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ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty (1972), 44, 75, 97
Abrams, Elliott, 294n
Abu Gheith, Suleiman, 165
Abu Ghraib prison, inmates mistreated in, 168, 169, 175, 232
Abu Mazen, 235
Acheson, Dean, 272n
Adams, John Quincy, 80, 266n
Adeeb, Emad Eldin, 94
adversaries, differentiation between, 227–29
Afghanistan:
mujaheddin resistance in, 76, 85, 89
Soviet occupation of, 85, 288n
U.S. war in, 34, 35, 54, 86, 89, 97, 117, 135–36, 158, 167, 182, 194, 213, 222, 278n
Western aid to, 179, 231
Agency for International Development, U.S., 53
Agreed Framework (1994), 119, 155–56, 157, 282n
agricultural subsidies, 50, 73, 76, 128, 165
Ahmad, Qazi Hussain, 174, 287n
AIPAC (American Israel Public Affairs Committee), 204–5, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 243, 293n
Ajami, Fouad, 83, 267n
Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer and Feld, 195
Albright, Madeleine, 175, 287n
al-Jazeerah, 230
al Qaeda, 76, 196
Afghanistan as haven of, 182, 222
anti-American rationale of, 165, 221, 233
emergence of, 48, 85, 260n, 299n
Iraqi ties to, 59, 95
motivations of, 48, 85, 269n
propaganda efforts of, 230, 299n
September 11 attacks of, 58, 99–100, 117, 246, 301n
strategic objectives of, 137, 274n
U.S. efforts against, 14, 17, 99, 117, 135–36, 182, 185, 202, 227, 241, 296n
Alterman, Eric, 206
American Enterprise Institute, 204
American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), 204–5, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 243, 293n
American Jewish Committee, 203
American Jewish Congress, 211
Amitay, Morris, 207, 293n
Amorim, Celso, 128, 276n
ANCA (Armenian National Committee of America), 214–15
Angola, 89, 188
Annan, Kofi, 162
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972), 44, 75, 97
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), 49
Arab Americans, 207
Arabic language skills, 230, 300n
Arafat, Yasser, 204–5, 234, 235, 301n
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 55
aristocracy, 21, 160
Armenian Americans, 198, 199, 213–16, 297n–98n
Armenian Assembly of America, 214–15, 243
Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA), 214–15
Armey, Richard, 203, 293n
Art, Robert, 129
Ash, Timothy Garton, 74
Asia, power balance in, 15, 16, 46–47, 49, 155, 189, 212, 241, 257n, 258n, 289n
Aspin, Les, 256n
Assad, Hafez el-, 184–85
asymmetric conflict strategies, 133–40
Australia, 55, 252n
axis of evil, 16, 110, 112–13, 156, 186, 228, 239
Azerbaijan, 198, 213, 215, 297n–98n
Aznar, José, 193
Ba’ath regime, 135
Bahrain, 190
Baku-Ceyhan oil pipeline project, 215
balancing, 120–41
balking vs., 141, 143
external, 120, 121–26
internal, 24, 120, 132–40
offshore, 12, 14, 125, 222–23, 234, 236, 240–43, 299n
regional, 25, 187–91, 216, 219
soft, 24, 126–32, 143, 178, 277n
balking, 24, 141–43, 179, 279n
Baltic states, 188
bandwagon strategy, 25, 183–88, 191, 216, 276n
Barak, Ehud, 208–9, 301n
Barnett, Roger W., 278n
Barshefsky, Charlene, 258n-59n
Bartley, Robert, 204
Batista y Zaldívar, Fulgencio, 106
Bauer, Gary, 203
Belarus, 45
Ben-Gurion, David, 271n
Bhagwati, Jagdish, 259n
bilateral trade negotiations, 51, 150, 259n
Bill, James A., 91
binding, 24, 75, 144–52, 178, 284n
bin Laden, Osama, 67, 99, 246
anti-American criticisms issued by, 78, 85, 94, 100, 164–65, 170, 173, 223, 227, 230, 233, 271n, 286n, 301n
efforts to capture, 117, 136
strategic objectives gained by, 274n, 279n
Biological Weapons Convention, 58, 97, 231, 284n
blackmail strategies, 24–25, 152–60, 178, 179, 281n–82n, 283n
Blair, Tony, 16, 68, 161, 192–94, 290n
Bloomfield, Douglas, 205
blowback, 103
Bolton, John, 294n
bonding, 25, 191–94, 216, 289n
Bookbinder, Hyman, 203, 207
Boot, Max, 83, 301n
Bosnian civil war, 40, 46, 54, 55, 56, 57, 95, 166, 221
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 37
Brahimi, Lakhdar, 269n
