² The studies included those of Bateman, Strasser, and Dailey (1982); Bigoness, Ryan, and Hamner (1981); Hunt and Schuler (1976); Keller and Szilagyi (1976); Podsakoff and Todor (1983a, 1983b); Podsakoff, Todor, Grover, and Huber (1984); Podsakoff, Todor, and Skov (1982); Reitz (1971); and Sims and Szilagyi (1975).