Prologue – Britain in Iraq
1.F. J. Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918, vol. 1 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1923).
2.Marian Kent, Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil, 1900– 1920 (London: Macmillan, 1976), p. 157.
3.L. S. Amery, quoted in Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, 1914–1932 (London: Macmillan, 1976), p. 270.
4.Sluglett, Britain in Iraq. See also Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); and Toby Dodge, Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
5.See, for example, ‘Blast From the Past’, The Guardian, 19 February 2003.
1 Contending Histories
1.Tony Blair, speech to U.S. Congress, 17 July 2003, www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page4220.asp.
2.Christopher Andrew, Foreword to A. G. Hopkins (ed.) Globalization in World History (London: Pimlico, 2002), p. vii.
3.Carl E. Schorske, Thinking With History: Explorations in the Passage to Modernism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 3.
4.G. R. Elton, Return to Essentials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 8; and Peter Mandler, History and National Life (London: Profile, 2002), p. 146.
5.Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), p. 1.
6.R. H. Tawney, History and Society (London: Routledge, 1978), p. 55.
7.Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914– 91 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 3.
8.Raphael Samuel, ‘Back to the Future for the Left’, The Guardian, 18 April 1992.
9.Raphael Samuel, Island Stories: Unravelling Britain (London: Verso, 1998), p. 205.
10.The classic critiques are Patrick Wright, On Living in an Old Country (London: Verso, 1985) and Robert Hewison, The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline (London: Methuen, 1987).
11.Prince of Wales, talk delivered for BBC TV’s Restoration series, September 2003.
12.David Lowenthal, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (London: Viking, 1997), p. x.
13.Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
14.See below, Chapter 5.
15.I am indebted here to the unpublished work of Simon Titley-Bayes: ‘Family History in England, c. 1945–2006: Culture, Identity and (Im) mortality’, PhD thesis, University of York, 2006.
16.Titley-Bayes, ‘Family history’.
17.For a superbly executed exception, see Alison Light, Common People: The History of an English Family (London: Penguin, 2014).
18.David Olusoga, Black and British; a Forgotten History (London: Macmillan, 2016).
19.Eamonn Callan, Creating Citizens: Political Education and Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 101, 107.
20.Denise Riley, Am I That Name? Feminism and the Category of ‘Women’ in History (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 1–2.
21.Stuart Hall, ‘Cultural Identity and Diaspora’, in Jonathan Rutherford (ed.), Identity (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990), p. 225. See also Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London: Verso, 1993).
22.Stevie J. Swanson, ‘Slavery Then and Now: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Modern Day Human Trafficking: What Can We Learn from Our Past?’, Florida A&M University Law Review, 11, no. 1 (2015), pp. 127–58.
23.Pierre Nora, ‘Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire’, Representations, 26 (1989), p. 8.
24.Australia is a case in point. Paula Hamilton, ‘Memory studies and cultural history’, in Hsu-Ming Teo and Richard White (eds), Cultural History in Australia (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2003), pp. 81–97.
25.John Tosh, ‘Historical Scholarship and Public Memory in Britain: A Case of oil and water?’, in Adam Sutcliffe, Anna Maerker and Simon Sleight (eds), History, Memory and Public Life (London: Routledge, 2018).
26.Hewison, Heritage Industry, p. 136.
27.David Cannadine, ‘British History: Past, Present – and Future?’, Past & Present, 116, no.1 (1987), pp. 178, 180.
28.Richard J. Evans, In Defence of History (London: Granta, 1997).
29.Historicism in this usage is not to be confused with the Karl Popper’s refiguring of the term to mean determinism. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (London: Routledge, 1957).
30.Keith Thomas, ‘The Life of Learning’, Times Literary Supplement, 7 December 2001.
31.The classic site for this argument is Michael Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933), pp. 103–5.
32.T. F. Tout, Collected Papers, vol. 1 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1932), p. 85. (The paper quoted here was first published in 1920.)
33.Richard Cobb, A Second Identity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 47.
34.V. H. Galbraith, An Introduction to the Study of History (London: C.A. Watts, 1964), p. 59.
35.Mandler, History and National Life, p. 10.
