5 Citing the poet Virgil: Enoch Powell, speech to the Annual General Meeting of the West Midlands Area Conservative Political Centre, April 20, 1968, in Enoch Powell, Reflections of a Statesman, pp. 375, 379.
5 “the urban part of whole towns”: Ibid.
6 would rise to 4.5 million: Enoch Powell, speech to the Annual Conference of the Rotary Club of London, Eastbourne, November 16, 1968, in Powell, Reflections of a Statesman, p. 389. The nonwhite population of Britain in 1968 was 1.25 million.
6 actual “ethnic minority” population: Office for National Statistics, Census, April 2001.
6 he told voters in Wolverhampton: Enoch Powell, election speech, Wolverhampton, June 11, 1970, in Powell, Reflections of a Statesman, p. 403. 6 According to the 2001 census: Office for National Statistics, census indicators, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00CW-A.asp; http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00CN-A.asp; http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/1B-A.asp.
6 literally vanloads of mail: Sarfraz Manzoor, “Black Britain’s blackest hour,” Observer, February 24, 2008.
7 “We are poor because you are rich”: Jay Rayner, “Drama out of crisis,” Independent, May 18, 1990, p. 16; Steve Clarke, “Stealing a march on the One World ideal,” The Times, May 13, 1990.
8 “encamped in certain areas of England”: Enoch Powell, speech to the Annual Conference of the Rotary Club of London, Eastbourne, November 16, 1968, in Powell, Reflections of a Statesman, p. 391.
8 “The free movement of capital”: Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Die Große Wanderung, p. 21.
9 the 375 million people in Western Europe: “Western Europe” is here defined as the so-called EU-15, which includes all the major countries except Norway and Switzerland and excludes the remaining, mostly Eastern European countries admitted to the union this decade.
This is a good place for a note on statistics: The statistical offices of the individual European countries are the most comprehensive sources of migration data. Unfortunately, they collect very different kinds of data and judge it on very different criteria. So, for instance, you can get solid information on the ethnic background of Dutch citizens but not of French ones. Criteria change within countries, so you can get certain data on spousal migration from former British colonies before 1997 but not after. (See David A. Cole-man, “Partner choice and the growth of ethnic minority populations,” Bevolking en Gezin, vol. 33 (2004), pp. 2, 7–34.) And laws change in a way that makes long-term comparisons impossible. “Germans” and “Turkish” do not describe the same population before and after the country’s citizenship reform of 1999.
Scholars, non-governmental organizations, and non-national governmental authorities (the European Unions Eurostat or the various United Nations departments, for instance) try to manage this data as best they can but seldom generate it themselves. It would take an entire book to sort these matters out, and that is not the book you hold in your hand. This book uses a lot of data sources, which will be identified in notes as they come up. Some are governmental, some academic or journalistic. An excellent collection of general and easy-to-digest population data is the European Demographic Data Sheet published by the Vienna Institute of Demography. The annual International Migration Outlook of the OECD is also useful. The most comprehensive and user-friendly source of statistics is the online “data hub” of the Washington-based think tank the Migration Policy Institute (MPI). The site usually offers links to the original study or census from which the figures are drawn.
9 Between 2000 and 2005: “World migrant stock: The 2005 revision,” population database, Population Division, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, http://esa.un.org/migration.
10 The EU is not unanimously loved: Anthony Browne, “Invasion of the new Europeans,” Spectator, January 28, 2006, pp. 12–13.
10 “like being like each other”: Author interview with Åke Daun, Stockholm, January 24, 2005.
10 “undesirable expression of aggression”: Åke Daun, Swedish Mentality, p. 121.
12 around 1.7 million new arrivals: Edward Alden, Daniel Dombey, Chris Giles, and Sarah Laitner, “The price of prosperity,” Financial Times, May 18, 2006, p. 13.
12 between 15 and 17 million Muslims: This is the estimate Tariq Ramadan made in Dar ash-shahada (p. 13) in 2002.
14 “too many Arabs”: Christopher Caldwell, “Allah mode,” Weekly Standard, July 15, 2002.
14 “is not—and does not wish to be—multicultural”: Christopher Caldwell, “Europe’s future,” Weekly Standard, December 4, 2006.
14 “part of the Arabic west”: Wolfgang Schwanitz, “Europa wird am Ende des Jahrhunderts islamisch sein,” Die Welt, July 28, 2004.
14–15 “authoritarian” countries and cultures: Aldo Keel, “In Der Gewalt der Tradition,” Neue Zürcher Zeitung, December 11, 2006, p. 25. Keel cites a 1999 article by P. C. Matthiessen in the Danish daily Jyllands-Posten.
15 lowest levels ever recorded: In Germany, in 2007, some early signs appeared that birthrates might be rising again. See Bertrand Benoit, “Baby boom times return for Germany,” Financial Times, July 13, 2007.
16 a society with total fertility of 1.3: Wolfgang Lutz, Vegard Skirbekk, and Maria Rita Testa, “The low fertility trap hypothesis: Forces that may lead to further postponement and fewer births in Europe,” Vienna Institute of Demography, 2005. Cited by David Coleman in an address to the Hudson Institute, Washington, D.C., September 25, 2007.
16 half its current size: David Coleman, address to the Hudson Institute, Washington, D.C., September 25, 2007.
16 la ville des vieux: Alain Auffray and Prune Perromat, “A Montfermeil, le maire joue la carte antijeunes,” Libération, April 26, 2006.
17 close to a fifth of the Dutch population: Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment,” New York Times Magazine, April 3, 2005, p. 29. The article draws on “In 2050 ruim 1,6 miljoen meer allochtonen,” CBS Webmagazine, January 8, 2007. A higher figure for the Dutch foreign-origin population in 2050—32 percent—is given by David Coleman and Sergei Scherbov, “Immigration and ethnic change in low-fertility countries—Towards a new demographic transition?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of Population Association of America, Philadelphia, April 1, 2005.
17 Britain will have 7 million “nonwhites”: Coleman and Scherbov, “Immigration and Ethnic Change.”
17 about 500,000 new immigrants: Agence France-Presse, “2004 was record immigration year,” International Herald Tribune, October 21, 2005, p. 4.
17 between 20 and 32 percent: Coleman and Scherbov, “Immigration and Ethnic Change.”
18 immigrants account for 0.2 percent: Author interview with Fr. Fredo Olivero, ASAI, Turin, March 23, 2006.
18 A fifth of the children: For Copenhagen: Jeffrey Fleishman, “A mutual suspicion grows in Denmark,” Los Angeles Times, November 12, 2005. For Paris: Cour des comptes, “L’accueil des immigrants et l’intégration des populations issues de l’immigration,” November 2004, in Jonathan Laurence and Justin Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 23. For London: George Walden, Time to Emigrate? p. 45.
18 foreign-born women in France: Françoise Legros, “La fécondité des étrangères en France,” Insée Prémière #898, May 2003.
18 Pakistanis and Bangladeshis: Nicholas Eberstadt, “A union of a certain age,” Milken Institute Review, Second Quarter 2005, p. 47.
19 the “secret weapon”: Gunnar Heinsohn, Söhne und Weltmacht.
19 seven Polish-language newspapers: Jörg Thomann, “Wenn Auswandern zum Volkssport wird,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 17, 2007, p. 38.
19 six Chinese dailies: Pal Nyiri, 2000 magazine, January 2005. Cited at http://www.perlentaucher.de/magazinrundschau/2005-04-05.html.
20 “squeegee men”: Alexander Stille, “No blacks need apply; a nation of emigrants faces the challenge of immigration,” The Atlantic, February 1992, p. 28.
21 hydrogen peroxide and chapati flour: “Court hears of horror scenes on Tube,” Guardian, January 23, 2007.
21 continuation of colonialism: See the essays in Pascal Blanchard, Nicolas Bancel, and Sandrine Lemaire, La fracture coloniale.
21 “a great policy error”: Geert Mak, Nagekomen flessenpost. Amsterdam/ Antwerp: Uitgeverij Atlas. 2005: 34. The political scientist Carmen González Enríquez of the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (Uned) expressed similar views in an interview with the author (Madrid, October 28, 2006).
23 “easily assimilable high-tech geniuses”: Heinsohn, Söhne und Weltmacht.
23 radical imams from “Londonistan”: See, e.g., Dominique Thomas, Le Londonistan: Le djihad au cæur de l’Europe, and Cristina Giudici, “Occhi chiusi a Cremonistan,” Il Foglio, July 27, 2005, p. 6.
24 “Consciousness of inequality spreads”: Raymond Aron, “Laube de l’histoire universelle,” in Une histoire du XXe siècle, p. 805.
28 The Nationalities Act made immigration easy: The Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962, which was tightened further by the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1968.
28 Britain had 55,000 Indians and Pakistanis: For West Indians: Peter Fryer, Staying Power, pp. 372–74; for South Asians: Philip Lewis, Islamic Britain, p. 54. The figure for national population of Indians and Pakistanis comes from Fryer, p. 372.
28 half are from the Caribbean: UK Census 2001, Population by Ethnic Group, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=273.
29 “main obstacle to our recovery”: Patrick Weil, La France et ses étrangers, pp. 68–69.
29 rate of 70,000 a week: Weil, La France et ses étrangers, pp. 81–86.
29 a third had acquired French nationality: Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques, Les immigrés en France, édition 2005, “Répartition de la population selon le lieu de naissance et la nationalité.”
30 spreading to more distant lands: Christopher Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts of the welfare state,” New York Times Magazine, February 5, 2006.
30 Thanks to guest worker agreements: Statistiska centralbyrån (Swedish central statistics office), Statisk årsbok för Sverige 2007 (Statistical yearbook for Sweden 2007), p. 121, Table 99. We are talking about 1,463,358 people of a total population of around 9 million.
30 There were 329,000 Gastarbeiter: Philip Martin, Manolo Abella, and Christiane Kuptsch, Managing Labor Migration in the Twenty-first Century.
The stages of the German Gastarbeiter program are laid out, country by country, in Thomas Bauer, Claus Larsen, and Poul Chr. Matthiessen, “Immigration policy and Danish and German immigration,” in Torben Tranaes and Klaus Zimmerman, Migrants, Work, and the Welfare State, p. 36. After Italy, the program was extended to Spain and Greece in 1960, Turkey in 1961, Morocco in 1963, Portugal in 1964, Tunisia in 1965, and Yugoslavia in 1968. 30 Gastarbeiter program of its own: Exhibit, Kreuzberg Museum, Adalbertstraße, Berlin.
30 Turkish government petitioned for inclusion: See, for instance, Stefan Luft, Abschied von Multikulti, pp. 101–15.
31 Three-quarters of the 18.5 million: Elmar Hönekopp, “Labor migration from central and eastern Europe: Old and new trends,” IAB Labor Market Research Topics, no. 23. Cited in Martin, Abella, and Kuptsch, Managing Labor Migration, p. 86.
31 Guest workers returned home: Ibid., pp. 16–18.
32 Germany had a “foreign population”: Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder, November 30, 2006, http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_jb01_jahrtab2.asp.
32 open labor market until 1973: Author interview with Klaus Rothstein, Copenhagen, December 2005.
33 “social causes for mass emigration”: Oscar Handlin, Bostons Immigrants, p. 26.
33 “long and steady movement of people”: Robert Winder, Bloody Foreigners, pp. 1, 472.
33 DNA from people who arrived: Nicholas Wade, “English, Irish, Scots: They’re all one, genes suggest,” New York Times, March 5, 2007, p. F1. Wade cites the geneticists Stephen Oppenheimer and Bryan Sykes, both of Oxford, and Daniel G. Bradley of Trinity College, Dublin, as well as the archaeologist Heinrich Haerke. Sykes’s work is accessible at the website http://www.bloodoftheisles.net.
33–34 “Britain’s 700,000 years”: Alok Jha, September 6, 2006.
34 “Slayn by the bloody Piemontese”: In “On the late massacre in Piedmont.”
35 a third of all jobs in Germany: Enzensberger, Die Große Wanderung, p. 49. 35 Linen mills in the north: Christopher Caldwell, “The crescent and the tricolor,” The Atlantic, November 2000.
35 coal mines are: Christopher Caldwell, “Where every generation is first-generation,” New York Times Magazine, May 27, 2006, p. 47.
36 mechanization of Southern agriculture: Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land.
36 unemployment reaching 40 percent: Giovanni Di Lorenzo, “Drinnen vor der Tür,” Die Zeit no. 41, 2004.
36 Europe’s citizens may once have accepted: Christopher Caldwell, “Europe needs its immigrants,” Financial Times, May 2, 2004. A Eurobarometer poll showed that 56 percent of Europeans recognized the need for immigrant labor, while 80 percent wanted more stringent border controls.
37 economic impact of immigration: Scheherezade Daneshku, “Public do not see ‘undoubted economic benefits’ of migrants,” Financial Times, February 19, 2007.
37 “The uneasy cosmopolitan”: The article, by Stefan Wagstyl, appeared on p. 13 of the edition of September 21, 2006.
37 challenged with increasing rigor: See George J. Borjas, “The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, June 2003, pp. 1335–74; David Card, “Immigrant inflows, native outflows, and the local labor market impacts of higher immigration,” Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 19 (2001), pp. 22–64. Both papers take an occupation-specific rather than a location-specific approach, examining skill groups rather than geographic clusters of immigrants and better capturing the reality of the modern labor market. They find immigration has a negative net effect on native wages.
37 “Sober-minded economists reckon”: Philippe Legrain, Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them, p. 19.
37 aggregate gross domestic product: To be precise, $39,460,070,000,000.00. See the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook database from April 2007: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=2&c=110%2C163%2C119%2C998&s=NGDPD&grp=1&a=1.
38 “total costs of the integration process”: David Coleman, “Why Europe does not need a ‘European’ migration policy,” evidence submitted to the House of Lords, February 1, 2001.
