Aaboe, Asger, 80
Abbasid, 10, 74
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Yaḥyā, 45
ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān, 46, 50–54, 57, 58, 65, 68, 73, 80, 81, 125
Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn, al-, 21
Abū Ḥārith, 76
Abū Hilāl al-ʿAskarī, 50
Abū Hilāl al-Ṣābiʿ, 83
Abū Ibrāhīm, 76
AbūʿIsā, 76
Abū Isḥāq Ibn Shahrām, 48
Abū Maʾshar, 35–40, 135
Abū Sahl, al- Kūhī, 83
Abū Ṣaqr Ibn Bulbul, 71
Abū Sulaimān, 38
Abū Sulaimān al-Manṭiqīal-Sijistānī, 48
Abū Thābit Sulaimān b. Saʿd, 45
AbūʿUbayd, 116
Abū Zakarīya, 76
Academies, 252–254
Adab al-kātib, 55
Ahl al-ḥadīth, 14, 52, 234
al-tawḥīd, 13
Akhawayn, 111
Alamūt, 244
Alchemy, 45, 50, 51, 57
Alexander the Great, 11, 32–34
Alexandria, 7 Alfonsine Tables, 209
Algebra, 17–19, 54, 67
ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā, 222
Almagest, 3, 8, 12, 17, 20, 60, 61, 69, 71, 79, 80, 84–97, 100, 101, 104, 107, 134–136, 139, 150, 168, 169, 176, 241, 247
Alpagus, Andreas, 210, 220, 229, 231
ʿĀmilī, al-Muḥaqqiq ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusain, 190
ʿĀmilī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn, 115, 116
Amr khārij ʿan al-ṭabʿ, 179
Ancient sciences, 4, 5, 9, 29, 30, 36, 44, 47, 49, 51, 52, 56–58, 64, 71, 72, 86, 92, 126
Andalus, 94, 95, 177
Anūshirvān, Chosroes, 33
Anthologia (Vetius Valens), 11
Antioch, 5–7, 41, 227
Anwāʾ texts, 86
Apollonius, 12, 120, 122, 123, 136, 145, 152, 163, 166, 202–205
Apotelesmatica (Paulus Alexandrinus), 8
Arabic, 3, 55, 63, 64, 69, 73, 76, 77, 126, 188, 195, 214, 217, 221, 223, 231
Ardashīr, 32, 33
Aristarchus of Samos, 120
Aristotle, 7, 13, 34, 47, 48, 51, 52, 63, 66, 75, 91, 93, 119–124, 127, 132, 134, 136, 148, 149, 162, 163, 170, 173–175, 178–182, 185
Arithmetic (Nicomachus), 12
Arithmetica (Diophantus), 12, 18
Arsenius, 223–225
Asad b. Jānī, 76, 77
ʿAskarī, Abū Hilāl, al-, 50
Astrolabe, 18, 222–225, 246
Astrologers, 15, 30, 49, 132, 134, 168, 174, 175, 191
Astrology, 14, 33, 39, 40, 78, 79, 90, 96, 127, 132, 168, 174–176, 191
Astronomers, Greek, 34, 78
Astronomy, 19, 20, 23, 27, 28, 34, 69, 71, 78, 88, 94, 100–104, 108, 111–117, 120, 124, 131–134, 141, 149–155, 161, 162, 165–168, 171–178, 181, 184, 186, 190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 209, 211, 216, 220, 221, 231–233, 236, 237, 240, 246
Avicenna. See Ibn Sīnā
Awāʾil, Kitāb al-, 50
Awṣāf al-ashrāf, 188
Bābak, 32
Baghdādī, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf, al-, 128, 129
Baghdādī, Abū al-Barakāt, al-, 183, 184
Bait al-ḥikma, 48
Bait al-māl, 57
Bakhtīshūʿ family, 61, 62
Jibrāʾīl b., 75
Banū Mūsā, 15, 20, 48, 75, 92, 96, 238. See also Mūsā, Shākir
