Aarsleff, Hans, 222
Abravenal, 119
Absolutism: Cato’s rejection of, 299, 303, 307, 313–14
and divine right theory, 32, 38, 42
Lockean rejection of, 218, 233, 244–46, 276, 294, 296
in Parliamentary theory, 51–52, 68, 70, 75, 100
and Suárez, 125
Whig opposition to, 97–98, 103, 116, 172–79, 182, 307, 313–14
Adam, 43–47, 83–92, 217, 219–20, 251, 261–62, 268
Adams, John, 4, 16, 22, 24, 61, 152, 170
Almain, Jaques, 222
American Revolution, xiii, xv, 4, 15, 20–25, 152, 158, 162
Ames, Nathanial, 23
Ancient Constitution: assimilation to original contract, 107, 120
Cato’s indifference to, 303
inadequacy of, 56–63, 72, 77, 168–69
Locke’s indifference to, 295
Parliamentary commitment to, 13, 32, 49–56, 100, 117
Whig commitment to, 173, 178, 182
Anne (Queen of England), 292
Answer to the Nineteen Propositions of Both Houses of Parliament, 59–63, 66, 71–72. See also Mixed Constitution
Appropriation: Locke and Grotian theories of, 257
Locke on labor and, 254, 265, 270–72, 319
Locke on limits of, 219, 255–57, 266–70
Locke on rights to, 258, 260, 267, 277–78
Locke on the self and, 283–86, 314
and divine right theory, 35–39, 41, 45
and Grotius, xvii, 119, 123, 125, 136, 138–39, 142–43, 145, 149, 194
and Locke, 17, 193–94, 196–97, 282, 287
and Milton, 92–93
on naturalness of polity, 13, 17, 36, 45, 63, 67, 136, 138, 155, 160, 203, 223–24, 228, 301, 306, 313
and “old republicanism,” 155, 159–62, 166–68, 170, 272, 306
and Parker’s contractarianism, 71–73, 75
and theory of ancient constitution, 53–56, 60, 63, 67
and traditional English thought, xv, 49–50, 75, 92–93, 149
and virtues, 41, 69, 138–39, 142, 203, 304
Politics, xv, 17, 53, 61, Rhetoric, 129
Argument for Self-Defense, An, 291–97
Artifice, Government as (artifact): absence in parliamentary and Whig theory, 56, 71, 105, 108–9
in Declaration of Independence, 3, 6, 10, 12–13, 157
Ashcraft, Richard, 104, 256, 290
Atwood, William, 117–18
Augustine, 229
Azor, 126
Bailyn, Bernard: on Locke’s influence in America, 21, 152–54
and the republican synthesis, 151–59, 163–65, 182–83, 298, 307, 311–13
and Whig tradition, 24, 182–83, 295, 307
Balance (Constitutional), 61, 72–73, 75, 161, 166, 168–69, 307
Baldwin, Alice, 21–22
Barker, Ernest, 64
Barlow, Joel, 4
Bartolus, 119
Baxter, Richard, 30
Beard, Charles, 158
Bellarmine, Roberto, xvii, 119–20, 125–26, 226
Blackstone, William, 296
Bodin, Jean, 119
Bracton, Henry de, 300
Burnet, Gilbert, 79, 87, 106–18, 146
Carneades: critique of natural right, 127–28, 144, 146, 191, 212
Grotius’s response to, 134–36, 139, 146–48
Locke’s response to, 212–13
Roman lawyer’s response to, 131–32, 134–35, 144
Catholicism (Popery, Roman Church, Romanism): and contractarianism, 42–43
and natural law philosophy, 119, 138, 224, 228
and religious conflicts of the age, xvi, 93, 97, 100, 121, 123, 292
Whig opposition to, 100, 102–3, 179–80
Cato: influence in America, 20, 152, 183
and “new republicanism,” xix–xx, 166, 182–83, 312–19
and “old republicanism,” 305–12. See also Gordon; Trenchard