Branch Davidian Compound, FBI siege of, 269n
Brazil, 52, 127–28, 270n, 276n
Breira, 292n
Bretton Woods monetary order, 74
British Guiana, 270n
Brookings Institution, 204, 293n
Brown, Seyom, 279n
Burke, Edmund, 9
Bush, George H. W., 41,215
defense policy of, 30, 42–43, 44, 45–46, 48, 57, 60, 93, 125, 221, 231–32, 256n, 258n, 260n
democracy promotion under, 30, 53, 55, 79
economic policy of, 49, 52
foreign leaders’ relationships with, 85, 192
Bush, George W., 41, 211
on anti-Americanism, 62, 70, 264n
axis of evil and, 16, 110, 112–13, 156, 186, 228, 239
defense policies of, 43, 44, 45–47, 48, 58, 59–60, 72, 76, 107, 108, 113, 117, 130–31, 148, 158, 184, 218, 238, 239, 242, 246, 257n–58n, 269n, 272n, 279n, 296n
foreign attitudes on, 66–67, 69, 94, 122, 168–69
foreign policy departures of, 30–31, 56, 57–60, 72, 75, 85, 97–98, 125, 145–46
Iraq war policy of, 59, 107, 130–31, 135, 146, 164, 166, 185–86, 192–93, 208–9, 227, 246, 269n, 272n, 277n, 283n, 290n
on Israeli/Palestinian conflict, 94, 206, 208, 232, 233, 235, 271n, 274n, 297n
moral criticism of, 168–69
National Security Strategy of, 43, 46–47, 59, 79, 224, 298n, 299n
on North Korean nuclear program, 119, 156, 157, 282n–83n
and promotion of democracy, 53, 55, 72, 79, 80, 82, 266n–67n
on terrorism, 58, 108, 117, 175, 181, 182, 246
trade policy of, 51, 212
tsunami relief response of, 166–67
in 2000 election, 283n
unilateralism of, 31, 58, 59–60, 97–98, 108, 148, 151–52, 170, 220, 226, 231–32
Cambodia, 76
CAMERA (Committee on Accurate Middle East Reporting in America), 206
campaign contributions, 204–5, 244, 298n
Camp David, 1992 Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations held at, 292n, 293n
Campus Watch, 294n
Canada, 77
Caspian Sea nations, 213–16, 297n, 298n
Castro, Fidel, 106, 185
Charlemagne Prize, 85
Chavez, Hugo, 106, 122
Chechnya, 56, 138, 190, 237
Cheney, Dick, 203–4
Chile, 92, 370n
China, People’s Republic of, 39, 91, 123, 181, 189
in Asian power structure, 15, 16, 46–47, 155, 212, 241, 257n, 258n
defense capability of, 33, 34, 129, 136, 252n, 253n, 278n
economy of, 33, 46, 50–51, 181, 189, 252n
European relations with, 111, 128–29
human-rights concerns in, 55–56, 169–70, 286n
in Korean War, 105, 272n
Russian alliance with, 121–22, 128
in WTO, 50–51, 127–28
Chirac, Jacques, 111, 122, 285n
Christian Zionists, 203, 207
Churchill, Winston, 16, 71, 192
CIA, 296n
Clinton, William J., 37, 41, 78, 215
defense policies of, 16, 30, 43, 44, 45–46, 48, 57, 60, 117, 125, 164, 221
democracy/human rights agenda of, 30, 53, 54, 55–56, 62, 75, 81, 231, 250n, 260n, 267n
European support of, 85, 192
India visited by, 212
Israel policy under, 205, 234, 292n, 301n North Korea diplomatic efforts of, 154, 155
on rogue states, 16, 110
trade policy of, 49, 259n
Cohen, Benjamin, 84
Cold War:
client states’ blackmail strategies during, 157–58, 190
end of, 13, 15, 33, 42, 54
Israeli-U.S. alliance in, 17, 47, 188, 201, 291n
power balances of, 13, 29, 30, 41–42, 112, 182, 291n
third-world actions in, 89, 94, 114, 188
transnational penetration strategies in, 195, 196
Cole, USS, 117, 269n
Colombani, Jean-Marie, 146, 273n command of the commons, 134
Committee on Accurate Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA), 206
Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, 204, 292n, 295n
Congo, 286n
Congress, U.S., 199, 203, 204–5, 211, 212, 213, 215, 244, 246, 293n, 298n
Congressional Armenian Caucus, 214
Congressional Indian Caucus, 210–11
Constitution, U.S., 171
constructivist approach, 19, 250n
consumer boycotts, 177
containment policies, 13, 42, 47, 221, 231–32
contra war, 101–2
corporations, transnational activities of, 103–4
Costa Rica, 270n
credibility, 116–17, 226
crime rates, 78, 169, 286n
Croatia, 90
Cuba, 91, 170, 185, 188, 270n, 287n
cultural influence, 37–39, 63, 254n
Dalai Lama, 173
Dayton Accords (1995), 55, 56
death penalty, 78, 169, 286n
