Index

Abassids 56–7 see also under respective caliphs

Abba Sikra 18

Abelard, Peter 104–5

Abraham ben David of Posquières 96–7

Abraham ibn Daud 91–2 see also legend of the four captives

Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Qirqisani 73–4

academies see yeshiva

Adelkind, Cornelius 143–4

aggada 46–7, 116, 123

Ahai Gaon 66–7

Akiva, Rabbi 23–7, 33, 119, 127

Al-Andalus see Spain

Alexander the Great 30, 89–90

Al-Idrisi, Muhammad 81

Al-Ma’mun, Caliph 56–7

Al-Mansur, Caliph 56

Almohads 94–5

ambiguity 65, 213 see also disagreement

America 132, 184–5, 198 see also Reformed Judaism

Amoraim 42–3, 49, 61

Amram Gaon 67–8, 80, 88

Anan ben David 71–2, 75

ancient French 102

Ancient Mediterranean 14–15

Andres de Bernaldez (Priest) 132, 141

anti-Christian sentiments, alleged 116, 146–7

Arba’ah Turim (Four Rows) 135

Artabanus, King of Parthia 34

artisans 36–7

ArtScroll Talmud 209

Asher ben Yehiel 135, 143

Ashi, Rav 38, 48, 49

Ashkenazim 135

Assi, Rav 45–6

astronomy 38, 156–60

Augustine of Hippo 124–5

authorship 10, 52, 66, 160

Babylon 11–12, 29–30, 34

academy in Nehardea 32–5

exilarchy 30–2

geography 35–9

see also Babylonian Talmud; exilarchy

Babylonian Talmud 11, 48, 65, 67–71

Baghdad 53–9, 62, 65–6, 84, 87

baraita 42

Barcelona 121–6

Baron, Salo 112

Bernard of Clairvaux 104

Besht see Israel Ba’al Shem Tov

Bet Yosef (Caro) 135

Bible 1, 72, 85, 112, 182, 208 see also Vulgate Bible

biographical details 47–8

blood libel 112, 172–3, 190–1

Bodin, Jean 150

Bomberg, Daniel 142–4

book burnings 116–19, 139

Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides) 119–20

Italy 144–5

Jacob Frank 172

see also persecutions

Book of Creation – Sefer Yetzirah (Jewish mystical text) 126

Book of Lights and Watchtowers 73–4

bowls, magic 38

Brahe, Tyco 158

Briel, Judah 159–60

Britain 147–9, 167

Bulan, King of Khazaria 90

burnings of books see book burnings

Bustanai, Exilarch 54, 62–3

Cairo 69–70, 89, 96, 197–8

Caldron, Ruth 211

calendar 75–7, 157

caliphates 56–7, 62–3

caliphs

Al-Ma’mun 56–7

Al-Mansur 56

Harun al-Rashid 56–7, 66

capital punishment 32, 42, 45

Caro, Ephraim 134–5

Caro, Yosef 134–5

Carolingian Renaissance 99

Castile 121, 127

casuistry 105–6, 179–80

censorship 118–19

Council of Trent 145–7

Index Librorum Prohibitorum 145

Spain 123–4

see also book burnings

Chapters of the Fathers 13–14, 19

charity 24–5, 46

Charleston (USA) 184–5

Chmielnicki, Bohdan 163–5

Christian Hebraists 135–40, 145, 205

Christian of Stavelot 89–90

Christiani, Pablo 121–6

Christianity in Talmud and Midrash (Herford) 205

Christianity in the Talmud 116, 146–7

Church authorities 146–147, 172 see also Inquisition

codification 2, 65–7

Isaac Al-Fasi 93

Mishneh Torah (Maimonides) 96–7

Saadia ben Yosef 78

Shmuel Hanaggid 92

Spanish school 91–3, 106

vs. textual analysis 106

Cohen, Jeremy 113

Cohen, Mark 60

commandments, ten 9

Commentary on the Mishnah (Maimonides) 95

commerce 59–60

compilation of the Talmud 47–9

academies in Babylon 40–4

layering 50–2

theory and practice 44–7

composition see structure

concentration camps 202–4

conquests

Barbary 91

Islamic 54, 81–2

contradictions, textual 105–6

controversy 19–20

conversos 129–33, 160

Copernican revolution 156–60

Copernicus, Nicolaus 156–8

copyright law 142

Cordoba 91

correspondence 32–3, 101

Council of Trent 145–6

Council of Venice 143

Croke, Ricard 147–9

Crusades 103–4

cultural cross-fertilization 60, 69, 88 see also religious differences, tolerance of

