8. As it became obvious that the simple Ptolemaic astronomy (a theory of concentric spheres moving around the earth) could not account for newly observed phenomena, astronomers devised elaborate explanations to make the facts fit the received view (or save the phenomena). They claimed, among other things, that the planets moved in eccentric orbits or in epicycles.

9. Overload.

10. Conceptions.

11. Ought to be taken.

12. Purgings of the body.