DeLay, Tom, 203
delegitimation, 25, 160–78
criteria for, 161–72
defense against, 229–32
effective conditions of, 172–75
established procedures and, 161–63, 284n
impact of, 175–78
moral norms and, 167–71
natural order and, 171–72
positive policy consequences vs., 163–67
power primacy vs., 176
democracy:
counterterrorist responses of, 278n
fair elections in, 161–62
international peace vs., 74–75, 265n
in Latin America, 54, 181
monarchical authority vs., 160
penetration effectiveness in, 197
promotion of, 30, 53–55, 58, 62–63, 72, 79–82, 164, 202, 219–20, 221, 236, 237, 260n
U.S. double standards on, 98–100, 175
Deng Xiaoping, 287n
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 157
Dine, Thomas, 205
Dinitz, Simcha, 292n
diplomatic style, 175, 287n
divine right, 160
domestic political penetration, see penetration strategies
Dominican Republic, 92, 270n Drezner, Daniel, 115
dual containment, 47, 221
Dyncorp, 104
East Timor, 55
economic power, 74
coalitions of, 127–28
of international finance, 51–53
of sanctions, 115, 273n
trade policy in service of, 48–51
U.S. primacy of, 32–33, 252n
Ecuador, 270n
Edidin, Peter, 169–70
educational institutions, 38, 231, 254n, 255n, 300n
Egypt, 16, 55, 96, 134, 157, 188, 190
Eisenhower, Dwight, 192
El-Baradei, Mohamed, 238–39, 302n
elections, legitimacy of, 161–62, 283n
empires, overseas expansion of, 124–25, 276n
English language, international use of, 38, 230–31, 254n
environmental concerns, 58, 97, 151, 165, 231
Erekat, Saeb, 86, 269n
Erwin, Alex, 128
Ethiopia, 188
ethnic lobbies, 243–45
Armenian Americans, 198, 199, 213–16, 297n–98n
Indian Diaspora, 198, 199, 210–13, 291n, 296n
Israel lobby, 25, 199, 202–10, 211, 212, 235
Europe:
Eastern, 188
“old” vs. “new,” 287n
U.S. military presence in, 241
European Union (EU):
and balancing against U.S. power, 45, 68, 121–22, 128–29, 131, 275n
Iranian nuclear program delayed by, 119, 274n
military capability of, 34, 45–46, 121, 129, 241
multipolar world sought by, 84, 111, 121, 122, 129, 273n, 285n
three dominant nations of, 131
U.S. arrogance resented in, 163n, 287n
extradition procedures, 251n
Falwell, Jerry, 203
family, power dynamics within, 21
Feith, Douglas, 294n, 295n
Ferguson, Niall, 63, 107–8, 298n
feudalism, 20, 21
Fischer, Joschka, 72
Ford, Gerald, 204
foreign-exchange trading, 259n
Forni, Raymond, 286n
Founding Fathers, 171, 172
Fox,Vicente, 106–7
France, 15, 31, 45, 131, 252n, 253n
Iraq war opposed by, 130, 146, 277n, 287n
Freedom Support Act (1992), 213
free-riding, 142–43
free trade, 49, 99
Friedman, Thomas, 32, 258n
Fulbright, William, 293n
Gaza Strip, 17, 56, 89, 94, 167, 202, 234, 300n
Geneva Convention, 167, 232
genocide, 55, 56, 76, 93, 167, 214, 215, 222, 231, 285n, 299n
geography, U.S. advantages of, 39–40
George, Alexander, 273n
Georgia, 297n
Gephardt, Richard, 208, 210
Germany, 121, 131, 252n, 253n
Iraq war opposed by, 130, 146, 177, 277n, 287n
Nazi regime of, 69, 90, 91, 92, 93, 263n
postwar, 164, 270n
reunification of, 16, 42
Wilhelmine empire of, 122–23
Ghaddafi, Muammar, 185–86, 275n
Ghaddafi, Saif ul-Islam, 186, 289n
Ghanem, Shukri, 38
global hegemony, 219–20, 298n
globalization, 49, 81, 84
global warming, 58, 97, 231
Goland, Michael, 293n
Golan Heights, 185
gold standard, 74, 75
good will, reassurance of, 226
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 42
Gordon, Philip H., 290n
Grass, Günter, 69
Great Britain, see United Kingdom greenhouse gases, 151, 165
Guantanamo Bay, prisoner treatment at, 194, 232
Guatemala, 92, 270n
guerrilla warfare, 134
Gulf War (1991), 47, 57, 135, 162, 166, 181, 184, 190, 201–2, 221, 278n
Haass, Richard N., 30
Haiti, 54, 55, 89
Hamas, 94
Hawking, Stephen, 69
Heritage Foundation, 204
Hilliard, Earl, 293n
Hirsch, Michael, 72, 144–45
historical amnesia, 104–7
HIV/AIDS, 96
Holbrooke, Richard, 109, 230
House of Representatives, U.S., 203, 293n see also Congress, U.S.