39 “raises the supply of labour”: Chris Giles, “British fears ignore boost foreign labour gives economy,” Financial Times, February 20, 2007, p. 5.
39 true in practice: See Jonathan Portes and Simon French, “The impact of free movement of workers from central and eastern Europe on the UK labour market: early evidence.” UK Department of Work and Pensions Working Paper No. 18, 2004, p. 33. The American experience is described in the Borjas and Card papers cited above.
40 Kool Halal: Jacqueline de Linares, “Quand ma cité sera la City,” Le Nouvel Observateur, January 3–February 6, 2008, pp. 84–85.
41 parallels between today’s migrations: Martin, Abella, and Kuptsch, Managing Labor Migration, pp. 11–12.
42 Amendments to the Danish Aliens Act: There is a list of these changes in Bauer, Larsen, and Matthiessen, “Immigration Policy,” p. 35.
43 less need for “labor saving”: Sarah Laitner, “Young jobless,” Financial Times, February 20, 2007, p. 5, notes that European productivity growth was below 1 percent in 2005, as compared to the U.S. rate of 1.8 percent and the Japanese rate of 2.2.
46 many preferred a life: Alexander Stille, “No blacks need apply” (see chapter 1 notes).
47 replicating the age structure: United Nations, Replacement Migration.
48 one must subtract the (high) cost: Martin Feldstein, “Immigration is no way to fund an aging population,” Financial Times, December 13, 2006.
48 “migrants themselves will age”: Home Office, “The economic and fiscal impact of immigration,” October 2007, p. 35.
49 In the Netherlands: Marlise Simons, “More Dutch plan to emigrate as Muslim influx tips scales,” New York Times, February 27, 2005, p. 16.
49 pay out more in taxes: Stefanie Rosenkranz, “Die deutschen Gesichter des Islam,” Stern, October 12, 2006.
49 German immigrants were in the workforce: Martin, Abella, and Kuptsch, Managing Labor Migration, pp. 19–20. They use a graph from the Bundesaus-länderbeauftragte, a federal office for immigrant matters.
49 just 29 percent of all immigrants: Information on both France and Britain is from Coleman, “Why Europe does not need a ‘European’ migration policy.”
50 an impressive work ethic: “Wages and productivity of non-Western immigrants in Denmark,” Rockwool Foundation newsletter, November 2006, p. 10.
50 “increased immigration from low income countries”: Torben M. Andersen and Lars Haagen Pedersen, “Financial restraints in a mature welfare state—The case of Denmark,” unidentified source, May 2006.
50 “demographic bulimia”: Enzensberger, Die Grofie Wanderung, p. 31.
51 “Mister I-Know-My-Rights”: Oriana Fallaci, The Rage and the Pride.
52 “who is welcome on its territory”: “Au Mali, Sarkozy prône un ‘partenariat rénové’ et justifie sa loi sur l’immigration,” Le Figaro, May 18, 2006.
52 “His name is Nicolas Sarkozy”: Translation mine. In French:
Il s’appelle Nicolas Sarkozy
Il a inventé l’immigration choisie
C’est l’histoire d’un fils d’hongrois
Qui veut se faire couronner chez les gaulois
Fini l’époque du nègre musclé—
Belles dents!
Aujourd’hui il veut du noir diplômé,
Intelligent
C’est ç le critère du nouveau négrier,
Il a le culot d’aller en Afrique pour l’expliquer Nicolas Sarkozy,
Pourquoi ton père a fui la Hongrie?
53 Almost a fifth: “World migrant stock,” http://esa.un.org/migration. The British, incidentally, sometimes referred to these policies as “Australian” rather than Canadian. (See Alan Travis, “Migrants—The verdict,” Guardian, October 17, 2007, p. 3.)
53 a 100-point scale: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, “Application for Permanent Residence,” p. 4, http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/immigrate/skilled/application-regular.asp.
53 a third of the doctors: OECD, International Migration Outlook, Annual Report (2007 edition), p. 165.
53 percentages are rising: Ibid., p. 163. The report mentions “radical upward shifts” in the last five years.
53 didn’t need low-skilled workers: Author interview with Schäuble, Interior Ministry, Berlin, February 5, 2007.
53 “We need 700,000”: Philosophische Quartett [television show], ZDF, October 29, 2006, “Radikalismus und Bevölkerungswachstum.”
53 Seven of the new additions: Richard Florida, The Flight of the Creative Class, p. 108.
54 United States and Canada: Christiane Buck, “Schlechtausgebildete Einwanderer ziehen nach Europa,” Die Welt, October 19, 2005, A1.
54 “green card” program: Bloomberg News, “German cabinet approves plan to allow more IT workers,” May 31, 2000. Starting in 2005, the program was broadened to admit anyone who could credibly promise to create twenty-five jobs.
54 It was a flop: Author interview with Green parliamentarian Omid Nouripour, Leipzig, September 15, 2005.
55 vowed to raise development aid: Associated Press, “Sarkozy calls for creation of international treaty on migration,” International Herald Tribune, December 11, 2006.
55 “Eating is a human right”: “Mercosur condemns EU migrant law,” BBC news release, July 2, 2008.
56 “young people have the right”: Caldwell, “Europe’s future” (see chapter 1 notes). Jammeh’s remarks were made in an interview with the Dakar-based daily Walf Fadjri.
56 they account for more funds: Sanket Mohapatra, Dilip Ratha, and Zhimei Xu, with K. M. Vijayalakshmi, “Migration and development, brief 2: Remittance trends 2006” (unofficial document).
56 Transfers to El Salvador: Heinsohn, Söhne und Weltmacht.
56 Moroccans, mostly in Europe: Alden, Dombey, Giles, and Laitner, “Price of prosperity” (see chapter 1 notes).
56 opened its 300,000th agency: Western Union Company “Western Union reaches 300,000th agent location milestone,” press release, March 1, 2007.
57 migration of doctors: OECD, International Migration Outlook, Annual Report (2007 edition), p. 163.
58 roughly half of Americans’ antipathy: Alberto Alesina and Edward Glaeser, Fighting Poverty in the U.S. and Europe.
58 This view is given strong support: Robert D. Putnam, “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century” (Johan Skytte Prize Lecture), Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 30, no. 2 (2007), pp. 137–74. 58 list of recent social science studies: About three dozen are listed in Putnam, “E Pluribus Unum” pp. 142–43.
58 “A State cannot be constituted”: Aristotle, Politics, 1303a [V, III, §11].
59 Two-thirds of French imams: Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 118.
59 “Our mosques are largely tribal”: Munira Mirza, Abi Senthikumaran, and Zein Ja’far, Living Apart Together, p. 40.
59 Migrations spark secondary migrations: “Migrations of ethnic unmixing in the ‘New Europe,’” International Migration Review, vol. 32, no. 4 (Winter 1998), pp. 1047–65. Also (regarding Poles and Germans) see Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, p. 90.
60 only half the descendants: Handlin, Bostons Immigrants, p. 12.
60 Goodbye, Deutschland!: Mark Landler, “Seeking greener pastures,” International Herald Tribune, February 6, 2007, p. 1.
60 Netherlands recorded more emigrants: Oussama Cherribi and Pieter van Os, “Houd toch op Nederland vol te noemen,” NRC Handelsblad, July 15, 2006, p. 7.
60 swamped with inquiries: Simons, “More Dutch plan to emigrate” (see chapter 2 notes).
61 a semifictional letter: Walden, Time to Emigrate?
61 white flight is happening: Danny Dorling and Bethan Thomas, “A short report on plurality and the cities of Britain,” undated. Undated statistical analysis by two members of the SASI group, Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, released in 2008 by the Barrow Cadbury Trust as part of its initiative “Cities in Transition,” http://www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/pdf/short_report_on_plurality.pdf. Birmingham statistics are at p. 41, Table 6; Leicester statistics (from 70.1 percent white 1991 to 44.5 percent white 2026) are at p. 45, Table 17.
61 “‘Why should I pay’”: Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment” (see chapter 1 notes).
61 gets only 20 percent: Jason DeParle, “Spain, like U.S., grapples with immigration,” New York Times, June 10, 2008.
61 “ethnic filtering”: Bernabé López-Garcia, “El Islam y la integración de la inmigración social,” Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, vol. 15 (2002), pp. 129–43. Author interviews with Spanish government officials indicate he is correct.
62 Britain braced itself: Richard Ford, “30,400 new EU migrants will be looking for work in Britain,” The Times, October 25, 2006, pp. 6–7.
000 Today’s Eastern Europeans: Poland: Herbert Brücker and Tito Boeri, “The impact of eastern enlargement on employment and labour markets in the EU member states,” European Integration Consortium, 2000, cited in Kay, below; Christopher Caldwell, “European disintegration?” Weekly Standard, May 23, 2005; Christian Dustmann, Maria Casanova, Michael Fertig, Ian Preston, and Christoph M. Schmidt, “The impact of EU enlargement on migration flows,” Home Office Online Report 25/03, London, 2003 (has data on Spanish and Portuguese flows); John Kay, “How the migration estimates turned out so wrong,” Financial Times, September 5, 2006, p. 17; Ford, “30,400 new EU migrants.”
63 The Baltic states: United Nations, Replacement Migration.
63 “the country will disappear”: Latvia details from Dan Bilefsky, “Migration’s flip side: All roads lead out,” International Herald Tribune, December 7, 2005, p. 1.
65 European since the fifteenth century: Immigration aside, Ceuta and Melilla are often described, most stridently by the Moroccan royal house, as symbols of European “occupation” and “colonialism” in the Islamic world. (See Ignacio Cembrero, “Mohamed VI aparca su reivindicación territorial,” El País, January 29, 2006, p. 26; “Rabat condiciona el diálogo con España a una negociación sobre el futuro de Ceuta y Melilla,” ABC, November 8, 2007; and “La Liga Árabe da su ‘apoyo total’ a Marruecos en su reclamación de Ceuta y Melilla,” El Mundo, November 9, 2007.) It is an odd claim. Melilla was conquered by Spain in 1497—before the high imperial age. Ceuta became Portuguese in 1415 and Spanish in 1580; it has been a continuously Christian city for longer than Istanbul has been a Muslim one. Spanish politicians have not been uniformly hostile to surrendering Ceuta and Melilla to Morocco. In fact, Spain’s own desire to absorb Britain’s Iberian outpost of Gibraltar creates a logic for such a renunciation. It is unlikely in the near term.
65 Barbed wire was put up: History of fencing of Melilla: Martin Dahms, “Komm nicht, denn du könntest sterben,” Stuttgarter Zeitung, November 8, 2005, p. 3.
66 there were ten assaults: Tactics of assault: Karin Finkenzeller, “Ansturm auf die Festung; Afrikas Flucht nach Europa,” Die Welt am Sonntag, October 9, 2005, p. 9.
66 they shot dead four people: Chronology of assaults: Nuria Tesón Martín, “Un año en el limbo de Melilla,” El País, October 10, 2006, p. 28.
66 Many accounts: See, e.g., Boubacar Boris Diop, “Die neue Verdammten dieser Erde,” Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 21, 2005; Diop calls the attack a “verzweifelten Sturm.”
67 secured with ditches: Refugee aspirations: Mark Mulligan and Raphael Minder, “Spain and Morocco call for joint action over tide of migrants,” Financial Times, October 12, 2005, p. 3.
67 “Barcelona or Death”: Author interview with sociologist Malick Ndiaye, Dakar, October 16, 2006.
67 estimated that 3,000 people: Caldwell, “Europe’s future.”
68 A rusty freighter: Thierry Portes, “L’odyssée des clandestins du ‘Marine 1,’” Le Figaro, March 10–11, 2007.
69 Spanish patrol boat Río Duero: Juan Manuel Pardellas, “Un cayuco ataca una patrullera española con ‘cócteles molotov,’” El País, April 10, 2007. (A translation of the article, with some details different, appeared as Juan Manuel Pardellas, “African migrants trying to reach Spain in small boat throw Molotov cocktails at patrol,” Associated Press, April 11, 2007.)
70 international human rights incident: Miguel González, “Alonso se opuso en el Gobierno a que la Armada interceptara barcas de inmigrantes,” El País, October 9, 2006, p. 1.
71 “The guest is sacred”: Enzensberger, Die Große Wanderung, p. 14.
72 they were given hospitalitas: Henri Pirenne, Mahomet et Charlemagne, p. 37.
72 almost dreamlike in its generosity: Author interview with Fahmy Almajid, Copenhagen, December 12, 2005.
73 had arrived after 1985: Martin, Abella, and Kuptsch, Managing Labor Migration.
74 “‘noble’ asylum-seeker”: Enzensberger, Die Große Wanderung, pp. 42–46.
74 “equality of white British citizens”: Both these quotes appear in Kenan Malik, The Meaning of Race, p. 24. The articles to which he refers both appeared on March 1, 1968.
75 “ringlike pattern of political crises”: Christopher Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts of the welfare state” (see chapter 2 notes).
75 Anti-racist groups often played this role: Caldwell, “Europe’s future.”
76 half of all residence permits: Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.”
76 “legacy backlog”: Ben Leapman, “Asylum crisis getting worse, say officials,” Sunday Telegraph, October 14, 2007, p. 12.
76 half a million applications: To be more precise, Germany got 438,000 applications in 1992. See Roger Zetter, David Griffiths, Silva Ferretti, and Martyn Pearl, “An assessment of the impact of asylum policies in Europe 1990–2000,” Findings 168 (publication of the UK Home Office), p. 3.
76 biggest nearby humanitarian catastrophes: Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.”
77 only 9.2 million refugees: Guardian, April 20, 2006, p. 34.
77 approving only a tenth: Jeffrey Fleishman, “A mutual suspicion grows in Denmark,” Los Angeles Times, November 12, 2005 (2001: 53 percent; 2004: 10 percent).