Charles I (King of England), xviii, 23, 31, 33, 43, 56–62, 66–67, 71–72, 77–79, 87, 99–101, 112, 177, 180
Charles II (King of England), 99–100, 106, 177, 313
Cicero, 60, 129–31, 137, 155, 193, 250
Civic Humanism, xiii, xix, 159–63, 166–67, 169–73, 175, 178–79, 182, 298, 306–9, 313
Civil War, xiii, xv–xvii, 4, 15, 30, 51, 63, 78, 90, 93, 98, 103, 122, 153, 166, 174, 176–77
Coke, Sir Edward, 52, 152, 295, 300
Colbourn, H. Trevor, 20–21
Compact: in Declaration of Independence, 109, 215
in Grotius, 147–48, 194, 205, 215, 233, 241, 245
in Locke, 17, 205, 215, 233, 241, 244–46
and property, 248–54
in Suárez, 124–25
in unicontractarianism, 64–65. See also Consent; Contractarianism; Social Contract
Conkin, Paul, 5
Conscience, 192–96, 199–201, 227, 231, 234
Consent: in Burnet, 108–9, 113
in Declaration of Independence, 3, 6, 8, 12–13, 61, 82, 85, 105, 108–9, 113, 154, 303
Filmer’s rejection of, 47
in Grotius, 135, 138, 148, 258
in Locke, 17–18, 85, 138, 241, 270, 303
and natural rights, 13
in Thomist tradition, 224–26
in unicontractarianism, 41. See also Contractarianism; Social Contract
Contractarianism: Catholic, 42–43, 64–65, 71, 79, 98, 106–7, 115–16
in Declaration of Independence, 110, 113, 123
and Glorious Revolution, 14–5, 98, 101–12
Grotian, xix, 111, 114, 120, 125, 137–38, 178
Hobbean, 137–38
Miltomc, 81–83, 92, 101, 110, 113
Parliamentary and Whig, xix, 49–50, 65–76, 82, 98, 101, 110–11, 113–14, 149, 153, 293
philosophical, 65, 78–79, 106–7, 116
unicontractarianism, xiii–xiv, 64–65, 83, 116, 289
varieties of, xv–xvi, 30, 64, 65, 102, 117, 137. See also Compact; Consent; Original contract; Social contract
Convention: Carneadean critique of, 128, 212–15
in Grotius, 146–47, 249, 252, 258
in Hooker, 225–26, in Locke, 212–13, 252, 258
in Roman Law, 131–35
Corpus Mysticum, 54, 125–26, 223–24, 231–33, 301
Corruption, 161, 169, 171–73, 177, 180–81, 307, 313
Creator: in divine right theory, 40, 46
as source of natural law, 194, 208, 210, 217, 237, 239, 260, 264
as source of natural rights, 3, 8, 11, 84, 92, 210, 237, 264, 300
in Suárez, 124
Cromwell, Oliver (Cromwellian), xvi, 90, 97, 99, 101
Culverwell, Nathaniel, xvi, 191, 261
Cumberland, Richard, xvi, 222, 261
Danby, Earl of, 171, 175–77, 180
Davies, Sir John, 54
Declaration of Breda, 99
Declaration of Independence, 23, 29, 291
chief doctrines of, 3, 5–16, 154
and classical republicanism, 157–58, 164
compared to Argument for Self-Defence, 294–95
compared to Cato, 300–303
compared to Declaration of Rights, 5–15
compared to Milton, 79–85, 89, 91–93
on inalienable rights, 245–46
as Lockean, xvii, 15–9, 24, 48, 154–55
and Parliamentary theory, 50, 55–56, 61, 63, 65, 70–71
and Whig theory, 98, 105, 107, 110, 113–15. See also Jefferson
Declaration of Rights, 5–16, 18, 23, 50, 55–56, 64, 71, 104–5, 110, 117
Defoe, Daniel, xvi, 112–14, 290–91
Descartes, René, 203, 239, 265
Deterence, 234–35
Distributive Justice, 139–41