humanity, crimes against, 90
genocide, 55, 56, 89, 94, 167, 214, 215, 222, 231, 285n, 299n
human rights, 14, 55–56, 73, 164, 167, 169–70, 175, 260n
Hungary, 188
Huntington, Samuel P., 62–63
Hussein, Saddam, 59, 135, 141–42, 175, 201–2
Kuwait invaded by, 47, 118–19
ouster of, 34, 60, 95, 111, 122, 130, 148, 184, 185, 208–9, 232, 272n, 275n, 295n, 299n
WMD capacity of, 47, 99, 139, 174, 227, 295n
IACPA (Indian-American Center for Political Awareness), 210, 243
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 156, 238
IAFPE (Indian-American Forum for Political Education), 210
ICC (International Criminal Court), 56, 58, 75, 97, 147, 151–52, 163, 281n
Ikenberry, John, 280n, 281n, 289n
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 36, 37
Inbar, Efraim, 211, 297n
incarceration rates, 169, 286n
India, 15, 127–28, 237, 252n
Israeli arms sales to, 297n
nuclear program of, 142, 211–12, 253n
Pakistan conflicts with, 114, 123
U.S. rapprochement with, 123, 181, 212
Indian American Center for Political Awareness (IACPA), 210, 243
Indian American Forum for Political Education (IAFPE), 210
Indian Americans, 198, 199, 210–13, 291n, 296n
Indonesia, 270n
Indyk, Martin, 205, 293n
information, popular access to, 176, 287n
innovation, 32
interest-group politics, 198–99, 303n see also ethnic lobbies
international affairs, non-military budgets for, 246, 303n
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 156, 238
International Criminal Court (ICC), 56, 58, 75, 97, 147, 151–52, 163, 281n
international finance, 51–53
international institutions, 36–37, 75, 226
power asymmetries lessened by, 144–52, 280n
see also specific international institutions
international law, national self-determination vs., 22
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 36, 37
IRA, 138, 278n
Iran, 104, 286n
in axis of evil, 113, 228
dual containment policy on, 47, 221
1980 revolution in, 47, 91, 92, 258n
nuclear facilities of, 127, 131, 139, 143, 238, 239, 240, 274n, 279n
as potential U.S. target, 209, 228, 251n, 295n
reformist movement vs. hard-line clerics of, 185
Russian alliance with, 128, 143
Syrian alliance with, 122, 275n
U.S. interference in, 91, 92, 93, 270n
weapons programs of, 44, 47–48, 119–20, 127, 131, 220, 274n
Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act (1992), 258n
Iraq, 114, 127, 228, 251n
dual containment policy on, 47, 221
Kuwait invaded by, 47, 118–19, 181
in 1991 Gulf War, 47, 57, 135, 162, 181, 184, 201–2, 278n
2003 invasion of, 37, 54, 59, 60, 63, 68–69, 76, 82, 87, 89, 95–96, 97–98, 99, 113, 121, 122, 130–31, 135, 142, 146, 162, 164, 166, 167, 173–74, 177, 184, 185–86, 193, 194, 201–2, 208–9, 220, 225, 232, 267n, 272n, 277n, 283n, 284n, 287n, 292n, 295n, 299n
U.S. occupation of, 34, 35–36, 59, 67–68, 86, 119, 135, 148, 157, 168–69, 209, 225, 235, 253n, 274n, 300n
WMD capability of, 59, 95, 99, 164, 173–74, 225, 227, 283n
Irish-Americans, 195
Israel, 85
Arab wars with, 93, 96, 134, 200, 258n
Cold War alliance of, 17, 47, 188, 201, 291n
economic aid to, 16, 200, 234, 291n
establishment of, 92–93, 200
Indian alliance with, 211, 297n
Iraq conflicts and, 201–2, 208–9, 295n
military power of, 16, 201, 252n, 253n, 258n, 291n, 300n
moral criticisms of, 167
Palestinians repressed by, 56, 94, 104, 190–91, 201, 202, 233, 236, 269n, 274n, 278n, 292n, 300n
in peace negotiations, 205–6, 221, 232–37, 292n, 293n–94n, 300n–301n
territorial expansion policies of, 16, 142, 201, 233, 235, 292n
