NOTES

CHAPTER 1

1. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–6). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

2. Census Bureau Call Center (personal communication, September 23, 2011).

3. Tsang, A., Von Korff, M., Lee, S., Alonso, J., Karam, E., Angermeyer, M. C., et al. (2008). Common chronic pain conditions in developed and developing countries: Gender and age differences and comorbidity with depression-anxiety disorders. The Journal of Pain, 9(10), 883–891.

4. Brown, A. (2012, April 7). Chronic pain rates shoot up until Americans reach late 50s. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/154169/Chronic-Pain-Rates-Shoot-Until-Americans-Reach-Late-50s.aspx

5. Portenoy, R. K., Ugarte, C., Fuller, I., & Haas, G. (2004). Population-based survey of pain in the United States: Differences among white, African American, and Hispanic subjects. The Journal of Pain, 5(6), 317–328.

6. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–6). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

7. Krueger, A. B., & Stone, A. A. (2008). Assessment of pain: A community-based diary survey in the USA. The Lancet, 371(9623), 1519–1525.

8. Breivik, H., Collett, B., Ventafridda, V., Cohen, R., & Gallacher, D. (2006). Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, treatment. European Journal of Pain, 10(4), 287–333.

9. R. Portenoy (personal communication, September 3, 2008).

10. Breivik, H., Collett, B., Ventafridda, V., Cohen, R., & Gallacher, D. (2006). Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, treatment. European Journal of Pain, 10 (4), 287–333.

11. L. Webster (personal communication, March 22, 2012).

12. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–27). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

13. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–29). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

14. Breslau, N., Schultz, L., Lipton, R., Peterson, E., & Welch, K. M. A. (2012). Migraine headaches and suicide attempt. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 52(5), 723–731.

15. International Association for the Study of Pain. (2012, August 28). Unrelieved pain is a major global healthcare problem. Retrieved from http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Release&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=2908

16. H. Heit (personal communication, September 20, 2011).

17. P. Konowitz (personal communication, November 15, 2009).

18. D. Biro (personal communication, September 19, 2011).

19. M. Cooper (personal communication, Sept. 29, 2011).

20. K. Binkley (personal communication, September 18, 2011).

21. Lamas, D., & Rosenbaum, L. (2012). Painful inequities—Palliative care in developing countries. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(3), 199–201.

22. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 4–17). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

23. J. Martin (personal communication, October 4, 2011).

24. M. Zylka (personal communication, November 2, 2011).

25. Watt-Watson, J., McGillion, M., Hunter, J., Choiniere, M., Clark, A. J., Dewar, A., et al. (2009). A survey of prelicensure pain curricula in health science faculties in Canadian universities. Pain Research & Management, 14(6), 439–444.

26. Briggs, E. V., Carr, E. C. J., & Whittaker, M. S. (2011). Survey of undergraduate pain curricula for healthcare professionals in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Pain, 15(8), 789–795.

27. J. Prescott (personal communication, October 19, 2011).

28. Mezei, L., Murinson, B. B., & Johns Hopkins Pain Curriculum Development Team. (2011). Pain education in North American medical schools. The Journal of Pain, 12(12), 1199–1208.

29. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 4–14). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

30. Blumenthal, D., Gokhale, M., Campbell, E. G., & Weissman, J. S. (2001). Preparedness for clinical practice: Reports of graduating residents at academic health centers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(9), 1027–1034.

31. Upshur, C. C., Luckmann, R. S., & Savageau, J. A. (2006). Primary care provider concerns about management of chronic pain in community clinic populations. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(6), 652–655.

32. Association of American Medical Colleges. (2006). Medical school graduation questionnaire: All schools report. Retrieved from https://www.aamc.org/download/90062/data/gq-2006.pdf

33. Association of American Medical Colleges. (2010). GQ Medical school graduation questionnaire: All schools summary report. Retrieved from https://www.aamc.org/download/140716/data/2010_gq_all_schools.pdf

34. Association of American Medical Colleges. (2011). GQ Medical school graduation questionnaire: All schools summary report. Retrieved from https://www.aamc.org/download/263712/data/gq-2011.pdf

35. O’Rorke, J. E., Chen, I., Genao, I., Panda, M., & Cykert, S. (2007). Physicians’ comfort in caring for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. American Journal of Medical Sciences, 333(2), 93–100.

36. J. Loeser (personal communication, September 16, 2011).

37. Murinson, B. B., Nenortas, E., Mayer, R. S., Mezei, L., Kozachik, S., Nesbit, S., et al. (2011). A new program in pain medicine for medical students: Integrating core curriculum knowledge with emotional and reflective development. Pain Medicine, 12, 186–195.

38. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Headache Society, American Pain Foundation, American Pain Society, American Society of Anesthesiologists, et al. (2011, June 29). Consumers, health professionals and advocates join to hail release of landmark Institute of Medicine report on advancing pain research, care and education. Statement released at the Institute of Medicine press conference, Washington, DC.

39. Burgoyne, D. S. (2007). Prevalence and economic implications of chronic pain. Managed Care, 16(2 Supplement 3), 2–4.

40. Pletcher, M. J., Kertesz, S. G., Kohn, M. A., & Gonzales, R. (2008). Trends in opioid prescribing by race/ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments. Journal of the American Medical Association, 299(1),70–78.

41. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. C.1–C.45). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

42. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–33). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

43. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (p. C-4). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

44. Y. Shir (personal communication, November 12, 2009).

45. National Institutes of Health. (n.d.). The NIH Almanac—Appropriations (section 2). Retrieved from http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/appropriations/part2.htm

46. National Institutes of Health Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT). (2012, February 13). Estimates of funding for various research, condition, and disease categories (RCDC). Retrieved from http://report.nih.gov/rcdc/categories/

47. R. Myles (personal communication, February 23, 2012).

48. R. Myles (personal communication, October 19, 2012).

49. Porter, L. (2012, October 22). Federally-funded pain research portfolio. Slides presented at the Second Meeting of the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee, Bethesda, MD. Retrieved from http://videocast.nih.gov/pastevents.asp

50. D. Bradshaw (personal communication, September 20, 2011).

51. D. Bradshaw (personal communication, February 23, 2012).

52. National Institutes of Health Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT). (2012, February 13). Estimates of funding for various research, condition, and disease categories (RCDC). Retrieved from http://report.nih.gov/rcdc/categories/

53. National Institutes of Health. (n.d.). The NIH Almanac: Appropriations (section 2). Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/appropriations/part2.htm

54. L. Porter (personal communication, February 22, 2012).

55. J. Kusiak (personal communication, September 26, 2011).

56. National Institutes of Health Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT). (2012, February 13). Estimates of funding for various research, condition, and disease categories (RCDC). Retrieved from http://report.nih.gov/rcdc/categories/

57. National Institutes of Health. (n.d.). The NIH Almanac: Appropriations (section 2). Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/appropriations/part2.htm

58. R. Saner (personal communication, September 22, 2011).

59. S. Report No. 112-84 at 114(2012).

60. S. Fishman (personal communication, October 10, 2011).

61. P. Pizzo (personal communication, September 22, 2011).

62. K. Foley (personal communication, September 21, 2011.)

63. C. Steinberg (personal communication, September 22, 2011).

64. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–7). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

65. Rawal, N. (2007). Postoperative pain treatment for ambulatory surgery. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 21(1), 129–148.

66. Schug, S. A., & Chong, C. (2009). Pain management after ambulatory surgery. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 22(6), 738–743.

67. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 1–25). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

68. Kehlet, H., Jensen, T. S., & Woolf, C. J. (2006). Persistent postsurgical pain: Risk factors and prevention. The Lancet, 367(9522), 1618–1625.

69. Wu, C. L., & Raja, S. N. (2011). Treatment of acute postoperative pain. The Lancet, 377(9784), 2215–2225.

70. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–7). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

71. Green, C. R., Hart-Johnson, T., & Loeffler, D. R. (2011). Cancer-related chronic pain: Examining quality of life in diverse cancer survivors. Cancer, 117(9), 1994–2003.

72. Deandrea, S., Montanaari, M., Moja, L., & Apolone, G. (2008). Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain. A review of published literature. Annals of Oncology, 19(12), 1985–1991.

73. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–5). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

74. C. Woolf (personal communication, September 26, 2011).

75. Tracey, I., & Bushnell, M. C. (2009). How neuroimaging studies have challenged us to rethink: Is chronic pain a disease? The Journal of Pain, 10(11), 1113–1120.

CHAPTER 2

1. International Association for the Study of Pain. (n.d.). IASP taxonomy: Pain. Retrieved from http://www.iasp-pain.org/Content/NavigationMenu/GeneralResourceLinks/PainDefinitions/default.htm

2. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 1–17). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

3. Melzack, R. (2005). Evolution of the neuromatrix theory of pain. The Prithvi Raj lecture: Presented at the third World Congress of World Institute of Pain, Barcelona, 2004. Pain Practice, 5(2), 85–94.

4. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 1–18). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

5. deCharms, R. C., Maeda, F., Glover, G. H., Ludlow, D., Pauly, J. M., Soneji, D., et al. (2005). Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(51), 18626–18631.

6. Thernstrom, M. (2010). The pain chronicles: Cures, myths, mysteries, prayers, diaries, brain scans, healing, and the science of suffering (p. 5). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

7. Scarry, E. (1985). The body in pain: The making and unmaking of the world (p. 7). New York: Oxford University Press.

8. Von Hehn, C. A., Baron, R., & Woolf, C. (2012). Deconstructing the neuropathic pain phenotype to reveal neural mechanisms. Neuron, 73(4), 638–652.

9. Andrews, N. (2012, July 9). Moving pain treatments forward: NIH Pain Consortium Symposium. Retrieved from http://www.painresearchforum.org/news/17877-moving-pain-treatments-forward-nih-pain-consortium-symposium

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11. Costigan, M., Scholz, J., & Woolf, C. J. (2009). Neuropathic pain: A maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32, 1–32.

12. Scholz, J., & Woolf, C. J. (2002). Can we conquer pain? [Review]. Nature Neuroscience, 5 (Supplement), 1062–1067.

13. Brenner, G. J., & Woolf, C. J. (2007). Mechanisms of chronic pain. In D. E. Longnecker, D. L. Brown, M. F. Newman, & W. M Zapol (Eds.), Anesthesiology (pp. 2000–2019). New York: McGraw Hill Companies.

14. Brenner, G. J., & Woolf, C. J. (2007). Mechanisms of chronic pain. In D. E. Longnecker, D. L. Brown, M. F. Newman, & W. M Zapol (Eds.), Anesthesiology (pp. 2000–2019). New York: McGraw Hill Companies.

15. Costigan, M., Scholz, J., & Woolf, C. J. (2009). Neuropathic pain: A maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32, 1–32.

16. Haanpää, M., & Treede, R. D. (2010). Diagnosis and classification of neuropathic pain. PAIN: Clinical Updates, 18(7), 1–6.

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18. G. Brenner (personal communication, October 28, 2010).

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20. Woolf, C. J., & Ma, Q. (2007). Nociceptors—noxious stimulus detectors. Neuron, 55, 353–364.

21. Brenner, G. J., & Woolf, C. J. (2007). Mechanisms of chronic pain. In D. E. Longnecker, D. L. Brown, M. F. Newman, & W. M. Zapol (Eds.), Anesthesiology (pp. 2000–2019). New York: McGraw Hill Companies.

22. Patapoutian, A., Tate, S., & Woolf, C. J. (2009). Transient receptor potential channels: Targeting pain at the source. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 8, 55–68.

23. Bohlen, C. J., Chesler, A. T., Sharif-Naeini, R., Medzihradszky, K. F., Zhou, S., King, D., et al. (2011). A heteromeric Texas coral snake toxin targets acid-sensing ion channels to produce pain. Nature, 479(7373), 410–414.