Divine Right, xv, 3, 29–44, 49–50, 52, 54–55, 59, 61, 63, 69, 71–73, 84, 92–93, 98, 116, 149, 176–77, 299. See also Filmer; James I
Dunn, John, 20–25, 29, 65, 289
Education of Cyrus (Xenophon), 140
Elizabeth I, 30–31
Equality: essence of, in parliamentary theory, 55, 71
in Declaration of Independence, 3, 6, 8–9, 12, 84–85
in Declaration of Rights, 6, 8–9
Filmerean critique, 45
in Locke, 16, 18, 217, 219, 221, 248, 293
in Lockean Whig thought, 293, 300–302
in philosphical contractarianism, 65
Exclusion Crisis, xvi, 101–3, 106
Executive Power of the Law of Nature, 221, 241
absence in Thomist tradition, 222–30
absence in Grotius, 230–34
in Lockean Whig Theory, 293, 302–3
as path to natural rights, 234–40, 257–58, 267, 274
as source of political power, 83
and suicide, 244–5
Fall, 41–42, 83, 85, 87, 89–90, 212, 226, 229, 260–62
Ferne, Dr. Henry, 66, 68, 73–74, 111
Figgis, John, 42
Filmer, Sir Robert: comparison to James I, 35, 43, 45
critique of contractarian theory, 81, 248–52, 288
divine right theory, 17, 30–32, 42–48, 100, 112, 244, 288, 301
Locke’s critique of, 44, 244, 246, 255, 261
and Reformation, 42–48
and Workmanship argument, 219–20, 241. See also Divine Right
Five Knights Case, The (1627), 57
Fortescue, Sir John, 49, 54, 56, 61, 119, 295–96, 300–301
Furley, O. W, 103
Glorious Revolution, 78, 164, 175, 294, 296
and American Revolution, xiii, 4–6, 21, 25
theorists of, xvi, 106–15, 289, 291, 299
Goldsmith, M. M., 290
Goldwin, Robert, 236
Goodwin, John, 66
Gordon, Thomas, xix, 152, 163, 166, 297–301, 305, 319. See also Cato
Gough, John, 64
Grand Remonstrance, 58
Grant, Ruth, 241
Grotius, Hugo: contractarianism of, 87, 11, 113–8, 123–26, 137
and executive power of the law of nature, 230–9, 237–39
as influence on Whigs, xvi, xix, xx, 98, 104–5, 111, 113–15, 150, 175, 178, 182, 290, 294, 299–300
and Locke, 18, 187–99, 201, 204–5, 208–9, 212, 214–8, 241, 244–45, 252–60, 266, 270
new natural law doctrine of, 119–23, 126–49, 165, 221
on property, 119, 146, 248–60, 266, 270
as rights thinking, 3, 139–49, 290
De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 104, 111, 119–21, 123, 127, 191, 230
De Veritate, 120
Happiness: Cato on, 306–8, 310–11, 317–18
as end of Lockean law of nature, 214, 273
self, person, and possibility of, 279–80, 283–87
Harrington, John: and Anglicization of republican tradition, 159, 167–70
and neo-Harringtonians, 173–75, 178–80, 182
Heidegger, Martin, 264–65
Herbert, George, 41
Hill, Christopher, 92
Hoadly, Benjamin, 20, 22, 31, 101
Hobbes, Thomas, 44
and the breakup of Christian Aristotelianism, xvii–xviii, 72, 137
contractarianism of, 45, 72, 137
and Grotius, 139, 142–43, 145, 191
and Locke, 24, 188, 191, 193, 219–20, 230, 233–34, 236, 272–78, 306
and natural rights, 3, 138–39, 142–43, 192, 209, 238, 272–78, 288
and Pufendorf, 205, 209, 234, 238–39, 277
and quest for certainty, 122
Homer, 170
Hooker, Richard: and Christian Aristotelianism, xvii, 37, 216, 224, 261
on executive power of law of nature, 224–31, 237, 239