Cunaeus, Petrus 153

daf yomi programme 199–200, 211–12

Damascus Affair 190–1

Dan, Joseph 120

Danby, Rev Herbert 205

David ben Zakkai 77

David of Makov 174–6

daybreak, legal definition of 59

De Arcana Catholicae Veritatis 139

Dead Sea Scrolls 60

death camps 202–4

death penality 32, 42, 45

decalogue 9

demonology 38

destruction of the Temple 17–19, 164

development, doctrinal 55, 78

dhimmi status 97 see also religious differences, tolerance of

dialectic 19–20

diaspora 34, 53, 64 see also isolation of communities

dictionaries 193, 209 see also grammars

digression 12–16, 40–1, 46

dina malchuta dina ruling 45

disagreement 19–20 see also ambiguity

discursivity 12–16, 40–1, 46

Divine inspiration 9–11

divorce 69, 147–9

doctrinal development 55, 78

dogmatism 55

Dominican Order 121–6

Donin, Nicholas 113–16

Dutch Republic 152–3

Eastern Europe 162–3

Eden 35

education

Elijah of Vilna 179–80

importance of 46, 56, 162–3, 203

as universal ideal 91

of women 84, 103

see also yeshiva

Elchanan, son of Shimon of Mainz 98–9

Eldad the Danite 82–3

Eleazar ben Azariah, Rabbi 23

Elijah of Vilna 176–80

Elijah the Prophet 48

elitism 37–8, 199

Ellman, Yaakov 51

Emden, Jacob 170

Enlightenment 160–2, 177–8

French and American revolutions 185

Moses Mendelssohn 181–3

reversals of 162–3

see also Haskalah; Reformed Judaism

Epstein, Isidore 206

Erastus, Thomas 152–3

esotericism 2–3, 11–12

excommunication 45, 101, 161, 170

exegesis 11–12, 106–7

exilarchy 30–3, 37

Anan ben David 71–2

Bustanai 54, 62–3

under the caliphate 62–3

David ben Zakkai 77

Mar Zutra 49

exorcism 38

Extractiones de Talmut 115

Eybeschutz, Jonathan 169–70

Ezekiel the Prophet 126

Farabi ibn Kora 90

fatwas 67–71

Felice de Prato, Fra 142–3

Ferdinand III, King of Castile 121

Fez 94

Fifth Monarchy Men 167

finance 59–60

fingernails 39

Fishman, Talya 85, 99

fleas, killing of 159–60

fluidity of doctrine 55, 78

folklore, Islamic 60–1 see also legends; superstitions

forced conversion 97, 100–1, 129–33

France 98, 103, 113–18 see also Rhineland

Frank, Jacob 171–3

French, ancient 102

Friar Ramon 122

Friedman, Shamma 51

Froben, Ambrosius 146–7

Gafni, Isaiah 35

Galatino, Petrus 139

Gamaliel II 22–3, 157

Gans, David 158–9

Gaon’s letter (Sherira) 32–3

Gaon (title) 57 see also Geonim

Geiger, Abraham 187–91

gemara 5, 51

Genizah at Cairo 70, 197–8

geography of Babylon 35–9

Geonim

Ahai 66–7

Amram 67–8

Hai ben Sherira 87

Joseph ben Jacob 77–8

Nissim 86–7

Sherira 49

Shmuel ben Hofni 60

Germany under the Nazis 201–4 see also Rhineland

Gershom ben Yehuda 100–2

Gershom Soncino 134, 139–40

Gesenius, Wilhelm 193

ghèto 142

Gibson, Margaret Dunlop 197–8

Giorgi, Francesco 148–9

Giustiniani, Marco Antonio 144

globalization 14–15, 212

God, name of 164–5

golem 106

good deeds 24–5, 46

grammars 137–138 see also dictionaries

Granada 132

Great Matter 147–9

Greek wisdom 119–20, 156–60

Gregory IX, Pope 113

Grotius, Hugo 152–3, 154

Guadalajara 132–3

guerrilla warfare 17, 22

Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides) 94, 119–20

Hai ben Sherira (Hai Gaon) 63, 87, 100

hair-splitting 105–6

halacha 58

Halachot Gedolot 66

Halachot Pesukot 66

Hananel ben Hushiel 86–7

Hanoch ben Moses 91

Harun al-Rashid, Caliph 56–7, 66

Hasidism 173–6, 194

Haskalah 182–3, 194 see also Enlightenment; Reformed Judaism

Hayyim of Brisk 198

Hayyim of Volozhim 179–80

Hebraists, Christian 135–40, 205

The Hebrew King’s Law (Shickard) 151

Hebrew Republic 149–53

Hebrew, study of 135–40, 205

Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 100

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 98

Henry VIII, King of England 147–9, 206–7

hereditary titles 22, 30, 61–2

Herford, R. Travers 205

higher criticism 191–4

Hillel Nasi 22, 32, 201

Hirsch, Samson Raphael 187–90

Hisdai ibn Shaprut 88–91

The Historie of Tithes (Selden) 154

history 3–5, 112

Holocaust 201–4

House of Wisdom 56–7

Hugh of St Victor 105

humanism 139–40

Hushiel ben Elchanan 84, 86

incantations 38

inconclusivity 65, 213 see also controversy

inconsistency 105–6

Index Expurgatorius 146

Index Librorum Prohibitorum 145

inerrancy 9–11, 105–6

Innocent III, Pope 113

Innocent IV, Pope 118

Inquisition

role in censorship 146

Spanish 131–2

inspiration, Divine 9–11, 105–6

interconnectivity 14–15, 212

internet 212

interpretative tradition 11–12, 106–7

interreligious dialogue/debate

Barcelona 121–4

Frankists 172

James I of Aragon 121–2

King Bulan of Khazaria 90

Louis IX of France 113–16

Tortosa 131

Isaac Al-Fasi 93

Islam 53–5

Baghdad 55–8

cross-fertilization with Talmudic ideas 69

ideas shared with the Talmud 58–61

temporal power and scholarly authority 61–3

see also Ottoman Empire

isolation of communities 55, 182, 189

Israel

Jerusalem 15, 75–7

reestablishment of European academic establishments 203–4

see also Jerusalem; Zionism

Israel Ba’al Shem Tov 173–6

Isra’iliyyat 61

Jacobs, Louis 51, 135

James I, King of Aragon 121–2

Jastrow, Marcus 193

Jehoachin, King of Judah 31–2

Jerusalem 15, 64, 68, 74, 75–7

Jerusalem Talmud 11, 48

Bomberg’s edition 143

relative influence 65, 71, 74

Jesuits 145

Jacob ibn Shahin 86, 88

Jokisch, Benjamin 66

Joseph, King of Khazaria 89

Joseph ben Jacob 77–8

Joseph ibn Abitur 91

Joshua Solomon of Soncino 133–4

Jubilee 10

Judah Loew 106, 158–9

judiciary, rabbinical 45 see also jurisprudence; law

Julius III, Pope 144

jurisprudence 1, 44

inheritance and land ownership 36

similarities with Islam 58–61

systematic codification of laws 65–6

see also codification

Justinian law code 65–6

K’ab al-Ahbar 61

kabbalah 126–8, 138, 177

Jacob Frank 171–3

Johannes Reuchlin 137–40

Kahana, Rav 42–3

Kairouan 70–1, 80–2, 97

Eldad the Danite 82–3

special prominence of 84–7

kallah 43

Karaites 71–5, 136, 153

Kepler, Johannes 158

Khazars 89–90

kidnapping 125–6, 178

Kisas al-Anbiya (Tales of the Prophets) 61

Lampronti, Isaac 159–60

land ownership 36, 153

language

dictionaries 193, 209

grammars 137–8

Hebrew language services 185–6

translation 78

Latin Bible 136–7

law 1

codification of 65–6

copyright 142

cross-fertilization between Sharia and Talmudic 69

land ownership 36, 153

similarities with Islam 58–61

see also codification; jurisprudence; Oral Law

layering (textual structure) 50–2

legends

of the four captives 84–5

the golem 106

of the Jewish Pope 98–9

Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung 190–1

Lemlein, Asher 127–8

Leo X, Pope 140

Letter of Pirkoi ben Baboi 70–1

letters 32–3, 70–1, 101

Lewis, Agnes Smith 197–8

libel, blood 112, 172–3, 190–1

Libson, Gideon 60

lice, reproduction of 159–60

life, sanctity of 59, 72

Light of the Exile 100–2

literature, Islamic 60–1

lives of the rabbis 47–8

Louis IX of France 113–18

Lunzer, Jack 206–7

Lutheranism 136–7

Maes, Andreas 145

magic 38

maggid 134

Maimonides 94–7, 119–20, 135, 153

Mainz 97–103, 138

marriage 10 see also divorce; polygamy; widows

Martini, Raymondi 124–6

martyrdom 26, 56, 167

Marx, Karl 195

mathematics 38

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 138

