1. United Nations Population Fund, www.unfpa.org/pds/urbanization.htm.
2. Steven Dick, “The Postbiological Universe,” 57th International Astronautical Congress 2006, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters, www.setileague.org/iaaseti/abst2006/IAC-06-A4.2.01.pdf.
3. Another term sometimes used is transhumanist. For more on these concepts, see Humanity+, a nonprofit organization, at humanityplus.org/.
1. Diane Ackerman, A Natural History of the Senses (New York: Random House, 1990), xix.
2. J. Porter, B. Craven, R. Khan, et al., “Mechanisms of Scent-Tracking in Humans,” Nature Neuroscience 10 (2007): 27, www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v10/ni/abs/nn1819.html.
3. Porter, Craven, Khan, et al., “Mechanisms of Scent-Tracking,” 27 - 29.
4. Tom J. Wills, Francesca Cacucci, Neil Burgess, et al., “Development of the Hippocampal Cognitive Map in Preweanling Rats,” Science 328, no. 5985 (2010): 1573 - 76, doi: 10.1126/ science.1188224.
5. Juan Antonío Martinez Rojas, Jesus Alpuente Hermosilla, and Pablo Luis Lopez Espí y Rocío Sánchez Montero, “Physical Analysis of Several Organic Signals for Human Echolocation: Oral Vacuum Pulses,” Acta Acustica United with Acustica 95, no. 2 (2009): 325 - 30, www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-06/f-sf-ssd063009.php.
6. Hundreds of thousands of Internet viewers have watched videos of young Ben Underwood, who lost his sight to cancer when a toddler, do amazing things through tongue-click echolocation. He could ride a bike, surf, and even shoot hoops with neighbor kids. He shared his methods with researchers and brought inspiration to many before he died of cancer early in 2009.
7. Quoted in Pallava Bagla, “Tsunami-Surviving Tribe Threatened by Land Invasion,” National Geographic News, August 8, 2005, news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0808_050808_jarawa.html.
8. J. W. Brown and T. S. Braver, “Learned Predictions of Error Likelihood in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex,” Science (2005). Retrieved from: “Brain Study Points to ‘Sixth Sense,’” ScienceBlog, February 18, 2005, www.scienceblog.com/cms/node/7036.
9. Lea Winerman, “A ‘Sixth Sense?’ Or Merely Mindful Caution?” Monitor 36, no. 3 (2005): 62, www.apa.org/monitor/mar05/caution.aspx.
10. Erika Smishek, “Mapping the Sixth Sense,” UBC Reports 50, no. 1 (2004), www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/ubcreports/2004/04jan08/mindsight.html.
11. Tony Perry, “Some Troops Have a Sixth Sense for Bombs,” Los Angeles Times, October 28, 2009.
12. K. A. Rose, I. G. Morgan, J. Ip, et al., “Outdoor Activity Reduces the Prevalence of Myopia in Children,” Ophthalmology 115, no. 8 (2008) 1279 - 85.
1. Robert Michael Pyle, “Pulling the Plug: Nothing Satisfies Like the World beyond the Screens,” Orion Magazine, November/December 2007, www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/466/.
2. Louise Story, “Anywhere the Eye Can See, It’s Likely to See an Ad,” New York Times, January 15, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/0i/15/business/media/15everywhere.html.
3. See www.collisiondetection.net/mt/archives/2005/10/meet_the_life_h.php.
4. Maggie Jackson, “May We Have Your Attention, Please?” Bloomberg Businessweek, June 12, 2008, www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_25/b4089055162244.htm.
5. “The Modern American Family: Always in motion, Child-Dominated, Strained—and Losing Intimacy?” www.college.ucla.edu/news/05/elinorochsfamilies.html.
6. George Stix, “Turbocharging the Brain—Pills to Make You Smarter?” Scientific American, October 2009, www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id_turbocharging-the-brain.
7. Rachel Kaplan and Stephen Kaplan, The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Stephen Kaplan, “The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward an Integrative Framework,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15 (1995): 169 - 82.
8. Stephen Kaplan and Raymond De Young, “Toward a Better Understanding of Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Evolution and Directed Attention,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 2 (2002^263 - 64. www-personal.umich.edu/~rdeyoung/publications/IFS_version_commentary_on_rachlin_bbs_%282003%29.html.