influence during Restoration, xvi, 98, 101, 165, 178
and Locke, 18, 30, 188, 224–31, 237, 239, 295
social contract in, 87
Howard, Sir Robert, 14
Humphrey, John, 114
Hopfl, Harro, 32, 64–65, 71, 79, 83, 115–17
Hunton, Philip, 30, 66–71, 74–75, 77–82, 93, 103, 105, 113, 116. See also Mixed Monarchy
Hutcheson, Francis, 19–20
Independents, 99
Inger, Leon, 124
Interregnum, 166
James I (King of England), xiii, 30–40, 43, 45, 51, 72, 93. See also Divine Right; Filmer
James II (Duke of York): as Catholic, 100, 180
and Glorius Revolution, 6–7, 14, 112–13, 115, 292
Jefferson, Thomas: and Cato, 301–2
and divine right theory, 29, 31, 38
and equality, 16
and Locke, 18–19, 23–24, 71, 301–2
and natural rights philosophy, xiii, 4, 10, 31
and republican tradition, 163, 170
and Whig tradition, 98. See also Declaration of Independence
Jones, J. R., 98
Judgment of Whole Kingdoms and Nations, The, 289, 293
Jus Naturale. See Law of Nature
Jus Gentium. See Law of Nations
Juvenal, 193
Kant, Immanuel, 137
Kramnick, Isaac, 162
Labor: Cato on, 304, 307–8, 311, 318–19
and construction of the self, 279–80, 282, 285
divine command, 200–202
and Lockean title to property, 252–57, 263–66, 268, 271, 278
transformative power of, 254, 264–65, 269, 272–73, 278, 280, 285
Laslett, Peter, 187, 222, 242, 248–49, 294–95
Law of Nations (jus gentium), 299
Carneadean challenge, 128, 131–32, 147
in Grotius, 104–5, 123, 126, 135, 140, 147–48, 190, 205
Lockean critique, 205–6
philosophic origin of, 129
Law of Nature: in Grotius, xvii–xix, 98, 105, 111, 114, 116–49, 187–99, 230–34, 249–52, 255, 258–59
in Hobbes, 272–75
in Locke’s Questions, xviii, 187–215, 217
in Locke’s Two Treatises, 83, 216–75, 287, 293, 295, 318
in Lockean tradition, 293, 299, 303, 307, 318
in Pufendorf, 191–93, 207, 209, 222, 238–39, 253–55
in Roman law, 129–34, 147, 189
in Whig thought, 103–11, 114, 116–18, 146, 149, 182
Laws of God (Divine Law), 103–4, 106–7, 119, 125, 137
Laws Properly So-Called (Grotius), 139–43, 146, 149
Littleton, 119
Lutz, Donald, 22
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 90, 122, 127, 139, 146, 148, 155, 159, 161–163, 166–68, 178, 203, 221, 305–6, 309, 313
MacPherson, C. B., 269
Madison, James, 3, 14, 170, 272
Maimonides, 119
Manwaring, Roger, 31, 33, 52–53
Marvell, Andrew, 170, 179–82, 307, 313
Marx, Karl, 167
Mary (Queen of England, Princess of Orange), 5, 8, 15, 106
Massachusetts Bill of Rights, 9, 16, 245
Mayhew, Jonathan, 22
McDonald, Forrest, 298
Militia Ordinance, 62
Mill, J. S., 305
Milton, John, 5
Biblical foundations of thought, 34, 83, 93, 119, 212
and Christian Aristotelianism, 261
contractarianism of, xv–xvi, 30, 78–79, 92, 98, 110, 113, 116
and Declaration of Independence, 80–82, 91
influence on Americans, 22, 98
opposition to Restoration, 97
Paradise Lost, 85–88
Paradise Regained, 84
Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 79–83, 87–88, 90
Mixed Constitution (Regime), 49, 56–65, 78, 307, 313–14. See also Answer to the 19 Propositions; Mixed Monarchy
