CREDITS

PART ONE. POLITICAL EXPANSION AND THE BEGINNINGS OF TIBETAN BUDDHIST CULTURE

S. W. Bushell, “The Early History of Tibet. From Chinese Sources,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. XII, 1880, extracts from 439–518.

Arsenio P. Martinez, “Gardizi’s Two Chapters on Turks,” Archivism Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982): 128–131. Edited for the present publication with the author’s permission.

V. Minorsky, trans., Ḥudūd al-‘Alam, ‘The Regions of the World’: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.–982 A.D., 2nd ed., E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, New Series XI (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 92–94 (translation), 254–263 (commentary). Reprinted with permission of the E. J. W. Memorial Trust.

Elkan Nathan Adler, Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages: 19 Firsthand Accounts (1930; reprint, New York: Dover, 1987), 45.

P. Jackson, trans., The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck (1990; reprint, Indianapolis: Hackett, 2009), 153–154, 158.

Henry Yule, trans., The book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, 3rd edition revised by Henri Cordier (New York: Charles Scribner, 1903), vol. 2, 42–45, 49–52.

Brandon Dotson, trans., The Old Tibetan Annals: An Annotated Translation of Tibet’s First History, Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie Nr. 12, Denkschriften der philosophisch-historischen Klasses, Vol. 381 (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2009), entries for the years 698–713, 759–764. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Tsuguhito Takeuchi, Old Tibetan Contracts from Central Asia (Tokyo: Daizo Shuppan, 1995), texts 6, 16, 33, and 36. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Li Fang Kuei and W. South Coblin, A Study of the Old Tibetan Inscriptions, Institute of History and Philology, Special Publications No. 91 (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1987), 78–81, 158–160, 190, 276–281, 291–294, 325–328, 337. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

F. W. Thomas, Tibetan Literary Texts and Documents Concerning Chinese Turkestan. Part II: Documents (London: Luzac and Company, 1951), 92–109.

Brandon Dotson, “Divination and Law in the Tibetan Empire: The Role of Dice in the Legislation of Loans, Interest, Marital Law and Troop Conscription,” in Matthew T. Kapstein and Brandon Dotson, eds., Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 3–78. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Géza Uray, “Tibet’s Connections with Nestorianism and Manicheism in the 8th–10th Centuries,” in Contributions on Tibetan Language, History and Culture, ed. Ernst Steinkellner and Helmut Tauscher, Vol. 1 of the Proceedings of the Csoma de Kőrös Symposium held at Velm-Vienna, Austria (Vienna: Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, 1983), 399–429. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

J. W. de Jong, The story of Rāma in Tibet: text and translation of the Tun-huang manuscripts (Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1989), 11–39 (selections from manuscript A). Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Anne-Marie Blondeau, Matériaux pour l’étude de l’hippologie et de l’hippiatrie tibétaines (à partir de manuscrits de Touen-houang) (Geneva: Droz, 1972), 193–195.

Berthold Laufer, “Bird divination among the Tibetans,” reprt. in Berthold Laufer, Sino-Tibetan Studies: selected papers on the art, folklore, history, linguistics and prehistory of sciences in China and Tibet, collected by Hartmut Walravens (New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 1987), vol. 2, 33–35.

F. W. Thomas, Ancient Folk Literature from Northeast Tibet (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1957), 48–50. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

John Vincent Bellezza, Zhang Zhung: Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland, Beitrage zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens Nr. 61, Denkschriften der philosophisch-historischen Klasses, Vol. 368 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2008), 506–517. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Pasang Wangdu and Hildegard Diemberger, dBa’ bzhed. The Royal Narrative concerning the bringing of the Buddha’s Doctrine to Tibet, Beiträge zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens Nr. 37, Denkschriften der philosophisch-historischen Klasses, Vol. 291 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000), 63–73, 92^_105. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Samten Gyaltsen Karmay, The Great Perfection (Leiden: Brill, 1988), 80–82. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Matthew T. Kapstein, “New light on an old friend: PT 849 reconsidered.” In Christian Wedemeyer and Ronald Davidson, eds,, Tibetan Buddhist Literature and Praxis, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003, vol. 4 (Leiden: Brill, 2006). Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

PART TWO. TIBET IN FRAGMENTS: FROM EMPIRE TO MONASTIC PRINCIPALITIES

Samten G. Karmay, “The Ordinance of Lha Bla-ma Ye-shes-’od,” in Michael Aris and Aung San Suu Kyi, eds., Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson (Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1980), 150–162. Reprinted with permission from the author.