terrorist actions in, 93, 138, 142, 300n
transnational political penetration of, 199–210
U.S. lobby for, 25, 199, 202–10, 211, 212, 235
Jamaat-e-Islami movement, 174
Japan, 35, 90, 252n, 253n
atomic bombs dropped on, 91, 99–100, 286n
economy of, 29, 32
on North Korean nuclear program, 154, 155
in postwar era, 164, 270n
U.S. military in, 46, 86, 123, 158, 181, 257n, 269n
in World War II, 91, 92, 99–100
Jepsen, Roger, 293n
Jewish Americans, 202–3, 204–5, 207, 209–10, 211, 292n, 293n
Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), 204
Joffe, Josef, 38, 89
Johnson, Chalmers, 103, 253n
Johnson, Lyndon, 105
Jordan, 16, 47, 190
Judt, Tony, 292n
Jusseraud, Jules, 39
just war, 271n
Kagan, Robert, 83, 84, 262n, 267n, 298n
Kamm, Frances, 285 n
Kaplan, Lawrence, 80
Kargil, 212
Karzai, Hamid, 104, 179, 288n
Kashmir, 138, 237
Kazakhstan, 43, 297n
Kelly, James, 282n
Kennedy, John F., 192
Kennedy, Paul, 35
Khashoggi, Jamal, 289n
Khatami, Muhammad, 139
Khmer Rouge, 76
Kim Jong Il, 16, 282n
King, David, 298n
kings, divine right of, 160
Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 203–4
Kissinger, Henry, 268n
Korean War, 91, 101, 105
Kosovo conflict, 34, 37, 40, 54, 56, 57, 113–14, 167, 221
NATO intervention in, 55, 95, 109, 113, 127, 135, 166, 181, 284n
Krauthammer, Charles, 63, 72, 84, 88, 145, 287n, 298n
Kristol, William, 80, 83, 262n, 267n, 298n
Kuwait, 190
Iraqi invasion of, 47, 118–19, 181
Kyoto Protocol, 58, 97, 151, 163, 165, 231
Kyrgyzstan, 297n
Lacorne, Denis, 286n
land mines, international ban on, 147, 151, 231
Latin America:
liberal democratic development in, 54, 181
U.S. interventions in, 91, 92, 101–2, 106–7, 125
Lebanon, 237, 258n
le Carré, John, 68–69, 170
Lee Kwan Yew, 189, 289n
Lee Teng Hui, 257
Lewis, Bernard, 83
Libby, Lewis, 294n
liberalism, 19, 79–80
Libya, 38, 86, 123, 185–86, 193–94, 228, 269n, 275n, 288n–89n
Likud Party, 209, 279n
Livingston, Ken, 69
lobbying, 303n
see also ethnic lobbies
McCloskey, Pete, 293n
Macedonia, 191
McFaul, Michael, 81
McKinney, Cynthia, 293n
Macmillan, Harold, 192
McVeigh, Timothy, 269n
Madrid subway system, 2004 terrorist attack on, 76, 86–87
Malaysia, 189
Malley, Robert, 292n
Mandela, Nelson, 111, 173
manifest destiny, 172
Mann, James, 256n
Mao Zedong, 39, 136
Marshall, George C., 268n
mass media, 38
MCA (Millennium Challenge Account), 52
Mexico, 52, 92, 106–7, 130
Middle East:
democracy initiative for, 82, 236
regional power balance of, 189–90
U.S. troops in, 47, 48, 85, 137, 221, 258n, 274n
see also specific Middle Eastern countries
military supremacy, 33–36, 42–45, 115, 126, 255n
asymmetric strategies against, 133–40
expenditure levels and, 33–34, 252n–53n
restraint in use of, 223–27
military tribunals, 167
Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), 52
Miller, Aaron, 205
Miller, Steven E., 272n
Milosevic, Slobodan, 90, 109, 111, 113–14, 182, 184–85
monarchical authority, 160
moral principles, legitimacy in accord with, 167–71
Mubarak, Hosni, 86
Multi-Fiber Agreement, 50
murder rates, 286n
Musharraf, Pervez, 123, 158
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 49, 50
Nagorno-Karabakh, 213, 215, 298n
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 157
nationalism, 90, 143, 220, 236–37, 276n
National Public Radio, 206
Native Americans, 172
NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty Organization
“natural” order, 171–72
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 208–9, 295n
