INDEX
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Notes are indicated by “n” following the page number.
African Americans, rights of, 7
Afroyim v. Rusk, 187, 188–89
American Communist Party, 141
Amerikadeutscher Volksbund (German
American Bund), 113, 119, 123, 125, 126
Amnesty Act (1872), 48
anarchism, 146–47
Andersonville prison, 31, 48
Angel Island (San Francisco Bay), 67, 73
anti-Semitism, in US government, 119
Argus (newspaper), 26
Article I (Constitution), 36–37
Article IV (Constitution), 18
Ashton, Joseph Hubley, 60, 63
Bainum, Noah, 101–2, 105
Balderrama, Francisco, 169
Baltimore Sun, on Dred Scott case, 19
Battle of Rincon Hill, 140
Biddle, Francis, 118, 125, 127, 144–45, 150
Bill of Rights, 7
birther movement, 10
birthright citizenship, 51–73; Chinese Confession Program and, 71–72; Chinese people in America, treatment of, 52–54; Curtis’s Dred Scott dissent and, 24; federal immigration officials’ response to, 65–66; founding fathers on, 18; Fourteenth Amendment and, 56; immigration inspectors’ attitudes toward, 69–71; introduction to, 51–52; legal cases and, 57–58; personal rights versus, 7; Trump and, 193–95; Wong Kim Ark, United States v., 58–65, 116, 183, 194; Wong Kim Ark and, 54–56, 66–67, 72–73; Wong Kim Ark’s children and, 67–69, 73
black citizenship, Dred Scott on, 22, 27
Black Codes, 36
blacks: black longshoremen, 139; black suffrage, 21, 36–8; free blacks, 17, 18, 22, 28–29, 37, 193; literacy of, 28–29; state and national offices, election to, 45–46
Blair, Montgomery, 20, 26
blood, as citizenship, 114
Bloody Thursday, 140
Boissevain, Inez Milholland, 84
Booth, John Wilkes, 38
Boston Evening Traveller (newspaper), on black enfranchisement, 37
Bracero Program, 170
Brewer, David, 63
Bridges, Alfred Renton (“Harry”), 187, 191; as citizen hero, 154–55; as Communist Party member, 155–56; longshoremen’s and general strikes and, 138–41; marriage, 154; photograph of, 136; question of US residency status, 143–45, 151–54; as suspected communist, 142
Bright, John, 126
Brown, Willie, 154
Brown v. Board of Education, 65
Bruce, Blanche K., 46
Brunson, Alfred, 14
Bryan, William Jennings, 93
Buchanan, James, 21–22, 27
Bureau of Immigration, anti-Asian policies, 2–3
Bush, George H. W., 133
Butler, M. Caldwell, 46
Cable, John L., 97–98
Cable Act (Married Women’s Independent Citizenship Act, 1922), 98, 103, 104–5, 109
California: apology to expelled Mexicans, 169; Proposition 4 (on women’s suffrage), 75–79; women’s voting rights in, 1. See also Los Angeles; San Francisco
Camp Manzanar, 122, 123–25, 132–33
Carter, Jimmy, 47
Castañeda, Francisco, 174
Castañeda, Gregoria, 160–61
Castañeda, Natividad, 160–61
Castañeda de Valenciana, Emilia, 158, 160–61, 166–69
Castro family, 180–83
Cayton, Revels, 139
Chaffee, Calvin Clifford, 26–27
Chaffee, Irene Emerson, 15, 16, 25–27
Chang, Gordon H., 72
Charnowola, George, 151
Chautauqua circuit, Owen on, 94, 96, 99
Cherny, Robert, 155
Chicago Tribune, communist influence on San Francisco strike, 142
children of citizen fathers, citizenship of, 65
Chinese Americans: birthright citizenship and, 2–3, 58; expatriation of, 5. See also Wong Kim Ark
Chinese Confession Program, 71–72
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 54–56, 61
Chinese people: false citizenship claims by, 69–71; immigration officials’ attitudes toward, 65–66; treatment of, 52–54, 192
Chinese Six Companies, 57, 58
Chomiak, Nicholai, 151
Chouteau family, 201n10
citizenship: birthright citizenship, 51–73; conclusions on, 195; Confederacy and, 31–48; expelled citizens, 159–74; foreign blood and, 113–34; Mackenzie and, 75–91; Owens and, 93–110; Red Scare and, 137–56; significance of, 1–10; slavery and, 13–29; in the twenty-first century, 175–95. See also detailed entries for these concepts
