Absolute Sound (magazine), 193
Accenture stock price, 63
accident avoidance. See safety
Adamson Act (1916), 171
advertising, online, 64–72, 136
“impression” display, 64
individual surveillance data, 64–68
affinity group, 67
Affordable Care Act (2010), 214n8
agent: definition of, 83–84
synthetic intellect as, 91–92. See also moral agency
agriculture. See farmworkers Agrobot, 143
AI. See artificial intelligence air pollution, 168
“AI theater,” 36–37
Allen, Paul, 114
average revenue-per-employee of, 139
competitive advantage of, 102
initial idea for, 96
pricing practices of, 97–105
replacement of physical stores by, 16, 48, 97, 139
shipping practices of, 100, 101
synthetic intellects and, 103–5, 134–35
Amazon Prime, 101
Amazon River, 103
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 114
American Automobile Association, 196
American Bar Association, 145
America’s Cup (yacht race), 115
analog recordings, 193
anthropomorphism, 11, 24, 36–37, 87
antilock brakes (ABS), 204–5
antitrust litigation, 88
Apple iPhone, 198
Apple stock price, 62–63
apprenticeship, 156
Armageddon (fictional robot), 201
artificial intelligence (AI), 3–13, 19–31, 194–208
advanced technologies and, 29–30, 38–45, 132–33, 191–92
anthropomorphic bias and, 11, 24, 36–37, 87
contractual and property rights to, 91
early research approach to, 20–24
human intelligence compared with, artificial intelligence (AI) 3
IBM conference (1956) on, 19–20, 30
as machine learning (see machine learning); popular conception of, 11–12
projected applications of, 13–14, 46, 47, 141–52, 207–8
recognition process of, 39, 55
sub-fields of, 152
trends in, 35–48
Turing Test implication and, 197–98. See also autonomous systems
forged laborers
synthetic intellects
assassins, robots as, 40
assets ownership, 175–87
average annual income from, 176
average household net worth and, 174
distribution of, 176–77
incentives for, 14–15, 16, 177–78, 183–84
living off of, 171
PBI (public benefit index), 14, 15, 180
savings program, 169
Social Security benefits vs., 182–84
by synthetic intellects, 90–91, 199–202
ATMs (automatic tellers), 132, 151
attorneys. See lawyers
autonomous systems, 5–14, 20, 131–58
catastrophe potential of, 7–8, 207–8
common conceptions of, 135–36
corporate investments in, 177
economic costs of, 10–11, 186, 200
human growing dependency on, 206
legal regulation of, 13
social costs of, 7, 126–27. See also artificial intelligence
forged laborers
synthetic intellects
specific applications
autonomous vehicles, 44–45, 194–97
benefits of, 195–97
labor market effects of, 136–37
liability protection for, 91
long-haul trucking advantages of, 141–42
autopilot, 151
Bain & Company, 118
human teller replacement, 132, 151. See also investment banking
Bell, Alexander Graham, 192
Bell Labs, 144
Bezos, Jeff, 95–98, 102, 103, 112–14, 118
big data. See machine learning
bitcoins, 202
BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics
Blue Origin, 114
Blue River Technologies, 144
physical bookstores vs. online sales, 16, 48. See also Amazon
BP oil spill (2010), liability case, 80, 82–83, 84, 87
Brewster, Jason, 147
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 138–39, 141, 142, 152, 170
business cycles, 137
cap and trade, 168
CAPTCHAs (brain twisters), 73
Carlyle Group, 118
cars: annual operating costs, 196
antilock brakes function, 204–5
first introduction of, 194
self-driving (see autonomous vehicles)
sticker price components, 100
cell phones, 46
prepaid card prices, 55. See also smartphones
Centers for Disease Control, 169
chess-playing computers, 19, 21
separate tournaments for humans, 74
Chicago Mercantile Exchange, 63
China, 176
Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2010), 90
class, 109, 115, 116, 118, 119–21, 173. See also wealth
Clever Robots for Crops (program), 143
coffee fetching, 145
cognitive systems. See machine learning college degree, 121, 125
