The following notes are listed by relevant page number and the referenced text excerpt.
Page numbers will not be correct in eBook edition.
Introduction: Stefanie’s Question
p. 1: A woman named Stefanie came to our office seeking treatment.
In actuality, our clients see one or the other of us for treatment, not both of us together. However, for purposes of simplicity and narrative clarity, we describe clients as coming to see “us” or visiting “our office” throughout this book.
p. 3: A blanket of fog an acre round and one meter deep.
In his book The Essence of Success, the famed broadcaster and sales trainer Earl Nightingale wrote, “According to the Bureau of Standards, a dense fog covering seven city blocks, to a depth of 100 feet, is composed of something less than one glass of water.”
In researching this claim, we consulted with the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (as the Bureau of Standards was renamed in 1988).
It seems most likely that Nightingale was citing a passage from a 1926 publication entitled Fogs and Clouds, by W. J. Humphreys for the U.S. Weather Bureau (Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore), which in turn cited a 1916 publication of the U.S. Coast Guard, “Report on an Investigation of Fog in the Vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Done Aboard the Ice Patrol Cutter Seneca during the May Cruise of 1915, by the Bureau of Standards,” in Bulletin No. 5, International Ice Observation and Ocean Patrol Service in the North Atlantic Ocean, Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1916.
The 1926 passage in question reads, “A block of fog three feet wide, six feet high, and one hundred feet long contains less than one-seventh of a glass of liquid water. Barely one good swallow!”
Further research corroborated these numbers. Although Nightingale’s image was a bit of an exaggeration, the image was so striking that we used it here, redoing the math to make it accurate and amending his “seven city blocks to a depth of 100 feet” to our one acre, one meter deep.
p. 5: We have spent the past several decades unraveling this puzzle, using the tools of conventional psychology along with new methods and insights from the latest findings at the cutting edge of a field of research and therapy called energy psychology.
We did not start out on this path. In fact, we both went through wholly conventional training as clinical psychologists, using the standard techniques of our profession, and like any properly trained psychologists, we relied on methodologies that had been taught to us by our professors and were part of the accepted canon of the scientific mainstream.
However, by the late 1980s, when Peter joined George in clinical practice, we shared a sense that there were new frontiers to be explored in our field. We had both encountered and puzzled over many variations of Stefanie’s question and had chafed against the limitations of our profession’s current accepted norms.
We were not alone. About this time, the traditional mechanistic view of human health was starting to give way to a broader, more multidisciplinary view, and a new direction in medicine was just beginning to emerge. Not everyone thought that the laboratory-pure, stimulus/response model accounted for what was going on in the human organism. This was not a unified or highly organized effort, but a decentralized, grassroots shift taking place in hundreds of different locations and areas of investigation.
Even as we pursued our practice using the normal conventional tools of our profession, we also began searching for possible new avenues of research and modality.
We studied hypnosis (both of us had written on the topic: Peter coauthored Self-Hypnosis with Brian Alman in 1983, and George was coauthor with Brian Alman and Dennis Wood of A Clinical Hypnosis Primer in 1984), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), biofeedback, guided imagery, Gestalt, and many other intriguing avenues of exploration, in some cases even going so far as to work with the founders of those unconventional and intriguing methodologies. Some were more effective than others, and all had something to contribute—but none quite showed us the path over the mountains.
A major milestone for us came in 1995, when we learned about the possibilities of using an intriguing, wholly noninvasive diagnostic process called behavioral kinesiology or muscle testing, which we refer to as neuromuscular feedback, from a friend and colleague, Dr. Greg Nicosia. Greg employed this method to draw a vast scope and depth of information from his subjects. The data he mined ranged from subject’s eating habits and health histories to family dynamics and all sorts of other psychological issues. The degree of detail his simple demonstrations extracted from his subjects (including ourselves) was staggering.
We explore neuromuscular feedback in some depth in chapter 3.
Chapter 1: An Interview with Yourself
p. 12: Bessel van der Kolk, M.D., perhaps the world’s leading authority on trauma, describes the amygdalae as “the smoke detector of the brain.”
