NOTE: Page numbers in italic refer to diagrams.
Aborigines (Australia) 74, 191, 299
Ache Indians (Paraguay) 196, 205–6
ACTH see adrenocorticotropin hormone
Acton, Dr (Victorian doctor) 181
adaptation 25, 28–31, 119
cheat detection 335
and DNA 308–9
religion as 378–9
sperm competition 182–4
Adaptation and Natural Selection (Williams) 226
adrenal glands 38–9
adrenalin 37, 52
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) 38
adultery 179–82, 186, 191–2
African naked mole rat 210n
aggression and babies 86–7
Ahasuerus (King of Persia) 173, 367
AIDS 128
Alinagar (Uttar Pradesh, India) 213–16
alleles 230
Allen, Woody 245
allyliothiocyanate 71
altruism 207, 226, 310–12, 362–7
altruistic punishment 338–40
in animals 350–3
delayed 319–20
see also co-operation
Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behaviour Institute 362
Altschuler, Eric 374
Amaral, David 51
Amazon women 286
ambition 256–7
see also competition
amino acids 306–7
Amsterdam 348
amygdala 44, 48–52, 50, 265
animals 40–2, 294
altruism 350–3
imitation ability 355–7
see also individual species
anorexia nervosa 125
anthropology 23
anti-Semitism 347–50
anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) 274
ants 208–10, 316
anxiety disorder 58–9
apes
compassion towards another species 352–3
psychology 341–2
sexual behaviour 163–5
violence 295–8
aphids 210
Arabian babbler bird 251–2
archaeology 28
Arecibo Radio Telescope 15–16
Aristotle 373, 390
Artificial Life (A-life) programming 317–18
ASPD see anti-social personality disorder
atavisms 260–1
atheism 379
atomic bombs 23
atoms 45–6
Auschwitz concentration camp 349, 387–9
Australopithecus 17, 19, 60
Australopithecus afarensis 63, 116, 177
Australopithecus ramidus 116
Australopithecus robustus 80, 116
autism and empathy 353–5, 359
Axelrod, Robert 330–1, 332
Ba-Huana people (Congo) 286
Babcock, Lucille (Carnegie Medal winner) 365–7
babies see children, babies
baboons 170
Baker, Robin 185
Baldwin, James Mark 108–10
Baron-Cohen, Simon 354
base jumping 254
BaSoga people (Uganda) 277–8
bats see vampire bats
Baudoin, Count 173
beauty in mating preference 123–6
bees 208–12
beetles 210
conditioned reflexes 53–8
criminal and antisocial 282–5
game theory 291–2
genetic linkage 59
manipulation and control 242–4
see also chromosomes; mating
Bellis, Mark 185
Bengston, Karin 87
berserking (Vikings) 288–9
Betzig, Laura 172
Bible (Old Testament) 380, 383
Binmore, Ken 334
Binti Jua (gorilla) 352
bipedal movement 63–4, 83
black pepper 71
Black Widow spider 134–5
Bloch, Felix 46
blood 38–9, 226–9, 320
blowfish (fugu) and risk-taking 254
Bobbit, Loretta 161
body development 22, 45–6, 76–7
and brain 97–100
see also environment in childhood; individual parts
body language and violence 294–5
Bohr, Nils 347
Bondi, Hermann 376–7
bones and diet 70–1
bonobos (type of ape) 352–3
Book of the Covenant (ben Meir) 374
Borgia, Cesare 242
Bouchard, Tom 378
Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni 285
brain 19, 22–3, 76
adaptation 30–1
amygdala 44, 48–52, 50, 265, 338
babies and faces 87–91
baby instincts 83–4
‘Baldwin effect’ 108–10
and body size 99–100
Broca’s Area 97–8, 358
chemistry of infatuation 141–3
cooling properties 103–4
cortex 43–4, 101–2
pre-motor 356
prefrontal 101–2, 265
cranium structure 97–8
damage 88–9, 94
in early hominid children 79–81
expertise and size 105–8
F5 activity 356–7
food for 104–5
growing 97–8
hippocampus 44
hormones 38
hypothalamus 44
limbic 42, 44
mu waves 357–9
neocortical 43–4
pheromone fathers 85–7
phrenology 259–61
prefrontal cortex 101–2
and racism 202–3
reptilian 42
