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AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration), 52, 91
ABMs (antiballistic missiles), 170
Acheson, Dean, 80, 88, 139
Adams, Henry, 1–2
Adams, John, 1
Adamson Act, 35
Afghanistan, 184
African Americans
Democratic Party and, 53, 113
New Deal and, 52, 53
socialism and, 87
voting and, 139, 148–49
See also civil rights; segregation, racial
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 52, 91
Alabama, 93, 123, 125, 148–49
Alien and Sedition Acts, 1
Allende, Salvador, 176–77
Alliance for Progress, 115
American Liberty League, 48
American Psychiatric Association, 145
Angell, Norman, 38
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 97
anti-immigration sentiments, 48, 62
antiballistic missiles (ABMs), 170
Antiquities Act, 15
Apple, R. W. “Johnny,” 151
Arbenz, Jacobo, 98–99
Argo, 186
Attlee, Clement, 70–71
Attwood, William, 128, 129
Austria, 57
Back Door to War (Tansill), 232
Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-, 232
Batista, Fulgencio, 106
Bay of Pigs invasion, 115, 121, 128
Begin, Menachem, 195–97, 227
Belgium, 37, 59
Berlin, partitioning of, 103–4, 105, 117, 120, 127, 205
Berlin blockade, 77–78
Bernstein, Carl, 178
Biden, Joe, 2, 236
big-stick diplomacy, 9–10
Birmingham, Alabama, 123, 125
Blackmun, Harry, 177
Borah, William, 58
Bork, Robert, 179
Bradley, Tom, 208
Brady, Jim, 7–8
Brands, H. W., 11
Brezhnev, Leonid, 171, 172, 185
Brown, Edmund G. “Pat,” 162
Brown v. Board of Education, 118
Bryan, William Jennings, 28, 31, 37, 38
Buchanan, James, 44
Bull Moose Party, 31, 32
Bunche, Ralph, 93
Bundy, McGeorge, 115, 234
Bureau of Corporations, 15
Buren, Martin Van, 218
Burma, 61, 99
bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, 93
Bush, George H. W., 34, 108, 202, 217, 218, 219, 233
Bush, George W., 2, 4, 5, 34, 108, 219, 221
Butterfield, Alexander, 179
Cambodia, 99, 107, 114, 129, 165, 166, 167
Camp David, 105, 190, 196, 197
campaigns, U.S. presidential. See elections and campaigns, U.S.
Cannon, Joe, 11
Cannon, Lou, 204, 207–8, 210, 213–14
Carswell, G. Harrold, 177
Carter, Jimmy, 4, 181–200, 219
in 1976 election, 181, 182, 192
in 1980 election, 190, 193, 198–200
civil rights and, 182
Congress and, 193
economy and, 182, 190, 198, 200
foreign policy of, 190
China and, 190, 197
human rights and, 190, 191
Latin America and, 190, 191–93, 213
Middle East and, 176, 183, 185–87, 188–90, 193–97, 198, 200, 204
nuclear weapons and, 183, 184, 190
Panama and, 190, 191–93
Soviet Union and, 184, 191
Taiwan and, 190, 197
“malaise speech” of (1979), 186, 187
political background of, 182
public approval of, 108, 187, 233
Carter, Rosalynn, 183
Carter administration, 186–87, 188
Iran hostage crisis and, 186, 188, 189
mediations between Israel and Arab States, 193–96
in Panama treaty negotiations, 193
Casey, William, 188–89
Castro, Fidel, 192, 198
Allende and, 176
Bay of Pigs invasion and, 115
interest in renewing relations with the U.S., 128, 129
rise of, 106
Soviet Union and, 107, 119–20, 192
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), 52
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). See CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
Chamberlain, Neville, 58
Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion, 215
Chiang Kai-shek, 63, 74, 79, 82, 107
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 63
Chicago Tribune, 77
child labor laws, 30, 35
Chile, 176–77
China, 57, 126, 128, 162, 183, 218
Carter and, 190, 197
civil war in, 74, 79
communism in, 74, 79, 87, 160
Eisenhower and, 95, 96
FDR and, 63
Korean War and, 80, 82, 83, 95
Nixon and, 164–65, 168–69, 171
T. Roosevelt and, 20
Truman and, 74, 79
World War II and, 61
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 23
Chou En-lai, 169
Churchill, Winston, 63
on Chamberlain, 58
Mossadegh and, 97–98
nuclear power agreement with FDR, 65
at Potsdam conference, 70–71
World War II and, 60, 61
at Yalta meeting, 62
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 105, 131, 140, 186, 218
in Bay of Pigs invasion, 121
in countercoup against Arbenz, 98–99
in “covert war” in Nicaragua, 213–14
funding of Allende’s domestic opponents, 177
Nixon and, 179
in plan to topple Castro, 115
in plot to drive Mossadegh from power, 97, 98
civil rights
Carter and, 182
Democratic Party and, 113
Eisenhower and, 92–93, 94–95, 108, 229
Johnson and, 137, 138–39, 141, 142–43, 148, 149, 225
Kennedy and, 118–19, 122–24, 125, 133, 142
Truman and, 73–74
Civil Rights Commission, 73–74