From a private conversation with the authors.
Chapter 2: Seven Limiting Beliefs
p. 35: With advanced methods of brain imaging, and especially functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), scientists in the past two decades have gained an astonishing ability to peer into the physical workings of the brain.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was a great advance over computed tomography (CT) scans, which showed hard tissue, because MRI could image soft tissue—discs, and so on, as well as brain tissue—by showing tissue that was consuming oxygen. In other words, CT scans were more anatomical and structural, while the newer imaging techniques had more potential to show what was functionally happening inside the body.
Then came the functional MRI, or fMRI, a special type of MRI that measures changes in neural activity through changes in blood flow and blood oxygen levels in the brain or spinal cord. The principle behind the process was developed in 1990 and first implemented in experimental form in 1991. It was rapidly adopted for widespread use in both diagnosis and research. In part because it does not involve the use of radioactive dyes, as other forms of scans do (CT and PET), it can be used repeatedly without harm. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate the brain-mapping field due to its relatively low invasiveness, absence of radiation exposure, and relatively wide availability.
Positive emission tomography (PET) scans perform similar imaging but require a radioactive isotope, which makes repeated measurements more difficult. It is a more robust diagnostic in some ways but is more limited for research purposes.
As fMRIs have become more powerful (in essence, by using larger magnets), they have been able to measure more detail with ever more precision. Ten or fifteen years from now, who knows: perhaps we’ll have personal fMRI devices hooked up to our laptops, digital pads, or cell phones.
p. 69: “The eternal silence of these infinite spaces terrifies me,” wrote the seventeenth-century scientist Blaise Pascal. “Le silence éternel de ces espaces infinis m’effraye,” from Pascal’s posthumously collected Pensées and Other Writings.
Chapter 3: The Flea and the Elephant
p. 81: “At the end of the [nineteenth] century,” as Tor Norretrander writes in The User Illusion, “the notion of the transparent man was severely challenged.”
Norretrander, T. The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size, Penguin, 1991, p. 162.
p. 90: “People have a hard time discriminating between physical and mental pain,” says Dr. Pert.
From Dr. Pert’s website (www.candacepert.com) and private conversations with the authors.
p. 99: One of the most striking confirmations of neuromuscular feedback appeared more than a decade ago.
Monti, D. A., et al. “Muscle Test Comparisons of Congruent and Incongruent Self-Referential Statements,” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1999, 88, pp. 1019–28.
Chapter 4: A Disturbance in the Force
p. 108: Chantal was one of fifty Rwandan orphans who participated in the study.
Chantal is not the girl’s real name, but her story and the landmark Rwandan study are very real indeed. The study, authored by Caroline Sakai, Suzanne Connolly, and Paul Oas, was published in 2010 in the International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Winter 2010, 12(1), pp. 41–50, under the title “Treatment of PTSD in Rwandan Child Genocide Survivors Using Thought Field Therapy.” Text of the article can be found at www.tftcenter.com/articles_treatment_of_ptsd_rwanda.html.
p. 109: One study with traumatized adolescents followed sixteen teenage boys in Peru who had all been severely abused.
Church, D., Piña, O., Reategui, C., & Brooks, A. “Single Session Reduction of the Intensity of Traumatic Memories in Abused Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Paper presented at the Eleventh Annual Toronto Energy Psychology Conference, October 15–19, 2009. As of this writing, this study is undergoing peer review at both the Journal of Child Sexual Abuse and the journal Psychological Trauma.
p. 109: In a randomized, double-blind pilot study in South America conducted over five and a half years.
Andrade, J., & Feinstein, D. “Preliminary Report of the First Large-Scale Study of Energy Psychology.” Initiated in the late 1980s, this research review included various studies over a fourteen-year period and was published in 2004 as an appendix to David Feinstein’s Energy Psychology Interactive: Rapid Interventions for Lasting Change (Innersource).
p. 109: In a randomized, controlled trial with combat veterans.
