Index
Acquired body and native body, 113
Adam and Eve, 118–119
Adaptability, 156n2
Adaptive space, 12–14
Agency, 78
Aggressive use of hands, 114, 124
Alienation. See De-alienation
Ancestral preservation, 18, 22, 37, 54, 56, 80–82, 177n14
Darwinian unconscious and, 135–136
evolution and, 133
principle of, 7–8
and psychological traits, 140
sentience and, 88
water and, 139–140
Animal locomotion. See also Arboreal remnants
gripping in, 100
Animals. See also Birds; Thumb: in humans vs. other primates
cognitive skills required by, 176n9
prehension in, 109
Arboreal preservation, hypothesis of, 133, 140
Arboreal remnants, 127–141
Armstrong, David F., 41
Art, 118–120
Attachment theory, 109–111, 172n8
Attention, selective, 76
Auto-prehension, 105
Bell, Charles, 3, 17, 151n3
Bimanual action, 159n6
Bipedal gait, 38, 117
Bipedalism, 133, 137
Darwin on, 3, 17–19
disadvantages, 20, 138
hands and, 3, 19, 20, 38, 117, 122, 154n3
vs. quadrupedalism, 154n3, 155n5, 176n10
Bipedal locomotion, 37, 132
Bipedal posture, 19, 154n3
Bipedal walking, 21
Birds, 137, 168n10
attitudes toward, 136–137
Brachiation, 18, 20, 49, 132, 134, 137, 155n1, 175n4
Brain, 177n1
coevolution of hand and, 19–20
Brain-tool coevolution, 34
Broad, C. D., 72–73
Butchery, 157n7
Carriage grip, 52
Causal theory of reference, 163n7
Climbing, 135. See also Arboreal remnants
Cognition. See Thought
Cognition, Age of, 99
Cognitive selection. See Selective cognition
Come-hither gesture, 55
Communication, 40–41, 48–49, 60–63, 164n6. See also Gestural language; Language
Creation. See Adam and Eve
Creationism, 12, 14, 119, 151n3. See also “Separate creation” theory
Creativity, 31–32
defined, 32
Crucifixion, 125
Cult of the Hand, 149
Culture of hands, 117–126
Darwin, Charles, 8, 19, 151nn3–4
on cleverness, 147
The Descent of Man, 3, 7, 17–18, 178n4
on hands, 3, 17–19, 38
on principle of incremental adaptation, 7, 8, 10
Darwinian Fitness, 175n4
Darwinian picture of the mind, 141
Darwinian unconscious, 135–136, 139
Dawkins, Richard, vii–viii, 172n11
De-alienation, 103–109
Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 3, 7, 17–18, 178n4
Devil, 124, 125
Digestive tract, 171n7
Diminished grip, 52
Disgust, hands and, 173n3
Display grip, 52. See also Transfer-display grip
Dogs, 165n7
Doom of the Hand, 148
Eating, 45
Emotional bonding and attachment, 106, 109–111
Emotions, 74. See also Feelings
Enactive theories, 69
Encephalization, 19, 38, 177n1
Etiquette, hand, 124
Evolutionary philosophy (evo-philosophy), 1
Evolutionary principles, 7–15
Exaptation, 79, 153, 167n4
Existentialism, 101, 106, 107, 164n7
Expression, 73–74. See also specific topics
Extended phenotype, 112–113, 172n11
Externalism (human implements), 112, 113
Farewell gesture, 55
Feelings, 136. See also Emotions
Fingernails, 34, 112, 113
Finger painting, 120
Fingers, 22, 44. See also Forefinger/index finger; specific topics
and definition of hand, 26
definitions and scope of the term, 26–27
gripping and, 51–56 (see also Gripping)
mathematics and, 70–71
pointing and, 51, 53–55 (see also Pointing)
Finger-thumb opposition, 21, 42, 116
perfect union, 116
“Fist pump,” 56
Forefinger/index finger, 41, 51, 53, 56, 116, 119
Forster, E. M., 105