Citizenship and Immigration Services, 3, 188
citizenship stripping: numbers affected by, 8–9; purposes of, 5, 10; racism and, 192; totalitarian regimes and, 6; in twenty-first century, 179–80; US identity and, 191–92
civil code, denaturalization under, 153
Civil Rights Act (1866), 40
Civil War, black regiments, 33, 37
Clements, George, 162, 167
Cleveland, Grover, 59
Cleveland Daily Leader (newspaper), on Lee and Davis, 32
Collins, George D., 60–62
Collins, Wayne, 129–30, 132
colonization societies, 35
Communism, in American imagination, 141. See also Red Scare, citizenship and
Confederacy, citizenship and, 31–48; black people and, 34–36; conclusions on, 47–48; Confederate leaders and, 34–36; Davis, posthumous citizenship for, 47; dual status theory, 204n17; former Confederate states, black voters in, 45–46; freed slaves, citizenship for, 40–42; Lee, posthumous citizenship for, 46–47; Lee and Davis and, 32–33, 39–40; residents of seceding states, citizenship of, 4, 35, 38–39; Revels and, 33–34, 42–5; slaveocracy and, 36–38; Whitman and, 39; Wirz, death of, 31–32
Confederacy, monuments to, 48
Congressional Record, lack of comment on Expatriation Act, 82
Conness, John, 63
Conrad, Holmes, 58–60, 194
Constitution: Article I, 36–37; Article IV, 18; Fifteenth Amendment, 44, 48; First Amendment, 8, 145, 219n29; Nineteenth Amendment, 97, 106, 108, 212–13n4; Privileges and Immunities Clause, 18; on question of citizenship, 17–18; on slavery, 23; Thirteenth Amendment, 14, 37, 44. See also Fourteenth Amendment
Conyers, John, 46
Coolidge, Mary Roberts, 66
Covarrubias, Concepción, 168
coverture, 82
Cowan, Edgar, 63
Cullen, John, 122–23
Curtis, Benjamin, 23–25
Davis, Garrett, 43, 44, 60
Davis, Gray, 154
Davis, Jefferson, 32–33, 34, 42, 47
Dean, Harry, 78
Declaration of Independence, 17, 23
Democrats, claims that Revels is ineligible to serve in Senate, 42–45
denaturalization and denaturalization programs, 125–26, 133–34, 148–51, 153, 187
Department of Homeland Security, 188
Department of Justice, Operation Janus, 9
Deutsches Ausland-Institut (German Foreign Institute), 214n6
DeWitt, John L., 120–21
Dillingham, William, 83
diplomats, citizenship of children of, 62, 64
Doak, William, 162
Doub, George C., 132
Douglas, William O., 145
Douglass, Frederick, 37, 41
Dreamers, 193
Dred Scott v. Sandford: Blair and, 20–21; Buchanan and, 21–22; Chaffee’s response to, 26–27; conclusions on, 28–29; decision on, 22–23, 35–36, 193, 202n35; Fourteenth Amendment’s nullification of, 40–41, 43–44, 56, 87; jurisdictional question of, 16–17; oral arguments in, 19–20; public response to, 27–28
dual status theory, 204n17
Duncan, Isadora, 5
Earl Fruit Company, 173
East Los Angeles, immigration raid in, 171
Embarcadero, San Francisco, longshoremen’s strike at, 137–40
Emerson, Irene (later Irene Chaffee), 15, 16, 25–27
Emerson, John, 13
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 24
enfranchisement, for former slaves, 36–38
Engle, Clair, 129
English law, citizenship under, 17
Epps, Garrett, 37, 56
Espionage Act (1917), 149
Evarts, William, 59, 63
Evening Post (newspaper), on Dred Scott case, 27
Evening Star (newspaper), on Dred Scott case, 19–20
Executive Order 9066, 118, 120, 121
expatriation, 1–2, 5–6, 81–91, 96–98
Expatriation Act (1907), 81, 82, 87, 90, 104, 148
expelled citizens, 159–74; Bracero Program, 170; Castañeda family, 160–61, 166–69, 174; East Los Angeles, immigration raid in, 171; expulsion methods, varieties of, 164–65; Great Depression, impact of, 162; Los Angeles, immigration raids and deportations from, 162–64; Mexican migration to US, 161; mixed families and, 165–66; numbers of, 165; Operation Wetback, 171–74; Piña family, 159–60, 166, 169–70; “repatriation” programs, 164–68; return to US, 168–70
federal courts, jurisdiction of, 202n46