Civil Service Commission, 74–75
Civil War (1861-65), 1, 137
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 52
Clark, Champ, 31
Clayton antitrust law, 35
Clemenceau, Georges, 39
Cleveland, Grover, 40, 119
Clifford, Clark, 207
Clinton, Bill, 4, 108, 132, 180, 219, 221, 231–32
Clinton administration, 5
coal miners’ strike (1902), 13–14
Cohen, Ben, 53
Cold War, 184
détente, 97, 170, 214, 215, 225
Eisenhower and, 95–97, 102–3
Kennedy and, 113, 114, 117–18, 119–22, 125–28
McCarthyism during, 100–101, 113
Nixon and, 168–69
Reagan and, 209–10, 213, 214–17, 226, 235
Suez crisis and, 102
Truman and, 74, 77–78, 86, 96, 224, 226, 233
Colombia, 17, 18
Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP), 178
communism
in China, 74, 79, 87, 160
McCarthyism and, 79–80, 100–101
postwar recriminations about, 2, 72, 74
Truman and, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77–79, 80, 81
Vietnam and, 99, 100, 129, 130, 144
concentration camps, 61–62
Congress
Carter and, 193
Civil Rights and, 124, 125, 138, 142–43
Democrat control of, in 1972, 173
Eisenhower and, 91
Elementary and Secondary Education Act in, 146–47
FDR and, 55, 58, 59
Johnson and, 133, 141, 145, 146–47, 151
Kennedy and, 118, 124, 125, 128, 141
neutrality law in 1935 passed by, 55
Nixon and, 172
Reagan and, 206–7, 216
Republican control of, in 1946, 72–73
T. Roosevelt on, 12–13
Truman and, 73, 76–77, 81, 145
Trump and, 235–236
Wilson and, 33–34, 35, 36
World War I and, 39
Congressional Government (Wilson), 29
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 123
Constitutional Convention, 1
Conte, Silvio, 147
Cook, Blanche Wiesen, 101
Coolidge, Calvin, 85, 89–90, 111, 133, 227
Cooper, John Milton, 41
Coral Sea, naval victory in, 61
Coughlin, Charles, 50, 51
Cox, Archibald, 179
Cox, James, 43, 44
CREEP (Committee to Reelect the President), 178
Cronkite, Walter, 153
Cuba, 99, 116, 170, 175, 212
Allende and, 176
Bay of Pigs invasion in, 115, 121, 128
Eisenhower and, 106–7, 115
refugees from, 198
rise of Castro in, 106
Rough Riders in, 10
Soviet Union and, 119–22, 128, 176, 184, 192
Cuban missile crisis, 119–22, 128, 183–84, 229
Czechoslovakia, 58, 76
D-Day invasion, 61
“Daisy Field” ad, 144
Dangerous Case of Donald Trump, The, 4
Daniel, Jean, 128–29
de Gaulle, Charles, 116
Dean, John, 178
Degradation of the Democratic Dogma, The (Adams), 2
Democratic Party
in 1920 election, 43
in 1936 election, 57
in 1960 election, 114
African Americans and, 53, 113
control of both houses in 1972, 173
See also elections and campaigns, U.S.
Democratic-Republicans, 1
Denmark, 59
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 91
Dershowitz, Alan, 235
desegregation. See segregation, racial
détente, 97, 170, 214, 215, 225
Dewey, Thomas, 51, 76, 77, 86, 224
Dien Bien Phu, 99
Dirksen, Everett, 143
Dixiecrat Party, 76
Dixon-Yates private utilities, 90
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 170
Donovan, James B., 128
Doolittle, James, 61
Dos Passos, John, 5
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 159–60
draft, 59, 60, 135, 150, 166, 172
Drury, Allen, 69
Dukakis, Michael, 219
Dulles, Allen, 98
Dulles, John Foster, 97, 98
Durkin, Martin, 90
East Berlin, 103–4, 117, 127, 205
Economic Consequences of the Peace, The (Keynes), 42
Eden, Anthony, 102
education
Eisenhower and, 91–92
Johnson and, 146–47, 225
Kennedy and, 118, 133, 146, 224
See also segregation, racial
Egypt, 188
Carter and, 194, 196–97, 200
Nixon-Kissinger and, 174–76
peace talks with Israel, 190, 195–97
Suez crisis and, 102
Yom Kippur War and, 175
Ehrlichman, John, 178
Eighteenth Amendment, 48
Einstein, Lewis, 28
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4, 53, 87–109, 203
in 1952 election, 83, 84, 88–89, 96, 160–61
in 1956 election, 89
command of NATO forces, 88
Congress and, 91
domestic issues and, 90–93, 94–95
civil rights, 92–93, 94–95, 108, 229
education, 91–92
federal highway program, 92
McCarthyism, 100–101
foreign policy of, 95–97, 101–3, 107–9
Cold War and, 95–97, 102–3, 104–6, 224
Cuba and, 106–7, 115
Guatemala and, 97, 98–99
Iran and, 97–98, 108–9
Korean War and, 88, 95, 96, 183, 224, 228
Laos and, 107
Vietnam and, 99–100, 107, 108, 109, 224
health of, 89, 137
as president of Columbia University, 29, 87, 93
public approval of, 83–84, 104, 105, 108, 132, 228–29, 233
Truman on, 85
in World War II, 61, 72, 87, 89, 104, 228
Eisenhower administration, 89–90, 161
Guatemala and, 97, 98–99
Johnson and, 137
Vietnam and, 100, 107, 129
Eizenstat, Stuart, 182–83, 188, 195
elections and campaigns, U.S.