Frege, Gottlob, 168n9
Garden of Eden. See Adam and Eve
Gestural attenuation, law of, 55–56
Gestural language, 40–41, 47, 55
Goodbye, waving, 55
Grasping, 4, 46, 70
disgust and, 173n3
and dropping, 108, 115
vs. gripping, 166n10
intention, agency, and, 43, 73, 83–84
mental, 72–73, 83–85, 168n9, 171n5
metaphorical, 83, 84, 114 (see also Mental grasping)
perception as, 99–100
and possession, 103, 114
prehension and, 73, 85, 100, 152n6
theories of the concept of, 83–85
thumb and, 38, 52, 155n1
Grip, lived, 101
Grip-action theory, 43–45
“Grip-and-do” pattern, 159n6
Grip anxiety and grip panic, 114–115
Gripping, 4, 159–160nn6–7, 170nn2–3. See also Grasping; Ostension and prehension
aggressive, 114, 124
double-edged value of, 115
vs. grasping, 4, 166n10
meaning of, 101–116
types of, 51–52
Gripping tools. See Tools
Hand: Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design, The (Bell), 3
Hand-holding, 105
Hand(s). See also specific topics
defined, 26
as educable, 23
future of, 143–149
innate component of the abilities of the, 23–24
philosophy of the, 26–27
Handshake, 73–74, 114
Hand system, 25
“Hand universals,” 156n5
“Handy intelligence,” 68
Haptic theory of reference, 56, 163n7
Harlow, Harry, 172n8
Heights, attitudes toward, 135
Holding, affectionate and intimate, 105–106
Humanity
intelligible steps taken to be a vocal and gestural species, 65–66
origins, 1–6
prehistory, 17–20
Hume, David, 171n5
Imagery
prehensive, 73
visual, 85
Imaginary gripping, 51, 53
Imagination, 161–162nn2–3, 162n5. See also Mental imagery
tools and, 32, 157n4
visual, 85
Incremental adaptation, principle of, 7, 10, 14, 18, 82
Darwin on, 7, 8, 10
hands and, 37, 49
overview, 70
pointing and, 56
preadaptation and, 11–12, 14
sentience and, 86–88
Index finger/forefinger, 41, 51, 53, 56, 116, 119
“Inertia,” law of, 10
Instrumental environment, 112–113
Instrumental functions of tools, 33–34
Instrumental powers of the hand, 34
Instrumental thinking, 40
Intelligence, 143. See also Mind
as adaptive trait, 14
alien forms of advanced, 164n1
digital mode of, 71
evolution, 128
hands and, 3–4, 49, 68–69, 122, 147, 152n5
ostension, 57
tool-using, 31, 32, 49, 68
Intelligence, 143, 146–147, 177n3
defined, 143
“Intelligent hand,” 68
Intentionality, 33, 40, 71, 73, 83–84, 162n6
Internality, 78, 79
Interpersonal prehension, 105–106
Intimacy, 105–106
Isomorphism, 44, 79
Jesus of Nazareth, 124–125
Klein, Melanie, 172n8
Language, 14. See also Speech
biological forms that precede and produce, 49
effects of, 49
evolution and cognitive background of the origin of, 47–49, 160n10, 163n5, 164n8
hands and, 39–49, 64
preadaptations and, 39, 44, 48, 49
of thought, 161n11
written, 122–123
Language, Age of, 99
Learning about the world, hands used for, 69
Leaves, 91
Locomotion, 96. See also Animal locomotion; Arboreal remnants; Bipedalism
hands and, 17–19, 117, 144, 154n3
sentience and, 96, 99
Machines, 121
“Manual realists,” humans as, 70
Mathematical thinking, hands and, 70
Meaning of Disgust, The (McGinn), 173n3
Means-ends reasoning, 33–34
Mental grasping, 72–73, 83–85, 168n9, 171n5
Mental imagery, 162n5. See also Imagination
evolution from sensory perception, 81
Michelangelo, 118–119
Mimicry, 160n9
Mimicry theory, 45–49