Church, D., Hawk, C, Brooks, A., Toukolehto, O., Wren, M., Dinter, I., & Stein, P. “Psychological Trauma in Veterans using EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques): A Randomized Controlled Trial.” These data were presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine, Seattle, Washington, April 7–10, 2010. As of this writing, the study is undergoing peer review.
A ten-minute clip containing brief excerpts of interviews with four combat veterans before and after energy psychology treatment, along with snippets from the treatments they received, can be found at www.vetcases.com.
p. 110: For example, one of the therapists in the combat veterans study cited described her work with Keith, an infantry soldier who’d served in the Mekong Delta during the Vietnam War.
The therapist’s name is Ingrid Dinter; her remarks are taken from an interview with Ms. Dinter by David Feinstein, Ph.D., as reported in his article, “The Case for Energy Psychology: Snake Oil or Designer Tool for Neural Change?” Psychotherapy Networker, November 2010, www.innersource.net/ep/images/stories/downloads/PN_article.pdf.
p. 111: The biofield itself, a very fine electromagnetic field that begins at the level of the skin and extends outward for several inches or farther.
The extent of this field’s reach is still a matter of some debate, in part because our ability to determine this is dependent on the instruments used to measure it. Some scientists speculate that our biofields overlap and may extend a virtually infinite distance. What we do presently know is that the biofield is not contained exclusively within the outer surface of the physical body.
Electrical signals from the heart and brain, for example, are not measured directly on either organ (if they were, you would have drill into the skull every time you wanted to take an EEG or crack open the chest for every EKG), but from a distance of at least half an inch and typically more. Certainly the closer to the source the more precise the signal, but if our instruments were more sensitive, we might be able to detect and interpret those signals from several inches, even several feet away.
p. 121: An ongoing study at Harvard using brain imaging to observe in real time the effects on the brain of acupuncture.
The Neuroimaging Acupuncture Effects on Human Brain Activity project at Harvard Medical School: www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/acupuncture/PPG. (See also Appendix B: Embracing the Biofield.)
p. 122: “What the Harvard studies have shown…”
From a private conversation with the authors.
p. 122: “…when you stimulate certain acupressure points, this sends a signal to the amygdala that decreases arousal.”
Typically the singular amygdala and plural amygdalae are used interchangeably, and we have followed that convention here.
p. 123: For the past several decades, we have used a broad inventory of tools and methodologies in our practice, including methods such as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).
EMDR is an innovative treatment method pioneered in the late 1980s by Francine Shapiro, Ph.D.
The story of how Dr. Shapiro came to develop the process is interesting. While walking in a park one day, she stopped and stood at a pond’s edge for a while to gaze at some ducks while she mulled over some issue she was distressed about. Suddenly she noticed that she had begun to feel inexplicably calmer and more relaxed—and the effect seemed to occur as she moved her eyes back and forth to follow the ducks’ movements on the pond’s surface.
Careful deconstruction and experimentation of the experience led her to formulate the EMDR process, which proved to be a wonderful tool for resolving post-traumatic stress and other emotional blocks to normal functioning. While the client focuses on the memory of the disturbing experience, the therapist moves her hand (or an object, or a light) from side to side in front of the subject’s face. This process somehow allows the subject to “reprocess” the event, creating new associational pathways in the brain and dissolving the emotional blocks.
We began using the method soon after it was created and found that it enabled us to treat effectively a wide range of clients, including some with issues that had failed to yield even to hypnosis. Moreover, the treatment worked in a fraction of the time, often accomplishing in weeks what more traditional therapies would take months to achieve—if they achieved them at all.
One potential drawback with EMDR is that in the course of treatment, it is possible for the subject to be retraumatized, that is, to re-experience some of the impact of the original trauma in a way that does more harm than good. This is not a danger in the hands of a qualified and experienced professional, but it is one reason we do not incorporate this approach in the self-administered model presented here.
p. 123: And the acupoint tapping used by Caroline Sakai in Rwanda.