roots of learning 92–6
and runaway selection 241–2
size 65, 80, 82–3, 91, 97–8, 99–102, 105, 110–12
group living 321
social intelligence factor 241
socialising 112–14
speech 97–8, 358
stimuli essential 31–2
structure 50, 95–6
study problems 44–6
tool-making skills 64–5
triune 42–4, 43, 102
trust experiment 338
see also fear; fMRI; mind; MRI; nervous system; PET; vasopressin–2 receptor
brainwaves 357–8
breast-feeding 191
breathing rate 38, 39
Brecht, Bertolt 301
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 36
Broca’s Area of brain 98, 358
Brookfield Zoo (Chicago) 352
Brown, Andrew 200
Brussels sprouts 71
Burman, Cecilia 89–90
Burns, George 192
Buss, David 128, 130, 146, 152
Byrne, Richard 243–4
calcium in amygdala 48
calories 75
Calvin, William 66–7, 108–9, 111–12
carbon dioxide 306
Carnegie Medal for heroism 255, 363–5
carnivores see meat-eating
carrying objects 64
caste and murder213–15
Castimandua, Queen of the Brigantinians 285
Catch-22 (Heller) 325
Center for Neural Science (New York) 51
Center for Neuroscience (California) 51
cerebellum 50
cerebrum 50
Chagnon, Napoleon 172, 212
chaos theory 25
charm in competition 234
chastity 126–8, 160
cheat detection mechanism 335–8
Child of Our Time (BBC TV) 87
childbearing 122–3
childbirth 82–3, 191, 230–2
children
babies 83–4, 87–90
compared with chimpanzees 80–1
genes in fetus 226–9
genetic relationship with mother 226–9
instincts 83–4
sense of smell 85–7
size 229–31
early hominid 79–81
feral 32–5
predisposition to violence 278–82
roots of fear 52–3
toys and gender 278–9
twins 284–5, 306, 378
chimpanzees
compared with babies 80–1
sexual behaviour 164–5
as tool users 64–6
violent 295–8, 299–300
cholesterol 74
Chomsky, Noam 93
Christianity 192, 383, 385–6
chromosomes 229, 232n
chromosome 15 (DNA) 59
X chromosome 280–2
Y chromosome 239, 280
Cinderella effect of genetic calculation 204–6, 216
civilization 20
Clark, A. G. 183
Clarke, Arthur C. 16
cleaner-fish 315–16
A Clockwork Orange (film) 55
cloning 117, 232n
clowns and phobias 56
co-operation 302, 322–3, 343–5
free-rider problem 323–6
learning 340–3
see also altruism; game theory; kin selection; legal systems
co-ordination ability 111–12
cognition 35, 94, 99–100
and gender 107
see also expertise
Collins, Francis 21
colonialism and violence 298–9
communication 19–20
compatibility in transplantation 136–7
competition 224–5, 233–8, 257–8
see also ambition; game theory
computer simulation in research 317–18
Conditioned Reflexes (Pavlov) 53–4
conflict in all human processes 229–30
Conniff, Richard 253
consciousness 16
consumerism 245–8
cooling mechanism of brain 103–4
corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) 38
cortisol 39, 154–5
Cosmides, Leda 94, 203, 313, 335–7
cranium structure 97–8
CRH see corticotropin-releasing hormone
The Criminal Man (Lombroso) 259–62
criminality 259–61, 282–5
cruelty of humans 212
culture 35, 216, 300
da Vinci, Leonardo 155
dairy products 74
Daly, Martin 161, 204–5, 277
Dani people (New Guinea) 191
Dart, Raymond 68–91, 111
Darwin, Charles 20, 52–3, 99, 102
and criminality theory 260
on instincts 233
and sex 166, 180
‘survival of fittest’ distortion 217–18, 222–3
see also New Darwinists; Social Darwinists
The Darwin Wars (Brown) 200
Darwin’s Cathedral (Wilson) 379
Davie, Grace 377
Dawkins, Richard 305–6, 309, 371–2
disagreement with 375–6, 380
Deacon, Terrence 101
Dennett, Daniel 31
The Descent of Man (Darwin) 99, 234
Diary of a Nobody (Grossmith) 24
Dictator Game 361
Diderot, Denis 305
dieting 75
see also food
Disorders (Acton) 181
Disraeli, Isaac 371