Mind
characteristics of the human, 21–27
Darwinian picture of the, 141
epochs in the evolution of, 99
form of, 67
hands and, 67–74
hands and the kind of mind we exemplify, 67
Mode of presentation, perceptual, 78
Moore, G. E., 165n4
Mouth, 165n7
as “mental organ,” 79–80
as prehensive organ, 106, 109 (see also Prehensive organs)
selective cognition and the, 75–86
Music, 120–121
Musical instruments, 23
Name signing, 83, 84
Napier, John, 3, 21–22, 155n3, 155n5, 175n5, 176n11
Native body and acquired body, 113
Naturalism, 152n8, 163n7
Neanderthals, 163n5
Object relations theory, 109–111, 172n8
Object retention, 77–78
cessation of, 77–78
Object switching, 78
Object uptake, 77–78
Oral prehension. See Prehension: oral
Ostension and prehension, 51–57
Ostensive reference, 55
Other-prehension, 105
Ownership, prehensive, 106, 107
Paleoanthropology, 1, 3, 4
phenomenological, 35
philosophical, 1
Panpsychism, 88, 168n1
Perception
images and, 81
as prehensive in character, 99–100
vs. thought, 78
Perceptual mode of presentation, 78
Percussion, 61–62
Phenomenological paleoanthropology, 35
Phenomenology, 71, 98
Phenotype. See Extended phenotype
Philosophical paleoanthropology, 1
Photosynthesis, 89
Piaget, Jean, 165n2
Picture theory of meaning, 160n8
Pinker, Steven, 152n5, 173n2, 177n2
Plants, 89–92, 95–97
lack of sentience, 96
Play, 123–124
Pointing, 26, 51–57, 161–162nn2–6. See also Ostension and prehension
evolution, 56, 57
prehension and, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57
Possession, prehensive, 106, 107
Power grip, 22, 44, 45
Preadaptation(s), 14, 144–145, 162n3, 167n6
gripping and, 44–46, 51
hands and, 19, 41, 46
language and, 39, 44, 47–49
mimicry and, 45, 46
overview, 11
predication and, 48
Precision grip, 22, 44, 56
Precision hands, 152n5
Predation, 92, 169n5
human, 129
sentience and, 91–97, 99
Predator avoidance, 91, 92, 95, 99, 176n9
mimicry and, 45–47
strategies for, 93–95
Predator avoidance theory, 89–93
Predator detection, 91, 95, 169n4
Predators, 91, 92, 127–129
as prey, 95
Predication, 42, 43
gripping, 159n6
reference and, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 159n2, 159n6
Prehensile, defined, 152n6
Prehensile limbs, 18
Prehension, 4, 25, 85, 102, 104–105. See also specific topics
in animals, 109
attachment and, 110–111
conception and, 70
de-alienation and, 104–106, 109
definitions and meanings, 72–73
evolution of mind and, 99, 100
feet and, 18
gripping and, 22–24, 38, 47
hands and, 18, 20, 42, 47
locomotion and, 100
oral, 75, 77–82, 85–86, 99, 110, 167nn5–6 (see also Mouth)
ostension and, 51–57
perception and, 99–100
pointing and, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57
sentience and, 100
sexuality and, 105–106
SVO theory and, 42, 47
terminology, 72, 152n6
thumb and, 38
tools and, 29, 36
virtual, 53, 56
Prehensional metaphysics, 171n5
Prehension program, universal, 24
Prehensive action and imagination, 162n3
Prehensive closeness in human relations, 106. See also Attachment theory
Prehensive imagery, 73
Prehensive isolation, 171n3
Prehensive lifestyle, 48
Prehensive organs, 4, 75, 82, 99, 109. See also Mind; Mouth
Prehensive theory of thought, 75, 83
Prehensivity index, 170n8
Presentation, mode of, 78