Banū Tamīm, 45
Bar Hebraeus, 24
Barmakids, 10
Barmakī, Khālid, al-, 17
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 218
Bīrūnī, Abū al-Raiḥān, 15, 38, 39, 96, 120, 134
Biṭrūjī, al-, 120, 121
Bodleian Library, 196, 220
Book of Treasures (Job of Edessa), 43
Brahe, Tycho, 247
Budé, Guillaume, 219
Bukhāra, 95
Bukhārī, Ṣadr al-Sharīʿa, al-, 240
Bureaucrats, kuttāb, 15, 45, 56, 58, 60–
64, 67, 71, 73, 77, 83, 87
Buyids, 83
Būzjānī, Abū al-Wafāʾ, al-, 56
Byzantium, 4–7, 22, 41–48, 51, 66, 124, 195, 194, 214–217, 221
Calepino, Ambrosio, 247
Caliphate, 236
Calligraphic design, 225 Canon of Medicine, 229, 239. See also Ibn Sīna
Carmen Astrologicum (Dorotheus Sidonius), 12
Çelebī, Mīram, 114
Center of heaviness, 120, 137, 138, 162, 179, 185
Chaldeans, 37, 49
China and Chinese, 11, 32, 33, 36, 248, 251–254
Chioniades, Gregory, 194
Chosroes Anūshirvān, 33, 34
Christians and Christianity, 7 , 41–44, 58, 62
Chronology of Nations (Bīrūnī), 15
Circles representing spheres, 92
small, 106, 107, 110, 148, 149, 156, 181
Coins, 51, 57
Collège de France, 22, 219
Colombo, Realdo, 25, 222, 231 Commentariolus, 155, 207
Conic valve, 237, 238 Conics (Apollonius), 12
Conjecture (ḥads), 118, 119
Consistency, 94, 101, 104, 108, 127, 165–170, 178, 194, 215, 216
Constantine, 42
Constellations, 86, 87
Contact theory of transmission, 4, 5, 9, 46, 50, 57, 125
Copernicus, Nicholas, 23, 141, 144, 146, 154–156, 164, 165, 183, 185, 189, 190, 193–232, 247, 249
Cosmas Indicopleustis, 6
Cosmology, 90–95, 104, 105, 109, 119, 129, 133, 135, 138, 162, 167, 169, 173–175, 179, 185, 193, 204, 211, 215
Creation of science, 35
Critical spirit, 108
Critique, 103, 108, 131, 133, 233, 235. See also Shukūk
continuity of, 109
corpus of, 112
of Greek scientific tradition, 86, 97, 234, 239
of lunar motion, 97
of observational astronomy, 124, 131
of Ptolemaic astronomy, 103, 104, 109, 124, 133
Ḋaḥḥāk, al- (dah ak), 31
Dār al-ʿilm, 254
Dara son of Dara, 32
Darius, 32
Dashtaghī, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Manṣūr b.
Muḥammad al-Ḥusainī al-Shīrāzī, al-, 114–116
Decimal system, 9, 18, 19
Decline, age of, 233–255
Deferent,140
Dehwīh, 45
Della Vida, Giorgio Levi, 219
Demonstrative science, 122
De Revolutionibus (Copernicus), 23, 183
Deviation, 147
Dhayl al-fatḥīya, 114
Dhayl-i Muʿīnīya, 158
Dīnārs, 50, 51, 57
Diophantus, 12, 17, 18, 66
Dioscorides, 253
Dirhams, 50
Disciplines, 67–69
Dīwān, 45–47, 50–60, 63, 67, 68, 70, 77, 80
Diyār Bakr, 227, 236
Dorotheus Sidonius, 12
Syrian, 33
Doubts. See Shukūk
Dream of al-Maʾmūn, 13, 47–52, 65, 70, 71
Easter, computation of, 229
Eccentricity, 89
Eccentrics, 119–123, 136–140, 145, 151,
162, 163, 166, 169, 170, 178, 179, 185, 202, 204