77 “a hell of a good story”: Author interview with staff of Centraalorgaan Opvang Asielzoekers, Leiden, November 2005.
78 knew the best countries: This information came from discussions with those who worked closely with immigrants at the COA, Leiden, November 2005.
79 camped in front of the office: Michael Slackman, “Fleeing Sudan, only to languish in an Egyptian limbo,” New York Times, December 26, 2005, p. 3; Abeer Allam and Michael Slackman, “23 Sudanese die in raid in Egypt,” New York Times, December 31, 2005, p. 1.
79 rejected applicants who stay: January 2002 ICMPD study on EU return policies and practices, cited in European Council on Refugees and Exiles, “The return of asylum seekers whose applications have been rejected in Europe,” June 2005, p. 15.
79 “I haven’t got a clue”: Benedict Brogan, “Illegal migrants? I haven’t a clue, says Blunkett,” Daily Telegraph, September 22, 2003, p. 2.
79 “futility thesis”: see Albert O. Hirschman, The Rhetoric of Reaction, pp. 43–80.
79 “make-believe policy land”: Madeleine Bunting, “A modern-day slavery is flourishing in Britain…,” Guardian, December 18, 2006, p. 25.
80 distrust of “left-wing intellectuals”: Author interview with Jesper Langballe (DF parliamentarian), Copenhagen, December 12, 2005. 80–81 “stops being exclusively work immigration”: Abdelmalek Sayad, La double absence, pp. 17–18.
82 “written in letters of blood”: Aron wrote this at the end of his book Clausewitz: Penser la guerre. Quoted in Raymond Aron, Le Spectateur Engagé, p. 284.
83 credit for that peace: The way this question is dealt with and answered is one of the highlights of Robert Kagan’s Paradise and Power.
83 Margot Wallström, warned: David Rennie, “Vote for EU constitution or risk new Holocaust, says Brussels,” Daily Telegraph, May 10, 2005.
84 “beckons us to a new age”: Jeremy Rifkin, The European Dream. Cited in Perry Anderson, European London Review of Books, September 20, 2007, p. 13. This estimable article includes lots of other hubristic citations.
85 “ability to attract others”: Mark Leonard, Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century, p. 83.
85 “the debate over multi-culturality”: From: Sociaal en Cultureel Rapport 1998, p. 266. Cited in Frits Bolkestein, “Vijftien jaar later,” De Volkskrant, August 31, 2006, p. 10.
85 “not going to bother Turkish children”: Paul Scheffer, “Het multiculturele drama,” NRC Handelsblad, January 29, 2000. (English translation by Mr. Scheffer.)
85 knowledge of the “Virolai”: Jordi Barbeta, “Irrumpe la inmigración,” La Vanguardia, October 21, 2006.
86 “hosh-kosh nonsense”: Zadie Smith, White Teeth, p. 47.
86 “‘their finest hour’”: “Britain rediscovered” (symposium), Prospect, no. 109 (April 2005).
86 “Diversity is not about charity”: Katrin Bennehold, “French minister urges collecting minority data,” International Herald Tribune, December 16, 2005, p. 3.
87 “you can’t have holidays”: Stéphane Kovacs, “Saint Nicolas accused’ esclavagisme,” Le Figaro, December 5, 2005.
87 authorities in Derby: Mark Steyn, “Making a pig’s ear of defending democracy,” Daily Telegraph, April 10, 2005.
87 voted to name their teddy bear: “Teacher held for ‘insulting Mohammed,’” Irish Times, November 26, 2007.
87 such as jihad and terrorism: Frits Bolkestein, “Vijftien jaar later,” De Volkskrant, August 31, 2006, p. 10.
87 “anti-Islamic activity”: “Tories attack Islamic terrorism ‘rebranding,’” Daily Telegraph, January 19, 2008.
88 “The term ‘politically correct’”: Author interview with Melanie Phillips, London, April 13, 2006. See Christopher Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.: After Londonistan,” New York Times Magazine, June 25, 2006, p. 46.
88 “hundreds upon hundreds of letters”: Enoch Powell, speech to the Annual General Meeting of the West Midlands Area Conservative Political Centre (the “Rivers of Blood” speech), April 20, 1968, in Powell, Reflections of a Statesman, p. 377.
88 “Those who kept the old faith”: Alexis de Tocqueville, L’Ancien Régime et la Révolution, p. 184.
89 the “Macpherson inquiry”: Published in 1999, it is known as the Macpherson inquiry, after Sir William Macpherson, who led it. Cited in Mirza, Senthikumaran, and Ja’far, Living Apart Together, p. 25.
89 “expanded list of the rights of man”: Pierre-André Taguieff, Les contre-réactionnaires, p. 562.
89 “potentially homophobic attitudes”: Jonathan Freedland, “How police gay rights zealotry is threatening our freedom of speech,” Guardian, January 18, 2006, p. 23.
90 condemned to a month of prison: Sweden’s Supreme Court overturned the conviction in September, on the grounds that he had gone no further than the Bible in his condemnation. See Nina Larson, “Le pasteur suédois homophobe Aake Green disculpé par la Cour suprême,” Agence France-Presse, November 29, 2005.
90 first Frenchman convicted of homophobia: Jean Valbay, “Le député Vanneste condamné,” Le Figaro, January 25, 2006.
90 renamed the Iqra School: Mirza, Senthikumaran, and Ja’far, Living Apart Together, p. 24. The report cites P. West, The Poverty of Multiculturalism (London: Civitas, 2005).
91 rolled back certain guarantees: The “Gayssot Law” is Loi no 90-615 du 13 juillet 1990 (NOR: JUSX9010223L), available online at http://Legifrance.gouv.fr. The discussion that follows draws on Christopher Caldwell, “Historical truth speaks for itself,” Financial Times, February 18–19, 2006, and Christopher Caldwell, “A question of expediency,” Financial Times, October 14–15, 2006.
91 a celebrated family of résistants: Jean-Baptiste de Montvalon, “Les historiens pris sous le feu des mémoires,” Le Monde, December 17, 2005.
91 historians who opposed the Gayssot law: In 2006, two petitions urging the repeal or gutting of all “memory laws” won the support of much of the intellectual world in Paris. The first, “Freedom for History,” was signed by the historians Pierre Nora, Michel Winock, and Mona Ozouf, among others. The second, “Freedom to Debate,” was authored by the anti-colonialist philosopher Paul Thibaud and signed by several of the country’s most distinguished historians and philosophers.
91 “other genocides and other assaults”: Madeleine Rebérioux, “Contre la loi Gayssot,” Le Monde, May 21, 1996. Cited (in part) in Jean-Baptiste de Montvalon, “Les historiens pris sous le feu des mémoires,” Le Monde, December 17, 2005.
92 the “Yovodah”: Stéphanie Binet and Blandine Grosjean, “La nébuleuse Dieudonné,” Libération, November 10, 2005, pp. 38–39. The group was Coffad (Collectif des fils et filles d’Africains déportés), itself the echo of a memorial association for the Holocaust. According to Alain Finkielkraut (in Rony Brauman and Alain Finkielkraut, La Discorde, p. 245), yovodah is an invented word adapted from the Fon language, which is spoken in Benin. It means “white cruelty.”
93 “Africans are forbidden”: Binet and Grosjean, “La nébuleuse Dieudonné.”
94 “something about Arab men”: Oriana Fallaci, La Rage et l’Orgueil, Paris: Plon, 2002, p. 188.
94 “with their behinds in the air”: Ibid., p. 92.
94 “multiplying like protozoa”: Ibid., p. 29.
94 “the Koran authorizes lies”: Ibid., p. 38.
95 “the most hardened of them”: Ibid., p. 105.
95 “Many of the Shi’is”: Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, p. 381.
95 Syrian-born radical Omar Bakri: Ian Cobain, “Bakri pleads for UK visa to escape bombs,” Guardian, July 22, 2006, p. 15. Note that Bakri was not expelled: he traveled to Lebanon and was refused permission to reenter Britain.
95 “transform the West into Dar Al-Islam”: Al-Hayat (London), July 31, 2002. Cited in Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch #410, “Islamist leaders in London interviewed,” August 9, 2002.
96 “Finkielkraut affair”: Christopher Caldwell, “Politically correct intolerance,” Financial Times, December 10–11, 2005.
96 The philosopher Alain Finkielkraut: Dror Mishani and Aurelia Smotriez, “What sort of Frenchmen are they?” Ha’aretz (English-language edition), November 17, 2005.
97 called him a “neo-reactionary”: Nouvel Observateur, December 1, 2005.
97 “that very French tradition”: “Finkielkraut, réactions.” Libération, November 30, 2005, p. 6.
97 Another compared Finkielkraut: Ibid., p. 6.
97 MRAP dropped its threat: “Le Mrap renonce à porter plainte contre Finkielkraut,” Agence France-Presse, November 25, 2005.
98 institutions established to promote tolerance: Christopher Caldwell, “What will become of Europe,” Bradley Lectures in Political Philosophy, Boston College, February 10, 2006.
98 “can probably be managed”: Geoff Dench, Minorities in the Open Society, p. viii.
99 coined the term immigrationisme: Taguieff, Les contre-réactionnaires. [French: “à la fois inéluctable et positif.”]
101 young people’s spending on fashion: Les Echos, November 24, 2005.
102 le look banlieue: Ibid.
102 Gringo: Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts,” p. xx.
103 Corinne Hofmann’s erotic autobiography: Corinne Hofmann, Die Weiße Massai.
103 why Europeans like this sort of thing: Kingsley Amis, That Uncertain Feeling (London: Victor Gollancz, 1955).
103 “What was a banker”: Michel Houellebecq, Les particules élémentaires, pp. 237–40.
104 “White Man, What Now?”: Matthias Politycki, “Weißer Mann—was nun?” Die Zeit 36 (September 1, 2005), pp. 39–40. The title is a play on Hans Falladas novel of 1932, Kleiner Mann, was nun?
104 “The brutality of the raw life”: Ibid.
104 the hardworking inhabitants’ “unbridled energy”: Ibid.
104 “What is troubling”: Ibid.
105 “completely enlightened (read: godless)”: Ibid.
105 “a moralizing flourish”: Enzensberger, Die Große Wanderung, p. 52.
105 to remove her cross: Both stories are in: Gina Thomas, “Religiöse Accessoires verboten,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, November 29, 2006, p. 39.
106 “opens the gates”: Udo di Fabio, Die Kultur der Freiheit, p. 126. Cited in Christopher Caldwell, “Values and the German debate,” Financial Times, November 4–5, 2005.
106 “White people are less likely”: Office of Communities and Local Government, “Citizenship Survey April–September 2007, England & Wales.” London, January 2008, p. 1.
106 “We no longer consider”: Pierre Manent, La Raison des Nations, pp. 59–60.
107 “truly unforgivable human action”: Ibid., p. 18.
000 solution lies in being explicit: “Britain rediscovered” (symposium), Prospect, no. 109 (April 2005).
112 “forgotten all about Islam”: Hilaire Belloc, The Great Heresies, pp. 76, 92–93, 126–27.
112 defender of the Crusades: Ibid., p. 102.
113 “West was bottled up”: Pirenne, Mahomet et Charlemagne, pp. 260–61.
113 “two different and hostile civilizations”: Ibid., p. 132.
113 “Without the challenge of Islam”: Bassam Tibi, “Europeanisation, not Islamisation,” Sign and Sight [website], March 22, 2007, http://www.perlen-taucher.de/artikel/3764.html; in (sort of) English at http://www.signandsight.com/features/1258.html.
113 series of “encounters”: Jack Goody, Islam in Europe.
114 liberals who defend Islam: Ernest Renan, L’Islam et la science, pp. 38–39.
116 clean-shaven men: See, for example, the beautiful collection of documents, photos, and news clippings assembled by the Dokumentationszentrum und Museum über die Migration aus der Türkei (DOMiT): Zur Geschichte der Arbeitsmigration aus der Türkei: Materialsammlung, Köln: [North Rhine-Westphalia] Ministerium für Arbeit, 2000 (especially pp. 39, 48, 56, 59). Also see Jan Lucassen and Rinus Penninx, Nieuwkomers, Nakomelingen, Nederlanders, p. 54.
116 More than half of respondents: Dominique Vidal, “Quand Jean- Christophe Rufin prône le délit d’opinion,” Le Monde Diplomatique, October 21, 2004.
116 “oppression of women”: Elisabeth Noelle, “Der Kampf der Kulturen,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 15, 2004, p. 5. This study is from the Institut für Demoskopie (Allensbach), which references it as Dokumentation 6614.
116 fully a sixth: All of the population statistics in this paragraph, on Paris, Behren-lès-Forbach, etc., come from the highly reliable Michelle Tribalat, “Les Concentrations ethniques en France,” Agir, no. 29 (January 2007), pp. 77–86. The figure of 40 percent of Parisian kids having at least one immigrant parent (Tribalat, p. 81) is for the city of Paris; but in the whole vast metropolitan area of île-de-France, it is still over a third—33.5 percent.
117 “process of substitution”: Tribalat, p. 81.
117 about 20 million Muslims: Number obtained by taking Tariq Ramadan’s Western European estimate (see note to p. 12) and adding the Balkan Muslim population.
117 A million Muslims: Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.” (see chapter 4 notes).
117–18 Muslims account for more than a third: Of the 34 percent of Amsterdam residents who have a religion, according to the Amsterdam City Council research service (2006): 12 percent of the total population is Muslim, 10 percent Catholic, 7 percent Protestant (all denominations), 3 percent Buddhist, 1 percent Hindu, 1 percent Jewish. Cited in Simon Kuper, “Amsterdam’s soft approach courts potential jihadists,” Financial Times, September 11, 2007, p. 8.