9. T. Hartig and M. Mang, “Restorative Effects of Natural Environment Experiences,” Environment and Behavior 23, no. 1 (1991): 3 - 26. Also see: T. Hartig, G. W. Evans, L. D. Jamner, D. S. Davis, and T. Gärling, “Tracking Restoration in Natural and Urban Field Settings,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 23 (2003): 109 - 23.
10. Marc G. Berman, John Jonides, and Stephen Kaplan, “The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature,” Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (2008): 1207 - 12.
11. A. Faber Taylor, F. E. Kuo, and W. C. Sullivan, “Coping with ADD: The Surprising Connection to Green Play Settings,” Environment and Behavior 33, no. 1 (2001): 54 - 77.
12. James Raffan. “Nature Nurtures: Investigating the Potential of School Grounds,” The Evergreen Canada Initiative, evergreen.ca/en/lg/naturenurtures.pdf.
13. R. H. Matsuoka, “High School Landscapes and Student Performance,” University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (2008), hdl.handle.net/2027.42/61641.
14. M. C. R. Harrington, “An Ethnographic Comparison of Real and Virtual Reality Field Trips to Trillium Trail: The Salamander Find as a Salient Event,” Children, Youth, and Environments 19 no. 1 (2009): 74 - 101, www.colorado.edu/journals/cye/index_issues.htm.
15. American Institutes for Research, Effects of Outdoor Education Programs for Children in California (Palo Alto, CA: American Institutes for Research, 2005). Available on the Sierra Club Web site. Retrieved from www.air.org/files/outdoorschoolreport.pdf.
16. For full abstracts, see “Children’s Contact with the Outdoors and Nature: A Focus on Educators and Educational Settings,” and a collection of summaries taken from four volumes of research developed by the Children and Nature Network (C&NN) and available at www.childrenandnature.org/research/. These C&NN Annotated Bibliographies of Research and Studies were written by Cheryl Charles, president, Children and Nature Network, and Alicia Senauer, Yale University.
17. American Society for Microbiology, “Can Bacteria Make You Smarter?” ScienceDaily (May 24, 2010), www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-05/asfm-cbm052010.php.
18. The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Brooks Atkinson (New York: The Modern Library, 1964), 901.
19. Bent Vigs0 and Vita Nielsen, “Children and Outdoors,” CDE Western Press, 2006, www.udeskole.dk/site/84/427/. Reported in “Nature Makes Children Creative,” Copenhagen Post Online, October 18, 2006, www.cphpost.dk/news/1-latest-news/7179.html?tmpl=compo nent&print= i&page=.
20. Edith Cobb, The Ecology of Imagination in Childhood (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
21. Cecily Maller, Mardie Townsend, Lawrence St Leger, et al., “Healthy Parks, Healthy People,” Deakin University and Parks Victoria, March 2008, 41, www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources/mhphp/pvi.pdf.
22. Ibid., in reference to writings by S. Yogendra.
23. “Hilary Mantel: The Novelist in Action,” Publishers Weekly, October 5, 1998, 60- 61.
24. Retrieved from artist Richard C. Harrington’s blog, 100horsestudio.blogspot.com/20 08_02_01_archive.html.
25. Gary Small and Gigi Vorgan, iBrain: Surviving the Technological Alteration of the Modern Mind (New York: William Morrow, 2008).
26. Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a type of MRI scan that measures changes in blood flow associated with neural activity in the brain or spinal cord.
28. Lianne George, “Dumbed Down: The Troubling Science of How Technology Is Rewiring Kids’ Brains,” November 7, 2008, Macleans.ca.
1. Stephen R. Fox, John Muir and His Legacy (Boston: Little, Brown, 198i ), 116.
2. In the United States, Glamour magazine offers a blog called Vitamin G, for Green. European public health officials also refer to vitamin G. For researchers in the Netherlands, the G stands for green; specifically the effect of green space on health and learning and feelings of social safety. The current, and still champion, definition of vitamin G is riboflavin (also known as B2). Vitamin N may be a bit problematic, as in some street parlance, the N refers to nicotine. Others have referred to vitamin N, as in nature, including Linda Buzzell-Saltzman, founder of the International Association for Ecotherapy, in a 2010 blog for Huffington Post, and Valerie Reiss in Holistic Living in 2009.
3. M. Wichrowski, J. Whiteson, F. Haas, A. Mola, and M. J. Rey, “Effects of Horticultural Therapy on Mood and Heart Rate in Patients Participating in an Inpatient Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Program,” Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 25, no. 5 (2005): 270 - 74.