David L. Snellgrove and Tadeusz Skorupski, A Cultural History of Ladakh, 2 vols. (London: Serindia, 1977–80), vol. 2, 90–92. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Dudjom Rinpoche, Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje. The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History. Trans. Gyurme Dorje and Matthew Kapstein. 2nd ed. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2002), vol. 1, 889–990. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Cyrus Stearns, Luminous Lives: The Stories of the Early Masters of the Lam ’bras Tradition in Tibet (Boston: Wisdom, 2001), 83–101, 159–167. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Matthew Kapstein, trans., “Mar-pa’s Dream Vision,” in David Damrosch et al., The Longman Anthology of World Literature, Volume B, “The Medieval Era” (New York: Longman, 2004), 22–25. Reprinted with permission from the author.

W. Y. Evans-Wentz, ed., Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines, or Seven Books of Wisdom of the Great Path, according to the Late Lāma Kazi Dawa-Samdup’s English Rendering (London: Oxford University Press, 1935), 67–68, 70–71, 75–78. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Dan Martin, “Wrapping Your Own Head. Problems of Context and Individuality as Pre- and Post-Considerations for Translating The Path of Ultimate Profundity, The Great Seal Instructions of Zhang, a Twelfth-century Tibetan Verse Compendium of Oral Instructions on Mahāmudrā,” in Translating, Translations, Translators from India to the West, ed. Enrica Garzilli (Cambridge, MA: The Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, 1996), 66–69. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Ronald M. Davidson, Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 145–146. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Giacomella Orofino, “The Great Wisdom Mother and the Gcod Tradition,” in Tantric Religions in Practice, ed. David White (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 396–416. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Matthew T. Kapstein, trans., “Pure Land Buddhism in Tibet?” in Approaching the Land of Bliss: Religious Praxis in the Cult of Amitabha (Studies in East Asian Buddhism, 17) ed. Richard Payne and Kenneth Tanaka (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2004), 16–41. © 2004 Kuroda Institute. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

A. H. Francke, “gZer Mig: A Book of the Tibetan Bönpos,” Asia Major 4 (1927): 206–213.

Dan Martin, Unearthing Bon Treasures: Life and Contested Legacy of a Tibetan Scripture Revealer, with a General Bibliography of Bon (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 57–64. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

The Byang sems gab pa dgu skor, trans. Matthew T. Kapstein, in “The Commentaries of the Four Clever Men: A Doctrinal and Philosophical Corpus in the Bon po rDzogs chen Tradition,” East and West 59 (2009): 107–130. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

David H. Snellgrove, The Nine Ways of Bon (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 27–41. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Anne C. Klein and Geshe Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche, Unbounded Wholeness: Bon, Dzogchen, and the Logic of the Nonconceptual (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 231–233. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Barry Clark, trans. The Quintessence Tantras of Tibetan Medicine (Ithaca. NY: Snow Lion, 1995), 23–25, 223–233. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Rechung Rinpoche Jampal Kunzang, Tibetan Medicine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 202–209. Reprinted with permission from the publisher and the Wellcome Institute.

PART THREE. THE AGE OF MONASTIC AND ARISTOCRATIC HEGEMONIES: THE FLORESCENCE OF TIBETAN CULTURE

Sakyapa Sönam Gyaltsen, The Clear Mirror, trans. McComas Taylor and Lama Choedak Yuthok (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1996), 159–160. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Siddiq Wahid and Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr. The basic text is A. H. Francke, Lower Ladakhi Version of the Kesar Saga (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1905), translated in Siddiq Wahid, “A Lower Ladakhi Version of the Gling-rgyal-lham-kesar: An Annotated Translation and Introduction” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard, 1981). With thanks to Siddiq Wahid and Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr.

Erik Pema Kunsang, trans., The Lotus-Born (Boudhanath: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 1998), 155–159, 163–165. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Yeshe Tsogyal, Dakini Teachings: Padmasambhava’s Oral Instructions to the Lady Tsogyal, trans. Erik Pema Kunsang (Boudhanath: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 1999), 59–61, 100. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Prince Jiṅ-gim’s Textbook of Tibetan Buddhism: The Shes bya rab gsal by ’Phags-pa Blo-gros rgyal-mtshan dPal-bzaṅ-po of the Sa-skya-pa, trans. and annotated by Constance Hoog (Leiden: Brill, 1983), 11–82. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan Painted Scrolls (Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1949), vol. 2, 671, 673–674.