Mixed Monarchy, 46, 62–63, 65–71, 74, 77, 314. See also Hunton; Mixed Constitution
Molesworth, Robert, 20
Molina, Luis de, 126
Montesquieu, Charles, 154–55, 172
Muggletonians, 99
Natural Inclinations, 142–45, 196, 200–203, 208, 212, 228–31
Natural Law. See Law of Nature
Natural Religion, 92, 98, 106, 108–9
Natural Right(s): absence in Declaration of Rights, 5–8, 11–13, 56
absence in Parliamentary theory, 55–56, 61, 70–71, 75, 83–85, 91–92
absence in Whig theory, 101, 105, 108–10, 123
Americans and, xiii, xv, 4–5, 15, 22, 31, 48, 118, 150, 154–55, 157–58, 162–65
in Declaration of Independence, 3, 6–8, 11–13, 15, 56, 83–85, 92, 108–10, 123, 164
Grotius and, xvii, 127, 138–40, 144–45, 149, 215
in Hobbes, xviii, 45, 138, 192, 219, 238–39, 272–75
and Hooker, 225–26
in Locke, xv, xvii, 18, 22, 24, 48, 65, 83–85, 101, 108–9, 123, 139, 149, 155, 163, 165, 182, 192, 214–6, 218–21, 238–39, 242–46, 257–58, 266, 271–88, 302–5, 308–9, 312, 314, 317–18, 319
and republicanism, xvii–xiv, 151–64, 272
as subjective, 11–12
in Whig opposition writers, 153, 157–58, 162–65, 182, 302–5, 308–9, 312, 314, 317–19
Negative Community, 251–52, 254
Newlin, Claude, 21
Nineteen Propositions, The, 58
Noah, 261
No-Harm Principle, 218, 236–37, 239–40, 242, 255–58, 267, 274, 293
Nozick, Robert, 224
Obligation, xix
in divine right theory, 41, 46, 47
and the Fall, 268
in Grotius, 121, 128, 140, 143, 146–48, 190–91, 194, 204, 208–9, 233, 250, 253
in Hooker, 227
and law, 128, 140, 143, 147–48, 188–91, 198, 207–11, 219, 227, 286
Locke on, in Questions, 188–91, 194, 198, 204, 207–11, 213
Locke on, in Two Treatises, 219, 242, 253, 257, 262, 268, 273–77
in Parliamentary theory, 64, 68–69, 75
in Pufendorf, 252–53, 275, 277
in slavery, 242
Organic Theory of Polity: absence in Cato, 301, 305, 312
in Aristotle, 35–36, 54, 61, 72, 159–60, 301
in classical republicanism, 156–60, 163, 182, 308, 312
in divine right theory, 35–36
in natural law tradition, 125
in Parliamentary thought, 54, 61, 72
Original Contract: and constitutional contractarianism, 64–65, 71, 107, 120
contrasted with Miltonic and Lockean contracts, 75, 78, 80, 87, 107, 113, 258–59, 290, 294–95, 299, 303–4
in Grotius, 115, 120, 124, 138, 146, 258–59, 290
in Parliamentary thought, 14–15, 63, 65, 70–71, 75, 78, 82, 101, 103, 120
in Suárez, 124
in Whig thought, 107, 112–13, 115, 117, 120, 146, 182, 299, 303–4
Pangle, Thomas, 298
Parker, Henry, 38, 59, 61, 66, 71–82, 87, 93, 103
Parliament: and American Revolution, 24
and ancient constitution, 51–56
Cavalier Parliament, 98–100
in Civil War, 61–63, 77–78, 81–82
Contractarian ideas, 14–15, 50, 65–76, 78–79
Convention, 5, 13–15, 65, 98, 115
and Declaration of Rights, 11–15
and divine right theory, 32–34, 39–40, 66
Long, 56–57
Sovereignty, 74
and Whigs, 97–100, 103–4, 115, 169, 171–77, 179–81, 259, 291, 313, 315
“Percat Papa,” 103
Perry, Geraint, 288
Peter, 34
Plato (Platonism), 119, 139, 141, 250, 272, 287
Plutarch, 138