Eclipses, 84, 90
Ecliptic, 19, 20, 81, 90, 131, 231
Egypt, 31–33, 56, 250
Elements Aristotelian, 91
Euclid’s, 3, 12, 17, 151, 228, 229
simple, 120, 138 Elements of Astrology, 134
Engineering, mechanical, 237, 246
Epicycles, 96, 119, 120, 122, 123, 136, 138, 154, 160, 162, 170, 179, 184, 185
Epicyclic model, 137, 151, 152, 162, 163, 166, 178, 202
Epitome Almagesti, 217
Equant (Muʿaddil al-masīr), 95, 98–102, 106, 109, 113, 115, 135, 140–145, 148, 151–155, 158, 160, 164–166, 202, 204
Equator of motion. See Equant
Ether, 93, 120, 121, 138, 140, 148, 162, 177, 184, 185, 213
Euclid, 3, 6, 199, 212, 228
Eudoxus, 121
European libraries, 218
Faʿaltu fa-lā talum, 160
Fārābī, al-, 7, 34, 41, 42
Farāʾiḍ, ʿilm al-, 78, 103, 127, 171, 186
Farghānī, Ibn Kathīr, al-, 81
Fārisī, Kamāl al-Dīn, al-, 21, 239, 240
Farmāsp, the Indian, 33
Fatḥal-Mannān fī tafsīr al-qurʿān, 189
Fazāra, 16
Fazāri, Ibrāhīm, al-, 15, 16, 74
Ferrara, 220
Fihrist (al-Nadīm), 11, 28, 29, 42
François I, 219
Fuṣūl method, 82–84, 90, 131
Fuwaṭī, Ibn al-, 243, 244
Galen, 6, 24, 25, 64, 66, 71, 75, 124, 128, 187, 235, 239
Galileo Galilei, 183, 252
Generation, and corruption, 174, 182
Geocentrism, 163, 164, 173, 193, 204, 207, 215
George, Bishop of the Arabs, 8, 43
Gharāʾib al-qurʿān, 189
Ghars al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Khalīl al-Ḥalabī, 115, 180, 181
Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid al-, 3, 21, 23, 25, 126, 127, 181, 234–246, 254
God, existence of, 174, 175
Golden Age, 23, 65, 236, 242, 243
Grafton, Anthony, 205
Gravitation, universal, 215
Greco-Roman legacy, 3
Greece and Greeks, 33, 41, 228
Greek books in Isfahan, 38, 39, 43
Greek language, 58, 195
Greek science, 18, 22, 40, 41, 61, 72, 78, 93, 108, 122, 232
Greek tradition, 128, 168, 234, 238, 240
Gregory Chioniades. See Chioniades
Gregory XIII, Pope, 229, 230
Gutas, Dimitri, 10
Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib, 18, 19, 89
Ḥadīth, 73, 234
Ḥads (conjecture), 118. 119, 152
Ḥajjāj b. Ma3ar, al-), 17, 19, 48, 67–70, 79, 80, 92, 93, 126, 131
Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf, al-, 45, 53, 59
Ḥākimī, al-, 63
Ḥall mā lā yanḥall, 242
Ḥammādī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, 116
Ḥanbal, Aḥmad b,14
Ḥarrān, 5–7
Hartner, Willy, 199, 200, 218
Hārūn al-Rashīd, 11, 17, 30
Hayʿa (configuration), 18, 19, 68, 78, 90, 94, 100, 102, 108, 114–118, 127, 128, 133, 171–178, 186–189
Hazārāt, 37
Heliocentrism, 120, 164, 193, 205, 207, 215, 216
Hellenism, 74
Hermes, 31–33
Hermes the Babylonian, 33
Hernandez, Francisco, 253
Hero of Alexandria, 237
Ḥikāya (al-Nadīm), 30, 35, 36, 41, 44–46
Hipparchus, 34, 125
