CREDITS

INSERT CREDITS

2, top: from the Google Brain Team. “Using Machine Learning to Explore Neural Network Architecture.” Google AI Blog (2017). https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/05/using-machine-learning-to-explore.html.

3, bottom: from Olah, Chris, Alexander Mordvintsev, and Ludwig Schubert. “Feature Visualization.” Distill (2017). https://distill.pub/2017/feature-visualization/. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0.

4, right: from Guerguiev, Jordan, Timothy P. Lillicrap, and Blake A. Richards. “Towards deep learning with segregated dendrites.” ELife, 6, e22901, (2017). https://elifesciences.org/articles/22901. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0.

5, left: from the MNIST database of handwritten digits. LeCun, Yann, Corinna Cortes, and Christopher J. C. Burges. http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/.

6: from figures 2 and 3 in Kemp, Charles, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. “The discovery of structural form.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(31), 10687–10692 (2008). https://www.pnas.org/content/105/31/10687.short. Copyright © 2008 by National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.

7, top left: courtesy of Fei Xu Lab.

8, top right: courtesy of Moira Dillon and Elizabeth Spelke.

9, top: courtesy of G. Dehaene-Lambertz and J. Dubois.

10, bottom: redrawn from data in Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine, Lucie Hertz-Pannier, Jessica Dubois, Sébastien Mériaux, Alexis Roche, Mariano Sigman, and Stanislas Dehaene. “Functional organization of perisylvian activation during presentation of sentences in preverbal infants.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(38), 14240–14245, (2006). https://www.pnas.org/content/103/38/14240. Copyright © 2006 by National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.

11: modified with permission from a figure provided courtesy of Leah Krubitzer. For review of the corresponding research, see Krubitzer, Leah. “The Magnificent Compromise: Cortical Field Evolution in Mammals.” Neuron, 56(2), 201–208, (2007).

12, top: modified with permission from a figure provided by Alain Chédotal. See Belle, Morgane, David Godefroy, Gérard Couly, Samuel A. Malone, Francis Collier, Paolo Giacobini, and Alain Chédotal. “Tridimensional Visualization and Analysis of Early Human Development.” Cell, vol. 169(1), 161-173.e12, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.008.

13, bottom: courtesy of G. Dehaene-Lambertz and J. Dubois.

14: from figures 1 and 7 in Amunts, Katrin, Marianne Lenzen, Angela D. Friederici, Axel Schleicher, Patricia Morosan, Nicola Palomero-Gallagher, and Karl Zilles. “Broca’s Region: Novel Organizational Principles and Multiple Receptor Mapping.” PLoS Biology, 8(9). e1000489, (2010). https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000489. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0.

15, top right: photo by David Hablützel from Pexels.

16, bottom: reprinted with permission from Springer Nature. Nature. Hafting, Torkel, Marianne Fyhn, Sturla Molden, May Britt Moser, and Edvard I. Moser. “Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex.” Copyright © 2005.

18: from figure 2 in Muckli, Lars, Marcus J. Naumer, and Wolf Singer. “Bilateral visual field maps in a patient with only one hemisphere.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(31), 13034–13039, (2009). https://www.pnas.org/content/106/31/13034.

19: adapted from Amalric, Marie, and Stanislas Dehaene. “Origins of the brain networks for advanced mathematics in expert mathematicians.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 113 (18) 4909-4917, (2016). https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/04/06/1603205113 .

20, bottom: adapted from Amalric, Marie, Isabelle Denghien, and Stanislas Dehaene. “On the role of visual experience in mathematical development: Evidence from blind mathematicians.” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 30 pg. 314-323 (2018). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929316302201?via%3Dihub. Licensed under Creative Commons Non-Commercial No-Derivatives 4.0 International License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

21: figure created by the author, from data published in Dehaene, Stanislas, Felipe Pegado, Lucia W. Braga, Paulo Ventura, Gilberto Nunes Filho, Antionette Jobert, Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, Régine Kolinsky, José Morais, and Laurent Cohen. “How Learning to Read Changes the Cortical Networks for Vision and Language.” Science, vol. 330, issue 6009, pg. 1359–1364, (2010). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/330/6009/1359.

22, top: courtesy of G. Dehaene-Lambertz.

23, bottom: figure created by the author from as yet unpublished data and from data published by Monzalvo, Karla, Joel Fluss, Catherine Billard, Stanislas Dehaene, and Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz. “Cortical networks for vision and language in dyslexic and normal children of variable socio-economic status.” Neuroimage, vol. 61(1), pg. 258–274, (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.035.

24, top: adapted from figure by Bruce Blaus, Blausen.com staff. “Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014”. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2), (2014). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).

25, bottom: from Kilgard, Michael P., and Michael M. Merzenich. “Cortical Map Reorganization Enabled by Nucleus Basalis Activity.” Science, vol. 279, issue 5357, (1998), pg. 1714–8. Reprinted with permission from AAAS.

26: figure created by the author, from data published in Bekinschtein, Tristan A., Stanislas Dehaene, Benjamin Rohaut, François Tadel, Laurent Cohen, & Lionel Naccache. “Neural signature of the conscious processing of auditory regularities.” Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., vol. 106(5), pg. 1672–1677, (2009). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809667106; and Strauss, Melanie, Jacobo D. Sitt, Jean-Remi King, Maxime Elbaz, Leila Azizi, Marco Buiatti, Lionel Naccache, Virginia van Wassenhove, and Stanislas Dehaene. “Disruption of hierarchical predictive coding during sleep.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 112(11), E1353-1362, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501026112.