in 1800, 1
in 1836, 218
in 1900, 12
in 1904, 14
in 1912, 30–33
in 1920, 43–44
in 1936, 55–57, 233
in 1940, 59–60
in 1944, 51, 62, 65, 68
in 1948, 73, 74, 75, 76–77, 218, 228
in 1952, 83, 84, 88–89, 160–61
in 1956, 89
in 1960, 107, 111–12, 114, 115, 119, 124, 139–40, 161–62, 199, 234
in 1964, 143–44, 145, 154, 203
in 1968, 3, 157–58, 162–63
in 1972, 163, 168, 170, 173, 178, 233
in 1976, 181–82, 192
in 1980, 188–89, 190, 193, 198–200, 203–4, 218
in 1984, 207, 208–9
in 1988, 218–19
in 1992, 219
in 2016, 2, 3, 231
in 2020, 231, 236
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 146–47
Elkins Act, 15
Emancipation Proclamation, 122
England, 62–63. See also Great Britain
environment
Johnson and, 142, 147, 225
Nixon and, 163, 164
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 164
Ervin, Sam, 178
Ethiopia, 55
Fair Deal, 77, 78
farm subsidies, 91
Farrell, John, 164
Faubus, Orval, 94
Faulkner, William, 136
FBI, 75, 179, 230
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 15
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 52
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 52
federal employees, mandated loyalty tests for, 74–75, 234
Federal Farm Loan Act, 35
federal highway program, 92
Federal Reserve Bank, 35, 204, 206, 222
Federal Trade Commission, 35
Federalists, 1
FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration), 52
Ferraro, Geraldine, 209
FOIA (Freedom of Information Act), 147
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 15
Ford, Gerald, 3, 108, 181–82, 192, 194, 204, 233
Formosa, 79, 82, 107
Fortas, Abe, 150
France, 53, 62, 87, 105, 211
conflict over Morocco, 21–23
Indochina and, 99, 114
Kennedy and, 116, 127
Munich conference and, 58, 80
Suez crisis and, 102
World War I and, 38
World War II and, 59, 61
Frankfurter, Felix, 49–50
Franklin, Benjamin, 1
free speech, repression of, 1
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 147
French Revolution, 1
Fulbright, J. William, 73
Gemayel, Bashir, 211
Germany
conflict over Morocco, 21–23
FDR and, 57
Kennedy and, 127
NATO and, 78
Nazi, 56, 57–59, 60, 61, 71
Venezuela and, 17, 19
World War I and, 37, 38
Goldman, Eric, 146
Goldwater, Barry, 144, 145, 199, 203
Goldwater rule, 145
Good Neighbor policy, 57, 193
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 187
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 205, 214–16, 226, 235
Grand Illusion, The (film), 38
Grayson, Cary, 40, 42
Great Britain, 62–63
Iran and, 97
Munich conference and, 58, 80
Suez crisis and, 102
Venezuela and, 17
World War I and, 38
World War II and, 59, 60
Great Depression, 48, 51–52. See also New Deal
Great Illusion, The (Angell), 38
Great Society, 141–42, 146, 187, 221
Johnson’s focus on, 149, 154
programs, 147–48, 155
war on poverty, 142, 143–44, 154, 225
Great White Fleet, 16, 23, 24
Greece, 75, 223
Grenada, 212
Ground We Stand On, The (Dos Passos), 5
Guantánamo, 129
Guatemala, 97, 98–99, 101, 106
gunboat diplomacy, 17, 81, 193, 212
Haldeman, H. R., 173, 178
Hale, Edward Everett, 113
Hamilton, Alexander, 35
Hanna, Mark, 12
Harding, Warren G., 2, 43–44, 160, 221
Harriman, Averell, 126, 127, 129–30
Hart, Gary, 218
Hay, John, 16, 17
Haynsworth, Clement, 177
Hepburn Act, 15
Herald (New York), 24
Herblock (cartoonist), 104–5
Hiroshima, atomic attack on, 71–72
Hiss, Alger, 159
Hitler, Adolf, 57–58, 59, 60, 80
Ho Chi Minh, 99, 129, 150
Hobby, Oveta Culp, 91
Hofstadter, Richard, 3, 14, 28, 35
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 11
Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), 52
Hoover, Herbert, 2, 48, 56, 63, 111, 227, 234
Hoover, Ike, 42
Hoover, J. Edgar, 123
“Hoovervilles,” 48
Horton, Willie, 219
House, Edward, 36
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 159
Hugo, Victor, 143
Hull, Cordell, 54, 58
Human Events, 214
human rights, Carter and, 190, 191
Humphrey, Hubert H., 139, 143, 150, 152, 157, 162–63
Hungary, 101
Hurley, Patrick, 63
“I Have a Dream” speech (King), 125
ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 103, 120, 170, 209
Ickes, Harold, 54
imperialism, 19, 20–21, 37, 86, 113, 217
income tax, 35, 144, 199, 223
INF treaty, 216