commercial pilots, 151
communications system, 44–45, 126–27
comparison shopping, 54
pre- and post-Internet, 100. See also prices
compassion, 82
competition restriction, 98
competitive advantage, 102, 103, 106, 181–82, 186, 187
different views of, 161–65
Computational Statistics, 152
computer programming, 8, 19–26
conventional approach to, 20–21, 22
feral processes and, 202–3
human intelligence simulation and, 19–20, 197–99
of moral code, 81
neural networking and (see machine learning)
to play “imitation game,” 197–98
for stock market trading, 52, 53–54, 74, 90, 95, 97, 98, 106
symbolic systems approach to, 21–22, 24, 29
“toy” problems and, 21
advanced technology and, 103
“can only do what programmed to do” meme, 20, 30, 52
comparative-priced models, 100–101
cookies placed on hard drive of, 65–69
fast-paced rate of improvement of, 25–27, 28–30, 38, 45, 51
legal profession uses of, 146
power of, 38–39
search capability of, 30
“thinking” aspect of, 197–98. See also Internet; specific applications
computer viruses, 202–3
conscience. See moral agency
consumer behavior: Amazon pricing
automated tracking/analysis of, 55, 64–75, 90, 92, 96–105, 178
comparison shopping and, 54, 100
purchasing power and, 115
targeted website ads based on, 64–75
wealth and, 57, 109, 110–11, 112, 114, 117–18, 165–66
synthetic intellect rights to, 91, 199–201
voiding of, 88
cookies (computer hard drive notations), 65–69
Cornell University, 24
corporations: employees as agents of, 82–83
family-owned vs. broad ownership of, 177–82
legal personhood of, 90, 215n9
as liability insulation, 91
punishment of, 87–88
synthetic intellect parallel, 90, 199–200
tax benefits for, 14, 177, 180–81
coupons, 105
CPM (cost per thousand), 71
CROPS (Clever Robots for Crops program), 143
crowdsourcing, 136
C3PO (milquetoast humanoid), 40
customers. See consumer behavior
cyberspace, 37
cyclical unemployment, 136–37, 219n5
dark factory, 200
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 95
Dartmouth College, 215n9
commercial importance of, 96–97, 98, 103
sharing of, 28
speed of analysis of, 53, 68, 103–4
unnormalized, 53–54
Data Mining, 152
Deepwater Horizon. See BP oil spill
deliveries. See shipping
depth perception, 42–43
D. E. Shaw and Company, 53, 95, 96, 97
DIDO (distributed input, distributed output), 127
digital recording, 193
Dijkstra, Edgar, 3
dishwashing, 145
Disneyland VIP tour option, 165
doctors. See medical care
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 8–9, 61–63
driverless cars. See autonomous vehicles
duty-based normative ethics, 82
“Easterlin Paradox,” 225n31
absolute vs. reactive needs and, 186
autonomous vehicles’ effects on, 195, 196
competitive advantage and, 102, 103, 106, 161–65, 181, 186, 187
inequality and, 12–15, 117–18, 165–66, 174–76
innovation and, 158, 161–64, 186–87
Silicon Valley disruption of, 16
synthetic intellect takeover of, 201–2. See also financial system
labor market
wealth
economies of scale, 100
Education Equity, Inc., 157
failure in job preparation of, 157–58
learning vs. training and, 153, 157
replacement of teachers by synthetic intellects and, 151
Edwards, Stephen A., 114
Egypt, ancient, 115–16
elderly people, 168–69
electrical engineering, 41–42
electromagnetic radiation, 41
electronic domain, 40, 41–45, 46, 62, 203
human competition with, 73–75
stock transactions moved to, 52
surveillance by, 9, 64–75. See also computers
Ellison, Larry, 115
emissions trading (cap and trade), 168
employees. See labor market; workplace
Energy Star program, 178
entrepreneurship, 44, 95–96, 200, 223–24n15
environmental protection, 168, 195
Environmental Protection Agency, 168, 178
equal opportunity, 170
ethics, 9–10, 74–75, 79, 81–82, 87. See also moral agency
European Union, 143
Experience Music Project Museum (Seattle), 114
expert systems (computer programs), 23
Facebook, 48
face-recognition capability, 40