Mazdak uprising 49

medicine 38, 138

Medina 54

Meir ben Baruch 117, 125–6

Menasseh ben Israel 153–4

Mendelssohn, Moses 181–3, 184, 187

Mendoza family 133

merchants 59–60, 86, 99–100

Messianic hysteria

Jacob Frank 171–3

Shabbetai Tzvi 163–70

see also Sabbateans

millenarianism 167

Mishnah 2–3, 5, 13, 24, 26–8, 33, 40–3, 50, 55, 59, 65, 90, 91, 134, 205

maggid 134

Maimonides’s commentary 95, 143

opposition to the Talmud 192

Rabbi Yehuda 159

Talmudic layer 50

see also compilation of the Talmud; Oral Law

Mishneh Torah (Maimonides) 96–7

misnegdim 176–80

modernity 212–15

Mohammed 53–4, 62 see also Islam

Molcho, Solomon 149

monarchy, political theory of 149–53

Moore, George Foot 205

Moses, Books of see Torah

Moses ben Hanoch 91

Moses ben Nachman 122–4

Moses de Leon 127

Moses Isserles of Krakow 135–6, 144, 157–8

Moses the Prophet 9–11, 44

Muhammad al-Idrisi 81

Musar movement 195

Mu’tazilite school 78

mysticism 10, 119–20, 126–8

Elijah of Vilna 177

Hasidism 174–6

see also kabbalah

name of God 164–5

Nasi (title) 22

Gamaliel II 22–3, 157

Hillel I 22, 32, 201

Hillel IV 75–6

Rabbi Judah 26–8

Nathan of Gaza 165–8

Nazi Germany 201–4

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon 29

Nehardea 32–5, 37, 47

New Israel (Dutch Republic) 152–3

Nineteen Letters (Hirsch) 188–9

Nissim Gaon 86–7

oaths 16

Obadiah, King of Khazaria 90

Old Testament 1, 72, 85, 112, 136, 137, 148, 149, 154, 182, 208

On the Art of Kabbalah (Reuchlin) 138

Oral Law 12–16, 19, 71–3, 136

conflicts 45

recording 22–6

see also Mishnah

oral transmission 51, 133

Oshry, Rabbi 203

ostracism 45 see also excommunication

Ottoman Empire 163–8, 190–1

page a day study program see daf yomi programme

Parthian Empire 30, 34

Paul IV, Pope 144, 145–7

Pellican, Conrad 137

pentateuch see Torah

People of the Book 1

persecutions 97–8

Chmielnicki uprising 163

Crusades 103–4

Nazis 201–4

Nicholas I of Russia 192–3

see also book burning; censorship

Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny 111–12

Pfefferkorn, Josef 137–40

Pharisees 15–16, 17–21, 55, 189

philosophy 74, 94, 119–20, 138, 160–2

pilpul 179–80

Pinner, Ephraim Moses 193

Pirkoi ben Baboi 62, 66, 70–3

Plato 44

poets 139

Elchanan, son of Shimon of Mainz 98–9

Saadia ben Yosef 78

Spain 88

Poland

blood libel 172–3

Hasidism 174–6, 194–5

Meir Shapiro 199–200

political theory 149–53 see also Zionism

polygamy 99–102

Prague 162–3

prayer books 67–8

Prester John 83

printing 132–4

burden of censorship 146

typography 208

the Venetian printers 141–5

privileges

conversos 130

the Israel academy 77

Sadducees 15

students 162–3

Protestantism 136–7 see also Hebrew Republic

Pugio Fidei adversos Mauros et Judaeos (Martini) 124–6

Pumbedita 47

quantum theory 213

Qumran 60

rabbis

biographical details 47–8

questions and answers 67–71

social responsibilities 44–7, 61–3

Rabennu Tam 106

Rabina 49

Ramban 122–4

ransom 125–6

Ranters (religious sect) 167

Rashbam 105

Rashi 3, 102–4, 105, 134, 143, 208

Rashi script 3

rationalism 119–20, 161 see also humanism; scholasticism

Rav (Abba Arikha) 33, 35, 42, 43

rebellions 22

Chmielnicki uprising 163–5

Mazdak uprising 49

Reformed Judaism 185–90, 195–7 see also Haskalah

refugees, second world war 203–4

religious differences, tolerance of

Bomberg’s printing house 143

Islam 58–63

Spain 88

remote communities 55, 182, 189

republicanism 149–53

responsa 67–71, 80

Reuchlin, Johannes 137–40

Rhineland 96–107

ritual slaughter 201

Rohling, August 193–4

Roman Empire 15–16