36.Keith Jeffrey, ‘Nationalism and Gender – Ireland in the Time of the Great War, 1914–1918’, lecture given at the XIX International Congress of Historical Sciences, Oslo, 6–13 August 2000.
37.G. R. Elton, The Practice of History (London: Fontana, 1969), p. 66.
38.Roy Porter, in Juliet Gardiner (ed.), The History Debate (London: Collins & Brown, 1990), p. 19.
39.Cobb, A Second Identity.
40.Theodore Zeldin, ‘Social and Total History’, Journal of Social History, 10, no. 2 (1976), p. 245.
41.Mandler, History and National Life, pp. 5–6.
42.Ludmilla Jordanova, ‘Public History’, History Today (May 2000), p. 21.
43.Roy Rosenzweig, ‘Afterthoughts’, in Rosenzweig and Thelen, Presence of the Past, p. 188.
2 Other Worlds
1.Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (Harmondsworth, 1975); A.L. Morton, The World of the Ranters (London: Penguin, 1970), p. 71.
2.Hill, World Turned Upside Down, p. 14.
3.Hill, World Turned Upside Down, p. 384.
4.Hill, World Turned Upside Down, p. 16.
5.For commentaries on Hill’s work, see J. C. Davis, Fear, Myth and History: The Ranters and the Historians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); and Barry Reay, ‘The World Turned Upside Down: A Retrospect’, in G. Eley and W. Hunt (eds), Reviving the English Revolution (London: Verso, 1988).
6.Simon Schama, ‘Clio at the Multiplex’, The New Yorker, 19 January 1998, p. 40.
7.Lucien Febvre, ‘History and Psychology’ (1938), reprinted in Peter Burke (ed.), A New Kind of History (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), pp. 7–8.
8.Febvre, ‘History and Psychology’ , p. 41.
9.Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Warner, 1980), p. xviii.
10.Chris A. Williams, ‘Britain’s Police Forces: Forever Removed From Democratic Control?’, History & Policy paper 16 (2003), www.historyandpolicy.org.uk.
11.Amongst a huge volume of literature, the following are particularly suggestive: Anne Digby, British Welfare Policy: Workhouse to Workfare (London: Faber, 1989); Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State, 2nd edn (London: Longman, 1996); Lorie Charlesworth, Welfare’s Forgotten Past: a Socio-Legal History of the Poor Law (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011); and Frank Prochaska, The Voluntary Impulse (London: Faber and Faber, 1988).
12.Michael Alexander, Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern England (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2007); and Charles Dellheim, The Face of the Past: The Preservation of the Medieval Inheritance in Victorian England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
13.Keith Joseph, ‘Introduction’, in Samuel Smiles, Self-Help (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986; first pub. 1859), p. 11.
14.T. C. Smout (ed.), Victorian Values: A Joint Symposium of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the British Academy (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992); and Eric Sigsworth (ed.), In Search of Victorian Values: Aspects of Nineteenth-Century Thought and Society (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988).
15.Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain (London: Pluto Press, 1988), pp. 44–50, 67–112.
16.Colin Holmes, A Tolerant Country? Immigrants, Refugees and Minorities in Britain (London: Faber and Faber, 1991), p. 110.
17.Panikos Panayi (ed.), Racial Violence in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (revised edn, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1996).
18.On the black population, see Norma Myers, Reconstructing the Black Past (London: Taylor & Francis, 1996), pp. 19–35. I have also drawn on the unpublished work of Paul McGilchrist.
19.Sir Keith Joseph, The Guardian, 21 October 1974, quoted in Geoffrey Pearson, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears (London: Macmillan, 1983) pp. 4–5.
20.Joseph, The Guardian; Peter King, ‘Moral Panics and Violent Street Crime, 1750–2000: A comparative perspective’, in Barry Godfrey, Clive Emsley and Graeme Dunstall (eds), Comparative Histories of Crime (Cullompton: Willan, 2003), pp. 53–71. For empirical accounts of earlier street crime, see Heather Shore, Artful Dodgers: Youth and Crime in Early Nineteenth Century London (Woodbridge: The Royal Historical Society/The Boydell Press, 1999); and Stephen Humphries, Hooligans and Rebels: An Oral History of Working-Class Childhood and Youth, 1889–1939 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981).