24. Talkington, M. (2011, November 18). Lone star snakes reveal unexpected role for acid-sensing channels in pain. Retrieved from http://www.painresearchforum.org/search/site/Lone%20Star%20Snakes

25. Wortman, M. (2012). Where does it hurt? Researchers are getting to the molecular details of pain’s circuitry to answer the question with real specificity. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Bulletin, 25(1), 32–33, 48.

26. Miller, A. N., & Long, S. B. (2012). Crystal structure of the human two-pore domain potassium channel K2P1 [Abstract]. Science, 335(6067), 432–436.

27. Brohawn, S. G., del Marmol, J., & MacKinnon, R. (2012). Crystal structure of the human K2P TRAAK, a lipid-and mechano-sensitive K+ ion channel [Abstract]. Science, 335(6067), 436–441.

28. Kim, S. E., Coste, B., Chadha, A., Cook, B., & Patapoutian, A. (2012). The role of Drosophila Piezo in mechanical nociception [Abstract]. Nature, 483(7388), 209–212.

29. Coste, B., Xiao, B., Santos, J. S., Syeda, R., Grandl, J., Kim, S. E., et al. (2012). Piezo proteins are pore-forming subunits of mechanically activated channels. Nature, 483(7388), 176–181.

30. Talkington, M. (2012, February 23). Novel ion channel senses painful touch. Retrieved from http://www.painresearchforum.org/news/13812-novel-ion-channel-senses-painful-touch?search_term=novel%20ion%20channel

31. Porreca, F. (2011, October 17). Cancer biology seminar series: Descending modulatory circuits and cancer pain [Video file]. Retrieved from http://streaming.biocom.arizone.edu/people/?id=11499

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33. von Mourik, O. (2006, April 2). Penfield’s homunculus and the mystery of phantom limbs. Retrieved from http://journalism.nyu.edu/publishing/archives/annotate/node/270

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38. Apkarian, A. V., Sosa, Y., Sonty, S., Levy, R. M., Harden, R. N., Parrish, T. B., et al. (2004). Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(46), 10410–10415.

39. Latremoliere., & Woolf, C. (2009). Central sensitization: A generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity [Critical review]. The Journal of Pain, 10(9), 895–926.

40. Brenner, G. J., & Woolf, C. J. (2007). Mechanisms of chronic pain. In D. E. Longnecker, D. L. Brown, M. F. Newman, & W. M. Zapol (Eds.), Anesthesiology (pp. 2000–2019). New York: McGraw Hill Companies.

41. Woolf, C. J. (2007). Central sensitization: Uncovering the relation between pain and plasticity. Anesthesiology, 106(4), 864–867.

42. Woolf, C. J. (2010, September). Central sensitization: How plasticity produces pain . Lecture presented at the 13th World Congress on Pain, Montreal, Canada.

43. Apkarian, A. V., Baliki, M. N., & Geha, P. Y. (2009). Towards a theory of chronic pain. Progress in Neurobiology, 87, 81–97.

44. Apkarian, A. V., Bushnell, M. C., Treede, R. D., & Zubieta, J. K. (2005). Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. European Journal of Pain, 9(4), 463–484.

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47. Tracey, I., & Bushnell, M. C. (2009). How neuroimaging studies have challenged us to rethink: Is chronic pain a disease? The Journal of Pain, 10(11), 1113–1120.

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50. S. Mackey (personal communication, April 14, 2012).

51. Miller, G. (2009, January). Brain scans of pain raise questions for the law. Science, 323, 195.

52. White, T. (2011, September 13). Does that hurt? Objective way to measure pain being developed at Stanford [Press release]. Retrieved from http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2011/september/pain.html

53. Apkarian, A. V., Sosa, Y., Sonty, S., Levy, R. M., Harden, R. N., Parrish, T. B., et al. (2004). Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(46), 10410–10415.

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57. Da Silva, A. F., Becerra, L., Pendse, G., Chizh, B., Tully, S., & Borsook, D. (2008). Colocalized structural and functional changes in the cortex of patients with trigeminal neuropathic pain. PLoS ONE, 3(10), e3396.

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62. G. Scherr (personal communication, October 13, 2010).

63. G. Scherr (personal communication, February 5, 2012).

64. Schweinhardt, P., Kuchinad, A., Pukall, C. F., & Bushnell, M. C. (2008). Increased gray matter density in young women with chronic vulvar pain. PAIN, 140(3), 411–419.

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71. Apkarian, A. V., Bushnell, M. C., Treede, R. D., & Zubieta, J. K. (2005). Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. European Journal of Pain, 9(4), 463–484.

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74. D. Borsook (personal communication, July 1, 2010).

75. DaSilva, A. F., Becerra, L., Pendse, G., Chizh, B., Tully, S., & Borsook, D. (2008). Colocalized structural and functional changes in the cortex of patients with trigeminal neuropathic pain. PLoS ONE, 3(10), e3396.

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77. Borsook, D. (2012, August). Imaging opioid effects on the brain—from preclinical to postclinical. Paper presented at the International Association for the Study of Pain’s 14th World Congress on Pain, Milan, Italy. Abstract retrieved from http://www.abstracts2view.com/iasp/sessionindex.php

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29. Mogil, J. S. (1999). The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 7744–7751.

30. MacGregor, A. J., Andrew, T., Sambrook, P. N., & Spector, T. D. (2004). Structural, psychological and genetic influences on low back and neck pain: A study of adult female twins. Arthritis Care & Research, 51(2), 160–167.

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32. Nielsen, C. S., Stubhaug, A., Price, D. D., Vassend, O., Czajkowski, N., & Harris, J. R. (2008). Individual differences in pain sensitivity: Genetic and environmental contributions. PAIN, 136(1), 21–29.

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34. Markkula, R., Jarvinen, P., Leino-Arjas, P., Koskenvuo, M., Kalso, E., & Kaprio, J. (2009). Clustering of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in a Finnish twin cohort. European Journal of Pain, 13(7), 744–750.

35. Mogil, J. S. (1999). The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 7744–7751.

36. Spector, T. D., & MacGregor, A. J. (2004). Risk factors for osteoarthritis: Genetics. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 12(Supplement 1), 39–44.

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38. Talkington, M. (2011, October 17). Epigenetic downregulation of GABA signaling perpetuates pain. Retrieved from http://www.pain-researchforum.org/news/10272-epigenetic-downregulation-gaba-signaling-perpetuates-pain

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3. Unruh, A. M. (1996). Gender variations in clinical pain experience [Abstract]. PAIN, 65(2–3), 123–167.

4. Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B., & Riley, J. L., III. (2009). Sex, gender, and pain: A review of recent clinical and experimental findings. The Journal of Pain, 10(5), 447–485.

5. Aubrun, F., Salvi, N., Coriat, P., & Riou, B. (2005). Sex-and age-related differences in morphine requirements for postoperative pain relief [Abstract]. Anesthesiology, 103(1), 156–160.

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7. Tsang, A., Von Korff, M., Lee, S., Alonso, J., Karam, E., Angermeyer, M. C., et al. (2008). Common chronic pain conditions in developed and developing countries: Gender and age differences and comorbidity with depression-anxiety disorders. The Journal of Pain, 9(10), 883–891.

8. Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B., & Riley, J. L., III. (2009). Sex, gender, and pain: A review of recent clinical and experimental findings. The Journal of Pain, 10(5), 447–485.

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18. Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B., & Riley, J. L., III. (2009). Sex, gender, and pain: A review of recent clinical and experimental findings. The Journal of Pain, 10(5), 447–485.

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25. H. Bursztajn (personal communication, October 20, 2010).

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37. Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B., & Riley, J. L., III. (2009). Sex, gender, and pain: A review of recent clinical and experimental findings. The Journal of Pain, 10(5), 447–485.

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39. Sarlani, E., & Greenspan, J. D. (2002). Gender differences in temporal summation of mechanically evoked pain [Abstract]. PAIN, 97(1), 163–169.

40. Racine, M., Tousignant-Laflamme, Y., Kloda, L. A., Dion, D., Dupuis, G., & Choiniere, M. (2012). A systematic literature review of 10 years of research on sex/gender and experimental pain perception—part 2: Do biopsychosocial factors alter pain sensitivity differently in women and men? PAIN, 153(3), 619–635.

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58. O’Connor, M. I. (2011). Implant survival, knee function and pain relief after TKA. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 469(7), 1846–1851.

59. Borkhoff, C. M., Hawker, G. A., Kreder, H. J., Glazier, R. H., Mahomed, N. N., & Wright, J. G. (2008). The effect of patients’ sex on physicians’ recommendations for total knee arthroplasty. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(6), 681–687.

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65. Klein, M. M., Downs, H. M., & Oaklander, A. L. (2010, September). Normal innervation in distal-leg skin biopsies: Evidence of superabundance in youth, subsequent axonal pruning, plus new diagnostic recommendations. A Works in Progress paper presented at the 135th Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association, San Francisco, CA.

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67. Lipton, R. B., Stewart, W. F., Diamond, S., Diamond, M. L., & Reed, M. (2001). Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: Data from the American migraine study II [Abstract]. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 41(7), 646–657.

68. Stewart, W. F., Lipton, R. B., Celentano, D. D., & Reed, M. L. (1992). Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States—relation to age, income, race, and other sociodemographic factors [Abstract]. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(1), 64–69.

69. LeResche, L. (1997). Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: Implications for the investigation of etiologic factors [Abstract]. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 8(3), 291–305.

70. LeResche, L., Mancl, L. A., Drangsholt, M. T., Saunders, K., & Korff, M. V. (2005). Relationship of pain and symptoms to pubertal development in adolescents [Abstract]. PAIN, 118(1–2), 201–209.

71. LeResche, L., Mancl, L. A., Drangsholt, M. T., Saunders, K., & Korff, M. V. (2005). Relationship of pain and symptoms to pubertal development in adolescents [Abstract]. PAIN, 118(1–2), 201–209.

72. Cicero, T. J., Nock, B., O’Connor, L., & Meyer, E. R. (2002). Role of steroids in sex differences in morphine-induced analgesia: Activational and organizational effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 300(2), 695–670.

73. L. Zeltzer (personal communication, August 31, 2010).

74. W. Maixner (personal communication, February 8, 2012).

75. Ji, Y., Murphy, A. Z., & Traub, R. J. (2003). Estrogen modulates the visceromotor reflex and responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to colorectal stimulation in the rat [Abstract]. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(9), 3908–3915.

76. LeResche, L., Saunders, K., Von Korff, M. R., Barlow, W., & Dworkin, S. F. (1997). Use of exogenous hormones and risk of temporomandibular disorder pain [Abstract]. PAIN, 69(1–2), 153–160.

77. LeResche, L., Saunders, K., Von Korff, M. R., Barlow, W., & Dworkin, S. F. (1997). Use of exogenous hormones and risk of temporomandibular disorder pain [Abstract]. PAIN, 69(1–2), 153–160.

78. Musgrave, D. S., Vogt, M. T., Nevitt, M. C., & Cauley, J. A. (2001). Back problems among postmenopausal women taking estrogen replacement therapy: The study of osteoporotic fractures [Abstract]. Spine, 26(14), 1606–1612.

79. Brynhildsen, J. O., Björs, E., Skarsgård, C., & Hammar, M. L. (1998). Is hormone replacement therapy a risk factor for low back pain among postmenopausal women? [Abstract]. Spine, 23(7), 809–813.

80. Fillingim, R. B., & Edwards, R. R. (2001). The association of hormone replacement therapy with experimental pain responses in postmenopausal women. PAIN, 92(1–2), 229–234.