118 U.S. National Intelligence Council: Michael Freund, “Say goodbye to Europe,” Jerusalem Post, January 10, 2007.
118 Caribbean and Eastern European immigrants: Eric Kaufmann, “Breeding for God,” Prospect, no. 128 (November 2006).
119 “this increase is likely”: Barrow Cadbury Trust, “Cities in transition” (a briefing document based on Dorling and Thomas, “A short report on plurality”), p. 4.
119 According to four demographers: Anne Goujon, Vegard Skirbekk, Katrin Fliegenschnee, and Pawel Strzelecki, “New times, old beliefs,” Vienna Institute of Demography Working Papers, January 2006. (Cited in Kaufmann, “Breeding for God.”)
119 well-established Moroccan-Belgian community: Nicholas Eberstadt, “A union of a certain age,” Milken Institute Review, Second Quarter 2005, p. 47.
According to Coleman and Scherbov, “Immigration and ethnic change” (see chapter 1 notes), the total fertility of the Pakistani-born in Britain was 4.67 in 2001; that of the Bengali-born was 3.89. Coleman and Scherbov cite the Office of National Statistics, International Migration: Migrants Entering or Leaving the United Kingdom and England and Wales 2002 (Series MN No. 29). London: The Stationery Office, 2004.
119 most common given boys’ names: Hanspeter Born, “Belgien, adieu?” Die Weltwoche (Zürich), no. 45 (November 2007).
120 “Commuters came no more”: Visited autumn 2005.
122 immigrants began arriving en masse: The material on Sweden’s Million Program draws on Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.”
123 Seventy percent of the residents: Ibid.
123 bad environments for raising children: See Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, p. 247. Hall notes that Corbusierian high-density projects tended to work only when, as in the modest Unité in Marseille, they were inhabited by middle-class professionals, and cites a number of architectural critics who have marveled at the child-unfriendliness of modernist planning.
124 a fifth of the women: Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.”
124 More than half of the country’s North Africans: Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 36.
124 built in the 1960s: Author interview with Ilda Curti, The Gate, Turin, March 23, 2006.
125 Anyone who could control: Christopher Caldwell, “Revolting high rises,” New York Times Magazine, November 27, 2005.
125 “lawless zones”: Robert Marquand, “Europe tightens immigration rules,” Christian Science Monitor, October 17, 2007, p. 6.
126 “the Bestiary”: Author interview with Pierre Cardo, Mayor of Chanteloup-les-Vignes, March 23, 2007.
126 two-thirds of Chanteloup’s residents: From website of commune of Chanteloup-les-Vignes.
126 grittily realistic exposé: Sheila Johnston, “Why the prime minister had to see ‘La Haine,’” Independent (London), October 19, 1995.
126 In the days before La Haine: Author interview with Pierre Cardo, Mayor of Chanteloup-les-Vignes, Chanteloup, March 23, 2007.
126 sixty hooded and armed youths: Author interview, Françoise Nung, Chanteloup-les-Vignes, March 23, 2007; Julien Constant and Véronique Beaugrand, “Affrontements: Nouvelle nuit de violence dans les Yvelines,” Le Parisien, February 4, 2007, p. 13; Agence France-Presse, “Violences à Chanteloup-les-Vignes,” February 6, 2006.
127 “hardening in its separateness”: Trevor Phillips, “After 7/7: Sleepwalking to segregation,” speech delivered at the Manchester Council for Community Relations, September 22, 2005.
127 was becoming less segregated: Ken Livingstone, “Society is becoming more mixed in the UK” (letter), Financial Times, December 23–24, 2006, p. 6.
127 “colour-laden value”: Ludi Simpson, “Speech for anti-racist priorities for the Labour government fringe meeting,” Labour Party Conference 2006.
128 “White Christians”: Ibid.
128 “When I leave this meeting”: Community Cohesion [The “Cantle Report”] (London: Home Office, 2001), p. 9.
129 apartments “open” for a Swede: Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.”
130 “A lack of job qualifications”: Di Lorenzo, “Drinnen vor der Tür.”
130 “Mogadishu Avenue”: Stéphane Kovacs, “Helsinki impose la mixité sociale par le logement,” Le Monde, March 19, 2007, p. 5.
131 “He was very pessimistic”: Off-the-record discussion.
132 ghettoized on religious lines: Ian Johnson (with John Carreyrou), “Islam and Europe: A volatile mix,” Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2005, p. A1. Also see Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 37.
132–33 “a string of towns and cities”: Rod Liddle, “The crescent of fear,” Spectator, November 12, 2005.
133 swimming hours at public pools: Johnson, “Islam and Europe.”
133 serving of non-halal meat: Ahmed Taghza, “Des enfants musulmans refusent la viande non hallal,” L’Écho républicain, November 25, 2004. Cited in Olivier Roy, La Laïcité face à l’Islam.
133 Ninety percent of the women: Author’s estimate from a visit to Rosen-gård schools in 2005.
134 sharply divided by political leanings: Rauf Ceylan, Ethnische Kolonien. Also based on author interviews with Ceylan in the spring of 2007. Ceylan’s work is the most rigorous, detailed, and empathetic account I have come across of any European immigrant community.
135 The mosque’s request: Author interview with Zehra Yilmaz and Mr. Kücük, Duisburg mosque, spring 2006.
135 now had to speak Turkish: Cornelia Uebel, “Alles getürkt?” Die Zeit 43, October 20, 2005, p. 15.
135–36 sentences longer than five years: Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.” The numbers come from the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brottsförebyggande rådet). It must be noted that, to a non-Swede, the scale of this problem is small. In 2004, there were only 329 people serving sentences of more than five years in all of Sweden.
136 “probably the first prison religion”: Farhad Khosrokhavar, L’islam dans les prisons, p. 11.
136 45 percent of inmates: Author interview with Pietro Buffa, superintendent, Carcere Vallette, Turin, March 24, 2006.
136 “‘Sarà stato un marocchino’”: Author interview with Franco Venturini, Rome, March 18, 2006.
136 “the natives are disengaging”: Walden, Time to Emigrate?, p. 60.
137 nine thousand police cars: Michael Jeismann, “Neuntausend,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, October 26, 2005, p. 37.
137 Unlike the American race riots: Christopher Caldwell, “The man who would be le président,” Weekly Standard, February 27, 2006.
138 There were two basic explanations: Katrin Bennhold, “In egalitarian Europe, a not-so-hidden world of squalor,” International Herald Tribune, October 18, 2005, p. 1.
138 “You can’t graft local police”: Jean de Maillard, “Le pire reste a venir,” http://www.rue89.com (downloaded November 28, 2007).
139 France had 4,244 crimes: Christopher Caldwell, “Liberté, Egalité, Judeophobie,” Weekly Standard, May 6, 2002.
139 Violence and Insecurity: Laurent Mucchielli, Violences et insécurité: Fantasmes et réalités dans le débat français; Loïc Wacquant, Punir les pauvres: Le nouveau gouvernement de l’insécurité sociale.
140 Larousse: Larousse Standard French-English Dictionary, 1994, p. 702.
140 Robert: HarperCollins/Robert French Unabridged Dictionary, 5th ed., 1998, p. 740.
140 wave of Islamist killings: Jean-Marie Pontaut, “Itinéraire d’un terroriste,” L’Express, September 26, 1996.
141 it was given a second wind: Ivan Rioufol, “Cités: les non-dits d’une rébellion,” Le Figaro, November 4, 2005.
141 “exhaustion of political Islam”: International Crisis Group, La France face à ses musulmans: Émeutes, jihadisme et dépolitisation (Rapport Europe No. 172), March 9, 2006, p. ii.
142 three urgent recommendations: Ibid.
142 “an anchor of identity”: Mishani and Smotriez, “What sort of Frenchmen are they?”
143 “we translate their appeals”: Alexis Lacroix, “Alain Finkielkraut: ‘L’illégitimité de la haine,’” Le Figaro, November 15, 2005, p. 18.
143 In early 2007, Angelo Hoekelet: What follows draws on Christopher Caldwell, “Harsh policing goes transatlantic,” Financial Times, March 31– April 1, 2007, p. 6.
143 “the crowd doesn’t try”: Jean-Marc Leclerc, “La banlieue, poudrière sous haute surveillance,” Le Figaro, March 29, 2007.
143 two nights of murderous violence: This account follows Christopher Caldwell, “A bad sense of community,” Financial Times, October 24–25, 2005.
144 “Gang of 19 rape teen”: “Voice censured for Birmingham ‘rape’ reporting,” Guardian Unlimited, February 21, 2006.
145 emerged as tested paramilitary leaders: Christopher Caldwell, “France must maintain ideals,” Financial Times, November 11–12, 2005.
145 “There are entire populations”: “Villiers-le-Bel: il faut des ‘décisions politiques majeures’ (Boutih, PS),” Agence France-Presse, November 28, 2007. (AFP was quoting remarks Boutih had made on the radio station RTL.)
145 “It’s war”: Yves Bordenaves, “‘Ce sont eux les victimes et on les fait passer pour des voleurs et des criminels,’” Le Monde, November 28, 2007, p. 10.
146 “I’d happily die”: Henri Haget and Marie Huret, “Le retour de flammes,” L’Express, no. 2943 (November 29, 2007), p. 98.
146 were sent to Morocco and Senegal: Le Monde (online edition), “Villiers- le-Bel: le dispositif sécuritaire maintenu ‘tant que nécessaire,’” November 28, 2007.
147 “was not rooted in this country”: BBC Panorama, December 2, 1968, in Powell, Reflections of a Statesman, p. 15.
148 “howls of abuse”: Roger Cohen, “A European model for immigration falters,” International Herald Tribune, October 17, 2005, p. 5.
148 “To hold it against the French”: Pierre Marcelle, “Marseillaise,” Libération, October 10, 2001.
148 a loophole allowed entry: See Enoch Powell, Sydney University lecture, “The UK and immigration,” September 1988, in Powell, Reflections of a Statesman, pp. 410, 412–13.
149 not as illiberal as it looked: A full history, along with a clear and sophisticated theoretical discussion of jus soli and jus sanguinis, can be found in Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany.
149 he knew little of Turkey: See “Fassungslos zwischen Döner und Knödel,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, May 27, 1998; and Michael Mielke, “Eine unendliche Geschichte,” Die Welt, March 4, 2005. As of this writing, a decade later, Ari remains in Germany, with a considerably longer criminal record than he had when he first entered the criminal justice system and the public eye.
151 were suddenly more hostile: “Europe’s Muslims more moderate,” Washington, D.C.: The Pew Global Attitudes Project, June 22, 2006, pp. 1, 5. It is possible the Islamist terrorist attacks in Madrid in 2004 played a role in this distrust, but those happened a year before the amnesty.
152 “I don’t care if you respect”: Author interview with Göran Johansson, Gothenburg city hall, December 2005. Parts were printed in Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.”
153 one of Europe’s arch-xenophobes: Luncheon meeting with Jürgen Rüttgers, German Marshall Fund of the United States, Washington, D.C., February 21, 2006.
153 “Integration is not assimilation”: Ibid.
153 “You must learn the Dutch language”: Author interview with Rita Verdonk, Den Haag, November 17, 2005.
154 “The best form of integration”: Otto Schily, “Ich möchte keine zweisprachigen Ortsschilder haben,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 27, 2002.
154 “They are no problem”: Author interview with Jesper Langballe, Dansk Folkeparti, Folketinget, Copenhagen, December 12, 2005. 154 “When Danes speak of immigrants”: Author interview with Rikke Hvilshøj, Copenhagen, December 10, 2005.
154 “want to remain distinct”: Pew Research Center (Pew Global Attitudes Project), “Islamic extremism: Common concern for Muslim and Western publics,” July 14, 2005, p. 17.
155 Punjabis and others who are Mirpuris: For a fascinating discussion of such divisions in the wake of the 2005 London Transport bombings, see Madeleine Bunting, “Orphans of Islam,” Guardian, July 18, 2005.
155 “What do you mean, ‘Islam’?”: Rosenkranz, “Die deutschen Gesichter des Islam.” The social worker, one Fulya Kurun, said: “Was meinen Sie mit Islam? Es gibt ihn nicht, den einen und einzigen Islam.”
155 “Mister Islam” Doesn’t Exist: Dounia Bouzar, Monsieur Islam n’existe pas.
156 replacing Islam in France: The authoritative Jonathan Laurence and Justin Vaïsse, in their Integrating Islam (p. 100), attribute the idea of creating a “Gallic Islam, just as there is an Islam of the Maghreb” to remarks of Berque in Il reste un avenir: Entretiens avec Jean Sur (Paris: Arlea, 1993), p. 203.
156 “Islam in Italy is becoming Italian Islam”: Stefano Allievi, Islam italiano, p. 216.
156 about a third of Muslim students: Vincent Geisser and Khadija Mohsen-Finan, “L’Islam à l’école,” Institut des Hautes Etudes de la Sécurité Intérieure (IHESI), 2001. Cited in Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 75.
156 the expression “second generation”: Alain Gresh and Tariq Ramadan, L’Islam en questions, p. 299.
157 had more in common with Muslims: Mirza, Senthikumaran, and Ja’far, Living Apart Together. In Christopher Caldwell, “Graphic images of separateness,” Financial Times, February 2–3, 2007.
157 Britain’s Muslims were joining the military: Caldwell, “Graphic images of separateness.”
157 “their own history of modernization”: Jörg Lau, “Französische Verhältnisse verhindern,” Zeit 45/2005.
158 Muslim cemeteries in Europe: Faruk Sen and Hayrettin Aydin, Islam in Deutschland, pp. 110–11.
158 They are evenly split: Rosenkranz, “Die deutschen Gesichter des Islam,” citing FORSA poll of Turkish Muslims in Germany.
159 “are no longer Berbers”: Ernest Renan, L’Islam et la science, pp. 22–23. Renan felt that Persian Shia formed an exception to this rule.
159 “utterly speechless and spellbound”: Malcolm X (with Alex Haley), The Autobiography of Malcolm X, pp. 346–48.