4. C. M. Gigliotti, S. E. Jarrott, and J. Yorgason, “Harvesting Health: Effects of Three Types of Horticultural Therapy Activities for Persons with Dementia,” Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice 3, no. 2 (2004): 161 - 80.
5. Gene Rothert, “Using Plants for Human Health and Well-Being,” Palestra, winter 2007, findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6643 /is_1_23 /ai_n2933513i/.
6. See R. S. Ulrich and R. F. Simons, “Recovery from Stress During Exposure to Everyday Outdoor Environments,” in Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meetings of the Environmental Design Research Association (Washington, DC: EDRA, 1986): 115 - 22; J. A. Wise and E. Rosenberg, “The Effects of Interior Treatments on Performance Stress in Three Types of Mental Tasks,” CIFR Technical Report No. 002-02 (1988), Ground Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI; R. S. Ulrich, “ View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery,” Science 224 (1984): 420 - 21.
7. G. Diette, M. Jenckes, N. Lechtzin, et al., “Predictors of Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Flexible Bronchoscopy,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 162, no. 2 (2000): 440 - 45, ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/2/440; Gregory B. Diette, Noah Lechtzin, Edward Haponik, Aline Devrotes, and Haya R. Rubin, “Distraction Therapy with Nature Sights and Sounds Reduces Pain During Flexible Bronchosopy,” Chest 123, no. 3 (2003): 941 - 48, chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/123 /3/941.full.
8. J. F. Bell, J. S. Wilson, and G. C. Liu, “Neighborhood Greenness and Two-Year Changes in Children’s Body Mass Index,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35, no. 6 (2008): 547 - 53.
9. Jordan Lite, “Vitamin D Deficiency Soars in the U.S., Study Says,” Scientific American, March 23, 2009, www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=vitamin-d-deficiency-united-states.
10. Cecily Maller, Mardie Townsend, Lawrence St Leger, et al., “Healthy Parks, Healthy People,” Deakin University and Parks Victoria, March 2008, www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources/mhphp/pvi.pdf.
11. R. Parsons, “The Potential Influences of Environmental Perception on Human Health,” Journal of Environmental Psychology ii (1991): i - 23; R. S. Ulrich, R. F. Simons, B. D. Losito, et al., “Stress Recovery During Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments,” Journal of Environmental Psychology ii (1991): 231 - 48; R. S. Ulrich, “View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery,” Science 224 (1984): 420 - 21.
12. N. R. Fawcett and E. Gullone, “Cute and Cuddly and a Whole Lot More? A Call for Empirical Investigation into the Therapeutic Benefits of Human-Animal Interaction for Children,” Behaviour Change 18 (2001): 124 - 33 ; S. Crisp, and M. O’Donnell, “Wilderness-Adventure Therapy in Adolescent Mental Health,” Australian Journal of Outdoor Education 3 (1998): 47 - 57; C. A. Lewis, Green Nature/Human Nature: The Meaning of Plants in Our Lives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996); K. C. Russell, J. C. Hendee, and D. Phillips-Miller, “How Wilderness Therapy Works: An Examination of the Wilderness Therapy Process to Treat Adolescents with Behavioural Problems and Addictions,” in Wilderness Science in a Time of Change, ed. D. N. Cole and S. F. McCool (Odgen, UT: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1999); A. Beck, L. Seraydarian, and F. Hunter, “Use of Animals in the Rehabilitation of Psychiatric Inpatients,” Psychological Reports 58 (1986): 63 - 66; A. H. Katcher and A. M. Beck, New Perspectives on Our Lives with Companion Animals (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983); B. M. Levinson, Pet-Oriented Child Psychotherapy (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1969).
13. Thomas Herzog, Eugene Herbert, Rachel Kaplan, and C. L. Crooks, “Cultural and Developmental Comparisons of Landscape Perceptions and Preferences,” Environment and Behavior 32 (2000): 323 - 37: T. R. Herzog, A. M. Black, K. A. Fountaine, and D. J. Knotts, “Reflection and Attention Recovery as Distinctive Benefits of Restorative Environments,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 17 (1997): 165 - 70; Patricia Newell, “A Cross-Cultural Examination of Favorite Places,” Environment and Behavior 29 (1997): 495 - 514; Kalevi Korpela and Terry Hartig, “Restorative Qualities of Favorite Places,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 16 (1996): 22i - 33. Kaplan and Kaplan, The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
14. B. J. Park, Y. Tsunetsugu, T. Kasetani, T. Kagawa, and Y. Miyazaki, “The Physiological Effects of Shinrin-yoku (Taking in the Forest Atmosphere or Forest Bathing): Evidence from Field Experiments in Twenty-four Forests across Japan,” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15, no. 1 (2010): 18 - 26.
