1. As a form of resistance to white supremacy, I have intentionally decided against listing these.
2. Abraham Joshua Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel: Essential Writings, ed. Susannah Heschel (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2011), 69.
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsKJbBb1wNA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=529B5F7K-RM.
4. https://www.change.org/p/american-philosophical-association-support-georgeyancy.
5. https://www.change.org/p/american-philosophical-association-support-georgeyancy.
6. https://www.change.org/p/american-philosophical-association-support-georgeyancy.
7. 68 Scholars, “In Defense a Colleagues Facing Racist Attacks,” February 25, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2016/02/25/68-scholars-support-colleagues-column-about-race-essay.
8. Meg Wagner, “‘Blood and Soil’: Protesters Chant Nazi Slogan in Charlottesville,” August 12, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/us/charlottesville-unite-the-right-rally/index.html.
9. Yair Rosenberg, “‘Jews Will Not Replace Us’”: Why White Supremacists Go After Jews,” August 24, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/08/14/jews-will-not-replace-us-why-white-supremacists-go-after-jews/?utm_term=.c767940f92d6.
10. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (New York: Grove Press, 1967), 8.
11. Colleen Shalby, “From Blaming ‘Many Sides’ to ‘Racism Is Evil’ and Back Again, What Trump Has Said So Far on Charlottesville,” August 15, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-essential-washington-updates-how-trump-s-responded-to-violence-in-1502831078-htmlstory.html.
12. Jessica Taylor, “Another Reversal: Trump Now Says Counterprotesters Also to Blame for Charlottesville,” August 15, 2017, http://www.npr.org/2017/08/15/543743845/another-reversal-trump-now-says-counterprotesters-also-to-blame-for-charlottesvi?ft=nprml.
13. Ronald Brownstein, “The NFL, Charlottesville, and Trump’s Pattern of Racial Division,” September 25, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/25/politics/trump-nfl-charlottesville/index.html.
14. Bryan Armen Graham, “Donald Trump Blasts NFL Anthem Protesters: ‘Get That Son of a Bitch Off the Field,’” September 23, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/sep/22/donald-trump-nfl-national-anthem-protests.
15. Barbara Applebaum, Being White, Being Good: White Complicity, White Moral Responsibility, and Social Justice Pedagogy (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010), 13–14.
16. Paul Waldman, “The Privilege of Whiteness,” July 22, 2013, http://prospect.org/article/privilege-whiteness.
17. The actual historical Berlin Conference (1884–1885) was one which involved major European countries dividing up and claiming territories in Africa.
1. George Yancy, “Dear White America,” The Stone, New York Times (December 24, 2015), https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/dear-white-america/?_r=0.
2. James Baldwin, “White Man’s Guilt,” Ebony 20(10), August 1965, 47.
3. James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Modern Library, 1962/1995), 7.
4. Stephanie M. Wildman and Adrienne D. Davis, “Making Systems of Privilege Visible,” in White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism, ed. Paula S. Rothenberg (New York: Worth, 2008), 114–15.
5. Robert Jensen, “White Privilege Shapes the U.S.,” in White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism, ed. Paula S. Rothenberg (New York: Worth, 2008), 130–32.
6. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 94.
7. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 94.
1. Posted by ECO. Soul. Intellectual, “A Nigger with a PhD,” July 21, 2009, http://ecosoulintellectual.blogspot.com/2009/07/nigger-with-phd.html.
2. I would like to thank Taine Duncan for this additional insight.
3. Randall Kennedy, Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (New York: Pantheon Books, 2002), 27.
4. Kennedy, Nigger, 27.
5. Joe R. Feagin and Hernán Vera, White Racism (New York: Routledge, 1995), xii.
6. Feagin and Vera, White Racism, xii.
7. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (New York: Grove Press, 1967), 169.
8. Albert Memmi, Racism, trans with an introduction by Steve Martinot (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 175.
9. Memmi, Racism, 175.
10. Memmi, Racism, 175.
11. Memmi, Racism, 176.
12. Memmi, Racism, 174.
13. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 173. Ronald A. T. Judy points out that the French term nègre, which Fanon used, has a descriptive sense as in Negro and a pejorative sense as in nigger. See Judy, “Fanon’s Body of Black Experience,” in Fanon: A Critical Reader, eds. Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, and Renée T. White (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1996), 61.