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 103, 120, 170, 209
intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF), 216
Iran, 99, 101, 108–9, 222
Carter and, 185–86, 188–89
CIA’s role in toppling regime in, 97–98, 186
hostages at U.S. embassy in, 186, 188–90, 198, 200, 204
nuclear weapons and, 190
Trump administration and, 98
Iran-contra scandal, 214, 217–18
Ismay, Lord, 78
isolationism, 19, 60, 76, 127, 223
Israel
Carter and, 194, 196–97, 200
founding of, 193
Lebanon and, 210–11
Nixon-Kissinger and, 172, 174–76
nuclear weapons and, 175
peace talks with Egypt, 190, 195–97
Six-Day War and, 174–75, 194
Suez crisis and, 102
Trump and, 226–27
Yom Kippur War and, 175, 194
Italy, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 127, 211
Jackson, C. D., 100–101
James, Henry, 9
Japan, 135, 215
atomic attacks on, 71–72, 223
China and, 169
FDR and, 57
nationalism in, 23
in Russo-Japanese War, 16, 20, 21, 22
World War II and, 60, 87, 135
Japanese Americans during World War II, 49, 66
Jaworski, Leon, 179
Jefferson, Thomas, 1, 33, 191, 222
Jews in concentration camps, 61–62
Johnson, Lady Bird, 139
Johnson, Lyndon B., 4, 133–55, 158
in 1964 election, 143, 144, 145, 154, 203
civil rights and, 137, 138–39, 141, 142–43, 148–49, 225
Congress and, 133, 141, 145, 146–47, 151
education and, 146–47, 225
FDR and, 134–35, 148
Great Society of. See Great Society
health of, 119, 137
Panama and, 192
political experience of, 133–38, 139, 140
press and, 136–37, 150, 151, 152, 229, 234
public approval of, 108, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 168, 212, 229–30, 233
race and, 137, 142
taped conversations of, 179
as vice president, 133, 139–40
Vietnam War and, 141, 144–45, 149–54, 157, 163, 184, 204, 212, 225, 232
Voting Rights Act (1965) and, 148, 149, 225
Warren Commission established by, 140
in World War II, 135
Johnson administration
influence of Wilson administration on, 35
Vietnam War and, 150, 152, 153, 157
Jordan, 174, 175
Kaiser, Wilhelm, 22, 23
Keating, Kenneth, 120
Kennan, George, 78–79, 184
Kennedy, David, 93
Kennedy, John F., 4, 107, 111–32, 224–25
in 1960 election, 107, 111–12, 114, 115, 119, 127, 139–40, 161–62, 199, 234
assassination of, 131–32, 140, 229
civil rights and, 118–19, 122–24, 125, 133, 142
as a compulsive womanizer, 111–12, 132
Congress and, 118, 124, 128, 141
experience in Congress, 111, 112–14
foreign policy of, 125–26, 128–29
Bay of Pigs invasion and, 115, 121
Cuban missile crisis and, 119–22, 128, 183–84, 229
de Gaulle and, 116
NATO and, 127
Soviet Union and, 116–18, 119–22, 125–28
Vietnam and, 100, 129–31
health of, 119
political tv and, 51, 124, 161, 202
Profiles in Courage, 114
public approval of, 115, 128, 132, 233
taped conversations of, 179
Kennedy, Joseph, Jr., 53, 112
Kennedy, Joseph, Sr., 53, 112, 113
Kennedy, Robert, 123, 124, 140, 143, 157
Kennedy, Ted, 119, 198, 218
Kennedy administration, 114–16, 224, 234
civil rights and, 122–23, 124
negotiations with Soviets, 126–27
Vietnam and, 129–30
Kent State University, 167
Keynes, John Maynard, 42
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 98, 185, 186
Khrushchev, Nikita, 101, 102
Cuban missile crisis and, 120, 121, 122, 127, 128
East Berlin and, 104
Eisenhower and, 96–97, 104–6, 224
Kennedy and, 116–18, 126, 127
Nixon and, 103, 161
Kim Il-sung, 80
King, Martin Luther, 92, 118, 122–23, 125, 138, 148–49
Kipling, Rudyard, 9
Kissinger, Henry, 194, 197
China and, 165, 168, 169
Latin America and, 176–77
Middle East and, 175–76
on Nixon, 163, 170
Soviet Union and, 170, 171, 172
Vietnam War and, 163, 167, 172–73, 174
Kleberg, Richard, 133–34
Knox, Frank, 54, 234
Knox, Philander, 18
Kopechne, Mary Jo, 218
Korean War, 87, 137, 145, 160, 161
Eisenhower and, 88, 95, 96, 183
Truman and, 80–83, 86, 183
Krock, Arthur, 89
Ku Klux Klan, 48
labor, 8, 13
LaFollette, Robert M., Sr., 14, 35
Landon, Alf, 57
Lansing, Robert, 38
Laos, 99, 107, 114, 129, 167, 168
Latin America, 113
Carter and, 190, 191–93, 213
Eisenhower and, 97, 98–99, 106–7, 115
Germany and, 17
Johnson and, 192
Kennedy and, 115, 119–22, 128, 183–84, 229
Nixon and, 176–77, 192
socialism and, 87
