Action crisis, 114
Aikido, 37
Airbnb, 63
Albert, Neil, 75
Alto prototype computer, 141
American Express OPEN Forum, 146n
An Anti-Creativity Checklist (Youngme Moon), 149–150
Argyris, Chris, 59
Assumptions:
made in stress evaluation, 166–167
surfacing, 79–82
testing, 83–85
Atkinson, Bill, 141
Attention density, 73–75
Available resources, 72–73
Ayduk, Ozlem, 162
Ayres, Ian, 51n
“Beast Barracks,” 118–119
Beck, Charlie, 21
Behavioral economics, 95
Belleville, Bob, 142
Blink (Malcolm Gladwell), 26, 27
Bounded rationality, 91
Brain, mind vs., xii–xiv
Brainstorming:
basic rules of, 37–38
and leaping, 8
limitations of, 14
prevention of idea rejection in, 131
Bratton, William, 21
Braun, 142
Buckingham, Marcus, 123
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 33
California Peace Officer Standards and Training Command College, 30
Can-if cascading (technique), 121–122
Cannes Film Festival, 100
Cassell’s Complete Book of Sports and Pastimes, 29
Channel tags, 133
Choices, 97–98
Choking (in performance), 74
Christensen, Karen, 168
Cirque du Soleil, 63
“Connect & Develop” strategy, 17, 143–144
Corporate culture, 129–131
Creativity in Business (Ray and Myers), 153
Curse of knowledge, 138–140
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 73
Decomposition (technique), 102–104
Deja vu, 10
The Design of Business (Roger Martin), 79
Design thinking, 67, 99 (See also Synthesis)
Do The Work (Steven Pressfield), 154
Dorsey, Jack, 41
Double down (technique), 101–102
defining, 111–114
jumpstarting to fix, 120–126
and neuroscience of goal-directed action, 117–118
and perseverance, 118–119
in Prisoner’s Release challenge, 30
reasons for, 114–117
Dramatic destinations, 116
Duckworth, Angela, 118–119
Duncker, Karl, 48
Duncker candle problem, 48n
Edmunds, 145
Einstein, Albert, xi, 1, 25, 42, 45, 67, 89, 109, 129, 149
Elegant solutions, 5–6
Epictetus, 98
Epstein, Brian, 135
Ericsson, K. Anders, 125
Experimental design, 83–85
Failure, 77
FAST thinking:
not invented here in, 137
and pulsing, 125
SLOW vs., 31–37
Fastlane development program, 145
Fear of missing out (FOMO), 98
Festival of Festivals, 100
Fields, Debbi, 135
The Fifth Discipline (Peter Senge), 91
defining, 48–54
insight problems showing, 45–48
inversion to fix, 60–66
neuroscience of, 57–58
and patterned thinking, 59–60
in Prisoner’s Release challenge, 30
reasons for, 54–57
in self-censoring, 150
Foch, Ferdinand, 134
FOMO (fear of missing out), 98
Fonda, Henry, 155
Ford, Henry, 111–112
Framestorming:
after can-if cascading, 122
and fixation, 51
in inversion exercise, 64–65
questioning in process of, 40–42
Framing, in problem-solving, 8–9, 38
Fresh starts (technique), 124–125
Functional fixedness, 9, 48 (See also Fixation)
Gaming the goal, 113
General Electric (GE), 113
General Motors, 49
George Costanza (fictional character), 61n
Gilbert, Paul, 157
Gladding, Ruth, 57–58, 154, 162
Goal-directed action, 117–118
Goals:
setting attainable, 117
stretch, 120
Google, 121
Grit Scale, 119
Hackomotive, 145
Handling, Piers, 99–101
Harvard Business Review, 104, 144
Hashtags, 133–134
Hastings, Reed, 41
Heath, Chris, 138
Heath, Dan, 138
Hebb’s law, 58
Heuristics, 95–97
Hitler, Adolf, 55–56
Huston, Larry, 143–144
Ice industry, 49–50
Ideas, quality and quality of, 137
IDEO (design firm), 67–68
“The Impartial Spectator,” 18, 161
Incentive-disengagement cycle, 113–114 (See also Downgrading)
Innovation:
encouraging with hackathons, 145–146
encouraging with knowledge networks, 146–148
at Procter & Gamble, 142–144
and prototesting, 12
The Innovator’s Hypothesis (Michael Schrage), 83
Insight problems:
and fixation, 45–48
and satisficing, 89–90