15. Q. Li, K. Morimoto, A. Nakadai, et al., “Forest Bathing Enhances Human Natural Killer Activity and Expression of Anti- Cancer Proteins,” International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 20 (2007): 3 - 8.
16. In Peter H. Kahn’s book Technological Nature: Adaptation and the Future of Human Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011), Kahn offers a brief history of the term biophilia: “This term was used as early as the 1960s by [Erich] Fromm . . . in his theory of psychopathology to describe a healthy, normal functioning individual, one who was attracted to life (human and non-human) as opposed to death. In the 1980s, [E. O.] Wilson . . . published a book titled Biophilia. I have never seen Wilson cite Fromm’s use of the term, so it is unclear whether Wilson was aware of this earlier usage. Either way, Wilson shaped the term from the perspective of an evolutionary biologist. He defined biophilia as an innate human tendency to affiliate with life and lifelike processes. Biophilia, according to Wilson, emerges in our cognition, emotions, art, and ethics, and unfolds ‘in the predictable fantasies and responses of individuals from early childhood onward. It cascades into repetitive patterns of culture across most of all societies.’ “ See Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia: The Human Bond with Other Species (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 85.
17. Stephen Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993 ), 31 .
18. Gordon H. Orians, “Metaphors, Models, and Modularity,” Politics and Culture, April 29, 2010, www.politicsandculture.org/2010/04/29/metaphors-models-and-modularity/.
19. William Bird, “Natural Thinking—Investigating the Links between the Natural Environment, Biodiversity, and Mental Health,” A Report for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (June 2007): 40. www.rspb.org.uk/Images/naturalthinking_tcm9-161856.pdf.
1. Quoted in Peter Ker, “More Fertile Imagination,” The Age, March 20, 2010.
2. J. Barton, R. Hine, and J. Pretty, “Green Exercise and Green Care: Evidence, Cohorts, Lifestyles, and Health Outcomes —Summary of Research Findings,” Centre for Environment and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, 2009, www.essex.ac.uk/bs/staff/barton/Green_Exercise_Research_Feb09.pdf. (This is an unpublished review paper, available only at the Web site.)
3. “Ecotherapy: The Green Agenda for Mental Health,” Mind Week Report, May 2007, www.mind.org.uk/assets/0000/2138/ecotherapy_report.pdf.
4. M. Bodin and T. Hartig, “Does the Outdoor Environment Matter for Psychological Restoration Gained Through Running?” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 4 (2003): 141 - 53.
5. Jo Barton and Jules Pretty, “What Is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis,” Environmental Science and Technology, 44, no. 10 (2010): 3947 - 55.
6. C. A. Lowry, J. H. Hollis, A. de Vries, et al., “Identification of an Immune-Responsive Mesolimbocortical Serotonergic System: Potential Role in Regulation of Emotional Behavior,” Neuroscience 146, no. 2 (2007): 756 - 72.
7. Quoted in Clint Tabot, “Depression Rx: Get Dirty, Get Warm,” Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine, University of Colorado at Boulder, artsandsciences.colorado.edu/ magazine/2009/09/depression-rx-get-dirty-get-warm/.
8. Nancy E. Edwards and Alan M. Beck, “Animal-Assisted Therapy and Nutrition in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Western Journal of Nursing Research 24, no. 6 (2002): 697 - 712. wjn.sage pub.com/content/24/6/697.abstract.
9. Bente Berget, Øivind Ekeberg, and Bjarne O. Braastad, “Animal-Assisted Therapy with Farm Animals for Persons with Psychiatric Disorders: Effects on Self-Efficacy, Coping Ability, and Quality of Life, a Randomized Controlled Trial,” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 4, no. 9 (2008), www.cpementalhealth.com/content/4/1/9.
10. C. Antonioli and M. Reveley, “Randomised Controlled Trial of Animal Facilitated Therapy with Dolphins in the Treatment of Depression,” British Medical Journal 331 (2005): 1231.
11. A. Baverstock and F. Finlay, “Does Swimming with Dolphins Have Any Health Benefits for Children with Cerebral Palsy?” Archives of Disease in Childhood 93, no. ii (2008).