81. Ockene, J. K., Barad, D. H., Cochrane, B. B., Larson, J. C., Gass, M., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., et al. (2005). Symptom experience after discontinuing use of estrogen plus progestin. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(2), 183–193.

82. Lichten, E. M., Lichten, J. B., Whitty, A., & Pieper, D. (1996). The confirmation of a biochemical marker for women’s hormonal migraine: The depo-estradiol challenge test [Abstract]. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 36(6), 367–371.

83. M. Gold (personal communication, April 25, 2012).

84. Aloisi, A. M., Bachiocco, V., Costantino, A., Stefani, R., Ceccarelli, I., Bertaccini, A., et al. (2007). Cross-sex hormone administration changes pain in transsexual women and men [Abstract]. PAIN, 132(Supplement 1), S60–S67.

85. LeResche, L., Mancl, L., Sherman, J. J., Gandara, B., & Dworkin, S. F. (2003). Changes in temporomandibular pain and other symptoms across the menstrual cycle [Abstract]. PAIN, 106(3), 253–261.

86. F. Cervero (personal communication, September 8, 2010).

87. Fillingim, R. B., & Gear, R. W. (2004). Sex differences in opioid analgesia: Clinical and experimental findings. European Journal of Pain, 8(5), 413–42.

88. Sarton, E., Olofsen, E., Romberg, R., den Hartigh, J., Kest, B., Nieuwenhuijs, D., et al. (2000). Sex differences in morphine analgesia: An experimental study in healthy volunteers [Abstract]. Anesthesiology, 93(5), 1245–1254.

89. Stoffel, E. C., Ulibarri, C. M., Folk, J. E., Rice, K. C., & Craft, R. M. (2005). Gonadal hormone modulation of mu, kappa, and delta opioid antinociception in male and female rats [Abstract]. The Journal of Pain, 6(4), 261–274.

90. Fillingim, R. B., & Gear, R. W. (2004). Sex differences in opioid analgesia: Clinical and experimental findings. European Journal of Pain, 8(5), 413–42.

91. M. Gold (personal communication, April 25, 2012).

92. Fillingim, R. B., & Gear, R. W. (2004). Sex differences in opioid analgesia: Clinical and experimental findings. European Journal of Pain, 8(5), 413–42.

93. Loyd, D. R., Wang, X., & Murphy, A. Z. (2008). Sex differences in μ-opioid receptor expression in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray are essential for eliciting sex differences in morphine analgesia. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(52), 14007–14017.

94. Wang, X., Traub, R. J., & Murphy, A. Z. (2006). Persistent pain model reveals sex difference in morphine potency. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 291, R300–R306.

95. Society for Neuroscience. (2007, May). Brain briefings: Gender and pain. Retrieved from http://www.sfn.org/siteobjects/published/0000BDF20016F63800FD712C30FA42DD/0000BDF2000006250112C47B47028AD6/file/BrainBriefings_May2007.pdf

96. Cepeda, M. S., & Carr, D. B. (2003). Women experience more pain and require more morphine than men to achieve a similar degree of analgesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 97(5), 1464–1468.

97. R. W. Gear (personal communication, September 22, 2010).

98. Niesters, M., Dahan, A., Kest, B., Zacny, J., Stijnen, T., Aarts, L., et al. (2010). Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. PAIN, 151(1), 61–68.

99. Niesters, M., Dahan, A., Kest, B., Zacny, J., Stijnen, T., Aarts, L., et al. (2010). Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. PAIN, 151(1), 61–68.

100. Niesters, M., Dahan, A., Kest, B., Zacny, J., Stijnen, T., Aarts, L., et al. (2010). Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. PAIN, 151(1), 61–68.

101. Niesters, M., Dahan, A., Kest, B., Zacny, J., Stijnen, T., Aarts, L., et al. (2010). Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. PAIN, 151(1), 61–68.

102. Miaskowski, C., & Levine, J. D. (1999). Does opioid analgesia show a gender preference for females? Pain Forum, 8(1), 34–44.

103. Gear, R. W., Miaskowski, C., Gordon, N. C., Paul, S. M., Heller, P. H., & Levine, J. D. (1996). Kappa–opioids produce significantly greater analgesia in women than in men [Abstract]. Nature Medicine, 2(11), 1248–1250.

104. Gear, R. W., Gordon, N. C., Heller, P. H., Paul, S., Miaskowski, C., & Levine, J. D. (1996). Gender difference in analgesic response to the kappa-opioid pentazocine [Abstract]. Neuroscience Letters, 205(3), 207–209.

105. Gear, R. W., Miaskowski, C., Gordon, N. C., Paul, S. M., Heller, P. H. & Levine, J. D. (1999). The kappa opioid nalbuphine produces gender- and dose-dependent analgesia and antianalgesia in patients with postoperative pain. PAIN, 83(2), 339–345.

106. J. Mogil (personal communication, April 5, 2012).

107. Mogil, J. S., Wilson, S. G., Chesler, E. J., Rankin, L., Nemmani, K. V. S., Lariviere, W. R., et al. (2003). The melanocortin-1 receptor gene mediates female-specific mechanisms of analgesia in mice and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100( 8), 4867–4872.

108. Smith, Y. R., Stohler, C. S., Nichols, T. E., Bueller, J. A., Koeppe, R. A., & Zubieta, J-K. (2006). Pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects of estradiol through endogenous opioid neurotransmission in women [Abstract]. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26(21), 5777–5785.

109. Niesters, M., Dahan, A., Kest, B., Zacny, J., Stijnen, T., Aarts, L., et al. (2010). Do sex differences exist in opioid analgesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of human experimental and clinical studies. PAIN, 151(1), 61–68.

CHAPTER 5

1. Schechter, N. L., & Allen, D. (1986). Physicians’ attitudes toward pain in children [Abstract]. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 7(6), 350–354.

2. Chamberlain, D. B. (1991, May). Babies don’t feel pain: A century of denial in medicine. Paper presented at the Second International Symposium on Circumcision, San Francisco, CA.

3. Swafford, L. I., & Allan, D. (1968). Pain relief in the pediatric patient. Medical Clinics of North America, 52(1), 133.

4. N. Schechter (personal communication, December 3, 2010).

5. C. Berde (personal communication, December 3, 2010).

6. J. Lawson (personal communication, December 2, 2010).

7. Lawson, J. R. (1988). Standards of practice and the pain of premature infants. Zero to Three/The Bulletin of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, 9(2), 1–5.

8. Eland, J. M., & Anderson, M. J. (1977). The experience of pain in children. In A. Jacox (Ed.), Pain: A sourcebook for nurses and other health professionals (pp. 453–476). Boston: Little, Brown, & Company.

9. Asprey, J. R. (1994). Postoperative analgesic prescription and administration in a pediatric population [Abstract]. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 9(3), 150–157.

10. Perry, S., & Heidrich, G. (1982). Management of pain during debridement: A survey of US burn units [Abstract]. PAIN, 13(3), 267–280.

11. Beyer, J. E., DeGood, D. E., Ashley, L. C., & Russell, G. A. (1983). Patterns of postoperative analgesic use with adults and children following cardiac surgery [Abstract]. PAIN, 17(1), 71–81.

12. Mather, L., & Mackie, J. (1983). The incidence of postoperative pain in children [Abstract]. PAIN, 15(3), 271–282.

13. Schechter, N. L., Allen, D. A., & Hanson, K. (1986). Status of pediatric pain control: A comparison of hospital analgesic usage in children and adults [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 77(1), 11–15.

14. Fitzgerald, M., & Beggs, S. (2001). The neurobiology of pain: Developmental aspects [Abstract]. The Neuroscientist, 7(3), 246–257.

15. Fitzgerald, M., Millard, C., & McIntosh, N. (1989). Cutaneous hypersensitivity following peripheral tissue damage in newborn infants and its reversal with topical anaesthesia [Abstract]. PAIN, 39(1), 31–36.

16. Slater, R., Fabrizi, L., Worley, A., Meek, J., Boyd, S., & Fitzgerald, M. (2010). Premature infants display increased noxious-evoked neuronal activity in the brain compared to healthy age-matched term-born infants [Abstract]. NeuroImage, 52(2), 583–589.

17. Slater, R., Worley, A., Fabrizi, L., Roberts, S., Meek, J., Boyd, S., et al. (2010). Evoked potentials generated by noxious stimulation in the human infant brain [Abstract]. European Journal of Pain, 14(3), 321–326.

18. Andrews, K., & Fitzgerald, M. (1994). The cutaneous withdrawal reflex in human neonates: Sensitization, receptive fields, and the effects of contralateral stimulation [Abstract]. PAIN, 56(1), 95–101.

19. Fitzgerald, M., & Jennings, E. (1999). The postnatal development of spinal sensory processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(14), 7719–7722.

20. Marsh, D., Dickenson, A., Hatch, D., & Fitzgerald, M. (1999). Epidural opioid analgesia in infant rats II: Responses to carrageenan and capsaicin. PAIN, 82(1), 33–38.

21. Fitzgerald, M. (1991). Development of pain mechanisms. British Medical Bulletin, 47(3), 667–675.

22. Fitzgerald, M., & Walker, S. M. (2009). Infant pain management: A developmental neurobiological approach. Nature Clinical Practice: Neurology, 5(1), 35–50.

23. Anand, K. J. S., & Hickey, P. R. (1987). Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(21), 1323.

24. Anand, K. J. S. (2001). Consensus statement for the prevention and management of pain in the newborn [Abstract]. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 155(2), 173–180.

25. Anand, K. J. S. (1998). Clinical importance of pain and stress in preterm neonates [Abstract]. Biology of the Neonate, 73(1), 1–9.

26. Anand, K. J., & Carr, D. B. (1989). The neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry of pain, stress, and analgesia in newborns and children [Abstract]. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 36(4), 795–822.

27. Anand, K., Hall, R., Desai, N., Shephard, B., Bergqvist, L. L., Young, T. E., et al. (2004). Effects of morphine analgesia in ventilated preterm neonates: Primary outcomes from the NEOPAIN randomised trial. The Lancet, 363(9422), 1673–1682.

28. Anand, K. J. S., Aranda, J. V., Berde, C. B., Buckman, S. A., Capparelli, E. V., Carlo, W., et al. (2006). Summary proceedings from the neonatal pain-control group [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 117(3), S9–S22.

29. Anand, K., Johnston, C. C., Oberlander, T. F., Taddio, A., Tutag Lehr, V., & Walco, G. A. (2005). Analgesia and local anesthesia during invasive procedures in the neonate [Abstract]. Clinical Therapeutics, 27(6), 844–876.

30. Carbajal, R., & Anand, K. (2008). Prevention of pain in neonates [Reply]. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(19), 2248–2249.

31. Fabrizi, L., Slater, R., Worley, A., Meek, J., Boyd, S., Olhede, S., & Fitzgerald, M. (2011). A shift in sensory processing that enables the developing human brain to discriminate touch from pain. Current Biology, 21(18), 1552–1558.

32. Johnston, C. (2010). From the mouths of babes: What have we learned from studies of pain in neonates? Paper presented at the International Association of Pain’s 13th World Congress on Pain, Montreal, Canada.

33. Fitzgerald, M., & Koltzenburg, M. (1986). The functional development of descending inhibitory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the newborn rat spinal cord [Abstract]. Developmental Brain Research, 24(1–2), 261–270.

34. Anand, K. J. S., & Hickey, P. R. (1987). Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(21), 1321–1329.

35. Csontos, K., Rust, M., Hollt, V., Mahr, W., Kromer, W., & Teschemacher, H. J. (1979). Elevated plasma beta-endorphin levels in pregnant women and their neonates. Life Sciences, 25(10), 835–844.

36. Gautray, J. P., Jolivet, A., Viehl, J. P., & Guillemin, R. (1977). Presence of immunoassayable beta-endorphin in human amniotic fluid: Elevation in cases of fetal distress. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 129(2), 211–212.