destruction of the Temple 17–19

Jewish rebellions 22

Rothenburg 125

Rudolph I, Habsburg Emperor 125–6

Saadia ben Yosef (Gaon) 58, 74–8, 126

Sabbateans 163–71 see also millenarianism

Sabbath 10

conversos 130

law on the killing of lice and fleas 159–60

Nazi Germany 201

sacrifices 21, 25, 27, 93

Sadducees 15–18, 55, 71

Salanter, Israel 195

Salmon ben Jeroham 75

Sambatyon (mythical river) 82–3

Samuel the Prophet 150–1

sanctity of life 59, 72

Sassenids 34, 55–6

Savonarola 141

Schäfer, Peter 147

Schechter, Solomon 196–8

scholarship, importance of 46, 56, 162–3, 175, 203 see also education

scholasticism 106–7, 139–40

second world war 201–4

secular Jews 209–11

secularism see Enlightenment

Sehok ben Esther 98

Selden, John 154–5

Seneca 44

Sephardim 135–6

Serafinowicz, Jan 173

Shapira, Hayyim Eleazar 199–200

Shapiro, Meir 199–200

shar’ia 58

She’iltot 66–7

Shema 26–7

Sherira Gaon, Rav 49

Shimon ben Yohai 127

Shimon Kayyara 66

Shimon of Mainz 98–9

Shlomo ben Yitzak see Rashi

Shmuel, 43, 45, 59

Shmuel ben Hofni 60

Shmuel ben Shlomo 117

Shmuel Hanaggid 91–2

Shulchan Aruch (Caro) 134–6

Sikra, Abba 18

Silver, Daniel 96

Sirāj 95

slaughter, ritual 201

Snaig, Rabbi Samuel E. 24

Sofer, Moses 186–7

Sola Scriptura 136–7

Solomon ha-Levy 130–1

Soncino, Gershom 134, 139–40

Soncino edition of the Talmud 206

South Korea 214

Spain 81–8, 91–93

censorship 123–4

Dutch independence 152–3

Golden Age 87–8

Inquisition 131–2

mysticism 127–8

printing 132–4

Spanish school 91–3, 106

spells, magic 38

Spinoza, Baruch 160–2, 181

St Augustine of Hippo 124–5

St Cyril the Philosopher 90

St Methodius of Thessaloniki 90

statecraft 149–53

Steinsaltz, Adin 2, 207–9

story-telling, Islamic 60–1

structure 2–3, 12–16

digression 12–16, 40–1, 46

internet analogy 212

layering 50–2

study of Hebrew, by Christians 135–40, 205 see also education

subsistence farming 36

superstitions 39

Survivor’s Talmud 204

Tales of the Prophets (Kisas al-Anbiya) 61

The Talmud Jew (Rohling) 193–4

Tanakh 1, 72, 85, 112, 136, 137, 148, 149, 154, 182, 208

tanna 41–2, 45

taska 36

taxation 36

Temple 17–19, 45, 164

ten commandments 9

terminology 5, 42

teshuvot 67–71, 80

textual variants 28, 105–6

teyku 213

theonomists 149–53

Thomas de Torquemada 132

Thousand and One Nights 61

Titus 18

tolerance, religious differences see religious differences

Torah 9–11, 14–16, 21, 171

tosafists 105–7

Tosafot 105–7

Tosefta 28

trade 14–15

tradition, interpretative 11–12, 106–7

traditionalism 177

immigrant populations in America 198

organised opposition to Reform movement 186–7

translations

Ephraim Moses Pinner 193

Moses Mendelssohn 181–3

typography 208

Tzvi, Shabbetai 163–70

Umar, Caliph 56

Umayyads 56

Urbach, Ephraim 106

variants, textual 28, 105–6

Venice 3, 141–8

vernacular, liturgical use of 185–6

Vespasian, Emperor of Rome 18

Vienna 199–200

Vilna 176–80

Vilna Gaon see Elijah of Vilna

Vulgate Bible 136–7

Wahb ibn Munabbih 61

Westminster Talmud 206–7

widows 148

Wissenschaft des Judentums movement 191–4, 210

women, education of 84, 103

World War II 201–4

Yavneh 18–21

Yehiel of Paris 113–16, 159

Yehuda, Rabbi (Yehuda Nasi) 26–8,

Yehuda Loew, Rabbi 106, 158–9

Yehudai Gaon 66, 69

yeshiva 40–4, 57

contemporary 209–11

destruction of 204

Eastern Europe 162–3, 194–5

Spain 91

yeshivish patois 209

Yitzhak bar Nathan 89

Yitzhak Sangari 90

Yitzhok, Rabbi Levi 9

Yohanan, Rabbi 42–3

Yohanan ben Zakkai 17–21

Yudghanites 72

Zemach Gaon of Sura 83

Zionism 195, 199

Zohar 127–8

Zoroastrianism 34–5, 39