12. Glenn Albrecht, “Solastalgia: A New Concept in Human Health and Identity,” Philosophy Activism Nature 3 (2005): 4i - 44.
13. Quoted in Diana Yates, “The Science Suggests Access to Nature Is Essential to Human Health,” News Bureau, University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, Feb. 12, 2009, news.illinois.edu/news/09/0213nature.html.
14. Linda Buzzell and Craig Chalquist, eds., Ecotherapy: Healing with Nature in Mind (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books/Counterpoint, 2009). Also see Buzzell’s online “Ecotherapy News,” www.huffingtonpost.com/linda-buzzell/.
15. Over time, the movement branched out to include other chronic illnesses and occupational therapy. In 1955, Michigan State University awarded the first graduate degree in horticultural/occupational therapy. In 1971, Kansas State University established the first horticultural therapy degree curriculum.
16. Mind chief executive Paul Farmer’s quotes come from a press release regarding the May 2007 Mind-commissioned report “Ecotherapy —The Green Agenda for Mental Health.” For more information on this charity, see www.mind.org.uk/.
17. Quoted in Daniel B. Smith, “Is There an Ecological Unconscious?” New York Times Magazine, January 30, 2010.
1. John Muir, “A Wind-Storm in the Forests,” in The Mountains of California, ch. 10 (1894), as edited and condensed by Paul Richins Jr., Backcountry Resource Center, pweb.jps.net/~prichins/backcountry_resource_center.htm. For more on John Muir, including his writings, see www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/default.aspx.
2. Tina Vindum’s Outdoor Fitness: Step out of the Gym and into the BEST Shape of Your Life (Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2009).
3. Kelli Calabrese, Feminine, Firm, and Fit (Ocala, FL: Great Atlantic Publishing Group, 20 04).
4. Alison Freeman, “Working Out in the Green Gym,” BBC News Online, October 29, 2004, news.bbc.co.uk/i/hi/england/london/3718626.stm.
5. See Fly-Fishing for Sharks (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), my book about the cultures of fishing.
6. “Runners’ High Demonstrated: Brain Imaging Shows Release of Endorphins in Brain,” ScienceDaily, University of Bonn, March 6, 2008, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080303101110.htm. Sourced from H. Boecker, T. Sprenger, M. E. Spilker, et al., “The Runner’s High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain,” Cerebral Cortex 18, no. ii (2008), 2523 - 31.
1. J. F. Talbot and R. Kaplan, “The Benefits of Nearby Nature for Elderly Apartment Residents,” International Aging and Human Development 33, no. 2 (1991): 119 - 30.
2. Patrick F. Mooney and Stephen L. Milstein, “Assessing the Benefits of a Therapeutic Horticulture Program for Seniors in Intermediate Care,” The Healing Dimensions of People Plant Relations, ed. Mark Francis, Patricia Lindsey, and Jay Stone Rice.
3. Candice Shoemaker, Mark Haub, and Sin-Ae Park, “Physical and Psychological Health Conditions of Older Adults Classified as Gardeners or Nongardeners,” Hortscience 44 (2009): 206 - 10.
4. K. Day, D. Carreon, and C. Stump, “The Therapeutic Design of Environments for People with Dementia: A Review of the Empirical Research,” Gerontologist 40, no. 4 (2000): 397 - 416.
5. Leon A. Simons, Judith Simons, John McCallum, and Yechiel Friedlander, “Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Dementia: Dubbo Study of the Eldery,” Medical Journal of Australia 184, no. 2 (2006): 68 - 70.
6. The contents of the medicine bottle included a variety of information, including a Web address to National Wildlife Refuges, a guide to animal tracks, Leave No Trace tips, a link to information on planting native vegetation to help bring back butterfly and bird migration routes, a PowerBar, and other items—including a temporary tattoo of migratory birds.
7. Daphne Miller, “Benefits of Park Prescriptions,” Washington Post, November 17, 2009.
8. Richard Goss, “Woodland Therapy Taking Root in UK,” Sunday Times, September 14, 2008; C. Ward Thompson, P. Travlou, and J. Roe, “Free Range Teenagers: The Role of Wild Adventure Space in Young People’s Lives,” OPENspace, November 2006 (prepared for Natural England), www.openspace.eca.ac.uk/pdf/wasyp_finalreport5dec.pdf.