160 “It was an amazing day”: Inayat Bunglawala, “I was wrong about Salman,” Guardian, June 20, 2007.
161 fatwa show on al-Jazeera: Ian Johnson, Andrew Higgins, and Carrick Mollenkamp, “Bookstore is a focus of U.K. probe,” Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2005, p. A12; note that the Iqra Learning Centre bookstore in Leeds sells video games that pit Muslims against opponents in apocalyptic battles.
161 “‘They send it to Denmark’”: Author interview with Fahmy Almajid, Copenhagen, December 2005.
161 do not believe Arabs committed the atrocities: “Europe’s Muslims more moderate,” p. 4.
162 “we Muslims are suffering”: Ian Johnson and Carrick Mollenkamp, “U.K. looks hard at Muslim community dynamics,” Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2005, p. A8. This is part of an extraordinary and rewarding series. Also see: Ian Johnson, Carrick Mollenkamp, Glenn Simpson, and Jeanne Whalen, “Close quarters,” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2005, p. A1; and Johnson, Higgins, and Mollenkamp, “Bookstore is a focus of U.K. probe.”
162 Who is the “we”: Craig S. Smith, “At mosque that recruited radicals, new imam calls for help in catching bombers,” New York Times, July 9, 2005, p. A6.
162 Imagine that the West: The nearest thing to such a migration came with the Mariel boatlift in the summer of 1980, when 125,000 left Cuba in a sudden migration staged and facilitated by Cuban leader Fidel Castro. It was mostly an unstoppable flight of willing defectors. But it was composed, to a larger-than-normal extent, of violent nonpolitical criminals and inmates released from mental hospitals. The result was the construction of an archipelago of holding camps, at which many of the marielitos were detained for several years. At the best known of these, in Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, serious riots in 1982 destroyed the reelection chances of the states young and charismatic governor, Bill Clinton. (See David Maraniss, “Cuban refugee uprising offers view of Clintons reaction to crisis,” Washington Post, October 22, 1992, p. A12.)
163 Islam’s “bloody borders”: Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.
163 Two years into the Iraq war: French: Christophe Dubois, “Des groupes de combattants se constituent en France,” Le Parisien, September 19, 2005. Britons: David Leppard, “British brigade of Islamists join Al-Qaeda foreign legion in Iraq,” Sunday Times, June 4, 2006. Belgians: Stratfor.com, December 29, 2005.
163 clear and present danger: This account of Hanif and Sharif draws on Christopher Caldwell, “Treason returns to smoke out the enemy within,” Financial Times, May 17, 2003, p. 13.
163 traveled to a Tel Aviv discotheque: Damien McElroy, “The British would-be suicide bombers stood out,” Sunday Telegraph (London), May 11, 2003, p. 4.
163 “the soulless wastelands of modernity”: Martin Bright and Fareena Alam, “Making of a martyr,” Observer, May 4, 2003, p. 18.
164 “being violated by America and Britain”: McElroy, “British would-be suicide bombers.”
165 the largest mosque in Europe: Daniel Johnson, “Allah’s England?” Commentary, November 2006, p. 46.
165 a quarter of its annual budget: Johnson, “Islam and Europe” (see chapter 5 notes).
165 long financed by a sheikh: Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.”
166 most permit it to operate legally: Zeyno Baran, “Fighting the war of ideas,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 6 (November/December 2005), pp. 68–78.
166 women of the Hofstad network: Private communication with Janny Groen, coauthor (with Annieke Kranenberg) of Strijdsters van Allah, a book about the women of the Hofstad network.
167 twelve hours of religion: Ian Johnson (with David Crawford), “Saudi funds tied to extremism in Europe,” Wall Street Journal, December 30, 2003, p. A8.
167 received a twelve-week sentence: Ian Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam, pp.
165, 167, 171.
167 to “milk the state”: Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam, p. 168.
167 “homeland of tolerance”: Author interview with Massoud Kamali (see Christopher Caldwell, “A Swedish dilemma,” Weekly Standard, February 28, 2005).
167 People become more “disappointable”: Hans Magnus Enzensberger, “Der radikale Verlierer,” Der Spiegel, no. 7 (November 2005), p. 174. Published in book form as Schreckens Männer (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2006). The word he uses is Enttäuschbarkeit (“disappointability”).
169 “higher sense of identity”: Alberto Bisin, Eleonora Patacchini, Thierry Verdier, and Yves Zenou, “Are Muslim immigrants different in terms of cultural integration?” Bonn: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, Discussion Paper No. 3006, August 2007, p. 6. Since the study relied on British data, it should be added that this was not a reaction of political sour grapes against Britain’s co-leadership in the war against Iraq, either. The data used were from the UK’s Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities, which antedated not just the Iraq war but also the September 11 attacks.
171 “that is impossible, because they’re Muslims!”: Jean-Pierre Obin, “Les Signes et manifestations d’appartenance religieuse dans les établissements scolaires” (report to the Minister of Education), Paris, 2004, p. 23.
171 “adversary culture”: See Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture, New York: Viking, 1968, pp. iii–vi. Trilling used the term in a different context. He applied it to a habit of mind common among U.S. intellectuals in the 1960s.
172 “Here it’s called Gastarbetter”: Author interview with the rapper “Killa Hakan,” Kreuzberg, October 20, 2005 (in the company of Taner, “Balina” [Tuncay], and Tar kan).
172 “culture of the wretched”: David Brooks, “Gangsta, in French,” New York Times, November 10, 2005.
173 successes of Islamist proselytizers: As described by Farhad Khosrokhavar, L’islam dans les prisons, pp. 219–24.
173 cell-phone salesman Ilan Halimi: See Nidra Poller, “The murder of Ilan Halimi,” Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2006.
174 “We have a public debate”: Author interview with Anders Jerichow, Copenhagen, December 13, 2005.
175 In France, 85 percent: Vincent Geisser and Khadija Mohsen-Finan, “L’Islam à l’école,” Institut des Hautes Etudes de la Sécurité Intérieure (IHESI), 2001. Cited in Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 95.
175 just 6 percent of Germans: Olivier Hoischen, “Deutsche Jugend ohne Gott,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, December 17, 2006, p. 1. Hoischen cites a study by Hans-Georg Ziebertz of Würzburg University.
175 fast during Ramadan: Ramadan, Dar ash-shahada, p. 15.
176 group called the “Mullah Boys”: Shiv Malik, “My brother the bomber,” Prospect, no. 135 (June 2007).
176 there were 393 million: Lamin Sanneh, Disciples of All Nations, p. xx.
177 “It is 50-50”: Author interview with Pleun Reedijk, Rotterdam-Zuid, November 14, 2005.
178 positive attitude toward Christians: “Europe’s Muslims more moderate.” 178–79 “we would build them mosques”: “Schäuble wünscht sich ‘deutsche Muslime,’” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 27, 2006.
179 “permission to build their mosques”: Georg Paul Hefty, “Was ist ein deutscher Muslim?” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 28, 2006. 179 document issued in 2006: Zentralrat der Muslime.
179 “The loss of a church”: Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland (EKD), Klarheit und gute Nachbarschaft: Christen und Muslime in Deutschland, p. 69.
179 “emphasizing their opposition to globalization”: Ian Johnson, Carrick Mollenkamp, Glenn Simpson, and Jeanne Whalen, “Close quarters,” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2005.
180 permit Saddam Hussein to pray: Leo Wieland, “Jeder in seinem Haus—und Gott in allen,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, March 11, 2007, p. 10
180 “to go to Mecca”: Ibid.
180 “the rights we ensure in Italy”: Author interview with Cardinal Mario Pompedda, La Repubblica, March 13, 2006.
181 “announcing the end of religion”: Hans Jansen, Een Hoorcollege over de islamitische godsdienst en cultuur (The Hague: Home Academy, 2005).
181 to say what Easter celebrates: “Tu n’ignoreras point!” Le Figaro Magazine, December 27, 2003.
181 “I don’t believe in God”: The pastor was Thorkild Grosbøll, from the town of Taarbæk. Pernille Stensgaard, “Præsten tror ikke på Gud,” Weekendavisen, May 23–27, 2003, p. 12.
181 “framework of the church”: Bente Clausen, “Stort præsteflertal dømmer Grosbøll ude,” Kristelig Dagblad, July 10, 2004. I thank Tøger Seidenfaden, editor of Politiken, for pointing out and explaining this article.
182 “ties with England”: Handlin, Bostons Immigrants, pp. 177, 222.
182 “alien to the spirit of progress”: Ibid., p. 131.
182 “bright and beautiful sisterhood”: Ibid., p. 21.
183 “members of culture B”: Marcello Pera and Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, Without Roots, p. 14.
183 they do believe in “something”: See Marjoleine de Vos, “Ietsisten voruit,” NRC Handelsblad, June 30, 2003, p. 7.
183 their crisis in “values”: Its title, Schluß mit lustig, is almost untranslatable. The title of the Elvis Costello song “Clown time is over” will give a good approximation.
184 Crucifixes have been reintroduced: These figures and observations come from Joshua Livestro, “Holland’s post-secular future,” Weekly Standard, January 1, 2007. For his statistics about revivalism and a return to “orthodoxy,” he cites Adjiedj Bakas and Minne Buwalda, De Toekomst van God (Schiedam: Scriptum, 2006).
184 Britons who call themselves “Christian”: Eric Kaufmann, “Breeding for God” (see chapter 5 notes). Kaufmann cites a study by David Voas and Steve Bruce of the 2001 British census.
185 “moral and spiritual vacuum”: Stephen Fidler, “Christian soldier known for his honesty and directness.” Financial Times, October 14–15, 2005, p. 2.
185 Pope Benedict XVI: What follows is adapted from points made in Christopher Caldwell, “Faith in power of reason,” Financial Times, September 22, 2006.
186 “it was a reference point”: Pera and Ratzinger, Without Roots, pp. 121–22.
186 “ultimate foundation of liberty”: Christa Case, “Germans reconsider religion,” Christian Science Monitor, September 15, 2006.
187 “valid spiritual foundation”: Pera and Ratzinger, Without Roots, p. 65.
188 “to hide your deep admiration”: Juan G. Bedoya, “Alá te ama, hermano Benedicto,” El País, September 20, 2006, p. 10.
188 Half of Arab youths polled: These figures are from a UN press kit. The book is: United Nations Development Programme, Arab Human Development Report 2002 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
189 exports less than Finland: Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong?, p. 47. 189 describe Islam in three words: Sondage (poll) IFOP - Le Monde/Le Point/Europe, October 15, 2001.
189 “positive influence on our culture”: Author interview with Andreas Kinneging, February 2005, in Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment” (see chapter 1 notes).
189 “living-out of one’s faith”: “Schäuble wünscht sich ‘deutsche Muslime,’” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 27, 2006.
190 roughly 50,000 Italian converts: Author interview with Francesca Paci, Turin, March 22, 2006.
190 stop cooperating with the police: Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.” (see chapter 4 notes).
191 series of terrorist shootouts: Anne-Charlotte De Langhe, “Lionel Dumont, islamiste français en jugement,” Le Figaro, December 5, 2005, p. 10.
191 story of Muriel Degauque: Craig S. Smith, “Raised as Catholic in Belgium, she died as a Muslim bomber,” New York Times, December 6, 2005, p. 10.
191 formidably brainy young man: Lindsay’s gifts are hinted at in the Home Office report Report of the Official Account of the Bombings in London on 7th July 2005 (delivered May 11, 2006), p. 21: “At his local mosque and in Islamic groups around Huddersfield and Dewsbury, he was admired for the speed with which he achieved fluency in Arabic and memorised long passages of the Quran, showing unusual maturity and seriousness.”
191 “Sincerity, in all senses”: Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, p. 58.
192 “la religion naturelle”: Alain Besançon, Trois tentations dans l’église, p. 167.
192 Carlyle gave a lecture: Richard Garnett, Life of Thomas Carlyle (London, 1887), p. 171. Cited in: Carlyle, On Heroes, p. 278.
192 “the first of all truths”: Carlyle, On Heroes, p. 65.
193 “poorly trained, mostly foreign imams”: Ian Johnson (with John Carreyrou), “French Muslims face more controls,” Wall Street Journal, December 9, 2004, p. A15. The work of the Wall Street Journal, and particularly of Ian Johnson, on European Islam has been exemplary in its depth, originality, and range. If the writers make a mistake in emphasis here, it is one the author of this book has made many times: See Christopher Caldwell, “The crescent and the tricolor: Muslims in France,” The Atlantic, November 1, 2000, p. 20, which refers to “poorly trained, fiery, self-appointed imams.”
193 “poorly educated judges”: Madeleine Bunting, “A noble, reckless rebellion,” Guardian, February 9, 2008.
194 an explicit concession: See Gaetano Quagliarello, Il Foglio, March 14, 2006.
195 “effusive ‘anything goes’ exterior”: Leon De Winter, International Herald Tribune, Monday, July 18, 2005.
195 “Faith produces its effects”: Rémi Brague, Europe: La voie romaine, p. 182.
196 Moros y cristianos festivals: The information that follows comes from Ezequiel Moltó, “‘La mahoma’ se cae de las fiestas de Moros y Cristianos,” El País, October 7, 2006.
196 big wooden effigy: mahoma.
197 “is it all religion?”: Roy, La Laïcité, p. 33.
198 veil was eliminated: Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 173.
198 “neutral” system of trade-offs: Christopher Caldwell, “In Europe, ‘secular’ doesn’t quite translate,” New York Times, December 21, 2003, p. 10; Christopher Caldwell, “Veiled threat,” Weekly Standard, January 19, 2004.
199 a few churches radical: Discussed in Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.” (see chapter 4 notes).
199 “mediators in the daily life”: Jean-Marc Ayrault, “Les cités, c’est la France!” Le Figaro, November 7, 2005.