One of our colleagues, Sandra Bagley, Ph.D., a board-certified nurse practitioner who worked for an international humanitarian team, went to the war-ravaged regions of Kosovo after the atrocities in Bosnia and Croatia and used the acupoint-tapping methods she learned from several of our workshops to help the traumatized survivors there. She also taught the field physicians how to apply some of the basic procedures to help the mentally and physically wounded.
The popular energy psychology methodology of tapping, in fact, served as the basis of our previous book, Instant Emotional Healing: Acupressure for the Emotions (Broadway Books, 2000). However, for the present book we wanted to offer a simpler and even more readily accessible approach.
Chapter 5: Your Personal Code to Joy
p. 133: Our colleague V. S. Ramachandran, M.D., Ph.D., points out in his wonderful book, The Tell-Tale Brain.
Ramachandran, V. S. The Tell-Tale Brain: A Scientist’s Quest for What Makes Us Human, Norton, 2011.
p. 133: “It is as if mirror neurons are nature’s own virtual reality simulations of the intentions of other beings.”
The Tell-Tale Brain, p. 121.
p. 133: The new understanding of mirror neurons helps to explain an entire body of research, going back for more than a hundred years, that says the images we hold in our minds can have a tangible impact on our behavior and physical abilities.
MacIntyre, T. E., & Moran, A. P. “A Qualitative Investigation of Imagery Use and Meta-Imagery Processes Among Elite Canoe-Slalom Competitors.” Journal of Imagery Research in Sports and Physical Activity, 2007, 2(1), Article 3.
p. 133: For example, in one oft-cited 1977 study, a group of seventy-two college basketball players was split into four groups.
Kolonay, B. J. “The Effects of Visuo-Motor Behavior Rehearsal on Athletic Performance,” master’s thesis, Hunter College, Department of Psychology, 1977. Kolonay went on to get her doctorate in sports psychology at Tulane University and gained considerable notice for her work on the compatibility of players on NBA teams.
p. 134: Similar results were found in subsequent studies employing a similar visualization process in such fields as karate, tennis serving, and pistol marksmanship.
Onestak, D. M. “The Effect of Visuo-Motor Behavior Rehearsal (VMBR) and Videotaped Modeling on the Free-Throw Performance of Intercollegiate Athletes,” Journal of Sport Behavior, 1997, 20, www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002239520.
p. 135: Dr. Doidge describes an extraordinary experiment conducted in the early 1990s by Drs. Guang Yue and Kelly Cole.
Yue, G., & K. J. Cole. “Strength Increases from the Motor Program: Comparison of Training with Maximal Voluntary and Imagined Muscle Contractions,” Journal of Neurophysiology 67(5), 1992, pp. 1114–23. Cited in Doidge, N., The Brain That Changes Itself, Penguin, 2007, p. 204.
p. 136: “The life-force may be the least understood force on earth,” wrote Cousins.
Cousins, N. The Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient, Bantam Doubleday Dell, 1981, p. 54.
p. 136: “Positive thoughts have a profound effect on behavior and genes…,” writes Dr. Lipton, “and negative thoughts have an equally powerful effect.”
Lipton, B. The Biology of Belief, Mountain of Love/Elite Books, 2005, p. 30.
p. 137: The concept and importance of self-efficacy were championed starting in the 1970s by the noted Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura.
One of the most influential figures in the development of cognitive psychology, Dr. Bandura ranked in a 2002 Review of General Psychology survey as the fourth most-often cited psychologist of all time, ranking only behind B. F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, and Sigmund Freud.
Bandura devoted much of his career from the late 1970s onward to exploring the role of self-efficacy in human behavior, publishing work on the topic, Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, Worth Publishers, 1997.
p. 138: [Those with poor self-efficacy] shy away from difficult tasks, which they view as personal threats.
Bandura, A. “Self-Efficacy,” in V. S. Ramachandran (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (vol. 4, pp. 71–81), Academic Press, 1994.
p. 143: According to Bessel van der Kolk, M.D., trauma has a particular impact on the posterior cingulate.
From a private conversation with the authors.
p. 153: In the intercostal space between the second and third ribs.