Soviet Union and, 74, 102, 119–22, 128, 161, 176, 184, 192
Wilson and, 37
See also specific countries
League of Nations, 40, 41, 53, 55, 223
Lebanon, 210–11, 212
Lee Kuan Yew, 208
LeMay, Curtis, 121
Leuchtenburg, William E., 12
Lewinsky, Monica, 180, 231–32
Lincoln, Abraham, 15, 47, 111, 124, 142, 222, 223
Link, Arthur S., 37
Linowitz, Sol, 193
Lippmann, Walter, 49–50
Little Rock, Arkansas, integration in, 94–95, 229
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 24, 112, 141
Long, Huey, 3, 50, 51
Long, Julius, 50
loyalty tests for federal employees, 74–75
Luce, Henry, 223
MacArthur, Douglas
FDR on, 3
Johnson and, 135
Korean War and, 81–82, 83
in the Philippines, 87
popularity of, 72
quarrels between FDR and, 54
Truman and, 82, 83, 85
Malenkov, Georgy, 96
Malraux, André, 169
Manchuria, 20
Mansfield, Mike, 130
Mao Tse-tung, 74, 79, 80, 82, 160, 169, 197
Marcantonio, Vito, 159, 160
March on Washington (1963), 125
Marshall, George C., 74, 75, 85, 88
Marshall, Thomas, 42
Marshall Plan, 75, 78, 79, 223
McAdoo, William G., 43–44
McCarthy, Joseph, 2, 3, 88, 114, 158
anti-communist crusade of, 79–80, 87, 100–101, 113
Johnson and, 136
Truman on, 85
McCarthyism, 79–80, 100–101, 113
McCullough, David, 74, 83
McGovern, George, 173, 178
McKinley, William, 12, 111
McNamara, Robert, 115, 120, 128, 130, 152, 234
Meat Inspection Act, 15
Medicaid, 146
Medicare, 118, 133, 146, 199, 208, 224, 225
Mencken, H. L., 43
Meredith, James, 118–19
Middle East
Carter and, 176, 183, 185–87, 188–90, 193–97, 198, 200, 204
Eisenhower and, 96
Nixon and, 162, 165, 172, 174–76
Reagan and, 210–12
Six-Day War in, 174–75, 194
socialism and, 87
Soviet Union and, 98, 103, 172, 174–75
Suez crisis in, 102
Trump and, 190, 226–27
Yom Kippur War in, 175, 194
See also specific countries
Midway Island, naval victory in, 61, 121
Miller, Merle, 85
Mills, Wilbur, 146
minimum wage, 53
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 61, 70
Mondale, Walter, 208, 209
Monroe Doctrine, 17, 19
Montgomery, Alabama, 93, 148–49
Morgenthau, Henry, 53, 54, 63
Morocco, 21–22
Mossadegh, Mohammad, 97–98, 186
Moyers, Bill, 144, 150
Mubarak, Hosni, 210
Mueller, Robert, 233
Murphy, George, 202
Mussolini, Benito, 55, 61
Nagasaki, atomic attack on, 71–72
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 137–38
National Association of Evangelicals, 209
National Defense Education Act (1958), 91
National Environmental Policy Act, 164
National Forest Service, 15
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956, 92
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 53
National Origins Act of 1924, 48, 147, 225
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 52–53
National Youth Administration (NYA), 53, 134
nationalism
of Castro, 106
of Chiang Kai-shek, 63, 74, 79
in Iran, 98
of T. Roosevelt, 8, 33, 231, 234
of Wilson, 36, 234
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 78, 79, 88, 100, 108, 127, 224
Nazi Germany, 56, 57–59, 60, 61, 71
Netherlands, 59
neutrality laws, 55–56, 58, 59
New Deal, 47, 56, 187, 221
African Americans and, 52, 53
anti-fascism and, 50
appeal of, 51, 77
Johnson’s support of, 134
programs and agencies, 52–53, 91, 223
Reagan on, 199, 203
Truman’s support of, 67, 77
as a unifying force, 52, 233
New Freedom, 33, 221, 222
New Frontier, 115–16, 187, 221, 224
New Nationalism, 8, 33, 221, 234
New Republic, 90
New York Times, 47, 106, 151, 154, 232, 236
New Yorker, 236
Ngo Dinh Diem, 100, 130, 131
Nicaragua, 99, 213–14, 217
Nineteenth Amendment, 35, 223
Nixon, Richard M., 4, 51, 157–80, 184, 203
in 1952 election, 88, 96, 160–61, 231
in 1960 election, 107, 114, 115, 124, 140, 161–62, 199, 234
in 1968 election, 3, 157, 162–63
in 1972 election, 163, 170, 173, 178, 233
on Castro, 106
Congress and, 172
economy and, 163–64
Ford’s pardoning of, 181, 204
foreign policy of, 164–65, 180
China and, 164–65, 168–70, 171
Cold War and, 164–65, 168
Latin America and, 176–77, 192
Middle East and, 174–76
Soviet Union and, 164, 168, 169, 170–72
Vietnam War and, 163, 165–68, 170, 171, 172–74
political career of, 158–60, 162
press and, 162, 165–66, 167–68, 170, 231
public approval of, 108, 168, 198, 233