37. Emde, R. N, Harmon, R. J., Metcalf, D., Koenig, K. L., & Wagonfeld, S. (1971). Stress and neonatal sleep [Abstract]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 33(6), 491–497.

38. Talbert, L. M., Kraybill, E. N., & Potter, H. D. (1976). Adrenal cortical response to circumcision in the neonate [Abstract]. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 48(2), 208–210.

39. Williamson, P. S., & Williamson, M. L. (1983). Physiologic stress reduction by a local anesthetic during newborn circumcision. Pediatrics, 71(1), 36–40.

40. Taddio, A., Katz, J., Ilersich, A. L., & Koren, G. (1997). Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination [Abstract]. The Lancet, 349(9052), 599–603.

41. Taddio, A., Stevens, B., Craig, K., Rastogi, P., Ben-David, S., Shennan, A., et al. (1997). Efficacy and safety of lidocaine–prilocaine cream for pain during circumcision [Abstract]. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(17), 1197–1201.

42. Weisman, S. J., Bernstein, B., & Schechter, N. L. (1998). Consequences of inadequate analgesia during painful procedures in children [Abstract]. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 152(2), 147–149.

43. Zeltzer, L. K., & Krane, E. J. (2011). Pediatric pain management. In R. M. Kliegman, R. E. Behrmen, B. F. Stanton, N. Schor, & J. St. Geme (Eds.), Nelson’s textbook of pediatrics (19th ed., p. 7). New York: Elsevier.

44. Anand, K. J., Sippell, W. G., & Aynsley-Green, A. (1987). Randomised trial of fentanyl anaesthesia in preterm babies undergoing surgery: Effects on the stress response. [Abstract]. The Lancet, 1(8524), 62–66.

45. Anand, K. J. S., Carr, D. B., & Mickey, P. R. (1987). Randomised trial of high-dose sufentanil anesthesia in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery: Hormonal and hemodynamic stress responses [Abstract]. Anesthesiology, 67(3), A501.

46. Berde, C. B., & Sethna, N. F. (2002). Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(14), 1094–1103.

47. Cohen, M. M., Cameron, C. B., & Duncan, P. G. (1990). Pediatric anesthesia morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period [Abstract]. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 70(2), 160–167.

48. Zeltzer, L. K., & Krane, E. J. (2011). Pediatric pain management. In R. M. Kliegman, R. E. Behrmen, B. F. Stanton, N. Schor, & J. St. Geme (Eds.), Nelson’s textbook of pediatrics (19th ed., p. 5). New York: Elsevier.

49. Berde, C. B., & Sethna, N. F. (2002). Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(14), 1094–1103.

50. Anand, K. J. S., & Arnold, J. H. (1994). Opioid tolerance and dependence in infants and children [Abstract]. Critical Care Medicine, 22(2), 334–342.

51. Suresh, S., & Anand, K. J. S. (1998). Opioid tolerance in neonates: Mechanisms, diagnosis, assessment, and management [Abstract]. Seminars in Perinatology, 22(5), 425–433.

52. Berde, C. B., Lehn, B. M., Yee, J. D., Sethna, N. F., & Russo, D. (1991). Patient-controlled analgesia in children and adolescents: A randomized, prospective comparison with intramuscular administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia [Abstract]. The Journal of Pediatrics, 118(3), 460–466.

53. Berde, C. B., Lehn, B. M., Yee, J. D., Sethna, N. F., & Russo, D. (1991). Patient-controlled analgesia in children and adolescents: A randomized, prospective comparison with intramuscular administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia [Abstract]. The Journal of Pediatrics, 118(3), 460–466.

54. Zeltzer, L. K., & Krane, E. J. (2011). Pediatric pain management. In R. M. Kliegman, R. E. Behrmen, B. F. Stanton, N. Schor, & J. St. Geme (Eds.), Nelson’s textbook of pediatrics (19th ed., p. 8). New York: Elsevier.

55. Zeltzer, L. K., & Krane, E. J. (2011). Pediatric pain management. In R. M. Kliegman, R. E. Behrmen, B. F. Stanton, N. Schor, & J. St. Geme (Eds.), Nelson’s textbook of pediatrics (19th ed., p. 8). New York: Elsevier.

56. Johnston, C. (2010). From the mouths of babes: What have we learned from studies of pain in neonates? Paper presented at the International Association of Pain’s 13th World Congress on Pain, Montreal, Canada.

57. Barr, R. G., Pantel, M. S., Young, S. N., Wright, J. H., Hendricks, L. A., & Gravel, R. (1999). The response of crying newborns to sucrose: Is it a “sweetness” effect? Physiology & Behavior, 66(3), 409–417.

58. Stevens, B., Yamada, J., & Ohlsson, A. (2010). Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures [Review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010(1), CD001069.

59. Akman, I. (2002). Sweet solutions and pacifiers for pain relief in newborn infants [Abstract]. The Journal of Pain, 3(3), 199–202.

60. Barr, R. G., Young, S. N., Wright, J. H., Gravel, R., & Alkawaf, R. (1999). Differential calming responses to sucrose taste in crying infants with and without colic [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 103(5), e68.

61. Johnston, C. (2010). From the mouths of babes: What have we learned from studies of pain in neonates? Paper presented at the International Association of Pain’s 13th World Congress on Pain, Montreal, Canada.

62. Slater, R., Cornelissen, L., Fabrizi, L., Patten, D., Yoxen, J., Worley, A., et al. (2010). Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: A randomised controlled trial [Abstract]. The Lancet, 376(9748), 1225–1232.

63. Johnston, C. (2010). From the mouths of babes: What have we learned from studies of pain in neonates? Paper presented at the International Association of Pain’s 13th World Congress on Pain, Montreal, Canada.

64. Carbajal, R., Chauvet, X., Couderc, S., & Olivier-Martin, M. (1999). Randomised trial of analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and pacifiers in term neonates. British Medical Journal, 319(7222), 1393–1397.

65. Gray, L., Miller, L. W., Philipp, B. L., & Blass, E. M. (2002). Breastfeeding is analgesic in healthy newborns [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 109(4), 590–593.

66. Carbajal, R., Veerapen, S., Couderc, S., Jugie, M., & Ville, Y. (2003). Analgesic effect of breast feeding in term neonates: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 326(7379), 1–5.

67. Johnston, C. C., Filion, F., Campbell-Yeo, M., Goulet, C., Bell, L., McNaughton, K., et al. (2009). Enhanced kangaroo mother care for heel lance in preterm neonates: A crossover trial [Abstract]. Journal of Perinatology, 29(1), 51–56.

68. Johnston, C. C., Filion, F., Campbell-Yeo, M., Goulet, C., Bell, L., McNaughton, K., et al. (2008). Kangaroo mother care diminishes pain from heel lance in very preterm neonates: A crossover trial. BMC Pediatrics, 8(1), 13.

69. Gray, L., Watt, L., & Blass, E. M. (2000). Skin-to-skin contact is analgesic in healthy newborns [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 105(1), e14.

70. Johnston, C. C., Abbott, F. V., Gray-Donald, K., & Jeans, M. E. (1992). A survey of pain in hospitalized patients aged 4–14 years [Abstract]. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 8(2), 154–163.

71. Jacob, E., & Puntillo, K. A. (2000). Variability of analgesic practices for hospitalized children on different pediatric specialty units [Abstract]. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 20(1), 59–67.

72. Ellis, J. A., O’Connor, B. V., Cappelli, M., Goodman, J. T., Blouin, R., & Reid, C. W. (2002). Pain in hospitalized pediatric patients: How are we doing? [Abstract]. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 18(4), 262–269.

73. Karling, M., RenströNewm, M., & Ljungman, G. (2002). Acute and postoperative pain in children: A Swedish nationwide survey [Abstract]. Acta Paediatrica, 91(6), 660–666.

74. Alexander, J., & Manno, M. (2003). Underuse of analgesia in very young pediatric patients with isolated painful injuries [Abstract]. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 41(5), 617–622.

75. Simons, S. H. P., van Dijk, M., Anand, K. S., Rooft hooft, D., van Lingen, R. A., & Tibboel, D. (2003). Do we still hurt newborn babies? A prospective study of procedural pain and analgesia in neonates [Abstract]. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157(11), 1058–1064.

76. Carbajal, R., Rousset, A., Danan, C., Coquery, S., Nolent, P., Ducrocq, S., et al. (2008). Epidemiology and treatment of painful procedures in neonates in intensive care units. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(1), 60–70.

77. Carbajal, R., Nguyen-Bourgain, C., & Armengaud, J. B. (2008). How can we improve pain relief in neonates? Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 8(11), 1617–1620.

78. Taylor, E. M., Boyer, K., & Campbell, F. A. (2008). Pain in hospitalized children: A prospective cross-sectional survey of pain prevalence, intensity, assessment and management in a Canadian pediatric teaching hospital. Pain Research & Management: The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society, 13(1), 25–32.

79. Harrison, D., Loughnan, P., & Johnston, L. (2006). Pain assessment and procedural pain management practices in neonatal units in Australia [Abstract]. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42(1-2), 6–9.

80. N. Schechter (personal communication, December 3, 2010).

81. Schechter, N. L., Allen, D. A., & Hanson, K. (1986). Status of pediatric pain control: A comparison of hospital analgesic usage in children and adults [Abstract]. Pediatrics, 77(1), 11–15.

82. Schechter, N. L., Zempsky, W. T., Cohen, L. L., McGrath, P. J., McMurtry, C. M., & Bright, N. S. (2007). Pain reduction during pediatric immunizations: Evidence-based review and recommendations. Pediatrics, 119(5), e1184–e1198.

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84. Schechter, N. L. (1989). The undertreatment of pain in children: An overview. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 36(4), 781–794.

85. Schechter, N. L. (2008). From the ouchless place to comfort central: The evolution of a concept. Pediatrics, 122(Supplement 3), S154–S160.

86. Harrison, D., Loughnan, P., & Johnston, L. (2006). Pain assessment and procedural pain management practices in neonatal units in Australia [Abstract]. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42(1-2), 6–9.

87. Wolfe, J., Grier, H. E., Klar, N., Levin, S. B., Ellenbogen, J. M., Salem-Schatz, S., et al. (2000). Symptoms and suffering at the end of life in children with cancer [Abstract]. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(5), 326–333.

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89. Schechter, N. L., Finley, G. A., Bright, N. S., Laycock, M., & Forgeron, P. (2010). ChildKind: A global initiative to reduce pain in children. Pediatric Pain Letter, 12(3), 26–30.

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28. Finniss, D. G., Kaptchuk, T. J., Miller, F., & Benedetti, F. (2010). Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects. The Lancet, 375(9715), 686–695.

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30. Kong, J., Kaptchuk, T. J., Polich, G., Kirsch, I., & Gollub, R. L. (2007). Placebo analgesia: Findings from brain imaging studies and emerging hypotheses. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 18(3–4), 173–190.

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38. Levine, J. D., Gordon, N. C., & Fields, H. L. (1978). The mechanism of placebo analgesia. The Lancet, 312(8091), 654–657.

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41. Wager, T. D., Scott, D. J., & Zubieta, J-K. (2007). Placebo effects on human μ-opioid activity during pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(26), 11056–11061.

42. Zubieta, J-K., Yau, W. Y., Scott, D. J., & Stohler, C. S. (2006). Belief or need? Accounting for individual variations in the neurochemistry of the placebo effect [Abstract]. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 20(1), 15–26.

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44. Benedetti, F., Arduino, C., & Amanzio, M. (1999). Somatotopic activation of opioid systems by target-directed expectations of analgesia [Abstract]. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(9), 3639–3648.