division of labour 107–8
divorce 190, 192
DNA 21–2, 59, 117, 138, 143
beginnings of life 307–9
chimpanzees’ sexual behaviour 165
gene survival 201
dogs and Pavlov’s experiment 53–5
Dolan, Ray 337
dolphins 100, 350–1
dominance and testosterone 154–5
Donne, John 141
double helix see DNA
The Dragons of Eden (Sagan) 82
Drimolen (South Africa) 79
Drosophilia see fruit-fly
Dunbar, Robin 130–1, 288, 321
dust particle movement 24–5
ears and adaptation 30
Eastman Dental Institute (London) 124
Ehrlich, Paul 95–6, 166–7, 369–70
Eichmann, Adolf 385
Einstein, Albert 23, 301
elephant seals 170–1
Ellison, Larry 247–8
emotions and response 49, 51
empathy
in animals 350–2
and autism 353–5
in humans 356–8, 360, 367
encephalization quotient (EQ) 99–100
endorphins 142–3
energy and the brain 104–5
The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser (Herzog film) 32
environment
ancient human 60–1
and biology 266–7
in childhood 31–4
for early ancestors 39–41
EQ (encephalization quotient) 99–100
erotica 130–1
ethics 369–70
eugenics 119–20, 219–20, 222, 261, 262–3
European Values Group 377
eusociality 209–12
evil 391
evolution
beginnings of life on Earth 306
competition factor 341–3
and culture 35
evolutionary psychology 118–21
gene-centred 27, 309–10
‘Great Leap Forward’ 358
group selection theory 196–8
mathematics of 200–1, 204, 212–13
and memory 60–1
theory 17, 20
see also adaptation; culture; fear; genes; natural selection; sex; creationism
The Evolution of Co-operation (Axelrod) 330
exercise and food 74–5
exhilaration and chemistry 141–3
expertise 105–8
extra-terrestrial intelligence see SETI
eyesight and adaptation 29, 31, 39
face-blindness see prosopagnosia
faces 123–5
features and criminal tendencies 260–2
infant response 87–91
fairness 367
faith see religion; trust
Falk, Dean 103
family feeling 201–2, 208–12, 311–12
in Babylon 369
see also kin selection; kinship power
fathers and babies 85–7
fats in food 73–4
fear 37–9, 44–8, 49–52
categories 53–4
evolutionary roots 52–3
learned 55–7
see also phobia
Fehr, Ernst 339–40
feminism 166–7, 169
fertility 125, 133–5, 144–5, 158–9
fetus 72, 226–32
fidelity 186–8
fight or flight 37–42, 49, 61–2
see also adrenalin; amygdala; fear
fish stocks problem 325
Fisher, Helen 142, 190
Fisher, Ronald 236–7, 240
Flack, Jessica 353
flies (Diopsidae family) 238–9
Flint, Jonathan 59
flint-knapping 65–6, 111
flocking/herding 317–19
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) 30–1
food 69–76
for brain 104–5
perils of 71–3
and survival 73–6
football and kinship 313–14
footprints of early hominids 62–3
Frankl, Viktor 387–9
free will 391
Freeman, Derek 148–9
From Calvary to Tokyo (Weissinger) 376
fruit see vegetarianism
fruit-fly breeding behaviour 183–4
fugu (blowfish) and risk-taking 254
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 30–1
Gage, Phineas 264–5
Galton, Francis 220–2
game theory 290–3, 324–5, 326–7, 334–5
see also Dictator Game; Prisoner’s Dilemma game; Ultimatum Game
Gates, Bill 247
gathering in groups 113–14
gaze direction 354–5
gazelles and risk-taking 252
Geertz, Clifford 23, 35
gender
cognition 107–8
female preferences in mating 129–32
female violence 280–2
feminism 166–7
male preferences in mating 121–9
male violence 277–9
psychological differences 121
and toys 278–9
genes 20–3, 30, 35, 95
anti-social behaviour 282–5
Baldwin effect 108–10
chromosomes 229–30
Cinderella effect 204–6
for co-operation 326–7
competitive struggle 229–32
and developing fetus 226–32
in eusocial insects 209–12
evolution and survival 200–4
and fidelity 186–7
‘good genes’ theory 238–40