14. I would like to thank colleague and friend Barbara Applebaum for making this important suggestion.
15. Joe R. Feagin, The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing (New York: Routledge, 2010), 75.
16. I would like to thank Taine Duncan for extrapolating this point with additional clarity.
17. Kant stated, “And it might be that there was something in this which perhaps deserved to be considered; but in short, this fellow was quite black from head to foot, a clear proof that what he said was stupid.” Immanuel Kant, Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, trans. John T. Goldthwait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 113.
18. Hegel writes, “There [in Africa] they do not attain to the feeling of human personality, their mentality is quite dormant, remaining sunk within itself and making no progress, and thus corresponding to the compact, differenceless mass of the African continent.” See G. W. F. Hegel, “Anthropology,” from the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, in The Idea of Race, eds. Robert Bernasconi and Tommy L. Lott (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000), 40–41.
19. In Notes on Virginia, Jefferson writes, “Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior.” See Emmanuel C. Eze, ed., Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1997), 98–99.
20. David Hume, “Of National Characters,” in The Philosophical Works of David Hume, ed. T. H. Grose, vol. 3 (London: Longman, Green, 1882) 252n.
21. The King Center (no date), http://www.thekingcenter.org/king-philosophy.
22. Stephen A. Crockett Jr., “ MakeAmericaHateAgain: ‘Nigger’ Spray Painted on Home Owned by LaBron James,” May 3, 3017, http://www.theroot.com/makeamericahateagain-nigger-spray-painted-on-home-own-1795694861.
23. I first discussed this horrible situation in a chapter titled “The Violent Weight of Whiteness: The Existential and Psychic Price Paid by Black Male Bodies,” in The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Race, ed. Naomi Zack (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
24. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 112.
25. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 114.
26. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 116.
27. The Mary Turner Project (no date), http://www.maryturner.org/.
28. Judith Butler discusses vulnerability and precariousness in her book, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (New York: Verso, 2004). I will return to these concepts in chapter 3.
29. James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Modern Library, 1962/1995), 96.
30. Butler, Precarious Life, especially chapter 2.
31. Joel Kovel, White Racism: A Psychohistory (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), xliv.
32. Kovel, White Racism, xlv.
33. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 180.
34. Cornel West, Race Matters (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), 86.
35. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 158.
36. The reader should note that such white racially distorted frames of reference also shape Black police officers and police officers of color in terms of how they come to interpret Black bodies. In short, the white gaze is mobile.
37. Joe R. Feagin , Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations (New York: Routledge, 2010), especially chapter 4.
38. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 167.
39. David Levering Lewis, ed., W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader (New York: Henry Holt), 454.
40. Lewis, W. E. B. DuBois, 454.
41. bell hooks, Killing Rage: Ending Racism (New York: Henry Holt), 46.
42. Judith Browne Dianis, “Eric Garner Was Killed by More Than Just a Choke-hold,” August 5, 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/what-killed-eric-garner.
43. Lenzy Krehbiel-Burton, “Oklahoma Deputy Who Killed Eric Harris Found Guilty of Manslaughter,” April 29, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/oklahoma-deputy-who-killed-eric-harris-found-guilty-of-manslaughter_us_57239339e4b0b49df6ab2d4f.
44. David A. Graham, “The Mysterious Death of Freddie Gray,” April 22, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/04/the-mysterious-death-of-freddie-gray/391119/.
45. Ray Sanchez, “Laquan McDonald Death: Officer Indicated on 16 New Charges,” June 27, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/23/us/laquan-mcdonald-case-hearing/index.html.
46. Rafael A. Olmeda and John Marzulli, “Unarmed Amadou Diallo Is Killed by Four Police Officers Who Shot at Him 41 Times in 1999,” February 5, 1999, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/unarmed-amadou-diallo-shot-killed-police-1999-article-1.2095255.
47. Charlie Leduff, “What Killed Aiyana Stanley-Jones,” November/December, 2010 issue, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/09/aiyana-stanley-jones-detroit/.