resignation of, 3, 180, 198, 233
Supreme Court nominees of, 177
Truman on, 85
as vice president, 103, 161
Watergate scandal and, 178–80, 204
Nixon administration
China and, 164–65, 168–69
Middle East and, 175–76
Soviet Union and, 170, 171, 172
Vietnam War and, 163, 167, 171, 172–73, 174
Watergate scandal and, 178–79
NLRA (National Labor Relations Act), 53
Nobel Peace Prize, 21, 197
North, Oliver, 217
North Africa, 16, 21, 61, 87
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 78, 79, 88, 100, 108, 127, 224
North Korea
Korean War and, 80–81, 82, 86, 95. See also Korean War
Trump and, 226
Northern Securities holding company, 14
Norway, 59
NRA (National Recovery Administration), 52–53
nuclear weapons, 2, 96
arms control, 117, 121–22, 126, 127–28, 171–72, 215–16
arms race, 78–79, 117, 119–22, 171, 184
atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 71–72
FDR-Churchill agreement on, 65
Iran and, 190
Israel and, 175
testing of atomic bombs, 71, 79, 126
NYA (National Youth Administration), 53, 134
OAS (Organization of American States), 176
Obama, Barack, 4, 187, 219, 221
academic career of, 29
economy and, 226
Iran and, 190
public approval of, 108, 132
Obama administration, 5
O’Daniel, Pappy “Pass the Biscuits,” 135
oil, 97–98, 102, 164, 175, 184–85, 187, 188
O’Neill, Tip, 260–07
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 164, 187
optimism, 187
Organization of American States (OAS), 176
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 164, 187
Orlando Sentinel, 231
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 131–32, 140
O’Toole, Patricia, 42
Pahlavi, Reza, 97, 98
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 194, 210
Panama, 17–18, 19, 188, 190, 191–93
Panama Canal, 16, 17–19, 190, 191
Parker, Alton B., 14
Parks, Rosa, 93
PATCO (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization), 205–6
Peace Corps, 115, 224
Pearl Harbor attack, 60, 87, 135, 232
Pearson, Drew, 160
Pelosi, Nancy, 233
Pendergast, Thomas J., 67
Penrose, Boies, 44
Perdicaris, Ion, 9–10
Perkins, Frances, 53, 54
Philippines, 20, 107
Pickle, Jake, 147
Plain Speaking (Miller), 85
Playboy magazine, 182
Plessy v. Ferguson, 92
PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), 194, 210
Poindexter, John, 217
Poland, 58–59, 62, 70
Portsmouth Treaty, 16, 21, 23
poverty, war on, 142, 143–44, 154, 225
Powell, Lewis, 177
Powers, Francis Gary, 105
press
Alien and Sedition Acts and, 1
Johnson and, 136–37, 150, 151, 152, 229, 234
Kennedy and, 124
Nixon and, 162, 165–66, 167–68, 170, 231
Reagan and, 202, 206
rise of celebrity presidents in, 227
T. Roosevelt and, 13, 24
Trump and, 232
Wilson and, 36
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), 205–6
Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 114
Progressive Party, 76
Public Works Administration (PWA), 52
Rabin, Yitzhak, 194
race
Johnson and, 137, 142
T. Roosevelt and, 11, 20
voting rights and, 138–39, 148–49
Wilson and, 35–36
See also segregation, racial
Raisuli (bandit in Morocco), 9
Rauchway, Eric, 50
Rayburn, Sam, 68, 77, 134
Reagan, Nancy, 214
Reagan, Ronald, 4, 53, 155, 201–19, 224, 225
in 1980 election, 188–89, 198–200, 203–4
in 1984 election, 207, 208–9
assassination attempt on, 205
competence of, 206–8, 214, 217
Congress and, 206–7, 216
economy and, 202, 204–5, 206, 207, 209, 218
foreign policy of
Grenada and, 212
Iran-contra scandal and, 214, 217–18
Middle East and, 210–12
Nicaragua and, 212–14
Soviet Union and, 209–10, 213, 214–17, 226, 235
gaffes during presidency, 207–8
Gorbachev and, 205, 214–16, 226, 235
as governor of California, 202–3, 235
health of, 119
Inaugural Address in 1981, 204
labor unions and, 205–6
political tv of, 161
press and, 202, 206
public approval of, 108, 132, 205–6, 207, 212, 218, 219, 233
use of humor to disarm critics, 202, 205, 208
Reagan administration, 207
Reaganomics, 202, 207
Reclamation Service, 15
Rehnquist, William, 177
Renoir, Jean, 38
Republican Party
in 1912 election, 31, 32–33
in 1920 election, 43–44
in 1936 election, 57
in 1964 election, 143–44, 154
African Americans and, 53
control of both houses in 1946, 72–73
See also elections and campaigns, U.S.