IGF2 gene 231–2
imprinting 229–32
inbreeding 138–9
inherited 211
MHC 136–7
molecular genetics 117–18
monogamy possibility 186–8
MUC-1 variant 119
mutation 223, 228–9
programming for fear 58–9
‘selfish’ gene 27, 206–12, 305–10
and violent behaviour 262–7
in warfare 299–300
see also natural selection; survival of fittest
genetics 221
genocide 272
Getty, J. Paul 225
gibbons 179
glands see individual names
glucose 39
God 18, 377, 378, 379, 389–91
‘Golden Age’ belief 221–2
Gombe National Park (Tanzania) 295–6
Goodall, Jane 295–7
Goodwin, Frederick 262–3
gorillas 170–1, 175
Gosford Park (film) 174
Gratacòs, Dr 58
Great Leap Forward in evolution 358
Greece and ‘Golden Age’ 221–2
Green, Tom (Mormon) 178
Greenfield, Susan 31
group selection 201, 289, 317
grouse mating ritual 239
guilt 367
Guinness Book of Records 133
guppies and risk-taking 249–51
Hadar (Ethiopia) 63
Hamilton, William 200–2, 208, 210, 226, 305
Hammersmith Hospital (London) 46, 48, 87
Hammond, Peter 124
Hammurabi (Mesopotamian king) 368, 369, 374
Handicap Principle 249–55, 364
Harding, Luke 215
harems 172–3, 175, 177–9, 193–4, 199, 234
Harlow, John 264
Hartsoeker, Nicolas 373–4
Hawks and Doves see game theory
head size 82–3
heart rate 38, 39
herding/flocking 317–19
Hereditary Genius (Galton) 220
heredity 226–7, 271, 280–2
hermits 303–5
Herodotus 248
heroism see Carnegie Medal for heroism
Herzog, Werner 32
hippocampus 44
Hiroshima 23, 301
HIV infection 128
Hobbes, Thomas 269–70, 290, 331
Holocaust 349–50
homeland memories 60–1
hominids 26–7, 62–3
brain growth 97–8
sparsity of remains 116
Homo erectus 17, 60, 65–6, 71, 101, 116
Homo ergaster 65
Homo habilis 17, 35, 41, 64–5, 98, 116
Homo sapiens 17, 65, 68, 97, 98, 111, 116
survival of fittest 223–5
and violence 300–1
homosexuality 119–20
hormones 37–40, 266
see also individual names
The Human Brain (Greenfield) 31
Human Genome Project 21–3
hunting 68–71, 110–12
as example of Prisoner’s Dilemma game 332–4
in groups 113–14, 161–2
hunter-gatherer groups 191, 298–9, 340
Hutterian Brethren (Huttites) 137–8
Huxley, T. H. 222
hydrogen 306
Hymenoptera 209
hypothalamus 44
Ice Age 19
identity 302
IGF2 gene 231–2
imitation see mirror neurons
immune system 138, 200–2
imprinting of genes 229–32
inbreeding and incest 138–9
Indians, American and Canadian 246–7, 299
infanticide 212–16
infatuation 141–3
infertility 158–9, 184–5, 192
infidelity, female 180–4
insects’ social behaviour 208–12
Insel, Tom 187
instinct
control centre 42–4
definition of term 20–1
Institute of Neurology (London) 337–8
intelligence levels 16, 97, 99–102
social intelligence hypothesis 243
International Ciba Symposium on Genetics 282–5
International Year of Peace (1986) 270
Inuit people 71
IQ (intelligence quotient) 100–1
Ivory Coast study 164–5
jealousy 143–7, 148–9, 192
and violence 150–3, 278
Jerison, Harry 99
Jesus Christ 385
The Jewish War (Josephus) 381–2
Jones, Steve 221, 309
Josephus Flavius 381–2
Judaism 382–5
Judas Iscariot 386
Kalahari Desert 74, 112, 162, 181
Kelvin, Lord (William Thompson) 372
Keyser, André 79–80
‘killer ape’ theory (Dart, Goodall) 69, 111, 295–8
kin selection 201–6, 208–9
altruism 310–12
Big Mistake hypothesis 313–15
exceptions 206–8, 216
in the womb 226–9
kinship power 194–6
Kipsigi people (Tanzania) 213
Kubrick, Stanley 16, 55
!Kung people (Africa) 74, 112, 162, 181, 191, 298–9, 340
Kuni (bonobo) 352–3
Kurzban, Robert 202
Laetoli plain (Tanzania) 62, 63
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 106
Lander, Eric 21
language skills 92–4
Las Vegas 248
law see legal systems
Le Pen, Jean-Marie (French fascist leader) 202