45. Pollo, A., Vighetti, S., Rainero, I., & Benedetti, F. (2003). Placebo analgesia and the heart. PAIN, 102(1), 125–133.

46. Benedetti, F., Amanzio, M., Rosato, R., & Blanchard, C. (2011). Nonopioid placebo analgesia is mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Nature Medicine, 17(10), 1228–1230.

47. Talkington, M. (2011, October). Endocannabinoids pitch in for placebo effect. Retrieved from http://www.painresearchforum.org/news/10072-endocannabinoids-pitch-placebo-effect?search_term=Endocannabinoids%2

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49. T. Kaptchuk (personal communication, February 18, 2011).

50. Ohayon, M. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2003). Using chronic pain to predict depressive morbidity in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(1), 39–47.

51. Elman, I., Zubieta, J-K., & Borsook, D. (2011). The missing P in psychiatric training: Why it is important to teach pain to psychiatrists. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(1), 12–20.

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61. Wasan, A. D., Sullivan, M. D., & Clark, M. R. (2010). Psychiatric illness, depression, anxiety, and somatoform pain disorders. In J. C. Ballantyne, J. P. Rathmell, and S. M. Fishman (Eds.), Bonica’s management of pain (4th ed., pp. 393–417). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.

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64. Kroenke, K. (2003). The interface between physical and psychological symptoms. The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 5(Supplement 7), 11–18.

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68. Wasan, A. D., Sullivan, M. D., & Clark, M. R. (2010). Psychiatric illness, depression, anxiety, and somatoform pain disorders. In J. C. Ballantyne, J. P. Rathmell, and S. M. Fishman (Eds.), Bonica’s management of pain (4th ed., pp. 393–417). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.

69. Bair, M. J., Robinson, R. L., Katon, W., & Kroenke, K. (2003). Depression and pain comorbidity: A literature review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(20), 2433–2445.

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138. Schmidt, S., Grossman, P., Schwarzer, B., Jena, S., Naumann, J., & Walach, H. (2011). Treating fibromyalgia with mindfulness-based stress reduction: Results from a 3-armed randomized controlled trial [Abstract]. PAIN, 152(2), 361–369.

139. Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., Gordon, N. S., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2011). Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(14), 5540–5548.

140. Zeidan, F., Gordon, N. S., Merchant, J., & Goolkasian, P. (2010). The effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on experimentally induced pain [Abstract]. The Journal of Pain, 11(3), 199–209.

141. Rosenzweig, S., Greeson, J. M., Reibel, D. K., Green, J. S., Jasser, S. A., & Beasley, D. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for chronic pain conditions: Variation in treatment outcomes and role of home meditation practice [Abstract]. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(1), 29–36.

142. Brown, C. A., & Jones, A. K. P. (2010). Meditation experience predicts less negative appraisal of pain: Electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of anticipatory neural responses [Abstract]. PAIN, 150(3), 428–438.

143. Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., et al. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 191(1), 36–43.

144. Gard, T., Holzel, B. K., Sack, A. T., Hempel, H., Lazar, S. W., Vaitl, D., et al. (2012). Pain attenuation through mindfulness is associated with decreased cognitive control and increased sensory processing in the brain. Cerebral Cortex, 22(11), 2692–2702.

145. S. Lazar (personal communication, April 10, 2012).

146. Patterson, D. R., & Jensen, M. P. (2003). Hypnosis and clinical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 495–521.

147. Barber, J. E. (1996). Hypnosis and suggestion in the treatment of pain: A clinical guide (p. 3). New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

148. Jensen, M. P., Ehde, D. M., Gertz, K. J., Stoelb, B. L., Dillworth, T. M., Hirsh, A. T., et al. (2011). Effects of self-hypnosis training and cognitive restructuring on daily pain intensity and catastrophizing in individuals with multiple sclerosis and chronic pain. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 59(1), 45–63.

149. Jensen, M. P., Barber, J., Romano, J. M., Hanley, M. A., Raichle, K. A., Molton, I. R., et al. (2009). Effects of self-hypnosis training and EMG biofeedback relaxation training on chronic pain in persons with spinal-cord injury. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 57(3), 239–268.

150. Zeltzer, L., & LeBaron, S. (1982). Hypnosis and nonhypnotic techniques for reduction of pain and anxiety during painful procedures in children and adolescents with cancer. The Journal of Pediatrics, 101(6), 1032–1035.

151. Patterson, D. R., & Jensen, M. P. (2003). Hypnosis and clinical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 495–521.

152. M. Jensen & D. Patterson (personal communication, February 2, 2010).

153. Jensen, M., McArthur, K., Barber, J., Hanley, M., Engel, J., Romano, J., et al. (2006). Satisfaction with, and the beneficial side effects of, hypnotic analgesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54(4), 432–447.

154. Prkachin, K. M., Solomon, P. E., & Ross, J. (2007). Underestimation of pain by health-care providers: Towards a model of the process of inferring pain in others [Abstract]. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 39(2), 88–106.

155. K. Prkachin (personal communication, October 20, 2010).

156. Austin, J. H. (2009). Selfless insight: Zen and the meditative transformations of consciousness (p. 213). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

157. Jamison, R. N. (2011). Nonspecific treatment effects in pain medicine. PAIN: Clinical Updates, 19(2), 1–7.

158. Jackson, P. L., Meltzoff, A. N., & Decety, J. (2005). How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. NeuroImage, 24(3), 771–779.

159. M. Loggia (personal communication, February 1, 2011).

160. Iacoboni, M., & Dapretto, M. (2006). The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction [Abstract]. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(12), 942–951.

161. Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., et al. (2005). Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders [Abstract]. Nature Neuroscience, 9(1), 28–30.

162. Iacoboni, M. (2009). Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 653–670.

163. Avenanti, A., Paluello, I. M., Bufalari, I., & Aglioti, S. M. (2006). Stimulus-driven modulation of motor-evoked potentials during observation of others’ pain [Abstract]. NeuroImage, 32(1), 316–324.

164. Avenanti, A., Bueti, D., Galati, G., & Aglioti, S. M. (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain [Abstract]. Nature Neuroscience, 8(7), 955–960.

165. Fecteau, S., Pascual-Leone, A., & Theoret, H. (2008). Psychopathy and the mirror neuron system: Preliminary findings from a non-psychiatric sample. Psychiatry Research, 160, 137–144.

166. Deyo, K. S., Prkachin, K. M., & Mercer, S. R. (2004). Development of sensitivity to facial expression of pain. PAIN, 107(1–2), 16–21.

167. Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006). Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1032–1039.

168. Loggia, M. L., Mogil, J. S., & Bushnell, M. C. (2008). Empathy hurts: Compassion for another increases both sensory and affective components of pain perception. PAIN, 136(1–2), 168–176.

169. Langford, D. J., Crager, S. E., Shehzad, Z., Smith, S. B., Sotocinal, S. G., Levenstadt, J. S., et al. (2006). Social modulation of pain as evidence for empathy in mice [Abstract]. Science, 312(5782), 1967–1970.

170. Thomson, H. (2010, March). We feel your pain: Extreme empaths. The New Scientist, (2751), 43–45.

171. Jackson, T., Iezzi, T., Chen, H., Ebnet, S., & Eglitis, K. (2005). Gender, interpersonal transactions, and the perception of pain: An experimental analysis [Abstract]. The Journal of Pain, 6(4), 228–236.

172. Keefe, F. J., & Somers, T. J. (2010). Psychological approaches to understanding and treating arthritis pain. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 6(4), 210–216.

173. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303(5661), 1157–1162.

174. Botvinick, M., Jha, A. P., Bylsma, L. M., Fabian, S. A., Solomon, P. E., & Prkachin, K. M. (2005). Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain. NeuroImage, 25(1), 312–319.

175. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2006). Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature, 439(7075), 466–469.

CHAPTER 7

1. H. Neizer (personal communication, October 2009).

2. Fishbain, D. A., Cole, B., Lewis, J., Rosomoff, H. L., & Rosomoff, R. S. (2008). What percentage of chronic nonmalignant pain patients exposed to chronic opioid analgesic therapy develop abuse/addiction and/or aberrant drug-related behaviors? A structured evidence-based review. Pain Medicine, 9(4), 444–459.

3. L. Webster (personal communication, February 26, 2011).

4. Szalavitz, M. (2011, November 2). Are doctors really to blame for the overdose epidemic? [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://healthland.time.com/2011/11/02/are-doctors-really-to-blame-for-the-overdose-epidemic

5. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (p. S-3). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

6. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 3–28). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

7. A. Paolitto (personal communication, October 8, 2012).

8. A. Kolodny (personal communication, October 5, 2012).

9. A. Kolodny (personal communication, March 26, 2013).

10. Orlando Business Journal. (2004, February 27). Orlando Sentinel reporter resigns, two editors reassigned in OxyContin story fallout. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/2004/02/23/daily37.html

11. Libby, R. T. (2005, June 16). Treating doctors as drug dealers: The DEA’s war on prescription painkillers. Policy Analysis, (545), 1–27. Retrieved from http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa545.pdf

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2011, November). Prescription painkiller overdoses in the US. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/VitalSigns/pdf/2011-11-vitalsigns.pdf.

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2011, November). Policy impact: Prescription painkiller overdoses. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/rxbrief

14. Paulozzi, L., Jones, C. M., Mack, K. A., & Rudd, R. A. (2011). Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers—United States, 1999–2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(43), 1487–1492.

15. Warner, M., Chen, L. H., Makuc, D. M., Anderson, R. N., & Minino, A. M. (2011, December). Drug poisoning deaths in the United States, 1980–2008 [NCHS Data Brief, No. 81]. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db81.pdf

16. M. Von Korff (personal communication, October 5, 2012).

17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Prescription painkiller overdoses in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/Features/VitalSigns/PainkillerOverdoses

18. Patrick, S. W., Schumacher, R. E., Benneyworth, B. D., Krans, E. E., McAllister, J. M., & Davis, M. M. (2012). Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures—United States 2000–2009. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307(18), 1934–1040.

19. CNNMoney.com. (2007, July 20). Purdue in $634 million settlement over OxyContin [Press release]. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2007/07/20/news/companies/purdue/index.htm

20. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011, April 5). Analysis of opioid prescription practices finds area of concern [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2011/04/analysis-opioid-prescription-practices-finds-areas-concern

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2011, November). Policy impact: Prescription painkiller overdoses [Issue brief]. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/rxbrief

22. Paulozzi, L., Jones, C. M., Mack, K. A., & Rudd, R. A. (2011). Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers—United States, 1999–2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(43), 1487–1492.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER. (2013, February). Pharmaceutical overdose deaths, US, 2010. Retrieved from http://wonder.cdc.gov

24. C. Lenard (personal communication, March 27, 2013).

25. Adhikari, B., Kahende, J., Malarcher, A., Pechacek, T., & Tong, V. (2008). Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses—United States, 2000–2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(45), 1226–1228.

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Alcohol and public health: Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI)—Average for United States 2001–2005—Alcohol-attributable deaths due to excessive alcohol use. Retrieved from http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DACH_ARDI/default/default.aspx

27. Lanza, F. L., Chan, F. K. L., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2009). Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 104, 728–738.

28. Wiegand, T. J., Wax, P. M., Schwartz, T., Finkelstein, Y., Gorodetsky, R., Brent, J., et al. (2012). The Toxicology Investigators Consortium case registry—the 2011 experience. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 8(4), 360–377.

29. Cave, D., & Schmidt, M. S. (2012, July 17). Rise in pill abuse forces new look at U.S. drug fight. The New York Times, p. A1.