New Republic, 292n
Nicaragua, 89, 91, 92, 99, 102, 104
9/11 Commission Report, 230, 292n
noblesse oblige, 21
Nolte, Georg, 281n
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 49, 50
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 287n
in Bosnian civil war, 46, 57
in Kosovo conflict, 55, 95, 109, 113, 127, 135, 166, 284n
new members of, 16, 45, 54, 121, 123, 131, 180–81, 188
self-defense clause invoked by, 148, 182
U.S. dominance of, 37, 45–46, 75, 241, 275n
Northern Ireland, 138
North Korea, 76, 91, 188, 251n
in axis of evil, 113, 156, 228
blackmail strategy employed by, 153–57, 159–60
economic status of, 16, 155, 156, 282n
nuclear arms developed by, 113, 119, 127, 139, 143, 154–57, 159, 177, 185, 220, 238, 239, 240, 253n
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 44, 140, 238, 239, 256n, 302n
nuclear weapons, 15, 34
in argument for preventive war, 283n
blackmail strategies based on, 154–57, 158–59
deterrent value of, 138–39, 159, 185, 279n
energy programs as cover for, 114
global arsenal of, 253n
limitations on spread of, 17, 43–44, 99, 119–20, 127, 131, 139–40, 142, 154–57, 177, 211–12, 237–40, 256n, 274n, 282n–83n, 302n
next generation of, 44–45
terrorist threat of, 237–40
U.S. double standard on, 44, 174–75, 238–39
World War II implementation of, 91, 99–100, 286n
see also weapons of mass destruction
Nye, Joseph S., 254n
offshore balancing, 12, 14, 125, 222–23, 234, 236, 240–43, 299n
Of Paradise and Power (Kagan), 84
Ogrodzinski, Piotr, 188–89
oil industry, 47, 76, 213, 215, 236, 287n, 298n
Oklahoma City, Okla., federal building bombed in, 269n
Oman, 190
Operation Anaconda, 135
Operation Desert Shield, 34
Operation Desert Storm, 34
Operation Iraqi Freedom, see Iraq, 2003 invasion of Oren, Ido, 74
Oslo peace process, 205, 295n
Ottawa Convention, 147, 151
Owen, John M., 74
Pahlavi regime, 104
Pakistan, 188
Indian conflict with, 15, 114, 123
nuclear weapons of, 15, 142, 253n
U.S. alliance with, 55, 99, 123, 158, 181, 182, 297n
Pakistani Americans, 199, 291n
Pal, Amitabh, 211
Palestinians, 16–17, 278n
as focus of Arab anti-Americanism, 94, 201, 202, 269n, 274n, 292n
in peace negotiations, 205, 221, 232–37, 292n, 294n
political leadership of, 204–5
right of return sought by, 300n–301n
statehood aspirations of, 104, 194, 205, 235, 292n
terrorist activities of, 93, 94, 138, 142
Parmentier, Guillaume, 37
Patton Boggs, 195
penetration strategies, 25, 194–217
of Armenians, 198, 199, 213–16
cultural proximity as aid to, 198
effective factors of, 197–99
historical instances of, 195
of Indian-American organizations, 199, 210–13, 291n
subtle effects of, 196
in U.S.-Israeli relations, 199–210
Percy, Charles, 204–5
Perle, Richard, 72, 184, 294n, 295n
Philippines, 177, 189
Pinter, Harold, 69, 263n
Poland, 188–89
Pomper, Miles, 298n
Posen, Barry, 134
“Potemkin alliances,” 35
preemption, doctrine of, 59, 72, 96, 147, 156, 162, 224, 225, 261n
preventive war, 59, 60, 84, 113, 220, 221, 224–25, 227, 261n, 283n
primacy, hegemony vs., 31
prison, social strategies in, 20, 118
prisoners of war, 167–68, 175, 232
Prodi, Romano, 111
proportionality, 271n
public diplomacy, 229–31, 300n
Pueblo, USS, 282n
Putin,Vladimir, 15, 111, 122
Qatar, 190, 289n
Qorvis Communications, 195
Quandt, William B., 293n
Qutb, Sayyid, 78, 265n
racism, 174
Reagan, Ronald, 29, 192, 255n
realist tradition, 19, 120–21, 264n
see also balancing
Reed, Ralph, 203
regional balancing, 25, 187–91, 216, 219
Reinhard, Keith, 177