federal immigration officials, response to United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 65–66
Fifteenth Amendment, 44, 48
Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment, 37
First Amendment, 8, 145, 219n29
Fishkin, Shelley Fisher, 72
Florida, ratification of Nineteenth Amendment, 212–13n4
Foner, Eric, 40
Foote, Henry S., 61
Ford, Gerald, 5, 46–7
Ford, Leland, 121
former slaves. See freed slaves
founding fathers, on birthright citizenship, 18
Fourteenth Amendment: on birthright citizenship, 2, 7, 56; on Confederate leaders, 45; Conrad on, 194; on consequences of states’ black disenfranchisement, 206n59; discussion of, 40–41; discussion of, in US v. Wong, 61–63; Mackenzie’s suit over, 87; Nisei and, 115–16; Revels and, 108; Supreme Court on, 187
Frankfurter, Felix, 134
free blacks, 17, 18, 22, 28–29, 37, 193
Freedmen’s Bureau, 33
freedom, citizenship and, 29
freed slaves, 21, 33, 35–38, 40
French, Jo, 185–86
Frick, Henry Clay, 147, 219n39 Frisch, Max, 170
Fugitive Slave Act, 24
Fukuhara, Akiko, 128–29
Fuller, Melville, 58–59, 64
Galicia, Francisco Erwin, 184–85
Garrison, William Lloyd, 21
Garza, Wilfredo, 3, 5
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907), 117
George, Walter F., 48
German Foreign Institute (Deutsches Ausland-Institut), 214n6
Germany, citizenship stripping of Jews by, 6
Gessen, Masha, 190
Goldman, Emma, 191; on citizenship, 192; denaturalization and deportation of, 5, 7, 187; photograph of, 136; Red Scare and, 146–50
Gordon, Ethel. See Mackenzie, Ethel Coope
Grant, Ellen Wrenshall, 5
Grant, Ulysses S., 4
Gray, Horace, 64, 88
Great Depression, 139, 141, 160, 162
Gual, Florence Bain, 84
Guerrero, Pablo, 167
habeas corpus, 57
Hare, John P., 87
Harlan, John Marshall, 64–65
Harless, Richard, 126
Harper’s Weekly, on Revels, 44
Harris, Kamala, 10, 176, 193
Hatfield, Mark, 47
Haven-Alten, Augusta Louise de, 85–86
Hawai’i: Japanese Americans in, suspicions against, 117–18; mixed race marriages in, 154; as Obama birthplace, 178
Hayes, Rutherford B., 47
Hechler, Kenneth, 4–5, 46
Hitler, Adolf, 141
Holmes County Republican (newspaper), on
Dred Scott decision, 25
Hoover, Herbert, 109, 162
Hoover, J. Edgar, 146
House of Representatives: blacks in, 45–46; Bridges’s residency status and, 144; Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 109; question of Owen’s eligibility to serve in, 100–107; Special Committee on Un-American Activities, 118–20, 150
Howard, Jacob, 42–43
Howe, Walter D., 66
ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement), 184–85 immigrants and immigration: Asian immigrants, prohibition against naturalization of, 117; Expatriation Act and, 82–83; immigrant detention facilities, 57; immigration inspectors, attitudes toward Chinese people, 69–71; Italian immigrants, attitudes toward, 83. See also Chinese Americans; Chinese people; denaturalization and denaturalization programs; Japanese Americans; Mexican Americans
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 184–85
Independent (newspaper), on Dred Scott decision, 27
Indian Citizenship Act (1924), 62
Industrial Association, 142
Inouye, Haruko, 128–29
International Longshoremen’s Association, 137–40
Issei (first-generation Japanese immigrants), 115, 117
Italian immigrants, attitudes toward, 83
Ito, James, 124
Jackson, Robert, 218n22
Japan, renunciants in, 130–31
Japanese Americans: citizenship renunciations by, 127–29; deportations of, 129, 130–31; renunciants, restoration of citizenship to, 131–32; treatment during WWII, 5–6, 115–18, 120–22, 123–25, 216n57; treatment during WWII, compensation for, 132–33
Jeffords, James M., 206n52
Johnson, Andrew, 4, 32, 38, 39–42
Johnson, Kevin R., 164
Joint Marine Strike Committee, 138–39
Jones, Martha, 18
jus sanguinis (right of the blood), 62
jus soli (right of the soil), 62