The ribs are numbered counting down from the top. The first rib tucks directly under the clavicle (collarbone). The second rib is generally easier to find than the first, and the third is even more exposed.
p. 153: Rubbing this spot triggers a neurolymphatic response that functions something like a major acupoint.
This repatterning spot does not correspond to a specific acupoint but has been found empirically to have a significant impact on the biofield. You can find the same nerve bundle on both sides of the rib cage, but over the years of working with this process, we have found that working with the location on the left side yields better and more consistent results.
Chapter 8: A Rich Life
p. 198: Starting with the landmark 1977 report Dietary Goals for the United States.
Sometimes called simply “The McGovern Report,” this was a report issued by the U.S. Senate Select Subcommittee on Nutrition and Human Needs.
p. 198: A series of studies during the 1990s demonstrated a clear link between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and cardiovascular health.
Stoll, A. L. The Omega-3 Connection, Fireside (Simon & Schuster), 2001.
p. 198: Researchers soon noticed that the incidence of depression closely followed the same demographic profile.
The Omega-3 Connection, pp. 43–44.
p. 199: A study at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in Bethesda, Maryland, found a striking reverse correlation between fish consumption and postpartum depression.
The Omega-3 Connection, pp. 101–2.
p. 201: In a study conducted at Duke University, a group of patients were given a thirty-minute program of exercise three times a week.
“Study: Exercise Has Long-Lasting Effect on Depression,” press release issued by Duke University, Chapel Hill, NC, September 22, 2000.
p. 202: A recent study showed that simply taking a good walk several times a week can have a profound impact on the physical size of the hippocampus.
Span, P. “Fitness: A Walk to Remember? Study Says Yes,” New York Times, February 7, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/health/research/08fitness.html. The study mentioned in the article is “Exercise Training Increases Size of Hippocampus and Improves Memory,” Erik L. Erikson et al., The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, February 15, 2011 (published online January 31: www.pnas.org/content/108/7/3017).
p. 202: The hippocampus is especially vulnerable to the impact of trauma.
Bower, B. “Exploring Trauma’s Cerebral Side,” Science News, May 18, 1996, 140, p. 315.
p. 204: Research by Richard Taylor, Ph.D., at the University of Oregon, has shown that the “drip” artwork of Jackson Pollack consists of fractal patterns.
http://pages.uoregon.edu/msiuo/taylor/art/info.html.
p. 206: One reason for the psychological and emotional impact of fractals may be that the brain itself is organized in fractal patterns.
Pincus, D. “Fractal Thoughts on Fractal Brains,” Psychology Today blog, September 4, 2009: www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-chaotic-life/200909/fractal-brainsfractal-thoughts. The 2008 Cambridge study Dr. Pincus refers to is “Broadband Criticality of Human Brain Network Synchronization,” www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub med/19300473?ordinalpos=14&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReport.
p. 206: In 2003, two researchers, Robert Emmons, Ph.D., at the University of California, Davis, and Michael McCullough, Ph.D., at the University of Miami, conducted a fascinating experiment.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. “Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, 84 (2), pp. 377–89. www.chucklin.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Emmons_McCullough_2003_JPSP.pdf.
Dr. Emmons has authored three books on the topic: The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns (Guilford Press, 1999), The Psychology of Gratitude (Oxford University Press, 2004), and Thanks!: How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008). See also http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/labs/emmons/PWT/index.cfm.
p. 206: “Research suggests that grateful people have more energy and optimism.”
Borysenko, J., “Practicing Gratitude: Why Being Thankful Is the Secret to a Happier, Healthier Life,” Prevention, November 10, 2004, www.prevention.com/health/health/emotional-health/practicing-gratitude/article/0f725d1fa803110VgnVCM10000013281eac____.
p. 209: As the character Pindar says in the book The Go-Giver.
Burg, B., & Mann, J. D. The Go-Giver, Portfolio 2007, pp. 15–16.
p. 209: In explaining the concept of the gratitude list to clients, we often describe the case of a gentleman named W. Mitchell.
Burrus, D., & Mann, J. D. Flash Foresight, HarperBusiness, 2011, p. 222. Also see www.wmitchell.com.
p. 212: In his book Reinventing Medicine, Dr. Dossey describes what he sees as three consecutive eras of medicine.