responsible fiduciary, 165–66, 285n
retaliation:
cost/benefit assessment of, 115–17
violent, 990–91
Rice, Condoleezza, 58, 98, 101, 283n
right of return, 300n—301n
Robertson, Pat, 203
rogue states, 16, 29, 110, 159, 220, 224, 228
Rome Statute, 163
Roosevelt, Theodore, 175
Ross, Dennis, 205
Roy, Arundhati, 68
rule of law, 98–99, 175
Rumsfeld, Donald, 41, 131, 175, 232, 261n, 287n
Russell, Richard B., 57
Russia, 52, 158, 252n
Chechen conflict of, 56, 190, 237
Chinese cooperation with, 121–22, 128
democracy in, 260n
former superpower status of, 15–16
Iran aided by, 128, 143
Iraq war opposed by, 130, 146, 277n, 287n
nuclear arsenal of, 15, 43–44, 238, 253n
post-Cold-War U.S. relationship with, 123, 181, 297n
as regional power, 188
on U.S. unilateralism, 72, 121–22, 277n
Rwanda, genocide in, 55, 167, 231
Saban, Haim, 293n
Saddam Hussein, see Hussein, Saddam “salami tactics”, use of, 116
Samore, Gary, 119–20, 282n—83n
sanctions paradox, 115
Sandinistas, 106
Saudi Arabia, 47, 55, 252n
human rights criticism of, 286n
public relations effort of, 195
in regional power balance, 190, 289n
U.S. troops in, 85, 221, 258n, 269n, 274n, 279n
weapons sales to, 207
Schelling, Thomas, 116
Schroeder, Gerhard, 121, 177, 290n
selective engagement, 220–22
self-determination, 22, 167, 236–37
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 14, 58, 70, 99–100, 148, 182, 195, 202, 237, 246
Serbia, 35, 89, 90, 251n
in Kosovo conflict, 45, 55, 56, 109, 113–14, 127, 135, 146
Sestanovich, Stephen, 277n
Shapiro, Jeremy, 290n
Sharon, Ariel, 16, 86, 94, 203, 208, 232, 234–35, 295n
Shawshank Redemption, The, 251n
Short, Michael, 109
Shultz, George, 42
Singapore, 46, 181, 189
Six-Day War (1967), 96, 200
Smoke, Richard, 273n
soft balancing, 24, 126–32, 143, 178, 277n
soft power, 38, 254n
Somalia, 55
Somoza, Anastasio, 104, 106
Sontag, Susan, 70
South Africa, Republic of, 99, 127–28
South Korea, 46, 143, 154, 155, 158, 177, 188, 252n, 282n
South Yemen, 188
Soviet Union, 122–23
in Cold War, 13, 15, 29, 112, 114, 255n
collapse of, 13, 42, 43, 54, 88, 118, 155, 180, 201
third world alliances of, 157, 188, 201, 291n, 300n
Spain, 76, 87, 177, 193
special-interest groups, 198–99, 204
see also ethnic lobbies statehood status, 149
Steinberg, James, 284n
Straw, Jack, 193
Sudan, 56, 89
Suez War (1956), 74
suicide bombings, 137–38, 142
Sullivan, Andrew, 107
Syria, 114, 122, 185, 251n, 275n, 296n
as potential U.S. target, 139, 209, 228, 295n
Taiwan, 46, 158, 181, 189, 257n, 258n
Tajazadeh, Mostafa, 139
Tajikistan, 297n
Takeyh, Ray, 279n
Taliban, 35, 111, 135–36, 182, 222, 251n
Teets, Peter B., 45
TEP (Transatlantic Economic Partnership), 49
terrorism:
as internal balancing strategy, 133, 137–38, 140
international cooperation against, 182, 185, 190–91, 201, 296n
Islamic network of, 76
in Israel, 93, 138, 142, 300n
motivations of, 70, 83, 86–87, 91, 105, 233, 235, 236, 267n, 269n, 292n, 301n
open societies’ restrictions in response to, 137, 278n
Saudi links with, 195
September 11 attacks of, 14, 58, 70, 99–100, 148, 182, 195, 202, 237, 246
strategic achievements of, 137, 274n, 279n
U.S. response to, 14, 18, 31, 58, 64–66, 99, 108, 117, 175, 181, 182, 184, 192, 263n
WMD capability combined with, 140, 224, 237–40, 244–45
see also al Qaeda Thatcher, Margaret, 192
Thieu, Nguyen Van, 157
threats, balance of, 124
Tivnan, Edward, 203
Tora Bora, battle of, 135
Torricelli, Robert, 298n
trade policy, 17, 49–51, 76, 99, 127–28, 150, 258n–59n