solutions to, 171–174
Integrative thinking, 99, 104 (See also Synthesis)
Inversion (technique), 10, 60–66
Isaacson, Walter, 16–17
Ive, Jonathan, 142
James, Lebron, 162–163
James, William, 119
Jameson, Julietta, 110
Jobs, Steve, 10, 16–17, 135, 141–142
Jones, Morgan, 55
Jumpstarting (technique), 14–15, 120–126
Jung, Carl, 152
Kant, Immanuel, 59
Karate, 37
Kennedy, John F., 55
Kettering, Charles, 77
Kleitman, Nathaniel, 125n
Klinger, Eric, 113
Knowledge, curse of, 138–140
Knowledge networks (technique), 146–148
Kross, Ethan, 162–163
Ladder of inference (technique), 59
Lafley, A. G., 17, 142–144, 146
Land, Edwin, 41
Land, Jennifer, 41
Langer, Ellen, 158–161, 166–167
LAPD bomb squad, 1–5, 20–21, 27–28
Leahy, William, 135
defining, 26–28
FAST and SLOW thinking, 31–37
framestorming to fix, 37–43
neuroscience of, 33–34
reasons for, 28–31
Learning:
natural, 75–76
one-shot, 33–34
through testing, 76
Learning patterns, 75–77
Lee, Sang Wan, 33
Limitations, personal, 150
Made to Stick (Heath and Heath), 138
Mankoff, Bob, 106
Mars Pathfinder team, 116, 122
“The Marshmallow Challenge,” 67–71
Martial arts, 37
Martin, Roger, 13, 79, 81–82, 99, 101–104, 106–107, 143, 168
Maximizing, satisficing vs., 97–98
Means, motives and, 117–118
Meditation, 160–161
Mental accounting periods, 124
Mental models, 59
Messina, Chris, 133–134
Milkman, Katherine, 124
Mind, brain vs., xii–xiv
Mindfulness (Ellen Langer), 158
Mindlessness, 158–160
Mindsets, 59
Mitroff, Ian, 49
Models of Man (Herbert Simon), 13, 90
Mona Lisa (painting), 73
Monty Hall Problem, 96–97
Moon, Youngme, 149–150
A More Beautiful Question (Warren Berger), 40
Motives, means and, 117–118
Myers, Rochelle, 153
Nalebuff, Barry, 51n
Natural learning, 75–76
Nature Neuroscience, 74
Neurochemicals, 139–140
Neuroplasticity, 49, 60 (See also Inversion)
Neuroscience:
of fixation, 57–58
of goal-directed action, 117–118
of leaping, 33–34
of not invented here, 139–140
of overthinking, 73–75
of self-censoring, 156–157
The Neuroscience of Leadership (J. Schwartz and Rock), 139
New Yorker Cartoon Caption Contest, 104–106
Nightline (television program), 68
Not invented here (NIH), 15–17, 129–148
examples of, 129–136
neuroscience of, 139–140
in Prisoner’s Release challenge, 30
proudly found elsewhere to fix, 141–148
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 49, 60
Olson, Ken, 135
On Problem Solving (Karl Duncker), 48
One-shot learning, 33–34
Open hackathons (technique), 145–146
The Opposable Mind (Roger Martin), 99
Opposite World (technique), 61–65
Osborn, Alex, 131–132
“Outsider effect,” 165–166
defining, 68–71
and learning patterns, 75–77
neuroscience of, 73–75
in Prisoner’s Release challenge, 30
prototesting to fix, 78–86
reasons for, 72–73
and self-censoring, 18
Pachet, Pierre, 134
Palme d’Or, 100
The Paradox of Choice (Barry Schwartz), 97
“The Paradox of Stretch Goals” (Sim Sitkin), 120n
PARC (Xerox Palo Alto Research Center), 141
Pareto solution, 112
Pasteur, Louis, 134
Patterned thinking, 59–60
Patton, George, 72
Pauling, Linus, 137
People’s Choice Award, 101
Pepperdine University, 148
Perfection, 117n
Permeable boundaries, 144
Perseverance, 118–119
Personal limitations, 150
PFE (proudly found elsewhere), 17, 141–148
P&G (Procter & Gamble), 17, 142–144, 146
PLoS Biology, 33
Police officers, 26–28
Pragmatism (William James), 119
Pressfield, Steven, 153–154
Principled-Problem Solving course, xii
Prison systems, 123–124
Prisoner’s Release challenge:
solution, 169
as thinking exercise, 28–31
Problem-solving:
and neurochemicals, 139–140
“outsider effect” on, 165–166
Procter & Gamble (P&G), 17, 142–144, 146
Prototypes, 84
