86, 87, 90, 347–8, 371 n. 30
in development ethics 14–15, 281–2, 282
insider-outsider hybrid 15, 281, 282
Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy 19
institutions 264
intentions
and public reason 324–5
final ends and ultimate ends 118, 324, 325
joint (shared) 321–8
“uptake” of (Bohman) 323
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) 55, 394
Inter-American Foundation (IAF) 13, 370
Inter-American Initiative on Social Capital, Ethics, and Development 30 n. 67, 37, 55, 56, 59, 60 n. 15
internalism/externalism 110, 141 n. 7
International Criminal Court (ICC) 391, 393, 394
International Development Ethics Association (IDEA) 14, 15, 17, 37, 60 n. 15
International Financial Institutions (IFI) 56
justice, distributive
and (deliberative) democracy 305–6, 307–9, 318, 356, 365–8
justification in 18, 110–12, 116, 118, 130–1, 142 n. 10; See also reflective equilibrium
political conception of (Rawls) 118, 121–3; See also anti-perfectionism
principles of 38, 46–7, 144 n. 67
justice, transitional 51, 52–3
Kampuchea 262
Kantianism 45, 46, 127, 152, 188–9, 190, 222–3, 230–4, 245
Katrina (hurricane) 288 n. 38, 302–3
Kenya 265
Kerala (India) 94, 341, 363, 383
Khoj literacy and community development initiative 345
The Law of Peoples (Rawls) 18
Lebanon 385
Left Democratic Front (LDF) (Kerala, India) 341
liberalism
free-market 14
political (Rawls) 19
libertarianism 46
liberty, see freedom (liberty)
lifeboat ethics 5, 6, 8, 35, 36, 256
list of valuable capabilities
and trade-offs 373
danger of polarization 55, 341
views on 2, 18, 19, 20, 65 n. 62, 113, 124–5, 174, 193, 196–9, 348–9, 356–60, 372, 392
See also capability/capabilities, Nussbaum’s lists of
McDonalds 246
Malthusianism 268
metaethics, see development ethics, status of moral norms in; moral foundationalism; reflective equilibrium
migration 53
Millennium Development Goals 62 n. 26, 256, 276
Millennium Development Project 255, 275, 279–80, 281, 282
Hunger Task Force ( Halving Hunger) 255, 266, 279–80, 281, 282, 283, 287 n. 32, 288 n. 36, 291 n. 85, 292
misplaced concreteness, fallacy of (Whitehead) 258, 284
moral foundationalism 21
moral minimum 68
Morrill Act and Land Grant Colleges Act 25 n. 8
narratives 111
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation 246
national (territorial) political community 390–2
New Left 23
New Orleans 303
Niger 261, 262, 273, 288 n. 36
no harm principle 189
North Atlantic Treaty Organization 394
North Carolina Crop Improvement Association 246
North Korea 262
Norway 94
Government of 56
Offical Development Assistance (ODA) 44
On Human Governance: Toward a New Global Politics (Falk) 393
Organization of American States 394
Our Global Neighborhood (Commission on Global Governance) 392
Oxfam 7, 292 n. 110, 345, 346–54, 358
The Paradox of Wealth and Poverty: Mapping the Ethical Dilemmas of Global Development (Little) 37
participation
concepts of 339–45
consultative 343, 351, 370 n. 15
deliberative 22–3, 103 n. 62, 344, 351, 352–4
democratic 2–10, 103 n. 62, 11
participatory implementation 343, 351, 370
“Participation in Development: New Avenues” (Goulet) 339
participatory budgeting 94, 102 n. 51, 341
particularism 45
anti-development 45
pro-development 45
“Philosophers are Back on the Job” (Singer) 5
philosophy, practical 4, 5–6, 26 n. 16, 27, 103–4 n. 67
philosophy, role of
Hegel on 281
Nussbaum on 123–4, 161–2, 163, 170, 189, 190, 193, 197–9, 212 n. 46, 305, 358–9 Sen on 123, 199
pluralism
moral 14
political 16
political action 101–2 n. 51, 335, 363–5
Sen on 291
Por una ética del consumo: La ciudadanía del consumidor en un mundo global (For an Ethic of Consumption: Consumer Citizenship in a Global World) (Cortina) 218
Porto Alegre (Brazil), see participatory budgeting
poverty (deprivation) 1, 7, 25, 40, 43, 44, 51–2, 61–2 n. 24, 269, 318
and capability deprivation 269, 398 n. 20, 400 n. 39
causes and cures 52
concepts of 382–3, 398–9 n. 20
Poverty and Famines: As Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (Sen) 257–8
poverty line
Reddy and Pogge on 399
World Bank 40
practice 96
primary goods, social (Rawls) 38, 116–21, 143 n. 36, 169, 262
Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) 285 n. 15
purchasing power parity (PPP) 381–2
Pyramids of Sacrifice (Berger) 5