48. Jason Hanna and Amanda Watts, “Tamir Rice Shooting Probe: 1 Officer Fired, 1 Suspended,” May 30, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/30/us/cleveland-tamir-rice-police-officers-disciplined/index.html.
49. Black Voices, “Renisha McBride, 19, Shot to Death on Metro Detroit Porch While Trying to Get Help, Family Says,” November 10, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/06/renisha-mcbride-detroit_n_4227760.html.
50. Gerald C. Hynes, “A Biographical Sketch of W.E.B. DuBois,” May 21, 2014, http://www.duboislc.org/html/DuBoisBio.html/.
51. A brilliant thinker, friend, and one of six African American teenagers known as the Jena Six in Jena, Louisiana.
52. Henry A. Giroux, Disposable Youth: Racialized Memories and the Culture of Cruelty (New York: Routledge, 2012), 36.
53. Brad Evans and George Yancy, “The Perils of Being a Black Philosopher,” April 18, 2016, https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/the-perils-of-being-a-black-philosopher/.
54. Feagin, The White Racial Frame, 104.
55. Feagin, The White Racial Frame, 104.
56. Holly Yan, Kristina Sgueglia, and Kylie Walker, “ ‘Make America White Again’: Hate Speech and Crimes Post-Election,” CNN, December 22, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/us/post-election-hate-crimes-and-fears-trnd/.
57. Kovel, White Racism, 189–90.
58. Eric Anthamatten, “Trump and the True Meaning of ‘Idiot,’ ” June 12, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/12/opinion/trump-and-the-true-meaning-of-idiot.html?rref=collection%2Fcolumn%2Fthe-stone&action=click&contentCollection=opinion®ion=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=5&pgtype=collection.
59. Stephen Greenwald, “The Real Politicians of America: A New Reality Show,” April 10, 2017, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-greenwald/the-real-politicians-of-a_b_9649954.html.
60. Michael M. Grynbaum, “Trump Tweets a Video of Him Wrestling ‘CNN’ to the Ground,” July 2, 2017, https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2017/07/02/trump-tweets-video-that-seems-show-him-attacking-cnn-reporter/vzPKOpAiZ5XSp6DDdFuWDL/story.html.
61. Robin DiAngelo, “White Fragility,” International Journal of Critical Pedagogy 3(3) (2011): 57.
62. James Baldwin, “White Man’s Guilt,” Ebony 20(10) (August 1965): 47.
63. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua2Rb7vVsMY.
1. James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Modern Library, 1962/1995), 80.
2. Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches, New Foreword by Cheryl Clarke (Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press, 1984), 40.
3. Robin DiAngelo, “White Fragility,” International Journal of Critical Pedagogy 3(3) (2011): 54.
4. DiAngelo, “White Fragility,” 54.
5. bell hooks, All about Love: New Visions (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001), 48.
6. hooks, All about Love, 48.
7. Lorde, Sister Outsider, 42.
8. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (New York: Grove Press, 1967), 117.
9. Jessie Daniels, White Lies: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse (New York: Routledge, 1997), 23.
10. “Barack Obama’s Speech on Race,” transcript, New York Times, online, March 18, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/18/us/politics/18text-obama.html?_r=1&incamp=article_popular&oref=slogin.
11. I thank philosopher Taine Duncan for this personal communication.
12. Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream (New York: W. W. Norton, 1949), 27.
13. Smith, Killers of the Dream, 29.
14. Abraham Joshua Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel: Essential Writings, ed. Susannah Heschel (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2011), 68.
15. Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel, 176.
16. Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel, 176.
17. Smith, Killers of the Dream, 39.
18. Adrienne Rich, “Notes toward a Politics of Location,” in Blood, Bread and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979–1985 (New York: W. W. Norton), 214.
19. Smith, Killers of the Dream, 96.
20. bell hooks, Killing Rage: Ending Racism (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 31.
21. Robert Jensen, The Heart of Whiteness: Confronting Race, Racism, and White Privilege (San Francisco, CA: City Lights Publishers, 2005), 55.
22. W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Souls of White Folk,” in W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader, ed. David Levering Lewis (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 453.
23. Du Bois, “The Souls of White Folk,”453.
24. I would like to hear from more of my psychoanalytically trained white colleagues on this point.
25. Daniels, White Lies, 25.
26. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 4.