Fairchild Semiconductor, 223–24n15
FairDocument, 146–47
Fair Labor Standards Act (1917), 171
families. See households
farmworkers: forged laborer replacement of, 39, 133–34, 143–44
historical average income of, 164, 222n3
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 45
federal government. See government
specific departments and agencies
Federal Housing Administration (FHA),
insurance program, 223n10
Federal Reserve Board, 171–72, 174
financial system, 45, 51–53, 57–58, 102
government programs, 168–69, 178
reinvestment vs. spending and, 117. See also assets ownership; stock markets
First Amendment, 90
Fitch Ratings, 178
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, “The Rich Boy,” 109
“Flash Crash of 2010” (stock market plunge), 8–9, 61–63
forged laborers (robots), 3, 5, 35–48
advanced technologies and, 38–48
anthropomorphic bias and, 11, 24, 36–37, 87
capabilities of, 6, 38–48, 84–86, 90, 143
corporate investments in, 177
criminal acts and, 40, 85–86, 90
flexible systems of, 46–48
future uses of, 47–48
as independent agents, 91–92
labor market effects from, 10–12, 13, 134, 143–45
legal responsibility for actions of, 84–85
moral discretion and, 81
need for controls for, 203–4
paired with synthetic intellects, 6, 135
potential ownership of other robots by, 200
primitive precursors to, 39
slave status parallel with, 86
401K plans, 182
free market. See market forces
free speech protection, 90
Fremer, Michael, 193
“The Role of Government in Education,” 157
fundamental analysis investing, 62
fundamentalists, 163
futures contract, 97
Gates, Bill, 118
growth rate, 176
genetically modified organisms, 203
Gini, Corrado, 179
“Variabilità e mutabilità,”179
Gini coefficient, 179–80
Goldman Sachs, 170
consumer information and, 178
corporate ownership and, 14
economic incentives and, 177
job mortgage loans proposal and, 153–54, 157
public assets ownership and, 180
social welfare and, 167–70, 171, 173, 182, 183–84
government bonds, 178
GPS (Global Positioning System), 6, 22, 46, 141, 142
happiness, 164
healthcare. See medical care
heat map, 71
hedge funds, 57
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, 213–14n9
Hendrix, Jimi, 114
heuristics, 22–23
HFT (high-frequency trading), 52, 53–57, 61–63, 79, 91, 106, 213–14n9
as online retailing pricing model, 97–98
sharp market drop and, 8–9, 61–63
highway driving, 141–42
Hilton, Paris, 171
Hines, Douglas, 144–45
mortgage terms, 13, 14, 164, 176
hours of work, 171–72
households: average annual investment income, 176
number of working adults, 172–73
retirement effects, 174
self-driving car effects, 196
Housing and Urban Development Department, 167
housing market, 136–37, 167–68, 223n10
human agency: moral choices, 80–92
synthetic intellect encroachment on, 72–75, 205–8
human intelligence: aesthetic production and, 208
computer simulation of, 19–20, 197–99
goals and, 87–88
synthetic intellects vs., 36, 52, 54, 57, 73–75, 106, 200, 208–9
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 113
Hwang, Tim, 148
IBM: artificial intelligence development, 19–20, 30
Watson computer program, 31, 36, 150, 198–99, 206
“imitation game” (Turing Test), 197–98
income: farmworker historical average, 164, 222n3
median average household, 126, 171, 172. See also assets ownership
salaries
income inequality, 3, 12, 164–87
Gini coefficient measurement of, 179–80
redistribution approaches to, 169–70, 174, 176–87. See also wealth
Industrial Perception, Inc., 144
information technology, 42, 48, 53, 54, 99–103
fast-paced advances in, 12, 25–26, 45, 46
professions using, 145–51
different reactions to, 161–64
Institutional Shareholder Services, 78
Intel, 26
intelligence: shift in meaning of, 198. See also artificial intelligence
human intelligence
synthetic intellects Internet, 28, 29, 41–42, 64, 65, 148
commercial uses of, 95, 96, 148
free flow of information, 99. See also websites