Ḥisba, 57
Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, 45
History of Nations (Māshāʾallāh), 34
Horoscopes, 15, 16, 31, 41
Hospitals, 254
Ḥubaish b. al-Ḥasan, 48, 75
Hulagu Khan, 235, 243
Ḥunain b. Isḥāq, 5, 14, 18, 48, 61–64, 68, 71, 75, 77
Hypatia, 6, 7
ʿIbādī, 62
Ibn AbīUṣaybiʿa, 62
Ibn al-ʿAmīd, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusain, Abū al-Faḋl, 38
Ibn al-Asḥath, uprising of, 45
Ibn al-Baiṭār, 21
Ibn Bāja, 120
Ibn al-Biṭrīq, 48
Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen), 24, 25, 97–109, 113, 116, 132, 133, 140, 235, 239, 240
Ibn Ḥamdūn, 63
Ibn Khaldūn, 39, 59
Ibn Mamātī, 56
Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, 42, 74
Ibn al-Nafīs, 21, 24, 25, 129, 187, 239, 240, 243
Ibn Qutayba, 54, 55, 59
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 120, 149, 150, 179, 184, 210, 211, 220, 231
Ibn Shahrām, Abū Isḥāq, 48
Ibn al-Shāṭir, 21, 84, 85, 113, 121–123, 138, 140, 143, 144, 151, 154, 161–165, 169, 170, 179, 184, 185, 189–197, 204–214, 220, 237, 240
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), 95, 116, 169, 187, 210, 211, 229
Ibn Ṭāriq. See Yaʿqūb b. Ṭāriq Ibn Ṭufayl, 120
Ibn al-Ukhuwwa, 57
Ibṭāl al-buhtān, 96
Ikhtilāf al-zījāt,36
Ilkhanids, 188, 202, 243
Illustrations (mithālāt), 238
Impossible, 98, 99, 101, 106, 107, 135, 140, 152
Inclination, 109, 147–149. See also
Ecliptic India and Indians, 3, 4, 9, 11, 18–20, 32, 33, 36, 37, 43, 72, 74, 150, 246, 250, 251
Instruments, 19, 20, 81–83, 133, 189, 202, 221–226, 244, 246
Intellectual history of Islamic civilization, 71
Introduction to Astrology, 39
Iran, 250
Iraq, 33
Iṣfahan, 36–38, 236
Isḥāq b. Ḥunain, 69, 70, 75, 93, 126
Ishkālāt, 111, 115, 116
Islamic civilization, 234–236
Islamic world, 188, 195, 196, 247–253
Istakhr, 32
Istidrāk, 94, 150, 167, 177
Jābir Ibn Aflaḥ, 100
Jabr, al-, 18
Jāḥizʿ, ʿAmr b. Baḥr al-, 33, 76
Jahshiyārī, 53–59
Jai Singh II, 246
Jāmasp, the wise, 32
Jāmiʿusʿul al-ḥadīth, 189
Jamīl, 59
Jazarī, al-, 21, 237, 238, 240
Jibrāʾīl b. Bakhtīshūʿ, 75
Job of Edessa, 43
Julius, Flavius Claudius, 7, 8, 41–44
Jundīshāpūr, 5, 41, 62, 76, 77
Jūzjānī, AbūʿUbayd, al-, 95, 116, 169
Kabīra wa-l-saghīra, 198
Kennedy, Edward S., 196
Kepler, Johannes, 205
Khafīf ghulām ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā, 222
Khafrī, Shams al-Dīn, al-, 21, 115, 123, 124, 129, 154, 161, 165–169, 183, 190, 193, 204, 206, 237, 240, 242
Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya (ḥakīm ʿāl Marwān), 45–51
Khamāʾirī, Muḥammad b. Fattūḥ, al-, 223, 224
Kharaqī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Jabbār, al-, 218
Khārij ʿan al-sʿināʾa, 110, 148, 156
Khārija ʿan al-qiyās, 100