27. Jeff Smith, “The Dr. King We Rarely Hear About,” January 18, 2010, https://griid.org/2010/01/18/the-dr-king-we-rarely-hear-about/.
28. Ladelle McWhorter, “Racism and Biopower,” in On Race and Racism in America: Confessions in Philosophy, ed. Roy Martinez (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008), 80.
29. I would like to thank Henry A. Giroux for providing the impetus for this expression.
30. Peggy McIntosh, “White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women’s Studies,” in Critical Whiteness Studies: Looking behind the Mirror, ed. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997), 293–94.
31. McIntosh, “White Privilege and Male Privilege,” 298.
32. Zeus Leonardo, Race, Whiteness, and Education (New York: Routledge, 2009), 75.
33. Barbara Applebaum, Being White, Being Good: White Complicity, White Moral Responsibility, and Social Justice Pedagogy (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010), 29.
34. Applebaum, Being White, Being Good, 30.
35. Applebaum, Being White, Being Good, 28.
36. Stephanie M. Wildman and Adrienne D. Davis, “Making Systems of Privilege Visible,” in White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism, ed. Paula S. Rothenberg (New York: Worth, 2008), 114–15.
37. Robert Jensen, “White Privilege Shapes the U.S.,” in White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism, ed. Paula S. Rothenberg (New York: Worth, 2008), 130–32.
38. Cynthia Kaufman, “A User’s Guide to White Privilege,” Radical Philosophy Review 4(1–2) (2002): 32.
39. bell hooks, Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (Boston: South End Press, 1989), 113.
40. I use this term in the philosophical spirit of Judith Butler, particularly in terms of its poststructural implications, though I restrict its use here to speak to white subject formation.
41. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (New York: Verso, 2004), 26.
42. Barbara Applebaum, citing Zeus Leonardo, “Flipping the Script . . . and Still a Problem: Staying in the Anxiety of Being a Problem,” in White Self-Criticality beyond Anti-Racism: How Does It Feel to Be a White Problem? ed. George Yancy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 5.
43. Applebaum, Being White, Being Good, 158.
44. Iris Marion Young, Global Challenges: War, Self-Determination and Responsibility for Justice (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2008), 175.
45. Edward S. Casey, “Walling Racialized Bodies Out: Border versus Boundary at La Frontera,” in Living Alterities: Phenomenology, Embodiment, and Race, ed. Emily S. Lee (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014), 190.
46. Applebaum, Being White, Being Good, 179.
47. McIntosh, “White Privilege and Male Privilege,” 292.
48. Applebaum, Being White, Being Good, 46.
49. Barbara Trepagnier, Silent Racism: How Well-Meaning White People Perpetuate the Racial Divide (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2006), 15.
50. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=529B5F7K-RM.
51. Ann Berlak, “Challenging the Hegemony of Whiteness by Addressing the Adaptive Unconscious,” in Undoing Whiteness in the Classroom: Critical Educultural Teaching Approaches for Social Justice Activism, eds. Virginia Lea and Erma Jean Sims (New York: Peter Lang, 2008), 55.
52. Judith Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself (New York: Fordham University Press, 2005), 79.
53. Tim Wise, White Like Me: Reflections on Race from a Privileged Son (New York: Soft Skull Press, 2005), 133.
54. Wise, White Like Me, 133.
55. Joe R. Feagin, The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing (New York: Routledge, 2010), 124.
56. Thanks to Barbara Applebaum for encouraging me to emphasize this point.
57. Richard Wright, Eight Men (New York, Harper Perennial, 1996), 213.
58. James Baldwin, “White Man’s Guilt,” Ebony 20(10) (August 1965): 47.
59. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 30th Anniversary Edition (New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 88.
60. Feagin, The White Racial Frame, 126.
61. Patricia J. Williams, Seeing a Color-Blind Future: The Paradox of Race (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997), 27.
62. Alice McIntyre, Making Meaning of Whiteness: Exploring Racial Identity with White Teachers, Foreword by Christine E. Sleeter (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), xi.
63. McIntyre, Making Meaning of Whiteness, xi.
64. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 5.
65. Lorde, Sister Outsider, 124.
66. Of course, given the history and brutality of white supremacy, there is little that leaves Black people in a state of astonishment.