Dossey, L. Reinventing Medicine: Beyond Mind-Body to a New Era in Medicine, HarperCollins, 1999.
p. 212: Dr. Candace Pert, the expert on neuropeptides and emotions, puts it this way: “We are hardwired to connect to bliss.”
Remarks from a private conversation with the authors.
Conclusion: A Deeper Joy
p. 215: “The pleasure that comes with, say, a good meal, an entertaining movie or an important win for one’s sports team—a feeling called hedonic well-being—tends to be short-term and fleeting,” a recent Wall Street Journal article entitled “Is Happiness Overrated?” described the distinction.
Wang, S. S. “Is Happiness Overrated? Study Finds Physical Benefits to Some (Not All) Good Feelings,” Wall Street Journal, March 15, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB10001424052748704893604576200471545379388-lMyQjAxMTAxMDEwNTExNDUyWj.html.
p. 216: Current research on happiness and well-being often distinguishes between these two sets of values, the hedonistic…and the eudaimonic.
For example, Edward Deci and Richard Ryan write, “Research on well-being can be thought of as falling into two traditions. In one—the hedonic tradition—the focus is on happiness, generally defined as the presence of positive affect and the absence of negative affect. In the other—the eudaimonic tradition—the focus is on living life in a full and deeply satisfying way.” From Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M., “Hedonia, Eudaimonia, and Well-Being: An Introduction,” Journal of Happiness Studies, 2008, 9, pp. 1–11.
p. 216: In one study of about seven thousand individuals…participants with greater eudaimonic well-being had lower levels of interleukin-6.
Funded by the National Institute on Aging, the study is called MIDUS, or the “Mid-Life in the U.S. National Study of Americans.” It has been running since 1995, led by Dr. Carol Ryff, a professor and director of the Institute on Aging at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. You can read about this study, as well as the one that follows, in the excellent Wall Street Journal article “Is Happiness Overrated? Study Finds Physical Benefits to Some (Not All) Good Feelings,” by Shirley S. Wang.
p. 216: In another study, this one involving about one thousand subjects…those reporting a greater sense of purpose in life were less than half as likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease.
This seven-year study took place at the Alzheimer’s Disease Center at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, led by the center’s director, David Bennett. (Reported in Wang, “Is Happiness Overrated?”)
p. 216: An American businessman once sought help from the renowned Carl Jung for his drinking problem.
Alcoholics Anonymous: The Big Book, 4th ed., 2002, pp. 26–27.
Appendix B: Embracing the Biofield
p. 227: Dr. Becker soon discovered an interesting phenomenon.
Robert O. Becker reported his findings in his enormously popular book The Body Electric (William Morrow, 1985) and further in his book Cross Currents: The Promise of Electromedicine, the Perils of Electropollution (Tarcher, 1989).
p. 227: Dr. Becker’s findings led to the development of the electronic bone growth stimulator (EBGS).
Kane, W. J. “Direct Current Electrical Bone Growth Stimulation for Spinal Fusion,” Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3291140.
p. 227: A week later, Reston wrote about his experience in the New York Times.
Reston, J., “Now Let Me Tell You About My Appendectomy in Peking,” New York Times, July 26, 1971, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D11FA395C1A7493C4AB178CD85F458785F9.
p. 228: In November 1997, the National Institutes of Health convened a twelve-member panel of experts.
“Acupuncture: NIH Consensus Statement,” November 3–5, 1997, 15(5), pp. 1–34. The conference report is available for review at http://consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm.
p. 228: Perhaps the most promising among these efforts has been the Neuroimaging Acupuncture Effects on Human Brain Activity project at Harvard Medical School, which published its first paper in 2000.
Hui, K. K., et al. “Acupuncture Modulates the Limbic System and Subcortical Gray Structures of the Human Brain: Evidence from fMRI Studies in Normal Subjects,” Human Brain Mapping, 2000, 9(1), pp. 13–25. Also see www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/acupuncture/PPG/.