Giuseppe Tucci, trans., Deb ther dmar po gsar ma: Tibetan Chronicles by bSod nams grags pa (Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1971), 206–210, 224–234.

David P. Jackson, The Mollas of Mustang: Historical, Religious and Oratorical Traditions of the Nepalese-Tibetan Borderland (Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1984), 145–148. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Roberto Vitali, The Kingdoms of Gu.Ge Pu.Hrang: According to Mnga’.Ris Rgyal.Rabs by Gu.Ge Mkhan.Chen Ngag.Dbang Grags.Pa (London: Serindia, 1997), 131–132. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Shakya Chokden, Three Texts on Madhyamaka, trans. Yaroslav Komarovski (Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, 2000), 9–14 and 21–24. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Ralf Kramer, The Great Tibetan Translator: Life and Works of rNgog Blo Idan shes rab (1059–1109). Collectanea Himalayica 1 (Munich: Indus Verlag, 2007). Reprinted with permission from the author.

Cyrus Stearns, Luminous Lives: The Stories of the Early Masters of the Lam ’bras Tradition in Tibet (Boston: Wisdom, 2001), 159–167. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Jonathan C. Gold, The Dharma’s Gatekeepers: Sakya Paṇḍita on Buddhist Scholarship in Tibet (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007). Reprinted with permission from the author.

David Jackson, The Entrance Gate for the Wise (Section III): Sakya Paṇḍdita on Indian and Tibetan Traditions of Pramāṇa and Philosophical Debate. 2 vols. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 17, vol. 1–2 (Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, 1987), vol. 2. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Matthew T. Kapstein, The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 101–103. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Eugene Obermiller, trans., The History of Buddhism (Chos ḥbyung) I: The Jewelry of Scripture (Heidelberg: Otto Harrassowitz, 1931), 62–67, 82–83.

D. S. Ruegg, The Life of Bu Ston Rin Po Che (Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1966), 30–35.

Cyrus Stearns, The Buddha from Dolpo, 2nd ed. (Ithaca: Snow Lion, 2010), 135–140. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Kennard Lipman, trans., “How the Samsara is Fabricated from the Ground of Being,” Crystal Mirror V (Emeryville, CA: Dharma Publishing, 1977), 344–364. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Tsangnyön Heruka, The Life of Milarepa, trans. Andrew Quintman (New York: Penguin, 2010), 21–23, 191^_193, 233. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Tsele Natsok Rangdrol, The Mirror of Mindfulness: The Cycle of the Four Bardos, trans. Erik Pema Kunsang (Boudhanath: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2005), 28–31. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Matthew T. Kapstein, “Mulian in the Land of Snows and King Gesar in Hell,” in Bryan Cuevas and Jacqueline Stone, eds., The Buddhist Dead (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007). © 2007 Kuroda Institute. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Nicole Riggs, trans., Like an Illusion: Lives of the Shangpa Kagyu Masters (Eugene, OR: Dharma Cloud Press, 2001), 159–166.

Helga Uebach, “A Short Treatise by Pha bong kha pa (1878–1941) About Embalming,” trans. from German by Guido Vogliotti, The Tibet Journal 30, no. 2 (2005):5–6. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Cyrus Stearns, King of the Empty Plain: Tibetan Iron-Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 2007), 221–222, 243–245. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Eberto Lo Bue, “Sculptural Styles According to Pema Karpo,” in Tibetan Art: Towards a Definition of Style, ed. Jane Casey Singer and Phillip Denwood (London: Laurence King, 1997), 242–253. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Unpublished manuscript of a translation by Sönam T. Kazi, British Library.

Michael Aris, Sources for the History of Bhutan (Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, 1986), 129–133, 135–139. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

PART FOUR. THE AGE OF CENTRALIZATION: THE RISE OF THE GANDEN GOVERNMENT AND ITS BID FOR CULTURAL HEGEMONY

Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, Life of the Fifth Dalai Lama. Trans. Zahiruddin Ahmad (Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1999), 201–202, 251–252, 254–255. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Zahiruddin Ahmad, A History of Tibet by the Fifth Dalai Lama of Tibet, Indiana University Oriental Series, vol. VII (Bloomington: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1995), 195–197.

Hugh Richardson, “The Decree Appointing Sangs rgyas Rgya mtsho as Governor,” in High Peaks, Pure Earth (London: Serindia, 1998), 444–447. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Harry Halén, “Two Tibeto-Mongol regent decrees in the name of the Dalai Lama from the years 1682 and 1693,” in Opuscula Altaica: Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz, ed. Edward H. Kaplan and Donald W. Whisenhunt (Bellingham, WA: Center for East Asian Studies, 1994), 313–317.