Pocock, J.G.A., 4, 13, 53, 151, 153, 159–63, 166–75, 177–83, 298–99, 305–8, 312–15
Political Apharisms, 289–91, 293, 297
Popery. See Catholicism
Popish Plot, 100
Positive Community, 251
Promulagation of the Law of Nature, 192, 195–97, 201, 274
Protestantism: and breakup of Christian Aristotelianism, xv—xvi, 49–50, 79, 92–93, 97–98, 102, 116, 119–22, 149, 219, 229
contractarianism, 30, 50, 70, 75, 79, 92–93
in Declaration of Rights, 7–8
and divine right theory, 42–43, 92–93
fears of Catholics, 98–101, 179–80
influence on Americans, 152. See also Reformation
Pufendorf, Samuel: between Grotius and Hobbes, 191–95, 205, 209, 238–39, 249–52, 258, 275, 277
and breakdown of Christian Aristotelianism, xvii
Locke’s break with, 205, 207, 234, 253–54, 258, 270
Locke’s use of, 9, 188, 191, 193–95, 204, 207, 222, 242–43, 275, 277, 303
Puritans, 5, 50–51, 67, 97, 152, 226
Pym, John, 52–53, 55–56, 58, 98
Rawls, John, 224
Reformation: and Anti-Catholicism, 102, 180
attitude and contractarianism, 69–71, 92–93, 112
attitude and divine right theory, 34–48, 250
of church, 29–30
and religious conflict, 121–23, 128–29, 144, 166, 189
and transformation of political thought, xv–xvii, xix, 75, 92–93, 102, 119, 121, 128, 144, 146, 189, 223–24, 226, 261. See also Protestantism
Republican Synthesis, 150–51, 156, 159, 163–66, 183, 298, 311–12
Republicanism, 80–81, 88–90, 138, 169, 166–70, 175, 181–82, 313–15
classical (old), xiii–xiv, xix, 150–51, 155–59, 161–70, 272, 298, 306, 308, 311 318
natural rights (new), xiii–xiv, xviii–xix, 4, 13, 149, 164, 183, 272, 305, 307–8, 309, 314–15, 318–19
Resistance. See Revolution
Restoration, 97–100, 165–66, 168, 176
Revolution, Right of (Resistance): absence in Declaration of Rights, 6–7, 12, 15, 18
absence in Restoration Settlement, 100
in Argument for Self-Defence, 294
in Cato, 303–4
in Declaration of Independence, 3, 6–7, 12, 18, 71, 78–80, 109–10, 303–4
in Locke, 18, 71, 75, 78–80, 109–10, 218, 294, 303–4
in Parliamentary theory, 56, 61–62, 71, 75, 78–80
in Suárez, 124
in Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos, 116
Right to Life (Preservation): in Cato, 307
in Declaration of Independence, 11
in Hobbes, 273
in Locke, 212, 239–40, 244, 254–55, 257, 261, 266, 268–71, 273
in pre-modern tradition, 138, 145
Robbins, Caroline, 153, 159, 162
Roman Church. See Catholicism
Romanism, See Catholicism
Roman Law, xvii, 3, 111, 117, 129–44, 147, 189, 192, 248
Rutherford, Samuel, 66
Sabine, George, 147–48
Sacheverell, Dr. Henry, 291–92, 296–97
Sade, Marquis de, 277
Sanctions, 128, 140, 192, 221, 227–28, 231, 274
Schmitt, Gary, 157
Schochet, Gordon, 35
Schwoerer, Loas, 5–6, 12, 15, 79
Self-Evident Truths, 3, 6, 8–9, 196
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 101, 103, 166, 170–81, 307, 313
Shalhope, Robert, 298
Shapiro, Ian, 277
Ships Money Case (Rex v. Hampton, 1638), 57
Sidney, Algernon, 13, 20, 22, 46, 101, 120, 165, 175, 294, 313
Skinner, Quentin, 222
Slavery: in Aristotle, 37–38
in divine right theory, 37–38