9. The National Trust, “Nature’s Capital: Investing in the Nation’s Natural Assets,” www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-news/w-news-nature_s_capital.htm.
1. “Bye, Bye Boomers, Not Quite Yet,” by Joel Kotkin and Mark Schill, New Geography, August 25, 2008, www.newgeography.com/content/00197-bye-bye-boomers-not-quite.
2. Christopher J. L. Murray, Sandeep Kulkarni, Catherine Michaud, et al., “Eight Americas: Investigating Mortality Disparities across Races, Counties, and Race-Counties in the United States,” Public Library of Science Medicine, September 2006, www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030260.
3. Rita Healy, “Where You Will Live the Longest,” Time, September 12, 2006, www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1534241,00.html.
4. Catherine O’Brien, “A Footprint of Delight,” NCBW Forum Article, October 2006, www.bikewalk.org/pdfs/forumarch8006footprint.pdf.
5. Catherine O’Brien, “Policies for Sustainable Happiness” (paper presented at the International Conference on Policies for Happiness, Siena, Italy, June 14 - 17, 2007), www.unisi.it/eventi/happiness/curriculum/obrien.pdf.
1. Stefan D. Cherry and Erick C. M. Fernandes, “Live Fences,” Department of Soil, Crop, and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, 1997, www.ppath.cornell.edu/mba_project/livefence.html.
2. Karen Harwell and Joanna Reynolds, Exploring a Sense of Place: How to Create Your Own Local Program for Reconnecting with Nature (Palo Alto, CA: Conexions, 2006).
3. James H. Wandersee and Elisabeth E. Schussler, “Toward a Theory of Plant Blindness,” Plant Science Bulletin 47, no. 1 (2001), www.botany.org/bsa/psb/2001/psb47-1.html.
4. Charles A. Lewis, Green Nature/Human Nature: The Meaning of Plants in Our Lives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 8.
5. Charles A. Lewis, Green Nature/Human Nature, 4, 6.
1. Diane Mapes, “Looking at Nature Makes You Nicer,” MSNBC, October 14, 2009, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33243959/ns/health-behavior.
2. N. Weinstein, A. Przybylski, and R. Ryan, “Can Nature Make Us More Caring? Effects of Immersion in Nature on Intrinsic Aspirations and Generosity,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35, no. 10 (2009): 1315 - 29.
3. “Nature Makes Us More Caring, Study Says,” University of Rochester News, September 30, 2009, www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=3450.
4. F. E. Kuo and W. C. Sullivan, “Aggression and Violence in the Inner City: Impacts of Environment via Mental Fatigue,” Environment and Behavior 33, no. 4 (2001): 543 - 71.
5. F. E. Kuo and W. C. Sullivan, “Environment and Crime in the Inner City: Does Vegetation Reduce Crime?” Environment and Behavior 33, no. 3 (2001): 343 - 67, www.herluiuc.edu.
6. Cecily Maller, Mardie Townsend, Lawrence St Leger, et al., “Healthy Parks, Healthy People,” Deakin University and Parks Victoria, March 2008, www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources/mhphp/pvi.pdf.
7. John Berger, About Looking (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 145.
1. Peter Berg and Raymond F. Dasmann, “Reinhabiting California,” Ecologist 7, no. 10 (1977): 6.
2. Among the books that put a foot in the door of “bioregional identity” are Home Ground: Language for the American Landscape, ed. Barry Lopez and Debra Gwartney (San Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press, 2006), and Arthur R. Kruckeberg, The Natural History of Puget Sound Country (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995).
3. Efforts are under way in Canada to declare 50 percent of all their public lands forever wild. See Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, www.cpaws.org/. This U.S. group is working on a potential natural lands map: www.twp.org/. This group is working on a U.S./Canada biosphere approach: www.2ciforest.org/en/mainpageenglish.html.
4. See Sustainable Caerphilly, www.caerphilly.gov.uk/sustainable/english/home.html.
5. See www.happyplanetindex.org/public-data/files/happy-planet-index-2-0.pdf, and “Costa Rica Tops Happy Planet Index,” http://www.happyplanetindex.org/news/archive/news-2.html.
6. See World Database of Happiness, worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/.
7. 2010 Environmental Performance Index, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, Yale University, envirocenter.research.yale.edu, and Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University, ciesin.columbia.edu, February 2010.