Leakey, Mary 62–3
Leakey, Richard 61
learning skills 92–6, 106–7
LeDoux, Joseph 51
legal systems 367–9
Leibnitz, Gottfried 373
lekking ritual in sage grouse 239–40
Lese people 213
Leviathan (Hobbes) 269
lie-detector 267
life, sanctity of human 380
lion families 195, 196
logic puzzle 335–7
London Hospital (Whitechapel) 150
love 136–41, 142
Lucy (fossil skeleton) 63, 177
Lyons, Michael 284–5
McCracken, Dr 238n
McDonald’s food chain 73, 74, 75
Machiavelli, Niccolò 242–3
MacLean, Paul 42–4
MAD see mutually assured destruction
magnetic resonance imaging see MRI
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) 390–1
Makapansgat cave (South Africa) 68
‘The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Chattel’ (Wilson and Daly) 160–1
mandrills 170
MAOA see monoamine oxidase
Margulis, Lynn 176
marriage 161, 190–1
The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart) 173
martyrdom and suicide 380–7
Masada (Israel) 382
Masai people (Kenya) 255
Masserman, Jules 351
mathematics of kin selection in womb 228–9
mating 121–32, 135–6, 138–41, 169–74
competition and aggression 233
and fighting 171–2
instinct 169–74
outward appearances 245–6
social insects 209–10
sperm competition 182–6
strategies 121–32, 234–40, 244–7
Mazur, Allan 154–5
Mbuti people (Central Africa) 298
Mead, Margaret 147–9
meat-eating 69–71, 73–4
ben Meir, Rabbi Pinhas Elijah 374
memory 60–1, 86, 93
men
as resource providers 161–3, 178–9, 181
as risk-takers 255–8
violent 277–9
‘mermer’ in lie-detection 267
metabolism 75–6, 105
methane 306
MHC (major histocompatibility complex) genes 136–7
Middle Pliocene era 62
mind 53–9, 97–8, 120–1
‘mindblindness’ 354
theory of mind 353–5
mirror neurons 355–60
mobile telephones 247
modularity theory 94–6
molecules and replication 306–8
monkeys
fear experiments 56–7
macaque 356–7
rhesus 341–3, 351
sexual behaviour 163–5
monoamine oxidase (MAOA) 283–4
monogamy 143–5, 177–9, 189–92
birds and foxes 190
mice and prairie voles 187
monopoly on women 159–61
Monroe, Kristen Renwick 365–7
The Moral Animal (Wright) 127, 256
morality 347–50, 367–70, 379–80
see also religion; spirituality
Mormons 178
Moro reflex in babies 86–7
mother and baby genetic relationship 226–9
Moulay Ismail, Emperor 133–4
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 45–7
see also fMRI
MUC-1 gene 119
multiple births 134
murder
and caste 213–15
and genetic calculation 196, 204–6
infanticide 212–16
same-sex 277–8
see also ‘killer ape’ theory
muscles 38–9
mutually assured destruction (MAD) 290
Myrene, Amazonian queen 286
Mystery Dance: On the Evolution of Sexuality (Margulis and Sagan) 176
Nagasaki 23
Nanamiut people (Alaska) 74
National Institutes of Mental Health (USA) 42, 262–3
National Portrait Gallery (London) 21
natural selection 28–31, 199
group selection 200–2, 289
and race 202–4, 222
and Social Darwinists 222–3
survival of fittest 217–26, 233
see also sex, selection
naturalistic fallacy 224 Nature journal 237
nature vs. nurture 363
nepotism 315
nervous system 49
Netsilik people 191, 340
network, social 321–2
neurology 45–6
see also brain
neurotrophin 3 receptor 59
New Darwinists 226
Newton, Isaac 23, 24
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 59
NIMH see National Institutes of Mental Health (USA)
Njal’s Saga (Icelandic) 288
nucleotides of DNA 308
nurture vs. nature 34, 363
nutmeg 71
Ober, Carole 137–8
obesity 74–5
odours see smell, sense of
oestrogen 144, 189
Ogarev, Nicholas 387
Old Testament 380
Oliner, Samuel 362–3
On the Origin of Species (Darwin) 20
orgasm 159
ovulation 144–5, 156, 159