30. Global Commission on Drug Policy. (2011, June). War on Drugs: Report of the Global Commission on Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/wp-content/themes/gcdp_v1/pdf/Global_Commission_Report_English.pdf

31. Katz, J. M. (2011, June 2). Commission declares drug war failure, urges legalization. The Boston Globe, p. A6.

32. Brown, D. (2001, April 2). Nuclear power is safest way to make electricity, according to study. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/nuclear-power-is-safest-way-to-make-electricity-according-to-2007-study/2011/03/22/AFQUbyQC_story.html

33. Ropeik, D. (2011). How risky is it, really? Why our fears don’t always match the facts (pp. 26–261). New York: McGraw-Hill.

34. Brooks, D. (2011). The social animal: The hidden sources of love, character, and achievement (p. x). New York: Random House.

35. Catan, T., Barrett, D., & Martin, T. W. (2012, October 5). Prescription for addiction [Saturday essay]. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444223104578036933277566700.html

36. Ballantyne, J. C. (2009). U.S. opioid risk management initiatives. PAIN: Clinical Updates, 17(6), 1–5.

37. R. Twillman (personal communication, June 1, 2011).

38. Paul, R. (2004, April 19). The federal war on pain relief [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.ronpaularchive.com/2004/04/the-federal-war-on-pain-relief/

39. Musto, D. F. (1999). The American disease: Origins of narcotic control (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

40. Ballantyne, J. C. & Shin, N. S. (2008). Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: A review of the evidence. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 24(6), 469–478.

41. Ballantyne, J. C. (2009). U.S. opioid risk management initiatives. PAIN: Clinical Updates, 17(6), 1–5.

42. Zogenix. (2012, May 2). NDA submitted for Zohydro [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/nda/zohydro_120502.html

43. CBC News Canada. (2011, December 26). More powerful painkiller coming: Hydrocodone raises fears of abuse. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2011/12/26/hydrocodone-painkiller-abuse.html

44. Eban, K. (2011). Painful medicine: What the strange saga of Purdue Pharma—and its $3 billion drug, OxyContin—tells us about our national dependence on painkillers. Fortune, 164(8), 144.

45. CBC News Canada. (2012, March 8). OxyContin marketing blamed for addiction epidemic. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/03/08/oxycontin-marketing.html

46. Meier, B. (2007, May 10). In guilty plea, OxyContin maker to pay $600 million. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/business/11drug-web.html?pagewanted=all

47. Purdue Pharma. (2007, May 10). Statement of Purdue Pharma regarding resolution of the federal investigation in the western district of Virginia [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.evaluatepharma.com/Universal/View.aspx?type=Story&id=126370

48. CNNMoney.com. (2007, July 20). Purdue in $634 million settlement over OxyContin [Press release]. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2007/07/20/news/companies/purdue/index.htm

49. IMS HEALTH. (n.d.). Top U.S. pharmaceutical products by spending. Retrieved from http://www.imshealth.com/ims/Global/Content/Corporate/Press%20Room/Top-Line%20Market%20Data%20&%20Trends/2011%20Top-line%20Market%20Data/Top_Products_by_Sales.pdf

50. Ornstein, C., & Weber, T. (2012, May 8). American Pain Foundation shuts down as senators launch investigation of prescription narcotics. Retrieved from http://www.propublica.org/article/senate-panel-investigates-drug-company-ties-to-pain-groups

51. American Pain Foundation. (2010). 2010 Annual Report (p. 16). Retrieved from http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/277604/apf-2010-annual-report.pdf.

52. Ballantyne, J. (2011). Pain medicine: Repairing a fractured dream. Anesthesiology, 114(2), 243–246.

53. IMS Health. (n.d.). Top therapeutic classes by U.S. dispensed prescription. Retrieved from http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/ims/Global/Content/Corporate/Press%20Room/Top-Line%20Market%20Data%20&%20Trends/2011%20Top-line%20Market%20Data/Top_Therapy_Classes_by_RX.pdf

54. Ballantyne, J. C. (2009). U.S. opioid risk management initiatives [Table 1: Summary of U.S. retail drug purchases, 1997–2005]. PAIN: Clinical Updates, 17(6), 2.

55. IMS Health. (n.d.). Top therapeutic classes by U.S. dispensed prescription. Retrieved from http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/ims/Global/Content/Corporate/Press%20Room/Top-Line%20Market%20Data%20&%20Trends/2011%20Top-line%20Market%20Data/Top_Therapy_Classes_by_RX.pdf

56. B. Linton (personal communication, March 27, 2013).

57. K. Bush (personal communication, April 25, 2011).

58. R. Twillman (personal communication, June 1, 2011).

59. Department of Defense. (2010, January 5). Department of Defense announces results of 2008 health related behaviors survey [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.rti.org/newsroom/news.cfm?objectid=9E651A68-5056-B172-B873C3640C367541

60. Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2011, April 19). Obama administration releases action plan to address national prescription drug abuse epidemic; Announces FDA action requiring drug makers to develop education program for prescribers about safe use of opioids [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr041911.html

61. D. E. Hoffmann (personal communication, October 5, 2010).

62. Hoffmann, D. (2008). Treating pain v. reducing drug diversion and abuse: Recalibrating the balance in our drug control laws and policies. St. Louis University Journal of Health Law and Policy, 1(2), 256.

63. Executive Office of the President of the United States. (2011). Epidemic: Responding to America’s prescription drug abuse crisis (p. 5). Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/issues-content/prescription-drugs/rx_abuse_plan_0.pdf

64. Valencia, M. J. (2011, March 4). Doctor indicted in 6 drug fatalities. The Boston Globe, pp. A1, A9.

65. Van Zeller, M. (2009, October 15). The OxyContin express [Webisode]. Vanguard. Retrieved from http://current.com/groups/vanguard-theoxycontin-express

66. Anderson, C. (2011, April 20). Deadly abuse puts focus on “pill mills.” The Boston Globe. Retrieved from http://articles.boston.com/2011-04-20/news/29451932_1_cocaine-deaths-oxycodone-pills-prescription-drugs

67. LaMendola, B., & Campbell, A. (2011, February 23). Feds, police raid 11 south Florida pill mills. The South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved from http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-02-23/health/fl-pill-mill-raids-20110223_1_pain-clinics-pill-mills-pain-pill

68. United States Drug Enforcement Administration. (2011, October 28). DEA administrator, attorney general announce enforcement efforts against illegal prescription drug distributors in Florida [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr102811.html

69. Hoffmann, D. (2008). Treating pain v. reducing drug diversion and abuse: Recalibrating the balance in our drug control laws and policies. St. Louis University Journal of Health Law and Policy, 1(2), 256.

70. B. L. Carreno (personal communication, April 11, 2011).

71. Richard, J., & Reidenberg, M. M. (2005). The risk of disciplinary action by state medical boards against physicians prescribing opioids. Journal of Medical Licensure and Discipline, 91(2), 14–19.

72. Goldenbaum, D. M., Christopher, M., Gallagher, R. M., Fishman, S., Payne, R., Joranson, D., et al. (2008). Physicians charged with opioid analgesic-prescribing offenses. Pain Medicine, 9(6), 737–747.

73. Center for Practical Bioethics, National Association of Attorneys General, & Federation of State Medical Boards. (2008, September 9). Few physicians actually tried or sanctioned for improperly prescribing pain medications [Press release]. Retrieved from http://drugcontrol.flgov.com/pdmp/documents/Few_physicians_tried_or_sanctioned.pdf

74. Hoffmann, D. (2008). Treating pain v. reducing drug diversion and abuse: Recalibrating the balance in our drug control laws and policies. St. Louis University Journal of Health Law and Policy, 1(2), 231–309.

75. R. Sauber (personal communication, February 23, 2011).

76. L. Webster (personal communication, February 17, 2011).

77. L. Webster (personal communication, May 25, 2011).

78. J. Dahl (personal communication, March 19, 2013).

79. Bates, C., Laciak, R., Southwick, A., & Bishoff, J. (2011). Overprescription of postoperative narcotics: A look at postoperative pain medication delivery, consumption and disposal in urological practice. The Journal of Urology, 185(2), 551–555.

80. Kehlet, H. (2005). Postoperative opioid sparing to hasten recovery: What are the issues? Anesthesiology, 102(6), 1083–1085.

81. Kehlet, H., Rung, G. W., & Callesen, T. (1996). Postoperative opioid analgesia: Time for a reconsideration? Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 8(6), 441–445.

82. Von Korff, M. R. (2010, May). Trends and risks of chronic opioid therapy among the elderly. Paper presented at the 5th Annual NIH Pain Consortium Symposium, Washington, DC.

83. M. Von Korff (personal communication, February 23, 2011).

84. C. Stencel (personal communication, March 27, 2012).

85. Portenoy, R. K., Ugarte, C., Fuller, I., & Haas, G. (2004). Population-based survey of pain in the United States: Differences among White, African-American, and Hispanic subjects. The Journal of Pain, 5(6), 317–328.

86. The Mayday Fund. (2009). A call to revolutionize chronic pain care in America: An opportunity in health care reform. Retrieved from http://www.maydaypainreport.org/docs/A%20Call%20to%20Revolutionize%20Chronic%20Pain%20Care%20in%20America%2003.04.10.pdf

87. Shi Q., Langer, G., Cohen, J., & Cleeland, C. S. (2007). People in pain: How do they seek relief? The Journal of Pain, 8(8), 624–636.

88. Nwokeji, E., Rascati, K., Brown, C., & Eisenberg, A. (2007). Influences of attitudes on family physicians’ willingness to prescribe long-acting opioid analgesics for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Clinical Therapeutics, 29(11), 2589–2602.

89. Quill, T. E., & Meier, D. (2006). The big chill—inserting the DEA into end-of-life care [Perspective]. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1–3.

90. Cherny, N. I., Baselga, J., de Conno, F., & Radbruch, L. (2010). Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in Europe: A report from the ESMO/EAPC opioid policy initiative. Annals of Oncology, 21(3), 615–626.

91. Human Rights Watch. (2009, March). “Please do not make us suffer anymore …”: Access to pain treatment as a human right. Retrieved from www.hrw.org/en/node/81079/section/3

92. Human Rights Watch. (2009, October). Unbearable pain: India’s obligation to ensure palliative care. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/health1009web.pdf

93. World Health Organization. (2009, February). World Health Organization Briefing Note—February 2009: Access to controlled medications programme. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/ACMP_BrNoteGenrl_EN_Feb09.pdf

94. Cleary, J. F., Hutson, P., & Joranson, D. (2010). Access to therapeutic opioid medications in Europe by 2011? Fifty years on from the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs [Editorial]. Palliative Medicine, 24(2), 109–110.

95. Human Rights Watch. (2009, March). “Please do not make us suffer anymore …”: Access to pain treatment as a human right. Retrieved from www.hrw.org/en/node/81079/section/3

96. Chapman, C. R., Lipschitz, D. L., Angst, M. S., Chou, R., Densico, R. C., Donaldson, G. W., et al. (2010). Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the United States: A research guideline for developing an evidence-base [Opioid pharmacotherapy research guideline]. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 810.

97. Ross, E. L., Holcomb, C., & Jamison, R. N. (2009). Addressing abuse and misuse of opioid analgesics. Drug Benefit Trends, 21(2), 54–63.

98. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (p. GL–1). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

99. American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2011, April 12). Public policy statement: Definition of addiction. Retrieved from http://www.asam.org/for-the-public/definition-of-addiction

100. American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2011, August 15). ASAM releases new definition of addiction [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-08/asoa-arn072111.php

101. Szalavitz, M. (2011, August 16). Why the new definition of addiction, as “brain disease,” falls short. Time. Retrieved from http://healthland.time.com/2011/08/16/why-the-new-definition-of-addiction-as-brain-disease-falls-short

102. J. Dahl (personal communication, March 17, 2013).

103. Ballantyne, J. C., Sullivan, M. D., & Kolodny, A. (2012). Opioid dependence vs addiction: A distinction without a difference? Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(17),1342–1343.