8. Sergio Palleroni quoted in: Eric Corey Freed, “Five Questions about Our Future,” Natural Home, May/June 2009.
9. For the UK’s Springwatch, see www.bbc.co.uk/springwatch.
10. California Academy of Sciences, Bay Area Ant Survey, www.calacademy.org/science/citizen_science/ants/.
11. Project FeederWatch, www.birds.cornell.edu/pfw/.
12. James McCommons, “Last-Ditch Rescues,” Audubon, March - April 2009, audubon magazine.org/features0903/grassroots.html.
13. Kirk Johnson, “Retirees Trade Work for Rent at Cash-Poor Parks,” New York Times, February 17, 2010.
14. Dianne D. Glave, Rooted in the Earth: Reclaiming the African American Environmental Heritage (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010), 3.
1. Martha Erickson, “Shared Nature Experience as a Pathway to Strong Family Bonds,” Children and Nature Network Leadership Writing Series, www.childrenandnature.org/downloads/CNN_LWS_Vol i_0i .pdf.
2. Martha Farrell Erickson and Karen Kurz-Riemer, Infants, Toddlers, and Families: A Framework for Support and Intervention (New York: Guilford Press, 1999).
1. See Bruce Buck, “Ranch House Spectacular,” New York Times, November 15, 2007.
2. Peter H. Kahn Jr., Technological Nature: Adaptation and the Future of Human Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011).
3. Quoted in Virginia Sole-Smith, “Nature on the Threshold,” New York Times, September 7, 2006.
4. John Berger, About Looking (New York: Pantheon, 1980).
5. Michael L. Rosenzweig, Win-Win Ecology: How the Earth’s Species Can Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
6. Douglas W. Tallamy, Bringing Nature Home: How Native Plants Sustain Wildlife in Our Gardens, expanded ed. (Portland, OR: Timber Press, 2009).
7. These tips are condensed from Bringing Nature Home and are used here with author Douglas Tallamy’s permission.
1. Quote from Jack Troeger is from www.darkskyinitiative.org/.
2. See Verlyn Klinkenborg, “Our Vanishing Night,” National Geographic, November 2008.
3. Itai Kloog, Abraham Haim, Richard G. Stevens, Micha Barchana, and Boris A. Portnov, “Light at Night Co-Distributes with Incident Breast but Not Lung Cancer in the Female Population of Israel,” Chronobiology International 25, no. 1 (2008): 65 - 81.
4. Jack Greer, “Losing the Moonlight,” Daily Times (Salisbury, MD) April 19, 2007.
5. Quoted in Jack Borden, “For Spacious Skies,” Boston Review 8, no. 4 (1983).
6. cloudappreciationsociety.org/manifesto/.
1. Mark Boulet and Anna Clabburn, “Retreat to Return: Reflections on Group-Based Nature Retreats,” International Community for Ecopsychology, no. 8 (August 2003), www.ecopsychology.org/journal/gatherings8/html/sacred/retreat_boulet&clabburn.htlm. “Social Ecologist and Author Stephen R. Kellert Shares His Views of Sustainable Design,” Sustainable Ways: A Prescott College Publication 2, no. 1 (2004), prescott.edu/academics/adp/programs/scd/sustainable_ways/vol_2_no_i /the_sw_interview.html.
2. “Social Ecologist and Author Stephen R. Kellert Shares His Views of Sustainable Design,” Sustainable Ways: A Prescott College Publication 2, no. 1 (2004), prescott.edu/academics/adp/programs/scd/sustainable_ways/vol_2_no_i /the_sw_interview.html.
3. Vivian Loftness, as quoted in Richard Louv, San Diego Union-Tribune column, July 18, 2006.
4. David Steinman, “Millions of Workers Are ‘Sick of Work,’” The Architecture of Illness, www.environmentalhealth.ca/fall93sick.html.
5. Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (New York: Back Bay Books, 2008), 88.
6. Kim Severson, “The Rise of Company Gardens,” New York Times, May ii, 2010.
7. “A Conversation with E. O. Wilson,” PBS, Nova, April 1, 2008, www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/beta/nature/conversation-eo-wilson.html.
8. www.biomimicryguild.com/. www.unep.org/NewsCentre/videos/player_new.asp?w=720&h=480&f=/newscentre/videos/shortfilms/2009-4-23_VTS_02_i.
9. Minoru Shinohara (from keynote speech, October 7, 2009), “Nissan EPORO Robot Car ‘Goes to School’ on Collision-Free Driving by Mimicking Fish Behavior,” Nissan press release. www.autoblog.com/2009/10/02/nissans-robot-concept-cars-avoid-accidents-by-mimicking-fish/.