Proudly found elsewhere (PFE), 17, 141–148
Psychology Today, 163–164
Pulsing, 125 (See also Fresh starts)
Quantum Zeno effect, 58
Questions:
in framestorming, 40–42
in satisficing, 94
Rams, Dieter, 142
Ramsbotham, Sir David, 123
Rapid cognition, 26 (See also Leaping)
Raskin, Jef, 141
Ray, Michael, 153
“Reality distortion field,” 10
Reframing, 20
Reinhart, Robert, 156
Reliability, 79
Resistance, 153–154
Resources, available, 72–73
Results-only work environment (ROWE), 64
Riel, Jennifer, 101–104
Rotman Management, 168
Rotman School of Management, 99
ROWE (results-only work environment), 64
Rowe, Dick, 135
“Sacred cows,” 64
Sakkab, Nabil, 143–144
Sarnoff, David, 134
defining, 90–94
and heuristics, 95–97
maximizing vs., 97–98
in Prisoner’s Release challenge, 30
reasons for, 94–95
synthesis to fix, 99–107
Savant, Marilyn vos, 96n
Schwartz, Barry, 97–98
Schwartz, Jeffrey, 49, 57–58, 60–61, 139–140, 154–156, 162
Schwartz, Tony, 125
The Sciences of the Artificial (Herbert Simon), 67n, 99
Seinfeld (television program), 61n
Self-censoring, 17–19, 149–168
defining, 151–155
and mindlessness, 158–160
neuroscience of, 156–157
in Prisoner’s Release challenge, 30
reasons for, 155–156
self-distancing to fix, 160–168
Self-distancing, 18–19, 160–168
Self-doubt, 149
Senge, Peter, 91
“Serious play,” 12
Shampoo bottle exercise, 4–5
downgrading in, 112
health club’s solution to, 10
jumpstarting in, 15
overthinking in, 73
satisficing in, 13
typical solutions to, 6–7
Sherlock Holmes, 8
Shimojo, Shinsuke, 34
Siegal, Daniel, 161
Simon, Herbert, 12–13, 67n, 90–91, 95, 99
Sitkin, Sim, 120n
Six sigma, 67
Skillman, Peter, 67–68
Sleep cycles, 125
SLOW thinking:
FAST vs., 31–37
and not invented here, 139
and performance, 74–75
and pulsing, 125
Smalltalk programming language, 141
Southwest Airlines, 116
Stanovich, Keith, 31
Stewart, Jon, 164
Stretch goals, 120
Subject matter expertise, 138–140
Sudarshan, George, 58
Surfacing assumptions, 79–82
“Survival on the Moon” exercise, 130–131
Sutton, Robert, 10
Synthesis:
to fix satisficing, 13, 99–107
and permeable boundaries, 144
Target, 102–103
Temporal landmarks, 124
Tesla cars, 63
Testing:
assumptions, 83–85
learning through, 76
The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Adam Smith), 161–162
Thinking:
patterned, 59–60
(See also FAST thinking; Overthinking; SLOW thinking)
Thinking, Fast and Slow (Daniel Kahneman), 31
Threat-protection system, 156–157
Tice, Lou, 111n
The Tipping Point (Malcolm Gladwell), 26
Toronto International Film Festival, 99–101
Toyota, 115–116
Twitter, 133–134
Tyson, Mike, 72
Uber, 63
University of Toronto, 99
University of Toyota, xii, 121, 146
Validity, 79
Variety, 101
Videotape rewinding exercise, 51–52
downgrading in, 112
framestorming in, 52–53
not invented here in, 132
overthinking in, 73
self-censoring in, 151
Star Video’s solution to, 54
Voice of Judgment (VOJ), 153
Vuja de, 10
Wall Street Journal, 133–134
Walmart, 101–102
Walters, Helen, 10
The War of Art (Steven Pressfield), 153–154
Warner, H. M., 134
Waters, Sarah, 152
Weintraub, Pamela, 163–164
West, Richard, 31
West Point cadets, 118–119
Western Union, 134
Westfield Ultramarathon, 109–111
What I Wish I Knew When I Was 20 (Tina Seelig), 62
Why Not? (Nalebuff and Ayres), 51n
Why-how laddering (technique), 122–124
Wikipedia, 137
“Win As Much As You Can” game, 91–94
“Wise Advocate,” 162
Woodman, Geoffrey, 156
Wozniak, Steve, 135
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 141
You Are Not Your Brain (Schwartz and Gladding), 57–58, 154
Young, Cliff, 109–112
Your Brain At Work (David Rock), 18, 161
Yousafzai, Malala, 164
Zappa, Frank, 38