Transatlantic Economic Partnership (TEP), 49
Trudeau, Pierre, 76–77
Truman, Harry S., 200
tsunami relief effort, 166–67
Tudjman, Franjo, 90
Turkey, 252n
Armenian interests vs., 215, 297n
Iraq invasion bases denied by, 131, 142, 143, 177
Turkmenistan, 297n
Ukraine, 43
unilateralism, 59–60, 97–98, 162–63, 170, 281n
United Kingdom, 252n, 253n
historical defense policy of, 71
in Iraq war, 35, 192–93, 253n
permanent civil service of, 245
power vs. wealth of, 31
terrorism in, 278n
U.S. special relationship with, 16, 192–94, 290n
in World War I, 195
United Nations, 18, 145, 272n
human rights concerns of, 170, 287n
Israel criticized in, 201
on Iraq war, 37, 60, 97–98, 122, 130–31, 146–47, 148, 162, 164, 194, 284n, 287n, 290n
on Kosovo conflict, 36–37, 95, 164
weapons inspections conducted by, 47, 142, 227
United States:
foreign aid expenditures of, 165, 166–67, 200, 215, 297n
ideals vs. actions of, 84–89, 94–95, 98–100, 168–70, 174–75, 268n, 269n, 287n
military capability of, 33–36, 42–45, 115, 126, 133, 134–35, 136, 252n–53n, 256n, 276n
regime ousters abetted by, 89, 92, 99, 101–2, 270n
social problems within, 81, 169–70, 285n–86n
United States, global primacy of: accommodation strategies with, 25, 180–217
cultural influence of, 37–39, 63, 77–82, 266n–67n
defense of legitimacy of, 229–32
delegitimation strategies against, 160–78
foreign perceptions vs. domestic assumptions on, 23–24, 62–107, 163–64, 261n–64n, 267n, 269n, 272n, 286n
foreign policy of, 23, 29–31, 40–60, 260n–61n
foundations of, 23, 29, 31–40, 41
opposition strategies to, 24–25, 109–79
preservation of, 41–45, 219–23
in Western Hemisphere, 89, 92, 125, 241, 270n
Uruguay Round (1994), 49, 50
U.S. India Political Action Committee (USINPAC), 210, 211
Uzbekistan, 55, 99, 158, 182
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 211
Van Creveld, Martin, 291n
Vedrine, Hubert, 121
Vietnam, U.S. diplomatic relations resumed with, 46
Vietnam War, 101, 105, 114, 157, 188
Walker, Edward, 190, 289n
Waltz, Kenneth, 120, 279n
war crimes, 90, 167–68
Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP), 204, 205, 206, 293n
weapons of mass destruction (WMD): as asymmetric military strategy, 134, 138–40, 279n
blackmail strategies based on, 158–59
Libyan abandonment of, 185–86, 228, 288n–89n
limitations on spread of, 43–44, 221, 224, 256n, 258n
as rationale for Iraq invasion, 59, 95, 99, 164, 173–74, 225, 227, 283n, 295n
terrorist acquisition of, 140, 224, 237–40, 244–45
UN inspections for, 47, 142, 227
see also nuclear weapons
Weart, Spencer, 265n
Weisglas, Dov, 235
West Bank, 16, 56, 89, 94, 167, 202, 234, 235, 300n
Western Hemisphere, U.S. dominance of, 89, 92, 125, 241, 270n
Wilson, Woodrow, 224
WINEP (Washington Institute for Near East Policy), 204, 205, 206, 293n
Winock, Michel, 275n
WMD, see weapons of mass destruction
Wohlforth, William C., 251n, 261n, 276n
Wolfowitz, Paul, 108, 173–74, 184, 294n, 295n
Woods, Tiger, 133
Woodward, Bob, 282n
workers, shirking tactics employed by, 21, 118, 251n
World Bank, 36, 37, 52, 75
World Trade Center, attacks on, 86, 99–100, 117
see also September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of
World Trade Organization (WTO), 36, 46, 49, 50, 127–28, 150–51, 276n, 281n
World War I, 195, 214
World War II, 32, 91–92, 93, 99–100, 164, 192
Wurmser, David, 294n
Yeltsin, Boris, 260n
Zammar, Mohammed, 296n
Zionism, 92–93, 203, 292n
see also Israel
Zoellick, Robert, 51, 150
Zuckerman, Mortimer B., 295n