Reston, James, 154
Richardson, Elliot, 179
Ridgway, Matthew, 83
Rockefeller, John D., 15, 201
Rockefeller, Nelson, 144
Romney, Mitt, 236
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 49, 68–69, 114, 134, 159, 228
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (FDR), 4, 47–66, 122, 155, 187, 223
in 1936 election, 55–57, 233
in 1940 election, 59–60
in 1944 election, 51, 62, 65, 68
administration of, 35, 47, 53, 54, 72, 74, 234
African Americans and, 52, 53
authoritarian tendencies of, 48–49, 61, 134
Congress and, 55, 58, 59
conservation and, 15
death of, 47, 68, 84, 227
“fireside chats” of, 51, 227
first Inaugural Address of, 141
foreign policy of, 50, 54–57, 81, 149
promotion of internationalism, 62–65
World War II and, 49, 58–62, 232
Yalta meeting and, 62, 68, 172
Four Freedoms of, 50, 62
Good Neighbor policy of, 57, 193
as governor of New York, 34
health of, 65, 67, 68, 119, 137
on Huey Long, 3
influence on future politicians’ behavior, 51, 66
Johnson and, 134–35, 148
neutrality laws and, 55–56, 58, 59
New Deal of. See New Deal
public approval of, 47, 49, 111, 227–28
“Second Bill of Rights” speech (1944), 191
Supreme Court and, 48, 49, 134
Truman and, 68, 69
Roosevelt, Theodore, 7–25, 27, 44, 65, 222
in 1912 election, 31, 32–33
antitrust action of, 14
appeal of, 227
big-stick diplomacy of, 9–10
coal miners’ strike and, 13–14
on Congress, 12–13
deceptions of, 15–16, 155
foreign policy of, 15–24, 37, 62
grandiosity of, 8–9, 10–11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 25
influence on future presidential behavior, 8, 11, 25
nationalism of, 8, 33, 221, 234
Nobel Peace Prize awarded to, 21
Panama Canal and, 17–19
public approval of, 14–15, 16, 25
race and, 11, 20
Roosevelt Corollary of, 19
Rough Riders and, 10
vice presidency of, 12, 133
Roosevelt Corollary, 19
Root, Elihu, 8–9, 18
Rough Riders, 10
Rovere, Richard, 2, 3
Russia
FDR and, 63, 64
interference in the 2016 election, 2
NATO and, 78
in Russo-Japanese War, 16, 20, 21, 22
World War II and, 60–61, 72
See also Soviet Union
Russo-Japanese War, 16, 20, 21, 22
Sadat, Anwar, 194–97, 210
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), 170, 171
Sandinistas, 213
Saturday Night Massacre, 179
Schiff, Adam, 233
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 124, 136
school desegregation, 93–94, 123–24
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), 92, 118, 123
SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), 209–10, 214, 215–16
Seaman’s Act, 35
SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization), 100
SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), 52
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 52
segregation, racial
Johnson and, 138–39, 142
Kennedy administration and, 122, 133
passive resistance to, 92, 93, 94
Plessy v. Ferguson ruling on, 92
school desegregation and, 93–95, 123–24, 229
SCLC campaign in Birmingham against, 123
Wilson administration and, 35–36
Selma to Montgomery march, 148–49
Seventeenth Amendment, 223
Sidey, Hugh, 151
Sirhan, Sirhan B., 157
Sirica, John, 178
Six-Day War (1967), 174–75, 194
Sixteenth Amendment, 223
Smith, Jim, 30
Social Security, 53, 91, 144, 199, 208
socialism, 79, 87, 159, 199
Somoza, Anastasio, 213
Sorensen, Ted, 113, 141
Sorkin, Amy, 236
South Korea, 80, 81, 82, 83, 95. See also Korean War
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 100
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 92, 118, 123
Soviet Union, 87
Afghanistan and, 184
arms control and, 105, 117, 121–22, 126, 127–28, 171–72, 215–16
arms race and, 78–79, 117, 121–22, 171, 184
Carter and, 184, 191
Castro and, 107
Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion in, 215
Chile and, 176
China and, 171
criticism of American racism, 74
Cuba and, 119–22, 128, 176, 184, 192
detonation of atom bomb, 79, 126
East Berlin and, 103–4, 117, 127, 205
Eisenhower and, 96–97, 104–6, 224
expansion in Europe, 103
Hungary’s rebellion against, 101
Kennedy and, 113, 116–18, 119–22, 125–28
Middle East and, 98, 103, 172, 174–75
Nixon and, 164, 168, 169, 170–72
Reagan and, 209–10, 213, 214–17, 226, 235
space exploration and, 103, 104
Suez crisis and, 102
Vietnam and, 171
Warsaw Pact established by, 78
See also Cold War; Russia
space exploration, 103, 104, 137–38, 224
Spain, 10, 56
Spencer, Herbert, 10
Spencer, Stuart, 203
Spring-Rice, Cecil, 8, 38
Sputnik, 103
Stalin, Josef, 101
death of, 95, 96
FDR on, 64, 65
Korean War and, 80
at Potsdam conference, 70–71
during World War II, 61
at Yalta meeting, 62
Stettinius, Edward R., 64
Stevenson, Adlai, 84, 88–89, 90, 113, 120–21, 161
Stevenson, Coke, 136
Stilwell, Joseph “Vinegar Joe,” 61
Stimson, Henry, 54, 234
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 170, 171
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 209–10, 214, 215–16
Strout, Richard, 69
Suez crisis (1956), 102