Kading, Charles, 102
Kanagawa, Jim, 124
Kappe, Walter, 123
Kelly, Willard, 172
Kennedy, Robert, 132
Kersner, Jacob, 146, 148–49
Khan, Parvez, 188, 189–91
Khan, Suhail, 190, 191
Knox, Frank, 117–18
Knutson, Harold, 97
Kobach, Kris, 186
Kuhn, Fritz Julius, 150, 187; Congressional committee testimony, 118–20; deportation and life in Germany, 133–34; Madison Square Garden rally and, 113–14; personal qualities, 114–15; trial of, 125–26
Ku Klux and Kukluxers, 34
Kurihara, Joseph (Yoshisuke), 115–17, 121–25, 129–33, 191
Landis, James M., 143
Larch, Lillian, 84–85
Lawson, William C., 100–101, 106
Lee, Erika, 69
Lee, Robert E., 4–5, 30, 32–35, 38–40, 42, 46–47
Lee, Robert E., IV, 46
Lewis, Sinclair, 115
Lincoln, Abraham, 22, 35
Long Island, German saboteurs on, 122–23
longshoremen, Pacific Coast strike, 137–40
Longstreet, James, 40
Loomis, California, INS operations in, 173
Los Angeles: Chinatown massacre, 53; immigration raids and deportations from, 162–64
Los Angeles Times, on communist influence on San Francisco strike, 142
Louisiana, disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders, 45
Lyttle, Mark, 184–85
MacCormack, Daniel, 142
Mackenzie, Ethel Coope, 75–91, 148; image of, 74; introduction to, 75–76; Gordon Mackenzie and, 79–81; Mackenzie v. Hare, 87–91, 95; marital expatriation of, 1–2, 5, 81–91; Owen and, 95–96; as suffragist, early work as, 76–78
Mackenzie, (Peter) Gordon, 1, 79–81
Mackey, Argyle, 171–72
Mar, Victor, 173
Marion Star (newspaper), on black enfranchisement, 46
marital expatriation, 1–2, 5, 81–91, 96–98. See also Owen, Helen Rudd
Married Women’s Independent Citizenship Act (Cable Act, 1922), 98, 103, 104–5, 109
Martinez, Sandra, 171
Matles, James J., 151
McCain, John, 177
McCarran Act (Subversive Activities Control Act, 1950), 148, 151
McCarran-Walter Act (1952), 148
McCarthy, Joseph, 150–51
McKenna, Joseph, 90
McKinley, William, 90, 147
Merriam, Frank, 140, 142
Metcalf, Victor H., 66
Mexican Americans: immigrants, numbers of, 221n14; repatriation of, 6. See also expelled citizens
Mexican-American War, 180
Mexico: border crossings into US from, 180–82; Mexican Revolution (1910), 161; midwives, possible birth certificate fraud by, 181–82
Missouri: elderly slaves in, treatment in, 15; free blacks on, 28–29; laws on freeing slaves, 203n53
Missouri Compromise, 14, 18, 22
Monroy, Doug, 162–63
Montgomery, Gillespie, 46, 47
Moy, Haw, 2, 5
Murphy, Frank, 145
Mussolini, Benito, 141
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 57
Nast, Thomas, 42
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 57
National Era (newspaper), on Dred Scott case, 19
Nationality Act (1940), 148
native American aliens, 128
Native Americans, citizenship of, 62, 64, 209n41
Naturalization Act (1906), 148
naturalized citizens: denaturalization and denaturalization programs, 125–26, 133–34, 148–51, 153, 187; impact of citizenship stripping on, 6; marital expatriation and, 91
Nazi Party, on citizenship, 114
Nevada, anti-miscegenation law, 154
Newhall, Judson, 107
New York Times: on Amerikadeutscher Volksbund, 115; on Davis’s expatriation, 204n15; on Italian immigrants, lynching of, 83; on Lee, 32; on Obama citizenship announcement, 179; on Obama’s citizenship, public beliefs on, 10; on Owens, 99; on Revels’s Senate seating, 44
New-York Tribune (newspaper), on Dred Scott case, 19, 20
Nineteenth Amendment, 97, 106, 108, 212–13n4
Nisei (second-generation Japanese immigrants), 115, 117, 131
Nixon, Richard, 152
noncitizens: freedom of speech and, 219n29; voting by, 225n28
North American Review, Blair article in, 21
Novick, Paul, 151, 187
Nowak, Stanley, 151
Nuremberg Laws (1935), 6, 114
Nye, James, 43
Obama, Barack, 10, 154, 177–79, 188
“once free, always free” rule, 14, 22
Operation Janus, 188–91
Operation Wetback, 171–74