in Pufendorf, 243
in Roman law, 133
in Whig theory, 110–11, 177, 180
Smith, Adam, 167
Sovereignty: of Adam, 44, 47, 219
under ancient constitution, 51–2
of God, 42, 48, 68, 208, 211, 219
in Grotius, 115
in mixed monarchy, 67–68
popular, 10, 53–54, 56, 63, 65, 68, 75, 81, 101, 111
parliamentary, 74
and rights, 238, 245, 276, 285, 310
Standing Army, 162, 169, 171–73, 177, 292, 295–96, 307
State of Nature: absence in Grotian theory, 108, 137–38, 150, 234
absence in parliamentary theory, 56, 65
in Declaration of Independence, 9, 83, 108, 137, 150, 301–2
in Hobbes, 138, 220, 230, 236, 275–76, 306, 311
in Locke, 17–18, 65, 83, 108, 138, 150, 153, 206, 217, 220, 222–24, 228–30, 233–41, 246, 253, 274–77, 286, 301–4
in Lockean tradition, 293, 301–4, 306, 311
in Thomist tradition, 223–24, 228–30, 234
State of War: in Cato, 306, 311
in Hobbes, 138, 230, 236, 270, 306, 311
in Locke, 220 236–37, 241–42, 244, 248
Stoicism, xvii, 130 134, 136, 139, 141–42, 144–45, 193
Suárez, Francisco: on executive power of the law of nature, 223–24, 226
relationship to Grotius, xvii, 119–20, 230–31
on resistance, 124
on right, 141
on source of political authority, 124–26, 226, 301
Subjective Right, 141. See also Natural Right (s)
Suicide, 219, 221, 241–46, 257, 276
Terence, 127
Thirty Years War, 122–23
Thomas Aquinas (Thomism): on executive power of the law of nature, 126, 222–34
and Grotius, 119, 126, 129, 139–46, 198, 230–4
law of nature, 139–46, 193, 196, 198, 200–203, 208, 214, 216
synthesis of biblical and philosophical, xvii, 37, 92, 119–20, 261
Thompson, Martyn, 32, 64–65, 71, 79, 83, 115–17
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 150, 172
Toland, John, 5
Trenchard, John, xix, 152, 163, 166, 297–300, 303, 305, 319. See also Cato
Tuck, Richard, 142
Tyranny, 22, 34, 75, 80, 88, 101, 299, 305, 311
Van Schaack, Peter, 24
Victoria, Francisco de, 126, 129
Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos, 116–17, 134
Virginia Bill of Rights, 16, 23, 245
Virtue: in Cato, 304, 309, 311–12, 315–17
in Grotius, 141–43
in Locke, 198–99, 204, 206, 214
in republican synthesis, 156–59, 161, 163, 169–70, 174, 178, 181–82, 214, 311, 315–17
Voltaire, 152
Webking, Robert, 157
Weighman, Roger, 10
Whigs: American, 5, 18–19, 24, 29, 31, 155, 157, 319
and Glorious Revolution, 5–7, 21, 25, 29, 106–18, 289, 299
and Grotius, xviii, 105, 111, 114, 120, 123, 137, 146, 149–50, 165, 187, 210, 259, 290–91
and Locke, xvii, 25, 107–11, 187, 216, 259, 274, 288, 290–91, 293, 300, 302–4, 307
opposition, 153, 155, 157–59, 162–63, 170, 297–300
political science, xix, 165, 172, 175–83, 313–15
tradition, xiii, xv, 21, 25, 29, 31, 45, 47, 64–65, 78, 90, 97–120, 162, 216, 288–91, 300, 302–4, 309
William (of Orange) (King William III), 5, 8, 15–16, 102, 106, 112, 291, 296, 299
Williams, Elisha, 22
Wills, Garry, 19–23
Wood, Gordon, 4, 51, 155–64, 182–83, 305–6, 308–15
Workmanship Argument, 217–19, 221, 239–40, 243–44, 255, 257, 262, 264, 269, 288
Zagorian, Perez, 90