Quehueire Ono (el Oriente, Ecuador) 301
reason, public 18, 309, 324, 336 n. 116
Sen on 46, 111, 117–23, 121, 195–6, 207, 307–9, 311, 312, 313, 336 n. 119, 345
reciprocity 49, 334 n. 70, 352
reflective equilibrium 93, 94, 103 n. 62, 111, 112, 130, 142, 197
relativism, moral 4 remittances 44
responsibility (duty) 8, 13, 20–1, 49–51, 217–48
and citizens 20
and consumers 240
and development 38–9, 46 and hunger 282
and national governments 39, 245–6, 396
and need 138–9
and rich countries and individuals 20–9, 38–9
basis for 39
Revista de Filosofía de la Universidad de Costa Rica 10
rights
and the capability orientation 290 n. 63
of consumers 240
to development 53
of exit 360
of national governments 392–3
of self-determination 46, 301–2, 366, 372, 394
Sen on 269
to an adequate level of agency and well-being 46, 225–43, 390
to citizen participation 97, 235, 282, 283, 311, 313
to food 282–3
to health 373
Roman Catholic Church, theology of liberation 257
Rwanda 262
Saudi Arabia 130
security, national and human 53
self-determination, democratic 14, 16, 68, 69, 70; See also agency
self-interest, see advantage, personal or rational
Senghar goat-raising initiative 345
Singapore 94
small mercies argument 79, 237
Liga Deportiva Alajuelense 14
social (human) capital 92
social choice 299–302, 303–4, 309, 311
and philosophical prescription 123
See also reason, public 307–9
Social Impact assessment (SIA) 346, 351, 353
Society for International Development (SID) 60 n. 15
Somalia 262
South Africa 94
South Asia 262
South Korea 94
Spain 391
Taiwan 94
“Tasks and Methods in Development Ethics” (Goulet) 86, 87
technology
responsible transfer of 242
role in development 13
technological determinism 13
terrorism and development 53
A Theory of Justice (Rawls) 5, 116
Third World 43
trade 53
protectionism 242
transnational agencies 390–2
Trinidad and Tobago 383
tsunamis 272, 288 n. 38, 302–3
tyranny (oppression) 1, 25, 48
tyranny of the majority 203, 204, 206, 326–8, 330 n. 9, 354
Unified Health System (Brazil) 373
United Nations 83, 391, 393, 394
Commission of Human Rights 391
General Assembly 383
Security Council 393
United Nations Association 60 n. 15
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 42, 123, 194, 319, 382, 387, 398 n. 20, 399 n. 28
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 7, 10, 25 n. 8, 38, 39, 46, 266, 370, 345
“Lessons without Borders” 44
United States Constitution 203
United States Food and Drug Administration 229
United States Food for Peace 282
United States House of Representatives 385
universalizability 230–4
University of Chicago Law School 198
University of Costa Rica 11
utilitarianism 45, 46, 102 n. 56, 118–19, 125–9, 140, 145 n. 89, 146 n. 94, 160
sum-ranking 126
utopianism and realism 84
realistic utopianism 85–9
value neutrality 47, 54, 62 n. 33, 71–2, 75, 83, 84, 102 n. 55, 122–3, 382, 386, 388–9
Values for Development Group (World Bank) 30
Valuing Freedoms: Sen’s Capability Approach and Poverty Reduction (Alkire) 338
Venezuela 94
ventriloquism, inadvertent (Chambers) 212 n. 51, 347, 371 n. 31
violence 1
Washington Consensus 38
welfare 126, 145 n. 88, 160–1; See also utility and well-being
Nussbaum on 160–1
welfare approach, see utilitarianism
well-being 20, 46, 100, 145 n. 88, 160–1, 269
and human flourishing 300
nutritional well-being 272–80
See also advantage, personal or rational; agency, and well-being; welfare
Women and Human Development (Nussbaum) 123
Workers’ Party (Brazil) 341
World Bank 40, 46, 55, 56, 62 n. 33, 95–6, 316, 391, 398–9 n. 20
critique of 393, 398, 399 n. 20
“Ethics and Leadership” 56
World Development 10
World Development Movement 60
World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development 47, 56, 62 n. 33, 180 n. 25, 335 n. 92, 389, 392, 399 n. 20
World Food Programme 278, 279, 283
World Food Summit, food insecurity 287 n. 32
World Hunger and Moral Obligation (Aiken and LaFollette) 26 n. 20, 287 n. 31
“World Hunger: Putting Development Ethics to the Test” (Goulet) 257
World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) 29 n. 57
The World is Flat (Friedman) 378
world systems theory, see development, dependency theory of
World Trade Organization (WTO) 377, 378, 384, 391, 394
Yugoslav Praxis Group 3, 14, 17, 23, 25
Zimdahl, Robert L. 25