internships, 156
investment banking, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 95, 170
investments. See assets ownership
stock markets
IP addresses, 28
IRAs (individual retirement accounts), 169
Jain, Kapil, 213n7
Jeopardy! (TV quiz show), 30, 36, 150, 198–99
job mortgage loans proposal, 13–15, 153–57
jobs. See labor market
Johnson, Lyndon B., 167
Kaiser Permanente, 214n8
Kennedy, John F., ix
Keynes, John Maynard, “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” 186
kitchen equipment, multipurpose, 46–47
Kiva Systems, 135
Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield and Byers, 95
knowledge engineers, 23
Komisar, Randy, 218n15
Labor Department, 157
labor market, 119–27
advanced technology and, 191
alternatives to paid work and, 185–86
autonomous systems as threat to, 10–12, 20, 126–27, 131–58
average salary and, 116
competition for jobs and, 121–25
conventional economics and, 12
education-work sequence and, 13, 153, 157–58
excess workers and, 158
exclusions from, 170–71
federal measures and, 170, 171–72
historical comparisons and, 115–16, 164, 222n3
job skills and (see skills)
letters of intent to hire and, 14, 154, 155
predictions about, 138–39, 140
reasons for working and, 184–85
tectonic shifts in, 133–35
turnover (2013) in, 137
workday standardization and, 171
work incentives and, 184–85
working adult statistics and, 172–74, 176. See also income inequality
unemployment
laissez-faire, 216n6
language. See words, shifting meanings of
language recognition, 27–28
Lanier, Jaron, 7
law enforcement. See crime; legal system
Law School Admissions Council, 145
learning. See education system; machine learning
objectives of, 88
personhood and, 72–75, 199–200, 215n9
research tools, 147. See also lawyers
leisure time, 174
letters of intent, 14, 154, 155
liberals, 162–63
licenses, 89
Lidar (3D radar), 141
life expectancy, 169
lifeguards, robotic, 46
line standing, 74
living standards, disparity in, 165–66
loans. See mortgages
locality constraints, 40, 41–48
long-haul trucking, 141–42
Lopez, Elvia, 143
Los Angeles Times, 143
LPs (vinyl records), 193
machine learning (neural networking), 3, 4–5, 24–25, 29–31, 147
data analysis speed and, 53, 68, 103–4
example of, 29
unlimited potential for, 30, 141
machines: robots as enhanced, 37–38
thought capability of, 3, 197–98, 207
Machine Vision, 152
MapReduce, 51
Marconi, Guglielmo, 41
market forces, 4, 13, 14, 55–56, 63, 103, 156
marketing, 64–75
Marx, Karl, 10–11
medical care, 11, 35, 149–51, 169, 170
medical equipment, 89
Medicare/Medicaid, 169
megapixels, 65
memory (computer), 26–29, 31, 45
Microsoft, 114
Minsky, Marvin, 35
MIT Technology Review, 196
ML. See machine learning
mobile robotics, 152
Montgomery Securities, 115
Moore, Gordon, 26
moral agency, 13, 79–92, 105–6, 199–200, 205–6
characterization of, 79–80
Morgan Stanley, 52–53
mortgages, terms of, 13–15, 153–57, 164, 176
MR (mobile robotics), 152
municipal bonds, 177
music, changing meanings of, 192–94, 198
Nakamoto, Satoshi, 202
Nastor, Emmie, 119, 120–26, 157–58, 173
national debt, 176
National Guard, 46
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 178
national parks, 180
natural disasters, 8
neural networking. See machine learning
programmable, 24
New York Times, 170
Occupy Wall Street, 170
oil spill (2010). See BP oil spill
online sales, 7, 90, 136, 177–78, 181–82
employment effects of, 139–40, 142
product reviews and, 55, 143. See also Amazon
Oracle, 114–15
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health) rules, 37
Own Your Own Home program, 168
Oxford University, 152
Pandora, 16
paralegals, 148
part-time work, 185
PBI. See public benefit index
Pearson, Harry, 193
Perlman, Steve, 127
personal public transit. See autonomous vehicles
corporations vs. synthetic intellects, 199–200
pharaoh (ancient Egypt), 115–16
phonograph, invention of, 192