200 pledged their loyalty only to the UOIF: Johnson, “Islam and Europe” (see chapter 5 notes).
201 “unequal impact of formally neutral laws”: Thomas Nagel (writing on Catharine MacKinnon), “Legal violations,” Times Literary Supplement, May 20, 2005, p. 8.
202 he issued a fatwa: This discussion follows some of the points made in Caldwell, “Bad sense of community” (see chapter 5 notes) and “Counterterrorism in the U.K.” (see chapter 4 notes).
203 insistence of the House of Lords: Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 (1), Part III, §29J.
204 seeking the causes of terrorism: Geert Mak, Nagekomen flessenpost (Amsterdam/Antwerp: Uitgeverij Atlas, 2005), p. 26, cites Jessica Stern on explanations of terrorism.
205 “someone will slit my throat”: Ben Hoyle, “Artists too frightened to tackle radical Islam,” The Times (London), November 19, 2007.
206 a dozen cartoons of Muhammad: The account of the cartoon crisis that follows draws on Christopher Caldwell, “The reality of cartoon violence,” Financial Times, February 3–4, 2006.
207 seventy-three-year-old Kurt Westergaard: Peter Popham, “Three arrested for plot to kill Mohamed cartoonist,” Independent, January 13, 2008, p. 18. 207 Western Muslims blame “disrespect”: “Europe’s Muslims more moderate,” p. 21.
207 “a reality that already existed”: Flemming Rose, “Wir waren vollkommen unschuldig,” Der Spiegel, December 15, 2006.
208 “The issue at stake”: Edgar M. Bronfman, “A free society must respect all its religions” [letter to the editor], The Times (London), February 1, 2006, p. 16.
209 “cartoons portraying Jesus”: Jytte Klausen, “Rotten judgment in the state of Denmark,” Salon, February 8, 2006.
209 “tough on the Catholic religion”: Christophe Boltanski, Libération, March 23, 2006, p. 13.
209 “No, there doesn’t ”: Author interview with Flemming Rose, Copenhagen, December 13, 2005.
211 women outnumber men: Esther van Kralingen, “Niet-westerse allochthonen in het voltijd hoger onderwijs,” Bevolkingstrends (second quarter), Centraal Bureau voor de statistiek, 2003.
211 children might be better off: Nina Björk, “Det är barnen,” Dagens Nyheter, October 30, 2005, p. C5. This paragraph picks up on points made in Caldwell, “What will become of Europe.”
211 “everyone works”: Quoted in Eric Fassin, “Going Dutch,” Bidoun, 10 (Spring 2007). The film is Naar Nederland (“To the Netherlands”), available on the Dutch foreign ministry’s website.
212 In Great Britain…If you ask Spanish non-Muslims: Polling information in this paragraph is drawn from “Europe’s Muslims more moderate,” p. 2. So is the author’s judgment that British gender attitudes are closest to those of Muslim immigrants.
212 “great number of Dutch Muslims”: Nahed Selim, De Trouw (Letter en Geesi), February 19, 2005.
213 about 15 percent of men: Michèle Tribalat, Faire France, pp. 93–94, 104.
214 genital mutilation is widespread: Anke van der Kwaak, Edien Bartels, Femke de Vries, and Stan Meuwese, “Strategieën ter voorkoming van besnijdenis bij meisjes” (“Strategies for preventing the circumcision of girls”). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, 2003, p. v.
214 nationally supervised gynecological inspections: Aldo Keel, “In der Gewalt der Tradition,” Neue Ziircher Zeitung, December 11, 2006, p. 25.
215 “certifications of virginity”: See Johnson, “Islam and Europe.”
215 repair of broken hymens: Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment.”
215 “a membrane is constructed”: James Chapman, “Women get ‘virginity fix’ NHS operations in Muslim-driven trend,” Daily Mail, November 15, 2007.
216 a category of “sluts”: One young Turkish rap musician, engaged to be married, whom the author met in the Comenius Garden in Neukölln in early 2007, used the word Schlampen (“sluts”) to describe why he would not marry a woman raised in Germany.
216 Sohane Benziane, a young Berber woman: Charlotte Rotman, “Je pensais que si le feu allait partir je pourrais l’éteindre,” Libération, April 4, 2006.
216 she had embarrassed the community: Pascal Ceaux, “Jamal Derrar a été condamné à vingt-cinq ans de réclusion criminelle pour avoir brûlé Sohane,” Le Monde, April 9, 2006.
217 forty-five such murders: See Caldwell, “Every generation is first-generation” (see chapter 2 notes), p. 44. “Federal Criminal Investigation Agency” is a translation of Bundeskriminalamt.
217 “from a nice Kurdish girl into a slut”: From the website of Fadimes Minnesfond (Fadime’s Memorial Foundation): www.fadimesminne.nu.
218 “An authentic culture”: Roger Cohen, “How to reconcile Islam, sexuality and liberty?” International Herald Tribune, October 22, 2005, p. 2.
219 Hassan Moussa: Annika Hamrud, “Könsstympning enar religiösa ledare,” Dagens Nyheter, December 5, 2005, p. 1.
219 Turkish cousin marriage: Caldwell, “Every generation is first-generation.” 219 “going to lessons in mosques”: Private communication, Janny Groen, November 7, 2006. The book is Janny Groen and Annieke Kranenberg, Strijdsters van Allah.
219 “One of the biggest factors”: Malik, “My brother the bomber” (see chapter 7 notes).
220 “even on the woman question”: Roy, La Laïcité, p. 66.
220 sharia-conforming stock funds: Rosenkranz, “Die deutschen Gesichter des Islam,” p. 44.
220 outperformed the market: Deborah Brewster, “Amana stays ahead of faith-based funds,” Financial Times, December 27–28, 2008.
221 “internal law of religious communities”: Rowan Williamson, interview with Christopher Landau of the BBC Radio 4, World at One, February 7, 2008.
221 “delegation of certain legal functions”: Rowan Williamson, Archbishop of Canterbury, “Civil and religious law in England: A religious perspective,” Foundation lecture, Royal Courts of Justice, February 7, 2008.
221 some of the headlines: On February 8, 9, and 12 (respectively), 2008.
221 rabbinical courts: Information on the history of the London Beth Din is available on the website of the United Synagogue (http://theus.org.uk).
221 decisions they ratify: The journalist Madeleine Bunting pointed this out in an article that was generally sympathetic to the archbishop (“A noble, reckless rebellion,” Guardian, February 9, 2008).
222 executing Muslims who renounce Islam: Mirza, Senthikumaran, and Ja’-far, Living Apart Together, p. 5.
222 a majority of Muslims: Undated poll for the Irish Independent and RTE, cited in Efraim Karsh and Rory Miller, “Europe’s persecuted Muslims?” Commentary, April 2007, pp. 49–53.
222 “If two thirds of all Dutch people”: “Donner waarschuwt CDA tegen islamofobie,” Vrij Nederland, September 12, 2006.
223 rebuked by the JOVD: Paul Lucardie, Ida Noomen, and Gerrit Voerman, “Kroniek 1992: Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 1992,” in Gerrit Voerman, ed., Jaarboek 1992 (Groningen: Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen, 1993), p. 51.
223 “a valid polygamous marriage”: Jonathan Wynne-Jones, “Multiple wives will mean multiple benefits,” Sunday Telegraph, February 3, 2008, p. 1. 223 tens of thousands of polygamous families: Estimates range between 10,000–20,000 families (Axel Veiel, “Atemberaubende Krawalltheorien,” Neue Zürcher Zeitung, November 20, 2005) and 15,000–30,000 (Le Figaro, December 16, 2005). The American anthropologist Stanley Kurtz (“Polygamy versus democracy,” Weekly Standard, June 5, 2006, p. 23) estimates that 200,000 to 400,000 people in France live in polygamous families.
223 sought to blame polygamy: Veiel, “Atemberaubende Krawalltheorien.” An interesting alternative explanation was given by the website http://www.stratfor.com on November 18, 2005. It was that polygamous marriages might be grounds for de-nationalizing certain new French citizens: “Most of the rioters are believed to be actual French citizens, a legal status that protects them from deportation—unless, of course, they are found to have violated French law in becoming citizens in the first place. If laws banning polygamy are enforced, it is possible that authorities might be able to deport not only a single person involved in the riots, but any family member who was allowed into the country on account of their ties with the family’s root male. That would include any dependents or former dependents born of polygamous marriages or who entered France on the basis of any familial relation.”
224 it is the immigration problem: The discussion that follows draws on Caldwell, “Every generation is first-generation.”
224 about 25,000 people a year: Unpublished report by Zehra Yilmaz, “Soziale und sprachliche Situation von türkischen Heiratsmigrantinnen.” She cites as her source (in a footnote) BMI (Bundesministerium des Innern = Interior Ministry) Zuwanderungsbericht 2004, p. 28. Filename for her report is Heiratsmigrantinnen2_korrigiert.doc. The range of immigrants cited is between 21,000 and 27,000 per year.
225 more than 60,000 in 2004: Laetitia van Eeckhout, “Immigration familiale: les faits,” Le Monde, January 5, 2006, cited in Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 17.
225 family-related immigration now accounts: David A. Coleman, “Partner choice and the growth of ethnic minority populations,” Bevolking en Gezin, vol. 33 (2004), pp. 2, 7–34. (He cites a 2003 OECD study.) 225 “an intake of new residents”: Sir Herman (now Lord) Ouseley, “The Bradford District race review,” 2001, p. 11.
225 Fully 60 percent: Migration Watch UK, “The impact of chain migration on English cities” (Briefing Paper 9.13). “Roughly 50 percent” means rates of growth for those three cities ranging between 45.8 and 52.8 percent. 225 three-quarters of Bengali children: Migration Watch UK, “Transnational marriage and the formation of ghettoes” (Briefing paper 10.12), September 22, 2005. They cite Lord Ouseley, “Race relations in Bradford,” for these statistics. Possibly because of outcry over these developments, the UK began keeping statistics on ethnicity with less precision in the 1990s.
225 “has increased pro rata”: Coleman and Scherbov, “Immigration and ethnic change” (see chapter 1 notes).
225–26 would not consider marrying a German: Both German figures are from Caldwell, “Every generation is first-generation.”
226 only 1 percent of British Bangladeshis: Tariq Modood and Richard Berthoud, Ethnic Minorities in Britain, Diversity and Disadvantage (London: 1997), cited in Philip Lewis, Islamic Britain, p. 220n.
226 of the eighty-six women: Caldwell, “Every generation is first-generation.” 226 faces permanently marred: Sally Cope, Yorkshire Post, December 7, 2004. 228 “Forced marriages are illegal”: Author interview with Wolfgang Schäuble, Interior Ministry, Berlin, February 5, 2007. Cited in Caldwell, “Every generation is first-generation.”
230 The Danish experiment: Aldo Keel, “In Der Gewalt der Tradition,” Neue Zürcher Zeitung, December 11, 2006, p. 25. See also Migration Watch UK, “Transnational marriage and the formation of Ghettoes” (Briefing paper 10.12), September 22, 2005; it cites figures from Yearbook on Foreigners in Denmark, 2004, a later edition of which Keel was probably drawing on. 230 “It has had bizarre consequences”: Author interview with Tøger Seidenfaden, Copenhagen, December 13, 2005.
230 “The legislation is the same”: Author interview with Rikke Hvilshøj, Copenhagen, December 10, 2005.
231 “It’s necessary”: Ibid.
231 use of the Muslim headscarf: The section that follows draws in places on two articles: Caldwell, “Veiled threat” and “‘secular’ doesn’t quite translate” (see chapter 7 notes).
232 Even Bel Mooney: Bel Mooney, “How can I turn a deep friendship with a fellow Muslim into marriage?” The Times, October 25, 2006, Times2, p. 6.
233a two-hundred-page book: Emmanuel Brenner, Les territoires perdus de la république.
233 laws against the wearing of masks: Author interview with Ugo Cantone, Interior Ministry, Rome, March 16, 2006.
233 forbids motorcycle messengers: Editorial in La Vanguardia (Barcelona), October 21, 2006, p. 28.
233 In 2006, Mustaf Jama: Andrew Norfolk, “Police killer suspect fled Britain in a veil,” The Times, December 20, 2006.
234 Only 28 percent: Mirza, Senthikumaran, and Ja’far, Living Apart Together. Cited in Caldwell, “Graphic images of separateness” (see chapter 6 notes).
234 that breaks down to 19 percent: Ibid.
235 “It is a mark of separation”: Matthew Tempest, “Blair backs school in veil row,” Guardian, October 17, 2006.
235 Actually Blair was wrong: Ibid.
235 “visible statement of separation”: Dan Bilefsky and Ian Fisher, “Doubts on Muslim integration rise in Europe,” International Herald Tribune, October 12, 2006, p. 2.
235 “I’d be so alarmed”: Walden, Time to Emigrate? p. 120.
236 “trial of one particular community”: “British official warns of riots over veils,” International Herald Tribune, October 23, 2006, p. 3.
237 “what is aimed at is Islam”: Farhad Khosrokhavar, “Une laïcité frileuse,” Le Monde, November 20, 2003.
238 they worked for the same reason: A survey done for the tabloid Le Parisien found that 69 percent favored a ban on religious signs. Dominique de Montvalon, “Un sondage choc,” Le Parisien, December 17, 2003.
238 only 12 students arrived veiled: Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 171.
238 the hundredth anniversary: Michael Jeismann, “Neuntausend,” FAZ, October 26, 2005, p. 37.
239 signs of family breakdown: David Coleman in address to Hudson Institute, Washington, D.C., September 25, 2007.
239 “a patient’s refusing on principle”: “Les principaux extraits du discours du Jacques Chirac,” Libération, December 17, 2003.
239 centered on a video: Available online at http://www.naarnederland.nl/documentenservice/pagina.asp?pagkey=52133.