ovum 132–5, 229, 231–2
oxygen 306
oxytocin 188–9
paedophilia 128
Paglia, Camille 167
pain 48, 82
Pais, Abraham 347–9
palaeontology 79–80
panic disorder 58–60
parenting 194–60
Parker, Geoffrey 182
pathogens 136
pathology and violence 273–7
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich 53–8
PEA see phenylethylamine
peace-loving societies 299–300
peacock’s tail in mating 235–6, 238
pelvis in childbirth 82
penis 175–6, 237–8
PET (positron emission tomography) 47–8
phenylethylamine (PEA) 141–2
pheromones 85–7, 139–40
phobias 55–6, 58–60
phrenology 259–61
pipefish 169–70
Pirandello, Luigi 36
play and child development 91–2
Pleistocene era 112
pointing and recognizing 354–5
poisons see toxins in foods
polygamy 177–9
polygyny 171, 172–4, 193–4, 199
pornography 127–8, 131–2
positron emission tomography see PET
potlaches (social occasions) 246–7
power and co-operation 320
predators and early humans 40–2
prefrontal cortex of brain 101–2
pregnancy and toxic food 71–3
The Prince (Machiavelli) 242–3
Prisoner’s Dilemma game 327–34
cheat detection 335–8
multiple games 330–4
Tit for Tat strategy 331–3
probability 24–5
problem-solving abilities 301
procreation see reproduction
prosopagnosia (face-blindness) 88–9
proteins and DNA 307
psychiatry and violence 273–4
psychology
and evolution 118–21
sexual 131–2, 178–9
Pueblo Indians 33
Pugh, Emerson 97
Punch and Judy violence 298
punishment, altruistic 338–40
puppet experiment for theory of mind 353–4
Purcell, Edward 46
Pythagoras 124
Quinn, Marc 21
rabbits and MRI 46–7
race 120–1
racism 202–3, 263–4
Raiders of the Lost Ark (film) 55
Ramachandran, Vilayanur 357–9
randomness in behaviour 26
rape 155–9
reciprocation and altruism 206–8
relationship power see kinship power
relativity 22–3
religion 375–8, 389–92
martyrdom and suicide 380–7
sanctity of human life 380
see also morality
replicators 307–8
reproduction 115–18, 121–2, 133–5, 158–9
sex ratio 198–200
size of organs involved 174–7
in social insects 210–12
and warfare 300
see also replicators
respiration see breathing
retina see eyesight and adaptation
Reynolds, Craig 317–19
risk-taking 247–55
handicap of 248–53
male predisposition 254–7
trust 322–3
see also Carnegie Medal for heroism
Rizzolatti, Giacomo 356
Roberts, Craig 139–40
romance 136
Roof, Wade Clark 377
runaway selection theory 236–8, 240
Sadiman volcano 62
Sagan, Carl 82
Saki (H.H. Munro) 180
Samoa 147–9
Sanger Institute (UK) 21
Santa Cruz 21
sarole 71
satellites, man-made 15–16
savannah life 19–20, 26–7, 40–1, 60–1
and food 75–6
kin selection 312–13
men as providers 161–3
risk-taking 249
survival 61–4
violence 295
scanners see MRI; PET
scavenging hominids 70–1
Schiel, Jean-Vincent 367
science and certainty 372–6
self-interest 323–7, 338–40, 343–5
see also co-operation; Prisoner’s Dilemma game; Ultimatum Game
The Selfish Gene (Dawkins) 305, 316
selfishness, human 309–10
September 11 (2001) 375
Serengeti Plain (Tanzania) 62
SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) 15–16
Seville science conference 270–3
sex 114
apes/chimpanzees/monkeys 163–5
darker side of men 155–9
dimorphism 170
and evolution 115–21
genetics of mating 136–7
and heroism 364–5
hormonal influences 188–9
infidelity 143–7
jealousy 143–7, 149, 150–3, 192, 278
Los Angeles TV experiment 245–6
and Machiavelli 244
Madonna-whore dichotomy 127
and money 129–31
ratio in reproduction 198–200, 234
reproductive process 132–40
selection 233–8, 250, 255–8, 279,364
and slavery 172–3
stereotypes 163
see also gender; mating; MHC complex; orgasm; rape
Shakespeare, William 278, 304
sharks and risk-taking 250