Prosthetic diminished grip, 52–53
Proto-prehension, 100
Proto-reference, gripping as, 160n7
Proto-sentience, 88
Proto-thought/proto-cognition, 77
Psychoanalysis, 110, 136. See also Object relations theory
Psychosexual development, 110
Punctuated equilibrium, 12
Quadrupedalism, 17, 38, 118, 176n10
vs. bipedalism, 154n3, 155n5, 176n10
Reference, 51
causal theory of, 163n7
cognitive, 48
evolution from prehending, 160n7
gripping and, 43, 45, 46, 54, 159–160nn6–7
haptic theory of, 56, 163n7
ostensive, 53–56
preadaptation for linguistic, 48
predication and, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 159n2, 159n6
prehension and, 42, 43, 47, 48, 56, 160n7
seizing and, 160n7
touching and, 54, 56
Relationships, 105–106. See also Attachment theory; Object relations theory
Releasing the grip, 56
Religion, hands and, 118–119, 124–126
Reuptake of object, 78
Russell, Bertrand, 72–73
Saltation, 14, 38, 76, 77
evolution and, 10, 11, 79, 153nn3–4
language and, 10, 39, 42, 79, 153n4
preadaptation and, 45, 49
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 171n4
Scavenging, 138–139
Sculpture, 120
Selective cognition
defined, 76
formal features, 77–78
and the mouth, 75–86, 167n5
Self-alienation, 103–109
Self-gripping, 104
Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), vii–viii
Sentience
character of human, 97
defined, 87
origin, 87–100
Sentience, Age of, 99
“Separate creation” theory, 8, 39
Shopping, 139
Sign language, 40, 59–64
Signs, problems related to the use of visible, 61–62
Social phenotype, extended, 113
Speech. See also Language
from signs to, 59–66
Sport, 123
Stokoe, William C., 41
Subject-predicate structure, 43, 47–48, 63
Supernatural phenomena, 125, 126
Superstition, 125, 126
“Survival of the handiest,” 36
SVO (subject-verb-object) theory, 41–42
Symbolic tools, hands as, 48
Syntax, 39–43
Tactile communication, 164n6. See also Communication
Talking as latent in the hands, 49
Technology, 121–122. See also Tools
Teleological reasoning, 31, 33–34
Thought, 76–83. See also Selective cognition
language of, 161n11
Thumb, 26
and the brain, 21–23
finger-thumb opposition, 21, 42, 116
grips and, 22, 24, 52, 56, 114, 116
in humans vs. other primates, 10, 21–22
John Napier on, 21–22
length, 22–23, 25, 37, 38, 144, 155n1
rotational mobility, 155n4
Tongue, 62–63
Tool cognition, 32
Tools, 108, 157–158nn6–9
dangers, 171n6
defined, 30
hands and, 29–38, 161n12
humans’ relations with, 108
technology and, 121–122
Tool use, 157n3, 158n12, 161n12
cognitive background, 31–34
ingenuity of early, 32
Tool-using intelligence, 31
Transfer-display grip, 53
Transfer grip, 52
Transition, 14, 20, 153n9
defined, 2, 19
hands and, 4, 19, 20, 38, 118, 144
Trees, 91–92, 133–135. See also Arboreal remnants
Twin Earth thought experiment, 112
Violent use of hands, 114, 124
Virtual hand, 51. See also Virtual touching and gripping
Virtual prehension, 43, 53, 56
Virtual touching and gripping, 51, 53–55
Vision, 165n6. See also Imagery
theories of the concept “visual,” 85
Volitional character, 78
Waving goodbye, 55
Whitehead, Alfred North, 171n5
Wilcox, Sherman E., 41
Wilson, Frank R., 3
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 160n8
Writing, 122–123