Khujandī, al, 83, 133
Khwārizmī, Muḥammad b. Mūsā, al-, 17, 18, 19, 54
Khwārizmī al-Kātib, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Yūsuf, al-, 56
Kindī, al-, 36
King, David, 223, 224
Kitāb al-anwāʾ, 55
Kitāb al-awāʾil, 50
Kitāb al-hayʿa, 117
Kitāb al-Nahmaṭān, 30
Kitāb Qawānīn al-dawawīn, 56
Kitāb al-wuzarāʾ wa-l-kuttāb, 53
Kūhī, Abū Sahl, al-, 83
Kushtaj, kitāb al-, 32
Kuttāb, 45, 55, 56, 60
Latitude theory, 101, 107, 149, 155, 156, 198
Laurentiana library, 220, 227, 229
Lawāmiʿ, al-, 114, 116
Lemerle, Paul, 7, 43, 125
Leo Africanus, dc 1550, 226
Leon the mathematician, 7
Limits, concept of, 183
Line, imaginary, 98
Maʾālim al-qurbā, 57
Maʾārij, al-, 116
Macedonia, 32
Madkour, Ibrahim, 241
Maestlin, 205
Mafātīḥal-ʿulūm, 56
Maghribī, Muḥyī al-Dīn, al-, 116
Mahdī, al-, Abbasid caliph, 11
Malaṭiya, 188
Mamluks, 188, 235
Maʾmūn, al-, 11, 13, 15, 17, 43, 47, 48, 51, 52, 63, 65, 70, 81, 83, 234
Manshūrāt, 106
Manṣūr b. Sarjūn, 45
Manṣūr, al-, 11, 15, 17, 31, 74
Manṣūrīya (Dashtaghī), 114, 116
Marāgha observatory, 133, 155, 188,202, 243, 244, 246
Mardānshāh, 45
Marw, 7
Māshāʾallāh al-Fārisī, 15, 34
Mashhūr, 240
Masrūrīya madrasa, 187
Mathematics, 122, 123, 129, 151, 164–169, 172, 190, 193, 210, 212, 215, 216, 232
Mavroudi, 7, 22
Mawālīd, 41
Mecca, 19
Medicine, 128, 187, 237, 240, 246, 252, 253
Medici Oriental Press, 228, 229 Medizin im Islam, 228
Menelaos, 88
Mercury, 145–148
Mesquinerie, 23, 198
Mexico, 252, 253
Meyerhof, Max, 7
Miḥna, 13
Mīqāt, ʿilm al-, 78, 103, 127, 171, 186, 187, 247
Mīram Çelebī, 114
Missionaries, 228
Moon, 79, 80, 85, 97, 134, 141, 143, 158, 165, 230
Morayel, 76
Muʿaddil al-masīr. See Equant
Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān, 45
Mughal empire, 250
Muḥālāt, 95–98, 101, 102, 135, 141, 145–147, 154, 155, 174, 178, 215
Mulūk al-ṭawāʾif, 32
Mumtaḥan, 83, 86
Muntaha al-idrāk, 218
Mūsā, Banū, 15, 20, 48, 64, 237, 238.
See also Shākir Muʿtasʿim, al- 63
Mutawakkil, al-, 14, 15, 63, 68, 75, 77, 238
Muʿtazilites, 13, 48, 51, 52, 65, 70, 234
Muwaqqit, 162, 189, 243. See also Ibn al-Shāṭir
Nadīm, Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad b. Abī Yaʿqūb Isḥāq, al-, 11, 28–31, 35–52, 58, 68, 70, 74, 75, 126
Nahmaṭān, kitāb al-, 30, 31
Naql qadīm, 76
Nau, François , 24, 43
Nawbakht, 10, 15, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 49, 61
Needham, Joseph, 248
Netherlands, 223–225
Neugebauer, Otto, 22, 196–199, 214, 217
New Spain, 252
Newtonian world, 122, 215
New World, 250–255 Nihāyat al-idrāk (Shīrāzī), 160
Nihāyat al-sūl fītaṣḥīḥ al-usʿūl, 164, 196
Niʿmatallah, Ighnāṭyūs (Nehemias), 227–230
Nīsābūrī, Niẓām al-Dīn, al, 189, 240
Nishwār al-Muḥāḍara, 36