Short, Roger 176, 177
Shostak, Marjorie 181
showing off 246
Simpson, Joe 18
Singh, Reverend J. 32–4
size
reproductive organs 174–7
species and sexual activity 170–3
skill see expertise; tool skills
skull structure 97–8
Skuse, David 281
slackers see co-operation; self-interest
slavery and sex 172–4
SM (woman with destroyed amygdala) 48–9
Small, Meredith 163–4
smell, sense of 85–7, 139–41
Smilodon (sabre-toothed cat) 40–1
Smith, Adam 329
Smith, John Maynard 290–5
Social Contract (Hobbes) 269–70
Social Darwinists 222–4, 272
socialization 31–6, 60–1, 304–5
group living 321–2
risk and trust 322–3
sociobiology 57
sounds and baby response 93
Soviet Union and atom bomb 290
spears 68
speech and the brain 98, 358
Spencer, Herbert 217–19, 222
sperm 132–4, 143, 175
competition 182–6
homunculus in 373–4, 373
shapes and sizes 185–6
The Spiritual Marketplace (Roof) 377
spirituality 347–50, 376–9, 387–9
State of Nature (Hobbes) 269–70, 290
step-parents and genetic calculation 204–6
sterility 119
stigmata (facial features) 260
Stone Age 19–20
‘stotting behaviour’ 252
strategy and evolution 290
strength and fear 52
stress hormones 39
sugar 73
suicide and martyrdom 380–7
Sulston, John 21
survival see fear; fight and flight; food; hunting; savannah life, survival; sex; tool skills
survival of the fittest 217–25
Swartkrans (South Africa) 41
tactics see strategy
Talmud (Avodah Zarah) 384
Tanzania study 165
teeth 80
The Tempest (Shakespeare) 304
ben Teradyon, Rabbi Hanina 384–5
termites 210
testicles 174–5
testosterone 153–5, 189, 266
thalamus 44
Theory of the Leisure Class (Veblen) 254
Thompson, William (Lord Kelvin) 372
Tineke (friend of Abraham Pais) 348
Tooby, John 94, 203, 313, 335–7
tool skills 19, 35, 64–7
toxins in foods 71–3
toxoplasma 72
toys and gender 278–9
tracking skills 112–13
transplantation 136
Travolta, John 239
Trivers, Robert 226, 253
Trobriand Islanders 23
Trung Nhi and Trung Trae (Vietnamese sisters) 285
trust 322–3, 338, 340, 343–5
see also co-operation; self-interest
Turner’s Syndrome 280–1
turtle, leatherback 43, 310–11
twins 284–5, 306, 378
Udayama (Indian emperor) 172–3
Ultimatum Game 306–3
Urbach-Wiethe disease 48–9
vampire bats 319–20
van Creveld, Martin 287
vasopressin-2 receptor 188
Vassilyev, Madame 134
Veblen, Thorstein 253–4
vegetarianism 69–70
Vibia Perpetua (Christian martyr) 386
Vikings 288–9, 293
violence
causes 274–8
Cesare Lombroso 259–62
and evolution 287–9
importance of strategy 289–95
instinct for 267–8
and jealousy 150–3
in males 277–9
and mating 172
in non-humans 267–8
and pathology 273–6
portrayed in media 299n
and Seville scientists’ conference 270–3
testosterone levels 265–6
Violence Initiative 262–4
women at war 285–7
see also game theory
virginity 126–8
Voltaire, François 389
vulnerability of human children 81
Waal, Frans de 341–2, 353, 365
waist-to-hip ratio in women 125
walking 63–4, 83
warfare 269, 270–1
co-operation and planning 301–2
game theory 290–1
human warrior 298–302
women at war 285–7
Wason, Peter (Wason Selection Task) 335–6
wasps 208–12
weapons 67, 276, 301
weight problems 74–5
Weissinger, Muir 376
Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics (Oxford) 59
Whiten, Andrew 243, 244
wife-selling 161
Williams, George C. 226
Wilson, David Sloan 379
Wilson, E. O. 57, 149n
Wilson, Margot 161, 204–5, 277
Winston, Joel 337
wolf-girls of Midnapore 32–4
Wolfe, Tom 263
women see gender; monopoly on women; sex
Wright, Robert 127, 256
xenophobia 202
Yanomamo people (Amazon forest) 122, 126, 171, 212
Young, Larry 187
Zahavi, Amotz (Zahavi’s Handicap) 250–3, 364