239 has defended the Dutch film: La Repubblica, March 18, 2006, p. 11 (La Repubblica cites the German tabloid Bild).
240 “fathers make them cover themselves”: Tahar Ben Jelloun, “Marruecos y las razones del velo,” La Vanguardia, October 21, 2006, p. 31.
240 “I wanted to be like him”: Author interview with Zacarias Sayar, al-Quds school, Copenhagen, December 11, 2005.
240 “repudiates core European principles”: Ian Buruma, “Tariq Ramadan has an identity issue,” New York Times Magazine, February 4, 2007, p. 36.
241 a list of Florentine landmarks: Fallaci, La Rage et l’orgueil, pp. 41–42.
242 various erotic parades: Henryk M. Broder, Hurra, wir kaputilieren!, pp. 30–35.
242 “Divorce and easy re-marriage”: David Coleman, “Why we don’t have to believe without doubting in the ‘second demographic transition’—Some agnostic comments,” in Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2004, pp. 11–24. (Contribution to a debate on the Second Demographic Transition, European Population Conference, Warsaw, August 2003.)
242 divorces increased by 46 percent: Marlise Simons, “Muslim women in Europe claim rights and keep faith,” New York Times, December 30, 2005, p. 3.
242 hard-line mosque in Munich: Author interview with Oguz Ücüncü, October 25, 2005.
242 Many heavily gay neighborhoods: Nicholas Kulish, “Gay Muslims pack a dance floor of their own,” New York Times, January 1, 2008, p. A4.
242 Muslims are twice as likely: Caldwell, “Man who would be le président” (see chapter 5 notes). Article notes that a Cevipof study taken in December 2005 that shows 39 percent of Muslim French disapproving, versus 21 percent of non-Muslim French.
247 something ominous about the resolution: Caldwell, “Veiled threat.” The Fadlallah letter was quoted on the now-defunct French website www.procheorient.info.
248 after the Irish first arrived: Handlin, Bostons Immigrants, p. 55.
249 most advanced democratic society: This is my own view, not Handlin’s. 249 “Nativist fears failed to develop”: Handlin, Bostons Immigrants, p. 190.
249 began to voice intolerant opinions: Ibid., pp. 117, 192.
250 immigrants first began protesting: Christopher Caldwell, “Migration debate out of control,” Financial Times, March 3–April 1, 2006. For the role of politics in souring government on immigration in Germany and France, see Martin, Abella, and Kuptsch, Managing Labor, p. 90.
250 many Muslims in Parliament: Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.” (see chapter 4 notes).
251 Greens were in the forefront: Author interview with Özcan Mutlu, Berlin, November 2005.
251 after riots broke out: Christophe Jakubyszyn, “L’inscription sur les listes électorales séduit les ‘quartiers,’” Le Monde, December 29, 2005. Cited in Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 197.
252 highest level of support: Mirza, Senthikumaran, and Ja’far, Living Apart Together, pp. 5, 47.
253 feature on Islamic converts: Joshua Livestro, “Holland’s Post-Secular Future,” Weekly Standard, January 1, 2007.
253 “secret Christians”: Magdi Allam, Corriere della Sera, March 22, 2006. Al-lam was alluding to a book by Giorgio Paolucci and Camille Eid: I cristiani venuti dall’Islam. Storie di musulmani convertiti (Piemme, 2005).
254 started receiving death threats: Olga van Ditzhuijzen and Derk Stokmans, NRC Handelsblad, October 3, 2005.
254 “enemy of Islam”: Irene Hernández Velasco, “Italia pone escolta a una diputada tras las amenazas de un imam,” El Mundo, October 25, 2006, p. 25. 254 “The very first sura”: Interview with a European professor of Arabic, 2005.
256 Celebrations were reported: John Lloyd, “Poor whites,” Prospect, no. 74 (May 2002).
256 cheering on the streets: Ian Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam, pp. 115, 134. 256 “in complete sympathy”: Christopher Caldwell, “Holland daze,” Weekly Standard, December 27, 2004.
256 A quarter of French Muslims: “Lislam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001,” Le Monde, October 5, 2001. The poll was carried out by IFOP Cited in Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam: Political and Religious Challenges in Contemporary France (Washington: Brookings, 2006), p. 210.
256 “They demand the elimination of Israel”: Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.” (see chapter 4 notes), p. 7’4.
256 “The majority of Muslims”: Aatish Taseer, “A British jihadist,” Prospect, no. 113 (August 2005).
257 A sixth of British Muslims: Mirza, Senthikumaran, and Ja’far, Living Apart Together. Quoted in Christopher Caldwell, “Graphic images of separateness.”
257 consider Westerners “arrogant”: “Europe’s Muslims more moderate” (see chapter 5 notes), p. 13. Cited in Caldwell, “Graphic images of separateness.”
257 does claim to speak: Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.”
258 opposed Britain’s participation: Ibid.
258 “proud to be German”: Author conversation with Omid Nouripour, Green Party, Leipzig, September 2005.
258 “too much like an Italian”: Author interview with Francesca Paci, Turin, March 22, 2006.
260 anything that was crummy: Bernard Guetta, “Pourquoi est-ce aux Juifs de France de payer pour les échecs de l’intégration des immigrés?” Le Temps, August 7, 2004. See also Obin, “Signes et manifestations” (see chapter 6 notes).
260 “Praise for the Nazis”: Obin, “Signes et manifestations.” 260 youths threw eggs: Robert S. Wistrich, “Cruel Britannia: Anti-Semitism among the ruling elites,” Azure, no. 21 (Summer 2005), pp. 113, 116. See Richard Alleyne, “Jewish MP pelted with eggs at war memorial,” Daily Telegraph, April 11, 2005.
260 tally of anti-Semitic attacks: Karsh and Miller, “Europe’s persecuted Muslims?” (see chapter 8 notes).
260 synagogue was shot up: Aldo Keel, “In der Gewalt der Tradition,” Neue Zürcher Zeitung, December 11, 2006, p. 25.
260 Twenty Jewish shops: Karsh and Miller, “Europe’s persecuted Muslims?,” p. 52.
261 European Union study: The 2003 report was leaked to the Jerusalem Post by the French Council of Jewish Institutions (Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France) and was accessible, as of this writing, at http://haganah.us/hmedia/euasr00.html.
261 “Islamization of European Antisemitism”: Broder, Hurra, wir kaputilieren!
262 “Two million Muslims”: David Cesarani, “Community and disunity,” Jewish Chronicle, October 24, 2003. Cited in Jenny Bourne, “Anti-Semitism or anti-criticism?” Race and Class, July 1, 2004.
263 threatened a consumer boycott: Caldwell, “Reality of cartoon violence” (see chapter 7 notes).
263 Sweden refused to take part: Broder, Hurra, wir kaputilieren!, p. 60.
264 Protests against Israel: See the discussion in Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism, p. 143. Cited in Christopher Caldwell, “Why Israel is gaining friends,” Financial Times, August 5, 2005.
264 “It is no exaggeration”: Peter Oborne, Spectator, September 25, 2005, p. 14.
265 hate crimes had Jewish victims: Paul Berman, “Who’s afraid of Tariq Ramadan?” New Republic, June 4, 2007.
265 a “hypermnesia”: French: hypermnésie. Pierre-André Taguieff, “La criminalisation des ‘déclinologues,’” Le Figaro, July 3, 2006, p. 12. Taguieff also noticed an amnesia about the misdeeds of Communism, but that is outside the scope of this discussion.
266 “demonology of Nazi Germany”: Sardar and Livingstone examples are from Karsh and Miller, “Europe’s persecuted Muslims?”
267 stand-up comedians who sneered: In the “Mes Excuses” shows he did in late 2004.
267 Tribu Ka was finally banned: Mustapha Kessous, “Le conseil des ministres a décidé la dissolution du groupe extrémiste la Tribu Ka,” Le Monde, July 28, 2006.
268 kept Europe’s intolerant impulses: Caldwell, “What will become of Europe,” Bradley Lectures in Political Philosophy, Boston College, February 10, 2006.
268 “hideously false ideology”: Dror Mishani and Aurelia Smotriez, “What sort of Frenchmen?” (see chapter 4 notes).
269 French special forces: In French: Groupe Islamique Armé.
270 “son of Allah”: Christopher Caldwell, “Liberté, Égalité, Judéophobie,” Weekly Standard, May 6, 2002.
270 “keep migration separate from terrorism”: From the German Marshall Fund Bellagio Dialogue on Migration, July 2006. Off-the-record conversation.
270 “tended to have in common”: Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 344.
273 home-grown terrorists: Intelligence and Security Committee (Chairman: The Rt. Hon. Paul Murphy, MP), “Report into the London terrorist attacks on 7 July 2005,” London: HMSO, May 2006, p. 12.
273 state of Baden-Württemberg: Author phone interview with Benno Koepfer, Verfassungsschutz, Landesamt Baden Württemberg (Research Group on Islamist Terrorism and Extremism), September 7, 2007.
273 “The key to engaging”: David Leppard and Nick Fielding, “The hate,” Sunday Times (London), July 10, 2005.
273 “As a result of the alienation”: Laurence and Vaïsse, Integrating Islam, p. 40. [Italics mine.]
274 violent acts of young men: Heinsohn, Söhne und Weltmacht. The discussion here is drawn from a lengthier treatment of Heinsohn’s ideas at Christopher Caldwell, “Youth and war, a deadly duo,” Financial Times, January 6, 2007.
275 “throwing bombs in Prague”: Gunnar Heinsohn (interviewed), “Wo es zu viele junge Männer gibt, wird getötet,” Neue Zürcher Zeitung, November 19, 2006.
276 “The young men who trained”: Ahmed Rashid, “Jihadi suicide bombers: The new wave,” New York Review of Books, June 12, 2008, p. 17.
276 we know enough now: See, for instance, Steve Coll, The Bin Ladens (New York: Penguin, 2008), pp. 138, 144–146.
276 Muslims around the world: In November 2007, MI5 knew of at least 2,000 people involved in terrorism in Britain, according to Jonathan Evans, the agency’s director-general. See Stephen Fidler, “Down but dangerous,” Financial Times, June 10, 2008.
277 called Islam a fine religion: Theo Hobson, “War and peace and Islam,” Spectator, July 23, 2005.
277 “issues of guilt and salvation”: Agence France-Presse, January 18, 2006. The version quoted appears to be a retranslation into English of remarks originally printed in German in Der Stern, “Sexuelle Angst der Männer vor Frauen ist eine Ursache für islamistischen Terror” (interview with Salman Rushdie), January 17, 2006. Cited in Broder, Hurra, wir kapitulieren!, p. 152.
277 “the West cannot act freely”: Mordechay Lewy, “Nimm meine Schuld auf dich,” Die Zeit, no. 4, 2003.
278 they generally cast back: See Abdelwahab Meddeb, La Maladie de l’Islam, pp. 24-30, or Malek Chebel, L’Islam et la raison, pp. 36-58.
278 “There is no security”: Wilfred Thesiger, Arabian Sands, p. 94.
279 French authorities bent over backwards: “Nicolas Sarkozy justifie, au nom de la sécurité, les mesures contre des bagagistes musulmans de Roissy,” Le Monde, October 21, 2006. What he said was: “Il n’y avait là aucun délit de sale gueule.” Délit de sale gueule is perhaps best translated as “the crime of I-don’t-like-your-face.”
280 “were the act of a cult”: Nicolas Sarkozy, La République, les religions, l’e-spérance, p. 93.
280 “the moderate and true voice”: Christopher Caldwell, “Sacred cow of religious rights,” Financial Times, July 15, 2005.
280–81 “wholly incorrect interpretation”: Daniel Johnson, “Allah’s England?” Commentary, November 2006, p. 45.
281 “borrowed from the extreme left”: Roy, La Laïcité, p. 153.
281 For Monnerot: Jules Monnerot, Sociologie du Communisme, pp. 9–25, esp. 20–25.
281 “It draws on resentments”: Ibid., p. 21.
281 “since Europe disengaged”: Ibid.
282 “the believer does not think of himself”: Ibid.
282 “aggravates the real ‘internal contradictions’”: Jules Monnerot, Sociologie du Communisme, p. 23.
283 “fall into one of two groups”: Leppard and Fielding, “The hate.”
284 “which Islam—sharia Islam or Euro-Islam”: Bassam Tibi, “Grenzen der Toleranz,” Die Welt am Sonntag, September 5, 2004.
285 Pushing Muslim identity: This discussion draws on Christopher Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.” (see chapter. 4 notes).
285 “I decided that I would leave”: Conversation with Hassan Moussa, Stockholm, December 2005. In Caldwell, “Islam on the outskirts.”
285 But only 4 percent: Pew Research Center, “Islamic extremism,” p. 1 (see chapter 6 notes).
286 “Religious tolerance is clearly commanded”: This was in a pamphlet published by Islamic Forum Europe called Muslims in Europe.
286 “There needs to be a separation”: Craig S. Smith, “At mosque that recruited radicals, new imam calls for help in catching bombers,” New York Times, July 9, 2005, p. A6.
287 “Muslims say that white Americans”: Kevin Cullen, “Britain’s Muslims take stock of a post-bombing backlash,” Boston Globe, August 11, 2005, p. A10.
288 “the Magnificent 19”: Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.,” p. 46. 288 to craft legislation mandating prison: Alan Cowell, “Britain planning tighter laws to fight terrorism,” International Herald Tribune, July 18, 2005.
288 something that people know: Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.,” p. 46.
289 real concerns about the consequences: “Three are charged over July 7 bombings,” The Times, April 5, 2007.
289 “Either you are with us”: George W. Bush, speech to joint session of Congress, September 20, 2008.
290 “It is a progressive vision”: Author interview with Ahmad Abu Laban, Norrebrø, Copenhagen, December 11, 2005.