67. Saidiya V. Hartman, Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 81.
68. Williams, Seeing a Color-Blind Future, 74.
69. Williams, Seeing a Color-Blind Future, 74.
70. John T. Warren, “Performing Whiteness Differently: Rethinking the Abolitionist Project,” Educational Theory 51(4) (2001): 458.
71. Ben Findley, “A Furtive Movement Can Get You Killed,” December 6, 2013, https://www.usacarry.com/furtive-movement-get-you-killed/.
72. See the longer version of the article in which this example is discussed: George Yancy, “Walking White Black in the White Gaze,” September 1, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/walking-while-black-in-the-white-gaze/.
73. Claudia Rankine, “The Condition of Black Life Is One of Mourning,” June 22, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/magazine/the-condition-of-black-life-is-one-of-mourning.html?_r=0.
74. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kugvV79R_io.
75. Elisheba Johnson, “A Love Poem for Michael Brown,” in Our Black Sons Matter: Mothers Talk about Fears, Sorrows, and Hopes, eds. George Yancy, Maria del Guadalupe, and Susan Hadley (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), 139.
76. Johnson, “A Love Poem for Michael Brown,” 139.
77. I share with my students that given the historical context of white racism in America, I ought to be petrified in the company of all white people. This doesn’t mean that white people don’t experience dread in the company of Black people. Yet, and this is important, we have to ask about the origins and function of that dread. The long history and contemporary manifestations of white supremacy undergird my dread; there is no comparable legacy of Black antiwhite violence that undergirds white dread.
1. But keep in mind that Dear White America was met with the threat of violence, with violent speech. Thus, I risked a great deal. I would like to thank Karen Teel for making this point explicit.
2. bell hooks, All about Love: New Visions (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001), 47.
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=My5FLO50hNM.
4. Robert Jensen, “ ‘You’re the Nigger, Baby, It Isn’t Me’: The Willed Ignorance and Willful Innocence of White America,” in White Self-Criticality beyond Anti-Racism: How Does It Feel to Be a White Problem?, ed. George Yancy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 88.
5. Jensen, “ ‘You’re the Nigger, Baby, It Isn’t Me,’ ” 99.
6. Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye (New York: A Plume Book, 1970), 205.
7. Robert Jensen, The Heart of Whiteness: Confronting Race, Racism, and White Privilege (San Francisco, CA: City Lights Publishers, 2005), 73.
8. Jensen, The Heart of Whiteness, 73.
9. Ben Mathis-Lilley, “Trump Was Recorded in 2005 Bragging about Grabbing Women ‘by the Pussy,’” October 7, 2016, http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2016/10/07/donald_trump_2005_tape_i_grab_women_by_the_pussy.html.
10. David A. Fahrenthold, “Trump Recorded Having Extremely Lewd Conversation about Women in 2005,” October 8, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776–8cb4–11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html?utm_term=.60e7a6e8ed0a.
11. Laura Bassett, “Donald Trump: Sure, Call My Daughter a ‘Piece of Ass,’” October 8, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-ivanka-ass_us_57f9553ae4b0b6a43032d9a0.
12. Katie Rogers, “White Women Helped Elect Donald Trump,” November 9, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/us/politics/white-women-helped-elect-donald-trump.html.
13. Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches, New Foreword by Cheryl Clarke (Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press, 1984), 54.
14. Drucilla Cornell, Transformations: Recollective Imagination and Sexual Difference (New York: Routledge, 1993), 105.
15. Cornell, Transformations, 105.
16. James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Modern Library, 1962/1995), 94.
17. See chapter two of this book, note 51.
18. John T. Warren, “Performing Whiteness Differently: Rethinking the Abolitionist Project,” Educational Theory 51(4) (2001): 465.
19. Warren, “Performing Whiteness Differently,” 465.
20. Ruth Frankenberg, The Social Construction of Whiteness: White Women, Race Matters (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1993), 3.
21. Jensen, The Heart of Whiteness, 17.
22. Jensen, “ ‘You’re the Nigger, Baby, It Isn’t Me,’ ” 89.
23. Joel Olson, The Abolition of White Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 2004), 29–30.
24. Olson, The Abolition of White Democracy, 30.
25. Cornell, Transformations, 44.
26. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 7.
27. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 5.
28. George Yancy, “Introduction: Un-Sutured,” in White Self-Criticality beyond Anti-Racism: How Does It Feel to Be a White Problem?, ed. George Yancy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).
29. Judith Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself (New York: Fordham University Press, 2005), 37.
30. Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself, 37.
31. Karen Teel, “Feeling White, Feeling Good: ‘Antiracist’ White Sensibilities,” in White Self-Criticality beyond Anti-Racism: How Does It Feel to Be a White Problem?, ed. George Yancy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 22.
32. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (New York: Verso, 2004), 23.
33. Peggy McIntosh, “Interactive Phases of Curricular and Personal Re-Vision with Regard to Race,” Working Paper 219 (Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, 1990), 1.
34. Sara Ahmed, “A Phenomenology of Whiteness,” Feminist Theory 8(2), 152, 2007.
35. Ahmed, “A Phenomenology of Whiteness,” 151.
36. Abraham Joshua Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel: Essential Writings, ed. Susannah Heschel (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2011), 66.
37. Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel, 177.
38. Gretchen R. Crowe, “Unpacking the ‘Soul-Sickness’ of Racism,” July 13, 2016, https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Article/TabId/535/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/20273/Unpacking-the-soul-sickness-of-racism.aspx.
39. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 8.
40. Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream (New York: W. W. Norton, 1949), 89.
41. Smith, Killers of the Dream, 90.
42. Smith, Killers of the Dream, 90.
43. Ahmed, “A Phenomenology of Whiteness,” 153.
44. Smith, Killers of the Dream, 96.
45. Smith, Killers of the Dream, 96.
46. Ahmed, “A Phenomenology of Whiteness,” 156.
47. Ahmed, “A Phenomenology of Whiteness,” 163.
48. Ahmed, “A Phenomenology of Whiteness,” 161.
49. Ahmed, “A Phenomenology of Whiteness,” 150.
50. Elisabeth T. Vasko, Beyond Apathy: A Theology for Bystanders (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2015), 131.
51. Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel, 74. Of course, Heschel’s concern here exceeds white supremacy and speaks to all the ways in which each of us has failed to fight on behalf of others, to relieve their pain and suffering.
52. Vasko, Beyond Apathy, 220.
53. Mary Elizabeth Hobgood, Dismantling Privilege: An Ethics of Accountability (Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2009), 33.
54. Martin Luther King Jr., A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. James M. Washington (New York: Harper-SanFrancisco, 1991), 290.
55. King, A Testament of Hope, 290.
56. Abraham Joshua Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel: Essential Writings, ed. Susannah Heschel (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2011), 69.
57. Butler, Giving an Account of Oneself, 65.
58. Sybrina Fulton and Tracy Martin, The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin: Rest in Power, A Parents’ Story of Love, Injustice, and the Birth of a Movement (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2017), 44.
59. Luce Irigaray, An Ethics of Sexual Difference, translated by Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill (Ithaca: New York: Cornell University Press, 1993), 74.
60. Irigaray, An Ethics of Sexual Difference, 74.
61. Irigaray, An Ethics of Sexual Difference, 74.
62. George Yancy, On Race: 34 Conversations in a Time of Crisis (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017), 61–71. I thank philosopher Alison Bailey for the critical discussion regarding what it means for white people to, as she says, “fall apart.”
63. Alecia Youngblood Jackson, “Performativity Identified,” Qualitative Inquiry 10(5) (2004): 676.
64. hooks, All about Love, 48.
65. Jackson, “Performativity Identified,” 680.
66. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 8.
67. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 85.
68. Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel, 185.
69. Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel, 185.
70. http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phil-4450-phil-of-race/baldwin.pdf.
71. Ahmed, “A Phenomenology of Whiteness,” 165.
72. Heschel, Abraham Joshua Heschel, 70.
73. Rebecca Aanerud, “Humility and Whiteness: How Did I Look without Seeing, Hear without Listening?” in White Self-Criticality beyond Anti-Racism: How Does It Feel to Be a White Problem?, ed. George Yancy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 111.
74. W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Souls of White Folk,” in W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader, ed. David Levering Lewis (New York: Henry Holt , 1995), 453.
75. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 94.