104. A. Kolodny (personal communication, October 5, 2012).

105. M. Maglio (personal communication, March 23, 2010)

106. R. Portenoy (personal communication, March 9, 2011).

107. R. Portenoy (personal communication, September 10, 2009).

108. H. Heit (personal communication, March 1, 2011).

109. L. Webster (personal communication, May 17, 2012).

110. Gelernter, J., Panhuysen, C., Wilcox, M., Hesselbrock, V., Rounsaville, B., Poling, J., et al. (2006). Genomewide linkage scan for opioid dependence and related traits. American Journal of Human Genetics, 78(5), 759–769.

111. L. Webster (personal communication, March 4, 2011).

112. S. Simson (personal communication, May 24, 2012).

113. Minozzi, S., Amato, L., & Davoli, M. (2013). Development of dependence following treatment with opioid analgesics for pain relief: A systematic review. Addiction 108(4), 688–698.

114. Fishbain, D. A., Rosomoff, H. L., & Rosomoff, R. S. (1992). Drug abuse, dependence, and addiction in chronic pain patients. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 8(2), 77–85.

115. Fishbain, D. A., Cole, B., Lewis, J., Rosomoff, H. L., & Rosomoff, R. S. (2008). What percentage of chronic nonmalignant pain patients exposed to chronic opioid analgesic therapy develop abuse/addiction and/or aberrant drug-related behaviors? A structured evidence-based review. Pain Medicine, 9(4), 444–459.

116. Webster, L. R., & Webster, R. M. (2005). Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: Preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Medicine, 6(6), 432–442.

117. Fleming, M. F., Balousek, S. L., Klessig, C. L., Mundt, M. P., & Brown, D. D. (2007). Substance use disorders in a primary care sample receiving daily opioid therapy. The Journal of Pain, 8(7), 573–582.

118. Chapman, C. R., Lipschitz, D. L., Angst, M. S., Chou, R., Densico, R. C., Donaldson, G. W., et al. (2010). Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the United States: A research guideline for developing an evidence-base [Opioid pharmacotherapy research guideline]. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 810.

119. Noble, M., Treadwell, J. R., Tregear, S. J., Coates, V. H., Wiffen, P. J., Akafomo, C., et al. (2010). Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain [Intervention review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010(1), CD006605.

120. Banta-Green, C. J., Merrill, J. O., Doyle, S. R., Boudreau, D. M., & Calsyn, D. A. (2009). Opioid use behaviors, mental health and pain—development of a typology of chronic pain patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 104(1–2), 34–42.

121. M. Von Korff (personal communication, February 28, 2011).

122. Kauffman, J. F. (2011). Strategies for managing pain & opioid dependence [PowerPoint slides]. Copy in possession of author.

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124. Von Korff, M. (2010). Commentary on Boscarino et al. (2010): Understanding the spectrum of opioid abuse, misuse and harms among chronic opioid therapy patients. Addiction, 105(10), 1783–1784.

125. Wasan, A., Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Benoit, C., Fernandez, K., & Jamison, R. N. (2007). Psychiatric history and psychologic adjustment as risk factors for aberrant drug-related behavior among patients with chronic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 23(4), 307–315.

126. Jamison, R. N., Ross, E. L., Michna, E., Chen, L. Q., Holcomb, C., & Wasan A. D. (2010). Substance misuse treatment for high-risk chronic pain patients on opioid therapy: A randomized trial. PAIN, 150(3), 390–400.

127. Jamison, R. N., Link, C. L., & Marceau, L. D. (2009). Do pain patients at high risk for substance misuse experience more pain? A longitudinal outcomes study. Pain Medicine, 10(6), 1084–1094.

128. Von Korff, M. (2010). Commentary on Boscarino et al. (2010): Understanding the spectrum of opioid abuse, misuse and harms among chronic opioid therapy patients. Addiction, 105(10), 1783–1784.

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130. Foreman, J. (2008, September 15). When pain arrives and help does not. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from http://judyforeman.com/columns/when-pain-arrives-and-help-does-not

131. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011, April 5). Analysis of opioid prescription practices finds areas of concern [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2011/04/analysis-opioid-prescription-practices-finds-areas-concern

132. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2011, November). Policy impact: Prescription painkiller overdoses. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/rxbrief

133. U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center. (2010, February). National drug threat assessment 2010 [Executive summary]. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs38/38661/execSum.htm

134. Chapman, C. R., Lipschitz, D. L., Angst, M. S., Chou, R., Densico, R. C., Donaldson, G. W., et al. (2010). Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the United States: A research guideline for developing an evidence-base [Opioid pharmacotherapy research guideline]. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 810.

135. Dunn, K. M., Saunders, K. W., Rutter, C. M., Banta-Green, C. J., Merrill, J. O., Sullivan, M. D., et al. (2010). Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152, 85–92.

136. Bohnert, A. S. B., Valenstein, M., Bair, M. J., Ganoczy, D., McCarthy, J. F., Ilgen, M. A., et al. (2011). Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid overdose-related deaths. Journal of the American Medical Association, 305(13), 1315–1321.

137. Gomes, T., Mamdani, M. M., Dhalla, I. A., Paterson, J. M., & Juurlink, D. N. (2011). Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(7), 686–691.

138. Hall, A. J., Logan, J. E., Toblin, R. L., Kaplan, J. A., Kraner, J. C., Bixler, D., et al. (2008). Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(22), 2613–2620.

139. Arria, A. M., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., & O’ Grady, K. E. (2001). Prescription analgesic use among young adults: Adherence to physician instructions and diversion. Pain Medicine, 12(6), 898–903.

140. Cruciani, R., Fine, P., & January, C. (2010, May 8). Methadone prescribing: Everything you wanted to know but were afraid to ask. Paper presented at the 29th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Pain Society Meeting, Baltimore, MD.

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142. H. Heit (personal communication, May 18, 2012).

143. D. Carr (personal communication, April 23, 2012).

144. L. Webster (personal communication, May 17, 2012).

145. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2006, November 27). Public health advisory: Methadone use for pain control may result in death and life-threatening changes in breathing and heart beat [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/PublicH

146. J. Kauffman (personal communication, February 23, 2011).

147. Seattle Times staff. (2012, April 16). Seattle Times methadone investigation wins Pulitzer Prize. The Seattle Times. Retrieved from http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2017994882_pulitzer17m.html

148. Chapman, C. R., Lipschitz, D. L., Angst, M. S., Chou, R., Densico, R. C., Donaldson, G. W., et al. (2010). Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the United States: A research guideline for developing an evidence-base [Opioid pharmacotherapy research guideline]. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 807–829.

149. J. Dahl (personal communication, March 17, 2013).

150. Saunders, K. W., Dunn, K. M., Merrill, J. O., Sullivan, M., Weisner, C., Braden, J. B., et al. (2010). Relationship of opioid use and dosage levels to fractures in older chronic pain patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(4), 310–315.

151. National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2011). Fast facts. Retrieved from http://www.nof.org/node/40

152. Rajagopal, A., Vassilopoulou-Sellin, R., Palmer, J. L., Kaur, G., & Bruera, E. (2003). Hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction in male cancer survivors receiving chronic opioid therapy. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 26(5), 1055–1061.

153. Rubinstein, A., Carpenter, D. M., & Minkoff, J. (2013). Hypogonadism in men with chronic pain linked to the use of long-acting rather than short-acting opioids. The Clinical Journal of Pain. Advance online publication. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/clinicalpain/Abstract/publishahead/Hypogonadism_in_Men_With_Chronic_Pain_Linked_to.99660.aspx

154. J. Dahl (personal communication, March 17, 2013).

155. Katz, M. H. (2010). Long-term opioid treatment of nonmalignant pain: A believer loses his faith [Editorial]. Archives of General Medicine, 170(16), 1422–1423.

156. Von Korff, M. (2010). Commentary on Boscarino et al. (2010): Under-standing the spectrum of opioid abuse, misuse and harms among chronic opioid therapy patients. Addiction, 105(10), 1783–1784.

157. Chapman, C. R., Lipschitz, D. L., Angst, M. S., Chou, R., Densico, R. C., Donaldson, G. W., et al. (2010). Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the United States: A research guideline for developing an evidence-base [Opioid pharmacotherapy research guideline]. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 807–829.

158. Chu, L. F., Angst, M. S., & Clark, D. (2008). Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans: Molecular mechanisms and clinical considerations [Special topic series]. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 24(6), 479–496.

159. L. Watkins (personal communication, October 28, 2009).

160. Chu, L. F., Angst, M. S., & Clark, D. (2008). Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans: Molecular mechanisms and clinical considerations [Special topic series]. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 24(6), 479–496.

161. US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010, September). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of national findings (HHS Publication No. SMA 10-4586 Findings). Retrieved from http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/2k9ResultsP.pdf

162. United States Drug Enforcement Administration. (2012, September 25). DEA holds its fifth prescription drug take-back day September 29 as public participation continues to rise [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/divisions/hq/2012/hq092512.shtml

163. Smarxt Disposal. (n.d.). Smarxt disposal: A prescription for a healthy planet. Retrieved from www.smarxtdisposal.net/index.html

164. Inciardi, J. A., Surratt, H. L., Kurtz, S. P., & Cicero, T. J. (2007). Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club- and street-based populations. Pain Medicine, 8(2), 171–183.

165. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research (pp. 2–26). Prepublication copy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

166. Fisch, M. J., Lee, J-W., Weiss, M., Wagner, L. I., Chang, V. T., Cella, D., et al. (2012). Prospective, observational study of pain and analgesic prescribing in medical oncology outpatients with breast, colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(16), 1980–1988.

167. Ackerman, T. (2012, April 19). Pain treatment lacking for a third of cancer patients, study says. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/A-third-of-cancer-patients-pain-3496068.php

168. T. Fersch (personal communication, March 9, 2011).

169. R. Jamison (personal communication, February 14, 2011).

170. Chou, R., Fanciullo, G. J., Fine, P. G., Adler, J. A., Ballantyne, J. C., Davies, P., et al. (2009). Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. The Journal of Pain, 10(2), 113–130.

171. Ballantyne, J. C., & Shin, N. S. (2008). Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: A review of the evidence. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 24(6), 469–478.

172. Tennant, F. (2010, January 1). Opioid treatment 10-year longevity survey final report. Practical Pain Management. Retrieved from http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/treatments/pharmacological/opioids/opioid-treatment-10-year-longevity-survey-final-report

173. Hamza, M., Doleys, D., Wells, M., Weisbein, J., Hoff, J., Martin, M., et al. (2012). Prospective study of 3-year follow-up of low-dose intrathecal opioids in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Pain Medicine, 13(10), 1304–1313.

174. Chapman, C. R., Lipschitz, D. L., Angst, M. S., Chou, R., Densico, R. C., Donaldson, G. W., et al. (2010). Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the United States: A research guideline for developing an evidence-base [Opioid pharmacotherapy research guideline]. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 807–829.

175. Manchikanti, L., Ailinani, H., Koyyalagunta, D., Datta, S., Singh, V., Eriator, I., et al. (2011). A systematic review of randomized trials of long-term opioid management for chronic non-cancer pain. Pain Physician, 14, 91–121.

176. Andrews, N. (2012, July 9). Moving pain treatments forward: An FDA public scientific workshop. Retrieved from http://www.painresearchforum.org/news/17889-moving-pain-treatments-forward-fda-public-scientific-workshop

177. Noble, M., Tregear, S. J., Treadwell, J. R., & Schoelles, K. (2008). Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 35(2), 214–228.

178. Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing. (n.d.). Cautious, evidence-based opioid prescribing. Retrieved from http://www.support-prop.org/educational/PROP_OpioidPrescribing.pdf

179. Von Korff, M., Kolodny, A., Deyo, R. A., & Chou, R. (2011). Long-term opioid therapy reconsidered. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(5), 325–328.