10. www.biomimicryinstitute.org/case-studies/case-studies/transportation.html.
11. Michael Silverberg, “Man-Made Greenery,” New York Times Magazine, December 13,
12. J. Scott Turner, “A Superorganism’s Fuzzy Boundaries,” Natural History, July-August 2002, findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134 /is_6_iii /ai_87854877/?tag=content;colI.
13. www.naturewithin.info/urban.html#contact.
14. Kathleen L. Wolf, “Trees Mean Business: City Trees and the Retail Streetscape,” Main Street News, August 2009, 3 - 4.
1. Timothy Beatley, Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000).
2. www.ecocitycleveland.org/ecologicaldesign/ecovillage/accomps.html.
3. enrightecovillage.org/.
4. Prakash M. Apte, “Dharavi: India’s Model Slum,” Planetizen, September 29, 2008, www.planetizen.com/node/35269.
5. Bina Venkataraman, “Country, the City Version: Farms in the Sky Gain New Interest,” New York Times, July 15, 2008.
6. www.greeningofdetroit.com/3_i_featured_projects.php?link_id=1194537199.
7. Rebecca Solnit, “Detroit Arcadia: Exploring the Post-American Landscape,” Harper’s Magazine, July 2007, 73.
8. Frank Hyman, Backyard Poultry 4, no. 6 (December 2009 -January 2010), www.cafepress.com/durhamhens.
9. Keller’s comments are from a presentation on biophilic design, October 2009, at the University of Oregon - Eugene. Kellert’s speech was reported by Camille Rasmussen and Joanna Wendel in the student newspaper Oregon Daily Emerald.
10. Peter Ker, “More Fertile Imagination,” The Age (Australia), March 20, 2010.
11. www.carolinathreadtrail.org/index.php?id=24.
12. www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=research_researchf392.
15. Kelli Kavanaugh, “Green Space: Sturgeon Spawning Returns to the Detroit River,” Metromode, June 4, 2009.
16. www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Dog-Bites/dogbite-factsheet.html.
17. J. J. Sacks, M. Kresnow, and B. Houston, “Dog Bites: How Big a Problem?” Injury Prevention 2 (1996): 52 - 54.
18. The Web site for the Audubon Society of Portland offers general information on living with a variety of urban wildlife: audubonportland.org/backyardwildlife/brochures. For other resources on outdoor safety, including information on ticks, see: the Centers for Disease Control Web site, www.cdc.gov/Features/StopTicks/. A site specific to ticks is: www.tickencounter.org/.
1. Stephen Kellert, Building for Life: Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005).
2. Joanne Kaufman, “Vacation Homes: Seeking Birds, Not Birdies,” New York Times, October 6, 2006.
3. Jim Heid, Greenfield Development without Sprawl: The Role of Planned Communities (Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute, 2004).
4. Oregonian, March 4, 2008, www.oregonlive.com.
5. Doug Peacock, “Chasing Abbey,” Outside, August 1997, outside.away.com/magazine/0897/9708abbey.html.
1. Mary Carmichael, Newsweek, 2007, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12776739/site/newsweek.29042079.
2. Charles Siebert, “Watching Whales Watching Us,” New York Times Magazine, July 8, 2009.
3. Nancy Stetson and Penny Morrell, “Belonging: An Interview with Thomas Berry,” Parabola 2i (1999): 26 - 31.
1. Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior (New York: Harper, 2009), 26 (photo caption).
2. Kevin C. Armitage of Miami University of Ohio has written an excellent history of the movement: The Nature Study Movement: The Forgotten Popularizer of America’s Conservation Ethic (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2009).
3. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There (1948 ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 81.
1. Thomas Berry, The Great Work: Our Way into the Future (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000), 105.
2. A proposal: If someone is destructive toward nature, whether a corporate president or an individual citizen, should that person lose their right to visit government-operated natural areas? The devil would be in the definition of destructive.
1. Paul Hawken, The Ecology of Commerce (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 35.
2. Ibid., 35.
3. Courtney White, Revolution on the Range: The Rise of the New Ranch in the American West (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2008), 40.
4. Ibid., 12.
5. Anya Kamenetz, “Teal Farm: Living the Future Now,” Reality Sandwich, www.realitysandwich.com/teal_farm.
6. High Country News, www.hcn.org/issues/313/16001.