Supreme Court
FDR’s packing of, 48, 49, 134
on incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, 49
Nixon’s nominees to, 177
in Plessy v. Ferguson, 92
Syria, 174, 175, 195, 210
Taft, William Howard, 31, 32, 33, 37, 111
Taft-Hartley law, 73, 78
Taiwan, 169, 170, 197
Taiwan Relations Act, 197
Tansill, Charles C., 232
tariff reform, 33, 34, 35
Teapot Dome scandal, 2, 44
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 90, 123, 144
Tet Offensive, 152, 153
Thurmond, Strom, 76
Time, 67, 138
To Secure These Rights (Civil Rights Commission), 73–74
Tojo, Hideki, 61
Tonkin Gulf resolution, 145–46, 149
Treaty of Portsmouth, 16, 21, 23
Trevelyan, George, 13
Truman, Bess, 69, 70
Truman, Harry S., 4, 67–86, 159, 183
in 1948 election, 73, 74, 75, 76–77, 218, 228
civil rights and, 73–74
Congress and, 73, 76–77, 81, 145
death of, 85
Fair Deal and, 77, 78
farewell address of, 84
FDR’s detachment from, 68, 69
foreign policy of
atomic bombings of Japan and, 71–72, 223
China and, 74, 79
Cold War and, 77–79, 86, 96, 224, 226, 233
communism and, 74, 75, 76, 77–79, 81, 96
Korean War and, 80–83, 86, 183
Potsdam conference and, 70–71
Inaugural Address in 1949, 79
loyalty tests for federal employees mandated by, 74–75, 234
MacArthur and, 82, 83, 85
as Missouri senator, 67
precedent set for future presidents by, 81, 86
public approval of, 72, 73, 75, 76, 83, 85–86, 132, 224, 228
Truman Doctrine of, 75, 223
as vice president, 67–68, 133
Truman administration
allegations of communist subversion in, 72, 74
Mossadegh and, 97
Nixon’s attacks on, 161
Truman Doctrine, 75, 223
Trump, Donald, 5, 6, 219, 221–22, 226
in 2016 election, 3, 231
in 2020 election, 231, 235–236
attacks on critics, 230
Congress and, 235
credibility of, 3, 231, 232–33
economy and, 226
on immigrants and immigration, 225
impeachment of, 2, 235–236
insecurity of, 4, 230–31
Iran and, 190
Israel and, 226–27
language used by, 225, 230
“Make America Great Again” slogan of, 222
press and, 232
public approval of, 49, 108, 231, 233
voter appeal of, 230
weaponizing of space, 138
Trump administration, 6
corruption and, 2
Iran and, 98
Tumulty, Joe, 44
Turkey, 75, 122, 223
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), 90, 123, 144
Twain, Mark, 108, 136
Twenty-Fifth Amendment, 73
Twenty-Second Amendment, 84
Ukraine, 2, 236
Underwood, Oscar, 31
Underwood Tariff, 35
unemployment, 53, 134, 163, 182, 204, 208, 226
United Fruit Company, 98
United Nations, 223
founding of, 112
Khrushchev and, 117
Korean War and, 80–81
Suez crisis and, 102
University of Alabama, 123–24
University of Mississippi, 118
Vance, Cyrus, 189
Venezuela, 17, 19, 161
Viet Cong, 130, 144, 149, 152, 153
Vietnam
division of, 99–100
Eisenhower and, 99–100, 107, 108, 109, 129, 224
Vietnam War, 2, 3, 109, 114, 162, 211, 213
Johnson and, 141, 144–45, 149–54, 157, 163, 184, 204, 212, 225, 232
Kennedy and, 129–31
Kissinger and, 163, 167, 172–73, 174
Nixon and, 163, 165–68, 170, 171, 172–74
protests against, 151, 152, 157–58, 167
public opinion on, 150, 152, 153, 154, 166, 168, 173
Tet Offensive during, 152, 153
Vietnamization, 166, 168
Volcker, Paul, 207
Voorhis, Jerry, 159
voting rights
race and, 138–39, 148–49
for women, 35, 223
Voting Rights Act (1965), 148, 149, 225
Wallace, George, 123, 163
Wallace, Henry, 68, 76
Walsh, Lawrence, 217
war on poverty, 142, 143–44, 154, 225
War Refugee Board, 62
Warren, Earl, 94, 140
Warren Commission, 140
Warsaw Pact, 78
Washington, George, 47, 201, 222, 223
Washington Post, 3, 236
Watergate scandal, 2, 3, 178–80, 181, 204
Watson, Tom, 182
weapons of mass destruction. See nuclear weapons
Weeks, Sinclair, 90
welfare state, 53, 73, 89, 91, 144, 148, 223, 224
Welles, Orson, 65
Welles, Sumner, 59
West Berlin, 103, 104, 117, 120, 127, 205
White, William Allen, 30, 33
“Why England Slept” (Kennedy), 112
Wicker, Tom, 89, 204
“Willie Horton” ad, 219
Willkie, Wendell, 60
Wilson, Charles E., 89, 90
Wilson, Edith, 42
Wilson, Woodrow, 4, 27–45, 78, 191
in 1912 election, 30–33
academic career of, 29–30
Congressional Government, 29
fourteen-point peace plan of, 39–41, 62
as governor of New Jersey, 30
health of, 40–42, 45, 119, 232
League of Nations and, 40, 41, 55, 223
nationalism of, 33, 36, 221, 222
precedent set for future presidents by, 34, 44–45
press and, 36
public approval of, 33, 34–35
race relations and, 35–36
unrealism of, 43–44
World War I and, 10, 37–41, 62, 232
Wilson administration
inconsistencies in foreign relations of, 37
segregation and, 35–36
women, voting rights for, 35, 223
Woodward, Bob, 178
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 52
World War I, 10, 37–41, 62, 232
World War II
atomic attacks on Japan, 71–72, 223
D-Day invasion in, 61
incarceration of Japanese Americans during, 49, 66
invasion of Poland, 58–59
Pearl Harbor attack in, 60, 87, 135, 232
WPA (Works Progress Administration), 52
Yom Kippur War (1973), 175