27, left: adapted from Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine, Karla Monzalvo, and Stanislas Dehaene. “The emergence of the visual word form: Longitudinal evolution of category-specific ventral visual areas during reading acquisition.” PLoS Biology, 16(3), e2004103, (2018). https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2004103. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0.

28, right: redrawn from Zoccolotti, Pierluigi, Maria De Luca, Enrico Di Pace, Filippo Gasperini, Anna Judica, & Donatella Spinelli. “Word length effect in early reading and in developmental dyslexia.” Brain and Language, vol. 93(3), pg. 369–373, (2005). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0093934X04002792?via%3Dihub.

29: redrawn by the author from Chen, Zhe, and Matthew A. Wilson. “Deciphering Neural Codes of Memory during Sleep.” Trends in Neurosciences, vol. 40(5), pg. 260–275, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2017.03.005.

INTERIOR CREDITS

2: from figure 1 in Tenenbaum, Joshua B., Charles Kemp, Thomas L. Griffiths, and Noah D. Goodman. “How to Grow a Mind: Statistics, Structure, and Abstraction.” Science, vol. 331(6022), pg. 1279–1285, (2011). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/331/6022/1279.

4, left: adapted from Cajal y Ramón, Santiago. “The Croonian Lecture: La Fine Structure des Centres Nerveux. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1894). https://archive.org/details/philtrans09891650/page/n17.

5, top right: courtesy of Philip Buttery.

7: The Postnatal Development of the Human Cerebral Cortex, Volumes I-VIII, by Jesse LeRoy Conel, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1939, 1941, 1947, 1951, 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Renewed 1967, 1969, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1991.

8, top: top panels redrawn, respectively, from data in Flege, James E., Murray J. Munro, and Ian R. A. MacKay. “Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(5), 3125–3134 (1995); Johnson, J. S., and E.L. Newport. “Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language.” Cognitive Psychology, 21(1), 60–99, (1989) https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-18581-001; and Hartshorne, J. K., J. B. Tenenbaum, and S. Pinker. “A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers.” Cognition, 177, 263–277, (2018). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29729947.

9, bottom: adapted from figure 3 in Pierce, Lara J., Denise Klein, Jen-Kai Chen, Audrey Delcenserie, and Fred Genesee. “Mapping the unconscious maintenance of a lost first language.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111(48), pg. 17314–17319, (2014). https://www.pnas.org/content/111/48/17314.

10, top: photo courtesy of Eric Knudsen.

11, bottom: from figures 2 and 3 in Knudsen, Eric I., Weimin Zheng, and William M. DeBello. “Traces of learning in the auditory localization pathway.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97(22), pg.11815–11820, (2000). https://www.pnas.org/content/97/22/11815. Copyright © 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.

13, bottom: adapted from figure 1 in Almas, Alisa N., Kathryn A. Degnan, Anca Radulescu, Charles A. Nelson III, Charles H. Zeanah, and Nathan A. Fox. “Effects of early intervention and the moderating effects of brain activity on institutionalized children’s social skills at age 8.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109 Suppl 2, pg. 17228–17231, (2012). https://www.pnas.org/content/109/Supplement_2/17228.

14: figure created by the author, from data published in Dehaene, Stanislas, Felipe Pegado, Lucia W. Braga, Paulo Ventura, Gilberto Nunes Filho, Antoinette Jobert, Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, Régine Kolinsky, José Morais, and Laurent Cohen. “How Learning to Read Changes the Cortical Networks for Vision and Language.” Science, vol. 330(6009), pg. 1359–1364, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194140.

15: figure adapted from Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine, Karla Monzalvo, and Stanislas Dehaene (2018). “The emergence of the visual word form: Longitudinal evolution of category-specific ventral visual areas during reading acquisition.” PLoS Biology, vol. 16(3), e2004103, (2018). https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2004103. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0.

16: from Xu, Kelvin, Jimmy Ba, Ryan Kiros, Kyunghyun Cho, Aaron Courville, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Richard Zemel, and Yoshua Bengio. “Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention.” ArXiv:1502.03044 [Cs], (2015). Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03044.

17: figure composed by the author, based on graphs provided courtesy of Bruce McCandliss, from data reported in Yoncheva, Y. N., Blau, V. C., Maurer, U., & McCandliss, B. D. “Attentional Focus During Learning Impacts N170 ERP Responses to an Artificial Script.” Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(4), 423–445 (2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4365954/.

19, bottom: adapted with permission of Robert Zatorre, from data in Bermudez, Patrick, Jason P. Lerch, Alan C. Evans, and Robert J. Zatorre. “Neuroanatomical Correlates of Musicianship as Revealed by Cortical Thickness and Voxel-Based Morphometry.” Cereb Cortex, vol. 19(7), pg. 1583–1596, (2009). https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/19/7/1583/317010.

20, top: composed by the authors, based on photographs provided courtesy of György Gergely. Data from Egyed, Katalin, Ildikó Király, and György Gergely. “Communicating Shared Knowledge in Infancy.” Psychological Science, vol. 24(7), pg. 1348–1353, (2013). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797612471952.

21, bottom: composed with data from Gergely, György, Harold Bekkering, and Ildikó Király. “Rational imitation in preverbal infants.” Nature, vol. 415(6873), pg. 755 (2002). https://www.nature.com/articles/415755a.

22: adapted from figure 3 in Kaplan, Frederic, and Pierre-Yres Oudeyer. “In Search of the Neural Circuits of Intrinsic Motivation.” Frontiers in Neuroscience, 1(1), 225, (2007). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/neuro.01.1.1.017.2007/full. Copyright © 2007 by Kaplan and Oudeyer. This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and the Frontiers Research Foundation, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0.

Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.