1. Jacob Rader Marcus and Marc Saperstein, The Jews in Christian Europe (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 2015), 141.
2. John Witte Jr., Church, State, and Family: Reconciling Traditional Teachings and Modern Liberties (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 81–83.
3. Witte, Church, State, and Family, 218.
4. BT Avodah Zarah 36b.
5. Resolution, “Status of Children of Mixed Marriages,” Central Conference of American Rabbis, March 15, 1983, https://www.ccarnet.org/ccar-resolutions/status-of-children-of-mixed-marriages-1983/.
6. For the concession view, see, e.g., https://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/reform-judaism-1000-words-intermarriage/.
7. Deuteronomy 7:3.
8. Deuteronomy 23:4.
9. BT Berakhot 28a. Rabbi Joshua’s view prevailed over the stricter view of Rabban Gamliel.
10. Exodus 2:18.
11. Exodus 4:24–26.
12. Numbers 12:1.
13. Numbers 12:5–16.
14. See 1 Kings 11:2–13.
15. Ezra 9:1–15; see also Nehemiah 13:23–24, where the yehudim have married women of Ashdod, Ammon, and Moab, such that “of their children half speak Ashdodite and do not know how to speak Judean, but according to the language of each people.”
16. See Mekhilta de-Rabbi Shimon b. Yohai on Exodus 34:17: “Thus, if one eats of their sacrifices, he will marry from amongst their daughters, and they will lead him astray and he will worship idols.” Cited in Jordan D. Rosenblum, “From Their Bread to Their Bed: Commensality, Intermarriage, and Idolatry in Tannaitic Literature,” Journal of Jewish Studies 61, no. 1 (2010): 23.
17. BT Kiddushin 68a–b.
18. Ray Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (London: Vintage, 1991), 20.
19. Josefin Dolsten, “Small but Growing Number of US Orthodox Rabbis Officiating Same-Sex Weddings,” Times of Israel, November 6, 2020, https://www.timesofisrael.com/small-but-growing-number-of-us-orthodox-rabbis-officiating-same-sex-weddings/.
20. Herder’s role in embracing and theorizing diversity was noticed by Isaiah Berlin. See Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (New York: Viking, 1977), 154–55; see also Fred Dallmayr, “Truth and Diversity: Some Lessons from Herder,” Journal of Speculative Philosophy 11, no. 2 (1997): 101–24.
21. One estimate by a group organized to combat language extinction puts the current rate at nine per year. See the Language Conservancy, “The Loss of Our Languages,” https://languageconservancy.org/language-loss/.
22. Perry Miller, Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1984).
23. The Mormons’, and particularly Joseph Smith’s, belief that they were establishing a new Zion is extensively documented. See, for example, Richard H. Jackson, “The Mormon Village: Genesis and Antecedents of the City of Zion Plan,” BYU Studies Quarterly 17, no. 2 (Winter 1977): 224–25.
24. On my second thoughts, see Noah Feldman, “Aaron Hernandez and the Dark Side of ‘Boston Strong,’” Bloomberg Opinion, April 15, 2015, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2015-04-15/aaron-hernandez-and-the-dark-side-of-boston-strong-?sref=EBhNhdBZ.
25. See Michael Frederick Atkinson and Kevin Young, “Flesh Journeys: Neo Primitives and the Contemporary Rediscovery of Radical Body Modification,” Deviant Behavior 22, no. 2 (2001): 117–46.
26. Exodus 4:24–27.
27. Compare Jonathan Boyarin and Daniel Boyarin, “Self-Exposure as Theory: The Double Mark of the Male Jew,” in Rhetorics of Self-Making, ed. Debbora Battaglia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 16–42.
28. For context, see the chapter titled “The Circumcision Controversy in Classical Reform in Historical Context,” in Judith Bleich, Defenders of the Faith: Studies in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Orthodoxy and Reform (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2020), 85–107, especially p. 95 n. 32 on the German reformer Rabbi Samuel Holdheim (1802–1860).
29. Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans. George Schwab (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 26.
30. Nicomachean Ethics, book 8, chap. 3.