Opium Wars, 51
Owen, Helen Rudd, 94
Owen, Reginald Altham, 95
Owen, Ruth Bryan, 93–110, 148, 179; Cable Act and, 109; Congress, actions on marital expatriation, 96–98; Congress, question of eligibility to serve in, 100–107; House of Representatives, candidacy for, 98–100; introduction to, 93–95; marital expatriation of, 5; marriage and citizenship, 95–96; photograph of, 92; primary win, 110; Revels’s situation, similarity to, 108
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 146
Pankhurst, Sylvia, 75–78
Papanastasion, Helen, 97
paper sons, 69, 70, 71, 72
Parker, John M., 83
partus sequitur ventrem (what is born follows the womb), 15
Pepper, George Wharton, 88
Piña, Ignacio, 158, 159–60, 166, 169–70
Plessy v. Ferguson, 64–65
Presidential Proclamation 2655, 129
Quinnell, Gayle, 174
race and racism: appearances and bodies, as determining citizenship, 183; citizenship stripping and, 192; racial boundaries of citizenship, 98. See also Chinese Americans; Japanese Americans; Mexican Americans
Radical Republicans, 36, 41
Raker, John Edward, 85–86
Randolph, Benjamin, 34
Rankin, Jeannette, 96
Reconstruction, end of, 47–48
Reconstruction Acts (1867), 41, 42, 45
Red Emma. See Goldman, Emma
Red Queen of Anarchy. See Goldman, Emma
Red Scare, citizenship and, 137–56; Bridges as Communist Party member, 155–56; Bridges’s US residency status and, 143–45, 151–54; Goldman and, 146–50; San Francisco longshoremen’s and general strike, 137–42; second Red Scare, 150–51
Republican Party, black enfranchisement and, 36–38
residents of seceding states, citizenship of, 35, 38–39
Revels, Aaron, 33
Revels, Hiram Rhodes, 139, 179; activities of, 33–34; lack of awareness of, 48; Owen’s situation, similarity to, 108; photograph of, 30; as senator, seating of, 42–45, 60
Revels, Phoeba, 34
right of the blood (jus sanguinis), 62
right of the soil (jus soli), 62
Rogers, William P., 131
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 118, 141–42, 144
Roosevelt, Theodore, 83
Rossi, Angelo, 139, 142
Russell, Richard, 127
Russia/Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: archives of, 155; citizenship stripping by, 6; deportations to, 146; establishment of, 141; increased influence of, 141
Sabath, Adolph J., 127
SAFE Act (Secure and Fair Elections Act, Kansas, 2011), 185–86
Saldivar, Trinidad, 181
Sanford, John, 15, 17, 201n10
San Francisco: Chinatown, 51–52, 53–54; general strike in, 140–41; longshoremen’s strike, 137–40
San Francisco Call (newspaper), on birthright citizenship for Chinese people, 58
San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper), on Proposition 4, 78
San Francisco Examiner (newspaper): Collins’s remarks in, 61; on San Francisco strike, communist influence on, 142
Santa Cruz News, on Proposition 4, 78
Sartoris, Nellie Grant, 86
Saulsbury, Willard, 43, 44, 60
Sawada, Noriko, 154
Scott, Dred, 14–16. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford
Scott, Dred and Harriet: attorneys for, 20–21; expectations from suit, 200–201n7; freedom of, 26–27, 28–29; image of, 12; question of citizenship of, 14; Revels and, 45. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford
Scott, Eliza, 14, 25–26, 28
Scott, Harriet, 13–16. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford
Scott, Lizzie, 25–26, 28
Secure and Fair Elections Act (SAFE Act,
Kansas, 2011), 185–86
Seeger, Pete, 154
segregation, during WWII, 119
Senate: blacks in, 45–46; Bridges’s deportation and, 144; Revels, seating of, 42–45
Sherman, John, 43
Sims, Edwin, 147–48
Singh, Baljinder, 189
slaveocracy, 36–37, 39–42, 45
slavery, citizenship and, 13–29; citizenship, sources of definition of, 17–18; Dred Scott v. Sandford, 16–17, 19–29; Missouri Compromise and, 18; Scotts and, 13–16
