DEFINITIONS
1. affective learning activity, p. 349 5. realistic drill, p. 348
2. Cummings device, p. 349 6. role-playing, p. 355
3. interim language system, p. 344 7. speaking, pp. 331-35
4. mechanical drill, p. 348
DISCUSSION
1. Discuss the internal processes and the external influences in speaking.
2. Based on your present perspective and knowledge, describe your ideal class content with regard to speaking activities. What speaking goals would you select for the students?
3. Outline a sample sequence of increasingly difficult activities to be followed in developing the speaking skill for a particular unit.
4. Outline ways and means of accommodating individual differences in developing the speaking skill in second-language classes.
5. Discuss the importance of meaning in the process of developing speaking skills.
6. In any second-language class, the teacher must determine the proportion of time to be spent on developing competence and on practicing performance skills. What are some of the factors involved in this decision?
7. What role do errors play in second-language acquisition? How and when should student errors be corrected?
8. Formulate guidelines for keeping the class in the second language.
ACTIVITIES
1. In an elementary second-language text find examples of oral drills or exercises to develop both competence and performance skills.
2. Prepare an affective speaking activity, a game involving speaking, a role- playing situation, a stimulating discussion activity, and at least one speaking activity based on one of Rivers's fourteen reasons for using language. Present them to the class for student reactions and suggestions.
3. Visit a conversation class. Note (a) the types of speaking activities, (b) student reaction and classroom atmosphere, (c) the quantity and types of student errors, and (d) the teacher's role.
4. Plan a sequence of increasingly difficult speaking activities for some grammar point in the text you are using.
5. Using a dialog or a reading from an elementary second-language text, prepare some personalized questions relating the content to the students.
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