pictures: AI recognition of, 39
website links to, 65
preceptrons (programmatic neurons), 24
prepaid cell phone cards, 55
prices: advertising space bids, 69, 70, 71
Amazon practices, 97–105
automation effects on, 73, 132
comparison of, 14, 54, 100–101
public-interest systems and, 56
stock fluctuations (see stock markets)
Princeton University, 113
progressives, 163–65
protein folding research, 58
psychopaths, 79–80
public benefit index (PBI), 14, 15, 180–81, 182
public interest, 56, 163–65, 169, 178
public service, 58, 114, 184, 185
public transit. See autonomous vehicles
PUMA (programmable universal manipulator for assembly), 35
pyramids (Egypt), 115–16
quality of life, 167–69, 173, 174
quantum physics, 213–14n9
queues, 74
QuickTime, 127
racial discrimination, 89, 168, 222n10
signals adjustment, 127
spectrum allocation, 45
waves transmission, 41
recession (2009), 113, 117–18, 120
recordings, 192
resource allocation, 73–75
retail sales: Amazon as marketplace for, 99, 101–2
comparison shoppers and, 54, 100
job market predictions and, 138–39, 140
job skills and, 142–43
luxury items and, 117–18, 165–66
physical stores and, 7, 16, 48, 97, 139 (see also Walmart)
revenue per employee, 139
shipping and, 100, 101, 141. See also consumer behavior
online sales; prices
retirement, 12, 14, 117, 170, 174
income generation for, 169, 174–75, 177, 182–84
line between pre- and post-, 184. See also Social Security
rights, of human vs. artificial person, 199–200
government rating of, 178
Robot, Robot, and Hwang (law firm),147–48
robots. See forged laborers
Rochester, Nathaniel, 19
Rockefeller, John D., 200
Rocket Fuel, 64–65, 67–71, 136
founding/current worth of, 72
Rolling Stone (magazine), 170
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 170
Rosenblatt, Frank, 24
Rothschild, Nathan Mayer, 58
R202 (mechanical factotum), 40
Rutter, Brad, 150
SAAS (software-as-a-service), 43
safety: autonomous vehicles, 89, 142, 195
commercial pilots, 151
traffic, 195
salespeople, 139
S&P 500 E-mini, 62
San Francisco State University, 121, 158
sanitation, 169
savings. See assets ownership Scheinman, Victor, 35
schools. See education system
Schrodinger’s cat, 213n9
Seattle, 114
SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), 8, 61–62, 63
self-driving vehicles. See autonomous vehicles
self stocking, 40
recognition by, 39
sex workers and toys, 144–45
Shaw, Dave (King Quant), 51–53, 58, 95, 96, 97, 103
shipping, 39
“free,” 101
warehouse stacking and, 144
ShotSpotter system, 43
Silicon Valley startups, x–xi, 64–65, 95–96, 127, 144, 223–24n15
disruption of industries by, 16
personal wealth from, 109
restricted stock vesting by, 184
Simon, Paul, 112
simulated intelligence. See synthetic intellects
“siren servers,” 7
Siri (Apple iPhone app), 198
obsolescence of, 132, 134, 136–38, 142–43, 152, 153, 158
training to acquire, 13, 14, 132–33, 153–57
Slave Codes, 86
slave self-purchase, 201
fast-paced innovation and, 26–27, 28, 31, 46, 198
social behavior, 9, 10, 37, 42, 48
fairness and, 74–75
synthetic intellects as threats to, 72–75, 91–92, 199–200
wealth and, 109–10, 114–15. See also moral agency
social class. See class
Social Security, 14, 169, 173–75
private investing vs., 182–85
social status, 117
software-as-a-service (SAAS), 43
solar power, 44
song identification, 39
Sousa, John Phillip, 208
“The Menace of Mechanical Music,” 192–93
space exploration, ix, 114, 116, 207
Sputnik, ix
SRI International, 27
Standard & Poor’s, 178
standard of living, 165–66
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab, x–xi, 27, 35, 38, 51, 52–53, 72, 85
Stanford Legal Informatics course, 148–49
stockholders, 14–15, 58, 174–78
family members vs. diverse base of, 177, 178, 181–82
restricted vesting and, 184. See also assets ownership
stock markets: “buy low, sell high” maxim, 53, 54
computer-programmed trading decisions, 52, 53–58, 61–63, 74, 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 106