Nodes, 141
Numerals, 3, 223
Nuqṭat al-muḥādhāt. See Prosneusis
Observatories, 133, 202, 244, 246, 254
Optics, 21, 97, 108, 237–240, 246
Orientalists, 69, 226, 227, 235
Orsini, Paolo, 228, 230
Oscillation, 110, 148, 155, 156, 158, 181, 184, 207
Osmania, 94
Ottomans, 194, 219, 221, 225, 250
Paul, the Persian, 8
Paulus Alexandrinus, 6, 8
Persia and Persians, 10–12, 37, 38, 41, 42, 45, 49, 58–62, 65, 66, 71–74, 195, 224
Phaedrus, the Greek, 33
Philip II, 253
Philo of Byzantium, 237
Philosophy, 7, 8, 41, 42, 44, 49, 184, 190
Physicians, 62, 187
Pingree, David, 22
Pīrī, 45, 76
Planetary Hypotheses, 90–93, 96, 97, 104–108, 134, 135, 168, 169, 176
Planetary theories, 194, 221, 236, 244, 246
Planets, 134, 138, 139, 206
Plato, 66
Pocket transmission theory, 5, 7, 9, 46, 57
Poland, 221
Postel, Guillaume, 22, 217–221, 227, 230
Prayer, times of, 134
Precession, 20, 80, 81, 125, 131, 176, 231
Printing, 228
Proclus, 199
Progress, 234
Projection, 18, 19
Prosneusis, 97, 98, 105, 110, 114, 142–144, 148, 151, 165
Ptolemy, 3, 6, 8, 12, 33, 34, 60, 66, 79, 81, 84, 88–95, 99, 100, 106, 108, 110, 119, 127, 132–134, 138, 144–148, 124, 169, 170, 176, 198, 206, 212
Pulmonary circulation, 25
Pyramids, 38
Postel, Guillaume, 22, 217–221, 227, 230
Projection, 18, 19
Qāḋīzādeh al-Rūmī, 114, 190
Qawānīn al-dawawīn, 56
Qibla, 134, 186
Quadrant, 246
Quhunduz, 37
Qusṭā b. Lūqā, 18, 48, 69, 70
Qushjī, al-, 21, 113, 114, 154, 166, 169, 204, 240
Rainbow, 239, 240
Ramnusio, Hieronimo, 230
Rashed, Roshdi, 18
Rawḋat al-taslīm, 188
Rāzī, Abū Bakr, al- (Rhazes), 25, 94, 128, 129, 235, 239
Realdo Colombo, 25
Recapitulation (istidrāk), 95. See Shukūk Rest, moment of, 182, 183
Roberts, Victor, 196
Rosenthal, Franz, 52
Rūmī, Qāḋīzādeh al-, 114
Ṣabaʾians, 49
Ṣābiʿ, Abū Hilāl al-, 83
Sabra, Abd al-Ḥamīd, 125
Safavids, 250
Safīr, al-, 114
Saint Peter, cathedral of, 222
SṢāliḥ b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, 45, 59
Salm, 48
Sangallo, Antonio de, 222, 223
Sanskrit, 74
Sarjūn b. Manṣūr, 37, 38, 45, 46, 59, 63
Sāsān, 32
Sawād, al-, 31, 42
Sayf al-Dawla, 49
Seasons method, 81
Sergius of Rasʿaina, 8, 43, 60
Servetus, Michael, 25, 222, 231
Severus Sebokht, 8, 9, 43, 60
Sextant, 246
Shāfiʿī law, 187
Shahriyār, zīj, 11, 16, 37, 39, 40
Shākir, 20, 48, 64, 92, 93, 94, 132, 176, 177, 235
Shāpūr, 33, 34
Shāpūr, Dhū al-Aktāf (Shāpūr II), 41, 42
Sharbe noukronoye, 24
Sharḥal-majisṭī, 189, 190
Sheshwīh, 45
Shīʿism, 250
Shīrāzī, Quṭb al-Dīn, al-, 21, 96, 116, 154, 158–161, 165–169, 183, 184, 188, 189, 203, 204, 212, 239, 240
Shirwānī, Mulla Fatḥallah, al-, 190
Shuʿūbīya, 33, 76, 126
Shukūk, 24, 25, 94–97, 111, 115, 127, 128, 131, 150, 167, 178, 235, 239
Sībawaih, 77