180. Noble, M., Tregear, S. J., Treadwell, J. R., & Schoelles, K. (2008). Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 35(2), 214–228.

181. Noble, M., Treadwell, J. R., Tregear, S. J., Coates, V. H., Wiffen, P. J., Akafomo, C., et al. (2010). Long-term opioid management for chronic non-cancer pain [Intervention review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010(1), CD006605.

182. Chapman, C. R., Lipschitz, D. L., Angst, M. S., Chou, R., Densico, R. C., Donaldson, G. W., et al. (2010). Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the United States: A research guideline for developing an evidence-base [Opioid pharmacotherapy research guideline]. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 807–829.

183. Eriksen, J., Sjogren, P., Bruera, E., Ekhold, O., & Rasmussen, N. K. (2006). Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: An epidemiological study. PAIN, 125, 172–179.

184. Joranson, D. E. (2004). Improving availability of opioid pain medications: Testing the principle of balance in Latin America. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 7(1), 105–114.

185. Sjogren, P., Gronbaek, M., Peuckmann, V., & Ekholm, O. (2010) A population-based cohort study on chronic pain: The role of opioids. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 26(9), 763–769.

186. Ballantyne, J. C., & Shin, N. S. (2008). Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: A review of the evidence. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 24(6), 469–478.

187. Katz, M. H. (2010). Long-term opioid treatment of nonmalignant pain: A believer loses his faith [Editorial]. Archives of General Medicine, 170(16), 1422–1423.

188. Foley, K. M., Fins, J. J., & Inturrisi, C. E. (2011). A true believer’s flawed analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(9), 867–868.

189. US Drug Enforcement Administration. (2012, April 17). Controlled substances by CSA schedule. Retrieved from http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/e_cs_sched.pdf

190. Office of Diversion Control, U.S. Department of Justice. (2013, May). List of controlled substances. Retrieved from http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/#define

CHAPTER 8

1. Leavitt, S. B. (2010). Intranasal naloxone for at-home opioid rescue. Practical Pain Management. Retrieved from http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/treatments/pharmacological/opioids/intranasal-naloxone-home-opioid-rescue

2. Szalavitz, M. (2011, September 27). Drugs, risk and the myth of the “evil” addict [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/drugs-risk-and-the-myth-of-the-evil-addict

3. Project Lazarus. (n.d.). Project Lazarus results for Wilkes County. Retrieved from http://www.projectlazarus.org/project-lazarus-results-wilkes-county

4. Albert, S., Brason, F. W., II, Sanford, C. K., Dasgupta, N., Graham, J., & Lovette, B. (2011). Project Lazarus: Community-based overdose prevention in rural North Carolina. Pain Medicine, 12(Supplement 2), S77–S85.

5. J. Dahl (personal communication, March 27, 2013).

6. Lazar, K. (2011, August 31). Progress seen in fight on heroin. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-31/news/29949874_1_narcan-overdose-deaths-addicts

7. The Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (2012, April 25). The Massachusetts Department of Public Health opioid overdose prevention and reversal information sheet. Retrieved from http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/substance-abuse/naloxone-info.pdf

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone—United States, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61(6), 101–105.

9. US Food and Drug Administration. (2011, November 22). Role of naloxone in opioid overdose fatality prevention; Public workshop, preliminary agenda. Retrieved from http://pain-topics.org/docs/FDA-NaloxoneMeeting-April2012.pdf

10. D. Carr (personal communication, April 23, 2012).

11. D. Carr (personal communication, April 23, 2012).

12. Johnson, K. (2012, April 12). Taking it to feel normal: My Oxycodone experience [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2012/04/painkiller-addiction

13. D. Carr (personal communication, October 4, 2012).

14. J. Dahl (personal communication, March 27, 2013).

15. C. Garner (personal communication, March 16, 2011).

16. L. Webster (personal communication, May 25, 2011).

17. J. Kauffman (personal communication, February 23, 2011).

18. J. Kauffman (personal communication, May 13, 2012).

19. J. Dahl (personal communication, May 25, 2011).

20. J. Kauffman (personal communication, May 13, 2012).

21. MacArthur, G. J., Minozzi, S., Martin, N., Vickerman, P., Deren, S., Bruneau, J., et al. (2012). Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 345, e5945.

22. Arbuck, D. M. (2011, April 6). Is buprenorphine effective for chronic pain? Retrieved from http://updates.pain-topics.org/2011/04/is-buprenorphineeffective-for-chronic.html

23. D. Carr (personal communication, April 23, 2012).

24. Arbuck, D. M. (2011, April 6). Is buprenorphine effective for chronic pain? Retrieved from http://updates.pain-topics.org/2011/04/is-buprenorphineeffective-for-chronic.html

25. L. Webster (personal communication, May 25, 2011).

26. S. B. Leavitt (personal communication, May 10, 2011).

27. Weiss, R. D., Potter, J. S., Fiellin, D. A., Byrne, M., Connery, H. S., Dickinson, W., et al. (2011). Adjunctive counseling during brief and extended buprenorphine-naloxone treatment for prescription opioid dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(12), 1238–1246.

28. Drugs.com. (n.d.). Butrans approval history. Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/history/butrans.html

29. Ling, W., Casadonte, P., Bigelow, G., Kampman, K. M., Patkar, A., Bailey, G. L., et al. (2010). Buprenorphine implants for treatment of opioid dependence: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 304(14), 1576–1583.

30. O’Connor, P. G. (2010). Advances in the treatment of opioid dependence: Continued progress and ongoing challenges [Editorial]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 304(14), 1612–1614.

31. Steiner, D., Munera, C., Hale, M., Ripa, S., & Landau, C. (2011). Efficacy and safety of buprenorphine transdermal system (BTDS) for chronic moderate to severe low back pain: A randomized, double-blind study. The Journal of Pain, 12(11), 1163–1172.

32. Arbuck, D. M. (2011, April 6). Is buprenorphine effective for chronic pain? Retrieved from http://updates.pain-topics.org/2011/04/is-buprenorphine-effective-for-chronic.html

33. Hitt, E. (2010, October 14). Once-monthly naltrexone approved for treatment of opioid addiction. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/730457?src=rss

34. P. Fine (personal communication, October, 2009).

35. Knotkova, H., Fine, P. G., & Portenoy, R. K. (2009). Opioid rotation: The science and the limitations of the equianalgesic dose table. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 38(3), 426–439.

36. Chou, R., Fanciullo, G. J., Fine, P. G., Adler, J. A., Ballantyne, J. C., Davies, P., et al. (2009). Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. The Journal of Pain, 10(2), 113–130.

37. Leavitt, S. B. (2009, November 21). Opioid rotation: Benefits, challenges, hazards. Retrieved from http://updates.pain-topics.org/2009/11/opioid-rotation-benefits-challenges.html

38. Arbuck, D. M. (2012, February 8). New views of opioid equivalency. Retrieved from http://updates.pain-topics.org/2012/02/new-views-onopioid-equivalency.html

39. Webster, L. R., & Fine, P. G. (2012). Overdose deaths demand a new paradigm for opioid rotation. Pain Medicine, 13(4), 571–574.

40. Webster, L. R., & Fine, P. G. (2012). Review and critique of opioid rotation practices and associated risks of toxicity. Pain Medicine, 13(4), 562–570.

41. Leavitt, S. B. (2012, April 5). New perspectives on safer opioid rotation. Retrieved from http://updates.pain-topics.org/2012/04/new-perspectives-on-safer-opioid.html

42. R. Twillman (personal communication, June 2, 2011).

43. Katz, N. (2008). Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations: Are they a pipe dream? Current Rheumatology Reports, 10(1), 11–18.

44. L. Webster (personal communication, February 17, 2011).

45. J. Heins (personal communication, May 15, 2012).

46. Eban, K. (2011, November 21). OxyContin: Purdue Pharma’s painful medicine. Retrieved from http://features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2011/11/09/oxycontin-purdue-pharma/

47. Purdue Pharma. (2002, June 27). Purdue Pharma implements national surveillance system to track diversion and abuse of controlled pain medications [Press release]. Retrieved from http://headaches.about.com/bl-radars.htm

48. Dart, R. (2011). RADARS system abuse/tamper deterrent formulations: 2011 update and analysis. Retrieved from http://www.radars.org/Portals/1/04_DartR_ADF_Update_distribution_20120502.pdf

49. Burke, J. (2011, May 16). The OxyContin reformulation: Is it working? Retrieved from http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2011/May2011/DrugDiversion-0511

50. Cicero, T. J., Ellis, M. S., & Surratt, H. L. (2012). Effect of abuse-deterrent formulation of OxyContin [Letter to the editor]. New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 187–198.

51. Leavitt, S. B. (2012, July 13). Abuse-deterrent opioids spawn upsurge in heroin. Retrieved from http://updates.pain-topics.org/2012/07/abuse-deterrent-opioids-spawn-upsurge.html

52. Leger, D. L. (2012, July 10). Opana abuse in USA overtakes OxyContin. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-07-10/opana-painkiller-addiction/56137086/1#

53. EMBEDA. (n.d.). Important information for patients and prescribers. Retrieved from http://www.embeda.com

54. L. Webster (personal communication, February 17, 2011).

55. Drugs.com. (n.d.). Remoxy approval status. Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/history/remoxy.html

56. Leavitt, S. B. (2011, August 12). Abuse-deterrent opioids; A better mousetrap? Retrieved from http://updates.pain-topics.org/2011/08/abuse-deterrent-opioids-better.html

57. National Institute of Drug Abuse. (2012, July 25). NIDA supports development of combined anti-heroin and HIV vaccine [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2012/07/nida-supports-development-combined-anti-heroin-hiv-vaccine-0

58. Payne, R., Anderson, E., Arnold, R., Duensing, L., Gilson, A. Green, C., et al. (2010). A rose by any other name: Pain contracts/agreements. American Journal of Bioethics, 10(11), 5–12.

59. Andrews, M. (2011, April 4). Some doctors require patients to sign contracts get opioid painkillers. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health/some-doctors-require-patients-to-sign-contracts-get-opioid-painkillers/2011/03/29/AF7D31dC_story.html

60. Payne, R., Anderson, E., Arnold, R., Duensing, L., Gilson, A. Green, C., et al. (2010). A rose by any other name: Pain contracts/agreements. American Journal of Bioethics, 10(11), 5–12.

61. Hariharan, J., Lamb, G. C., & Neuner, J. M. (2007). Long-term opioid contract use for chronic pain management in primary care practice: A five year experience. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(4), 485–490.

62. Starrels, J. L., Becker, W. C., Alford, D. P., Kapoor, A., Williams, A. R., & Turner, B. J. (2010). Systematic review: Treatment agreements and urine drug testing to reduce opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152(11), 712–720.

63. R. Jamison (personal communication, February 14, 2011).

64. Katz, M. H. (2010). Long-term opioid treatment of nonmalignant pain: A believer loses his faith [Editorial]. Archives of General Medicine, 170(16), 1422–1423.

65. Collen, M. (2009). Opioid contracts and random drug testing for people with chronic pain—think twice. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 37(4), 841–845.

66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, July). Unintentional drug poisoning in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/pdf/poison-issue-brief.pdf

67. Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States. (2004). Model policy for the use of controlled substances for the treatment of pain. Retrieved from http://www.fsmb.org/pdf/2004_grpol_Controlled_Substances.pdf

68. Chou, R., Fanciullo, G. J., Fine, P. G., Adler, J. A., Ballantyne, J. C., Davies, P., et al. (2009). Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. The Journal of Pain, 10(2), 113–130.

69. R. Twillman (personal communication, June 2, 2011).

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