Christoph Cüppers, “A Letter Written by the Fifth Dalai Lama to the King of Bhaktapur,” Journal of the Nepal Research Center 12 (2001): 39–42. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Tsangyang Gyatso, “Love Poems of the Sixth Dalai Lama,” trans. Nathan Hill and Toby Fee The Harvard Advocate (Winter 2008):80–91. Reprinted with permission from the translators.

Elliot Sperling, “Awe and Submission: A Tibetan Aristocrat at the Court of Qianlong,” The International History Review 20, no. 2 (1998): 325–335. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Kurtis R. Schaeffer, Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 21–22, 137–139. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Ho-chin Yang, Annals of Kokonor, Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 106 (Bloomington: Indiana University; The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1969), 2–43, 49–51.

Michael Aris, ’Jigs-med-gling-pa’s “Discourse on India” of 1789: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of the lHo-phyogs rgya-gar-gyi gtam brtag-pa brgyad-kyi melong (Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1995), 17–23. Reprinted by permission of the Estate of Michael Aris.

Damchø Gyatsho Dharmatāla, Rosary of White Lotuses, being the Clear Account of how the Precious Teaching of Buddha Appeared and Spread in the Great Hor Country, trans. and annotated by Piotr Klafkowski (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1987), 219–222. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Thuken Losang Chökyi Nyima, The Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems: A Tibetan Study of Asian Religious Thought, trans. Geshé Lhundub Sopa, ed. Roger R. Jackson, The Library of Tibetan Classics 25 (Boston: Wisdom Publications), from chapters 14–15. Reprinted with permission from the publisher and the Institute of Tibetan Classics.

Matthew T. Kapstein, “Just Where on Jambudvīpa are We? New Geographical Knowledge and Old Cosmological Schemes in Eighteenth-Century Tibet,” in Sheldon Pollock, ed., Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern South Asia (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011), 336–364. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Turrell V. Wylie, “Dating the Tibetan Geography ’Dzamgling rgyas bshad Through its Description of the Western Hemisphere,” Central Asiatic Journal IV (1958): 306–311. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Matthieu Ricard et al., trans., The Life of Shabkar (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 16–18, 140–141. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Padmakara Translation Committee, The Words of My Perfect Teacher (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1994), 202–204. Reprinted with permission from the author.

Richard Barron, trans., The Autobiography of Jamgön Kongtrul: A Gem of Many Colors (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 2003), 13–14, 86, 138–139, 172–174, 191–192, 269–274, 275–276. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

E. Gene Smith, Among Tibetan Texts: History and Literature on the Tibetan Plateau (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2001), 251–253. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Jean-Luc Achard, Enlightened Rainbows: The Life and Works of Shardza Tashi Gyeltsen (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 108–112. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

PART FIVE. EXPANDING HORIZONS IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

Jacques Bacot, trans., “Impressions d’Adjroup Gumbo en France,” in Jacques Bacot, Le Tibet révolté: vers Népémakö, la Terre promise des Tibétains, 1909–1910 (1912; reprint, Paris: Phébus, 1997), 291–308.

Alexander W. Macdonald, “The Lama and the General,” Kailash I, no. 3 (1973): 225–233.

Donald S. Lopez, Jr., trans. and ed., In the Forest of Faded Wisdom: 104 Poems by Gendün Chöpel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 67–71. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.

Gendün Chöpel’s Golden Chronicle, trans. Donald S. Lopez, Jr., and Thupten Jinpa. Published with permission from the translators.

Agvan Dorjieff, Dorjieff: Memoirs of Tibetan Diplomat, trans. Thubten Jigme Norbu and Dan Martin, Hokke Bunka Kenkyū (Journal of Institute for the Comprehensive Study of Lotus Sutra), vol. 17 (Tokyo: Hokkekyō Bunka Kenkyūjo, 1991). Reprinted with permission from the translators.

Sarat Chandra Das, An Introduction to the Grammar of the Tibetan Language. (1915; reprint, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1972), Appendix IV, 45–46.

After translations of the letters in the William Woodville Rockhill Archives. Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge. The first three of the translations (a–c) were by the Baron Alexander von Staël-Holstein. William Woodville Rockhill Archives, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Sir Charles Bell, Portrait of a Dalai Lama: The Life and Times of the Great Thirteenth (1946; reprint, London: Wisdom, 1987), 426–432. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.