Sidhanta, 16
Siftah, 37
Sijistān, 45
Sijistānī, Abū Sulaimān al-Manṭiqī, al-, 48
Simplicity, 139, 140, 178
SṢināʾa al-, 18, 107
Sindhind, 16
Sine, 88, 187
Sinjār, desert of, 14
Siphon, 237
Sīvas, 188
Slanting, 109
Slave labor, 250, 251
South Asia, 251
Spain, 223, 253
Spheres, 92, 93, 98, 104, 121, 132–135, 140, 141, 163, 168, 174, 176, 177, 179, 216
Stars, fixed, 86, 87, 93, 162, 163, 176, 184, 185
Ṣūfī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, 87
Suleiman the Magnificent, 219
Sun, 20, 81–85, 90, 126, 136, 165, 230, 231
Sundials, 189
Sūrat al-ikhlāṣ, 50
Ṣuwar al-Kawākib, 87
Swerdlow, Noel, 207–209, 217
Syriac, 6–9, 24, 43, 44, 62, 65, 66, 74, 75, 227
Ṭahmūrath, 37
Tadaḥruj, 107
Tadhkira, 109, 111, 113, 116, 156, 158,
197, 217
Tahāfut al-falāsifa, 3, 234
Taḥrīr (Ṭūsī), 84, 88, 89, 109, 156, 158, 198
Tajrīd al-iʿtqād, 188
Takmila fī sharḥal-tadhkira, 190
Taʿlīq al-arsʿād, 164
Tamīmī, ʿAlī b. Ziyād, al-, 16
Tanbīh al-nuqqād, 115
Tangent, 88
Tannūkhī, 36
Tānqarūs, 31
Taqī al-Dīn b. Maʾrūf, 247
Ta ʿrīkh al-ḥukamāʾ(Qifṭī), 83
Tarkīb al-aflāk, 16, 116
Tarkībun mā, 185
Taṣḥīḥ al-usʿūl, 161
Tashrīḥal-aflāk, 115, 116
Taseo, Ambroseo, 230 Ṭawāʾif, mulūk, al-, 32
Ṭawāmīr, 51
Tawḥīd, ahl al-, 13, 48, 51
Tetrabiblos (Ptolemy), 12, 134
Teukreus, 31
Thābit b. Qurra, 48
Themistius, 41
Theodoros, 45
Theorizing, 28, 71, 164, 165. See also Ḥads
Tihon, Ann, 22
Tīnkalūs, 31
Tīnqarūs, 31
Toomer, Gerald, 100
Trade, 250–252
Transoxania, 10
Trebizond, 221
Trigonometry, 18, 19, 67, 88, 89, 150, 171, 186, 187
Tuḥfa shāhīya, 116, 160
Turkey, 227
Ṭūsī Couple, 110, 111, 154–158, 181, 184, 188, 197–200, 205, 206, 211–214, 217, 218, 221, 241, 244
Ṭūsī, Nasʿīr al-Dīn, al-, 21, 24, 84, 88–90, 109–113, 116, 148, 151, 155–161, 169, 181, 188, 198–202, 209–213, 217, 218, 228, 240, 243, 244
Tūz, 36, 37
Ulugh Beg, 189, 190, 244
ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, 54
Umayyads, 10, 16, 47, 58, 68, 74, 162
Uqlīdisī, 19
ʿUrḍī, Muʿayyad al-Dīn, al-, 21, 24, 106, 107, 113, 117, 118, 123, 133, 144, 151–155, 158–163, 166, 169, 180, 202–206, 209–214, 218, 240, 243, 244
Uṣūl, 161
Valve, conic, 237, 238
Vatican Library (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana), 214, 217
Vaux, Carra de, 23, 24, 197, 198
Vesalius, 232
Vetius Valens, 11
Void, 237, 238
Wāthiq, al-, 63
Wazzān, Ḥasan b. Muḥammad b. al(Leo Africanus), 226, 227, 228, 230
Wīd, 45
Widmanstadt, Jean-Albert, 227, 230
Wisdom, House of (Bait al-ḥikma), 48
Yaʿqūb b. Ṭāriq, 16, 74
Yūḥannā b. Māsawayh, 48, 62–65, 68
Yūḥannā, 38, 76
Zādān Farrūkh b. Pīrī, 45, 53, 59, 63
Zaradasht, 32
Zamān, Huḥammad, 224
Zīj, 11, 40, 83, 127, 132, 134, 191
Zoroaster, 32
Zoroastrians, 58