slaves: aging of, 201n9; elderly, treatment in Missouri, 15; freed slaves, 21, 33, 35–38, 40; slave sales, in St. Louis, 16; slave women, value of, 201n11
South Africa, citizenship stripping by, 6
South Carolina, blacks in legislature of, 45
Soviet Union. See Russia/Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Springfield Republican (newspaper), 26
Starnes, Joe, 119–20
states: black citizenship in, 23, 27; citizenship recognition by, 18; women’s enfranchisement, 84 statute of limitations, denaturalization and, 153, 188
steamboats, 13
Stevens, Jacqueline, 185
Stevens, Thaddeus, 35
Steward, Luther, 68
Stimson, Henry L., 120–21
St. Louis, slave sales in, 16
Straus, Oscar, 147–48
Subversive Activities Control Act (McCarran Act, 1950), 148, 151
suffragists, citizenship and. See Mackenzie, Ethel Coope
Sumner, Charles, 4, 35, 43, 44, 62, 195
Supreme Court (Mississippi), 27–8
Supreme Court (US): Afroyim v. Rusk, 187, 188–89; on birthright citizenship, 56; Bridges’s residency status case, 143–45, 153; Brown v. Board of Education, 65; on Chinese exclusions, 57; on denaturalization program, 133–34; on Japanese incarcerations, 130; Mackenzie v. Hare, 87–91, 95; on Missouri Compromise, 22; Plessy v. Ferguson, 64–65; on residents of seceding states, 4, 35; on women’s marriage to noncitizens, 2; Wong Kim Ark, United States v., 58–65, 116, 183, 194. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford
Sweet, Sam, 151
Swing, Joseph, 69–70, 172
Taft, William Howard, 90
Taliaferro, Lawrence, 201n9
Tamura, Eileen, 129
Taney, Roger Brooke, 20–23, 29, 193, 202n37
Thirteenth Amendment, 14, 37, 44
Thornburgh, Dick, 133
Time magazine, Bridges on cover of, 141
treason charges, against former Confederate rebels, 205n32
Truman, Harry, 129, 134
Trump, Donald, 9–10, 178, 188–89, 193–95
tuberculosis, 80
twenty-first century, citizenship in, 175–95; birther movement, 177–79; birthright citizenship, Trump and, 193–95; Castro family and, 180–83; citizenship stripping, 179–80; Galicia and, 184–85; Khan and, 189–91; Lyttle and, 184–5; Operation Janus, 188–91; political denaturalizations, 187; proof of citizenship, documentation for, 183–84; racism and citizenship stripping, 192; United States, question of identity of, 191–92; voting rights and, 185–87
un-Americans, 194
unemployment, during Great Depression, 160, 162
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See Russia/Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
United States: Chinese people in, 51; citizenship in, value of, 200n18; German immigrants in, 214n6; as home to immigrants, 8; immigration to, in early twentieth century, 148; Mexican immigrants to, 161, 221n14; Mexico, border crossings from, 180–82. See also Chinese Americans; Japanese Americans; Mexican Americans
Uno, Kazumaro “Buddy,” 6
U’Ren, Milton T., 87, 88–89
Valenciana, Christine, 169
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 79
VanderVelde, Lea, 15
Vichy France, citizenship stripping by, 6
Vigil, Joe, 173
Visel, C. P., 163–64
Vitter, David, 177
voter fraud, as nonexistent problem, 186
voting rights, 185–87
Wee Lee, 51–54
Weil, Patrick, 125, 148
Whitman, Walt, 31, 39
Wilson, Henry, 42
Wirz, Henry, 31–32, 48
Wisconsin State Journal, on Mackenzie, 87
A Woman Without a Country (Goldman), 150
Wong, Alice, 73
Wong Hang Juen (Ernest J.), 71
Wong Kim Ark, 191; birth of, 52, 207n6; birthright citizenship and, 54–56, 66–67, 208n22; children of, question of citizenship of, 67–69; citizenship of, challenges to, 183; final years of, 72–73; paper son of, 71–72; photograph of, 50; Wong Kim Ark, United States v., 58–65, 116, 183, 194
Wong Si Ping, 51–54
Wong Yook Fun, 55, 67–68, 72
Wong Yook Jim, 69, 72, 73, 210n60
Wong Yook Sue, 68
Wong Yook Thue, 69
World War I, casualties in, 95–96
xenophobia, citizenship stripping and, 192
Yee Ching Ton, 66
Yee Shee, 55
Zemansky, Harry, 81, 86