290 “ways to defend ourselves”: “Fanatismi incendiari contro ordinarie viltà,” Il Foglio, February 7, 2006.
290 “must pretend that we accept”: Ibid.
291 “bring the evidence”: Andrew Hussey, “Not a fanatic after all?” New Statesman, September 12, 2005.
291 Ramadan’s role and views: In 2007, a public debate—one could even say a battle—arose between the writers Ian Buruma and Paul Berman around the question of Ramadan’s real political orientation in 2007. See Buruma, “Identity issue,” and Berman, “Who’s afraid of Tariq Ramadan?” 291 worked as a CIA informer: Johnson, “Islam and Europe” (see chapter 5 notes).
291 he was implicated in the plot: Berman, “Who’s afraid of Tariq Ramadan?”
291 there were other possibilities: Gresh and Ramadan, L’Islam en questions, p. 139.
292 looking for the “objective causes”: Ibid., p. 144.
292 “consider the situation objectively”: Ibid., p. 151.
292 Ramadan moved to Britain: Christopher Caldwell, “At the borders of free speech,” Financial Times, September 30–October 1, 2007. Ramadan himself wrote an account of his exclusion from the U.S. See Tariq Ramadan, “Why I’m banned in the USA,” Washington Post, October 1, 2006, p. B1.
293 appropriate to the first three centuries: Ramadan, Dar ash-shahada, pp. 21–23.
293 “This could lead one to conclude”: Ibid., pp. 29, 41.
293 “domain of witness”: A shahada is a profession of faith. The expression and the concept are discussed by Tariq Ramadan throughout Dar ash-shahada and in La Foi, la Voie et la résistance (p. 14) and Les Musulmans de l’Occident et l’avenir de l’Islam (pp. 131–38).
293 he reviles the “soulless capitalism”: Tariq Ramadan, “Les altermondialistes face aux défis du pluralisme,” in Quelles résistances pour une justice globale?, pp. 75–76.
293 “abode of war”: Buruma, “Identity issue,” p. 36.
293 “homogenizing international order”: Gresh and Ramadan, L’Islam en questions, p. 156.
293 “to join and support any movement”: Ibid., p. 178. His politics are basically anti-globalist.
294 “‘balanced on a tightrope’”: Buruma, “Identity issue,” p. 36.
294 “resistance was a key concept”: Ibid., p. 36.
295 “The only ones left”: Ibid., p. 155.
295 “who lives only by his superficial desires”: Ramadan, La Foi, la Voie, pp. 68–69.
296 “For the vast majority of Muslims”: Gresh and Ramadan, L’Islam en questions, p. 162.
297 “colonization of the mind”: Tariq Ramadan, Aux sources du renouveau musulman, pp. 360–61.
297 demanding the departure of the English: Ibid., p. 358. 297 victory of this better self: Ibid., p. 369. 297 Its materialist civilization: Ibid., p. 368.
297 “It is rather a law of nature”: Ibid., p. 372. The quotation is from the Koran, S 5:54. Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall.
297 “never demonized the West”: Ramadan, Sources du renouveau, p. 364.
297 Islam has sagesse: Ibid., pp. 367, 373.
298 “when Muslims find in their tradition”: Gresh and Ramadan, L’Islam en questions, p. 327.
298 “radical resistance and clashes”: Ibid., p. 156.
298 “future of Muslim countries”: Ibid., p. 181.
298 “the need to resist the West”: Buruma, “Identity issue,” p. 36. Ramadan is explicit about the anti-colonialist ways of appropriating colonists’ knowledge in Sources du renouveau, p. 454.
299 “Day-to-day life in Europe”: Ramadan, La Foi, la Voie, pp. 68–70.
304 They chose the last option: Discussed in more detail in Caldwell, “Europe’s Future” (see chapter 1 notes).
305 French and Dutch “no” voters: Christopher Caldwell, “Why did the French and Dutch vote no?,” Weekly Standard, June 13, 2005.
305 “permanent contrast to Europe”: Christopher Caldwell, “A partnership, if only in spirit,” Financial Times, December 2–3, 2006.
305 to have an influential role: Pew Research Center, “Islamic extremism,” p. 27 (43 percent “very important” + 32 percent “somewhat important”).
306 only a third of Europeans: Christopher Caldwell, “The East in the West,” New York Times Magazine, September 25, 2005, p. 48: A Eurobarometer poll taken in 2005 showed 35 percent in favor.
306 “If Turkey can’t be a part”: Author interview with Oguz Ücüncü, Cologne, November 2005.
306 “choose to be a European”: Caldwell, “Swedish dilemma” (see chapter 5 notes).
307 “When the immigrant says I am British”: Abul Taher, “Minorities feel more British than whites,” The Times, December 18, 2006.
309 “less powerful than we think”: Pim Fortuyn, De verweesde samenleving, p. 198.
309 “fundamentalism will grow stronger”: Ibid., pp. 184–85.
309 “a life-threatening culture”: Ibid., p. 191.
309 surveillance of Communists: “Grens dicht voor islamiet” (interview with Pim Fortuyn), De Volkskrant, February 9, 2002, p. 1; reproduced in Hans Wansink, De Erfenis van Fortuyn, p. 289.
309 “A quota policy”: Fortuyn, De verweesde samenleving, p. 193.
309 called for the Netherlands to withdraw: “Grens dicht voor islamiet” (interview with Pim Fortuyn), Wansink, p. 288.
310 “If you’re born and raised here”: Ibid., pp. 285, 290.
310 “they’re never able to define it”: Fortuyn, De verweesde samenleving, p. 186.
310 Fortuyn vacillated between praise for it: Praise in Fortuyn, De verweesde samenleving, p. 181; contempt in “Grens dicht voor islamiet” (interview with Pim Fortuyn).
311 “Judeo-Christian culture”: Fortuyn, De verweesde samenleving, p. 183.
311 “must not determine the public sphere”: Ibid., p. 191.
313 The party leader, Gianfranco Fini: Christopher Caldwell, “Sensible extension of rights,” Financial Times, November 22-23, 2003.
314 one Paris–St. Germain fan: Accounts of hooliganism are from Christopher Caldwell, “No half measures for hooliganism,” Financial Times, December 8, 2006.
314 rights of pygmies in Cameroon: Christopher Forcari, “Dieudonné vanteles mérites de Jany Le Pen,” Libération, March 16, 2007.
315 Gaddafi hectored Europe: Michael Leidig, “Gaddafi backs ‘friend’ Haider,” Daily Telegraph, June 19, 2001.
315 Bermondsey, a Labour stronghold: Katrin Bennhold, “In egalitarian Europe, a not-so-hidden world of squalor,” International Herald Tribune, October 18, 2005, p. 1.
315 NPD took a dozen seats: I am grateful to Toralf Staud, reporter for Die Zeit and author of a study of the NPD, Moderne Nazis, for explaining the NPD to me in a series of e-mails and conversations in the autumn of 2005.
315 most eloquent of the NPD’s members: Author interview with Karl Richter, Dresden, September 16, 2005.
315 Sixteen percent of kids: Author interview with Antje Hermenau, head of the Green delegation in the Saxon Parliament, Leipzig, September 15, 2005.
315 Saxony, the most geriatric: Ibid.
316 “copy of the Third Reich”: Author interview with Karl Richter, Dresden, September 16, 2005.
316 “Such a rule is national suicide”: Author interview with Jesper Langballe, Copenhagen, December 12, 2005.
317 “led by a housewife”: This is the formula used by a prominent diversity consultant interviewed in Copenhagen in December 2005.
317 “There is nothing fascist”: Author interview with Tøger Seidenfaden, Copenhagen, December 13, 2005.
318 similar establishment bargain: As Fortuyn discusses in De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars.
319 “Some of them wore hoods”: Zoé Cadiot, “Villiers-le-Bel reste sous haute tension,” L’Indépendant, November 28, 2007.
319 One French judge expressed sympathy: Jean de Maillard, “Le pire reste à venir,” http://www.rue89.com (downloaded November 28, 2007).
319 “neither the illness nor the cure”: Telephone interview with Xavier Le Moine, mayor of Montfermeil, March 26, 2007.
320 “much stronger than we realize”: Nicolas Sarkozy, La République, les religions, l’espérance, p. 88.
320 “They’re young, they’re new”: Sarkozy, La République, les religions, p. 77.
320 “The response to riots”: “Nicolas Sarkozy veut stopper la ‘voyoucratie,’” www.LExpress.fr, November 19, 2007.
320 “It’s not up to delinquents”: Didier Pourquery, “En touche,” Libération, November 29, 2007, Événement, p. 2.
320 “When they see you’re not afraid”: Philippe Ridet, “La banlieue et ses électeurs, vus par Nicolas Sarkozy,” Le Monde, October 7, 2005.
321 one of his proudest boasts: Associated Press, “Sarkozy calls for creation of international treaty on migration,” International Herald Tribune, December 11, 2006.
321 “as many votes as possible”: Author interview with Nicolas Sarkozy, Ministry of the Interior, Paris, January 20, 2006. Cited in Caldwell, “Man who would be le président” (see chapter 5 notes).
321 reminiscent of Richard Nixon: Sarkozy’s similarities to Nixon are dealt with in more detail in Caldwell, “Harsh policing,” Financial Times, March 31– April 1, 2007.
322 “la France silencieuse”: Pascale Robert-Diard, “Les incidents de la gare du Nord relancent le duel Sarkozy-Royal,” Le Monde, March 30, 2007.
322 “as a demanding friend”: Sarkozy, La République, les religions, p. 75.
322 “To accept and to value”: Ibid., p. 109.
323 “When I enter a mosque”: Ibid., p. 78.
323 “the remarkable experiment”: Ibid., p. 107.
324 submit to an oral interview: The program is described in more detail in Christopher Caldwell, “France takes a chance on a new ideal of equality,” Financial Times, November 15–16, 2003, p. 15.
324 Clamoring for diversity: See Jeremy Harding, “Color bind,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 2006.
325 diversity contributes to performance: Jonathan Moules, “Benefits of ethnic diversity doubted,” Financial Times, February 20, 2007, p. 4.
325 “social capital”: Robert D. Putnam, “E Pluribus Unum” (see chapter 3 notes).
325 demanded diversity at every level: Caroline Fourest, “La diversité contre l’égalité,” Le Monde, January 18, 2008.
325 “twenty years is too long”: Author interview with Nicolas Sarkozy, Ministry of the Interior, Paris, January 20, 2006. Cited in Caldwell, “Man who would be le président.”
326 “race quality impact assessments”: The Home Office Departmental Report 2006, p. 56.
327 “a powerful revelation”: Birnbaum’s observations and the quotations of Étienne Balibar and Robert Castel are from Jean Birnbaum, “Le spectre des origines,” Le Monde, October 5, 2007.
329 “network power”: David Singh Grewal, Network Power.
329 they would move to the United States: David Rieff, “Migrant worry,” New York Times Magazine, November 6, 2005, pp. 15–16.
329 ability to move to any country: Christopher Caldwell, “Bordering on what?” New York Times Magazine, September 25, 2005, p. 46.
330 “We live in a borderless world”: Off-the-record talk.
330 “one of the success stories”: Mark Mulligan and Raphael Minder, “Spain and Morocco call for joint action over tide of migrants,” Financial Times, October 12, 2005, p. 3.
332 problem of will: Caldwell, “Europe’s future” (see chapter 1 notes).
333 “pestiferous colonial projects”: Hamid Dabashi, “Native informers and the making of the American empire,” Al-Ahram Weekly, June 1–7, 2006.
334 Germany was reunified: Stephen Sestanovich, “American maximalism,” The National Interest, Spring 2005.
335 “Although they all knew”: Tony Benn, More Time for Politics, p. 5.
335 “No to the imperialist crusade!”: Luuk van Middelaar, “Et voilà, de moderniteit,” De Trouw (Letter en Geest), December 1, 2001.
335 “most Americans simply don’t get it”: Seumas Milne, “They can’t see why they are hated,” Guardian, September 13, 2001.
336 “a storehouse of ways of thinking”: Politycki, “Weißer Mann—was nun?” (see chapter 4 notes).
336 “market for silicone breast implants”: Michel Houellebecq, Les Particules élémentaires, p. 93.
337 “With the lapse of a generation”: Enoch Powell, speech to the Annual Conference of the Rotary Club of London, Eastbourne, November 16, 1968. In Powell, Reflections of a Statesman, p. 393.
337 “you can move to New York”: Alexander Stille, “No blacks need apply” (see chapter 1 notes).
340 “required to go home”: Pew Research Center poll, March 2006. 340 “real story of American Muslims”: Geneive Abdo, “America’s Muslims aren’t as assimilated as you think,” Washington Post, August 27, 2006, p. B3.
342 “we have made our bed”: Mark Lilla, “The politics of God,” New York Times Magazine, August 19, 2007, p. 50.
344 “If you want to belong”: Élie Barnavi, La Tribune Juive (cited in John Thornhill, “Europe’s holiday from its own history”), Financial Times, February 19, 2007, p. 16.
344 “Why should we welcome”: Max Hastings, “I confess, I have never had a Muslim to dinner in my house,” Weekly Telegraph #732 (August 3–9, 2005).
345 “should not be in this country”: Caldwell, “Counterterrorism in the U.K.” (see chapter 4 notes).
345 “traditional civil-liberty arguments”: Christopher Caldwell, “The post-8/10 world,” New York Times Magazine, August 20, 2006.
346 One of her main tasks: Some of Sbai’s stories are recounted in Cristina Giudici, “Gruppo di famiglia con Allah,” Il Foglio, October 30, 2004, and in Giudici’s book L’Italia di Allah.
347 “Why in God’s name”: Udo di Fabio, Die Kultur der Freiheit, pp. 50–51.
348 “measures which provide more adequately”: My discussion of Pareto draws on this and surrounding passages in James Burnham, The Machiavellians, pp. 199–200.