fundamental analysis approach to, 62
putative purpose of, 58
sharp drop (2010) in, 8–9, 61–63
strawberry pickers, 143
structural programming, 20–21
structural unemployment, 137
student loans, job mortgage loans vs., 156
Supreme Court, U.S., 90, 215n9
swarm robotics, 44
Symantec, 27
symbolic systems, 21–22, 25, 29
predefinition of symbols, 24
synthesizer (music), 194
synthetic intellects, 5–11, 20, 197–209
Amazon building of, 103–6, 134–35
assets ownership and, 90–91, 199–200
capabilities of, 5, 6, 70, 134, 141, 146–48, 151, 199–201
competitive advantage of, 106, 161–62, 186, 187
corporation parallels with, 90, 91, 199–200
crime capability of, 87–89
danger potential of, 7–11, 40, 72–75, 199–208
IBM’s Watson as, 26, 30, 31, 36, 150, 198
individuality of, 88
legal personhood of, 90–91, 199–200
machine learning programs and, 87
moral agency of, 80–92, 105–6, 199–200, 205–6
realism of, 197
remote control of, 12
incentives, 14, 15, 154, 167, 183
taxi services, 16
technological revolution, 29–30. See also specific applications
television, 41–42
thinking: machine capability for, 3, 197–99
shifted meaning of, 198
3D radar (Lidar), 141
Thurlow, Edward, 87
Ticketmaster, 73–74
Torrance, Mark, 64, 67, 70–71, 72
Tracking Angle (music magazine), 193
traffic-control systems, 45
training. See skills; vocational training
transportation. See autonomous vehicles
Transportation Department, 44–45
Trebek, Alex, 36
truck deliveries, 141–42
TrueCompanion, 144–45
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 197, 198
Turing Test, 197–98
2001: A Space Odyssey (film), x
Uber, 16
unemployment, 3, 12, 13, 120, 136–37, 169–74
BLS definition of, 170
as personal choice, 170–71, 177, 185
public interest and, 164
rise in (1995–2012), 172
structural, 137
two categories of, 170–71
University of Michigan, 99
University of Pennsylvania, 99
USA Cycling, bailout of, 115
vaccines, 169
VCR (TV recording device), 46
videos, AI recognition of, 39
viewthrough attribution, 70
vinyl records, 193
virtual law office, 148
viruses, computer, 202–3
vocational training: employer collaboration with, 13, 14, 153–54
general education vs., 153–57
volunteer work. See public service
V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle communications protocol), 45
Waddell & Reed, 61–62
wages. See income; salaries
average revenue per employee, 139, 177
employee numbers, 116
box unloading, 39
chaotic storage tracking, 135, 144
Waterloo, battle of (1815), 58
water quality, 168
Watson (IBM AI computer program), 26, 31, 36, 39, 150, 198
Watson Research Lab (IBM), 19
wealth, 3, 12, 109–19, 127, 132
from assets ownership, 14–15, 174–76
benefits of, 165–66
civic responsibility and, 58
disparities in, 164–65, 169–70, 176, 180–87
distribution of, 186
factors in creating, 12
fairer distribution of, 86–87
HFT program transfer of, 57, 91
lifestyle embodiments of, 57, 109, 110–11, 112, 114
luxury item sales and, 117–18, 165–66
philanthropy and, 58, 113, 118–19
power from, 114–15
reinvestment vs. spending of, 117
super-wealthy and, 11, 111–13, 116–19, 118–19, 164–65
synthetic intellects’ accumulation of, 91–92
top 1 percent holders of, 11, 111–13
worker median salary and, 116
websites: advertising sale of space on, 64–72
electronic surveillance of visits to, 9, 64–75
individually targeted ads, 64–75
WebTV, 127
weeding, 144
Weisel, Thom, 115
welfare recipients, 170
Wellington, Duke of, 58
Wellpoint, 150
wide-area high-bandwidth wireless communication, 126–27
wildfire extinguishers, 44
Winster.com, 119, 122–23, 124
wireless communications, 45
words, shifted meanings of, 191–92, 198, 203
workforce. See labor market
working poor, 119–21
working women, 172
work-life balance, 171
workplace, 48
robot danger potential, 37–38
WPA (Works Progress Administration), 170
Yahoo, 67
Yeats, William Butler, 48
Zandi, Mark, 117
Zuckerberg, Mark, 223n15