21.Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
22.Harry Ferguson, ‘Cleveland in History: The Abused Child and Child Protection, 1880–1914’, in Roger Cooter (ed.), In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880–1940 (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 147.
23.George K. Behlmer, Friends of the Family: The English Home and its Guardians, 1850–1940 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 106.
24.Adrian Bingham, Lucy Delap, Louise Jackson and Louise Settle, ‘Historical Child Abuse in England and Wales: The Role of Historians, History of Education, 45, no. 4 (2016), pp. 411–29.
25.Quentin Skinner, ‘Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas’, History and Theory, 8, no. 1 (1969), p. 53.
26.Peter Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 3, 181.
27.Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (London: Routledge, 1987); and John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1999).
28.John Demos, Past, Present and Personal: The Family and the Life-Course in American History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 68.
29.J. P. Parry, Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867– 1875 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); and Stephen Koss, Nonconformity in Modern British Politics (London: Shoestring Press, 1975).
30.Eric Hobsbawm, On History, p. 27.
31.W. H. Burston, ‘The Contribution of History to Education in Citizenship’, History, 33 (1948), p. 240.
32.Virginia Berridge and Philip Strong, ‘AIDS and the Relevance of History’, Social History of Medicine, 4 (1991), pp. 129–38.
33.See, for example, C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).
34.Fred Halliday, Two Days That Shook the World (London: Saqi, 2001).
35.William D. Rubinstein, Genocide: a History (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004). Some useful distinctions are also made in Eric Hobsbawm, The New Century (London: Little, Brown, 2000), pp. 18–19.
36.See Chapter 3.
1.John F. Kennedy, quoted in George McGovern, ‘The historian as policy analyst’, The Public Historian 11 (1989), 37.
2.John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688– 1783 (London: Century Hutchinson, 1988), xvii, 114.
3.Martin Daunton and others, letter to The Guardian, 3 March 2010.
4.Charles Webster, ‘The parable of the incompetent steward’, British Journal of Health Care Management 8 (2002), 113–14.
5.John Mohan and Martin Gorsky, Don’t Look Back? Voluntary and Charitable Finance of Hospitals in Britain, Past and Present (London: Office of Health Economics/Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 2001), pp. 79–84; Martin Gorsky and John Mohan, Mutualism and Health Care: British Hospital Contributory Schemes in the Twentieth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006); Frank Prochaska, Philanthropy and the Hospitals of London: The King’s Fund, 1897–1990 (Oxford, UK: Oxford Scholarship Online, 1992).
6.Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest R. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers (New York: The Free Press, 1986), p. 33.
7.Ilan Pappe, ‘Historiophobia or the enslavement of history: The role of the 1948 ethnic cleansing in the contemporary Israeli-Palestinian peace process’, in M. P. Friedman and P. Kenney (eds), Partisan Histories: The Past in Contemporary Politics (New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (eds), The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
8.Alastair J. Reid, United We Stand: A History of Britain’s Trade Unions (London: Penguin Books, 2004); Alastair J. Reid, ‘Trade unions: A foundation of political pluralism?’, History & Policy paper 5 (2002), www.historyandpolicy.org.
9.Fred Halliday, Two Days That Shook the World (London: Saqi Books, 2002).
10.J. W. Burrow, A Liberal Descent: Victorian Historians and the English Past (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Valerie E. Chancellor, History For Their Masters: Opinion in the English History Textbook, 1800– 1914 (Bath: Adams & Dart, 1970); Stephen Heathorn, For Home, Country and Race: Constructing Gender, Class and Englishness in the Elementary School, 1880–1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000).
11.Simon Szreter, ‘Health and wealth’, History & Policy paper 34 (2005), www.historyandpolicy.org. See also Simon Szreter, Health and Wealth: Studies in History and Policy (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005).
12.Niall Ferguson (ed.), Virtual History (London: Basic Books, 1997), pp. 86–88, 228–80.
13.Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, trans. Sian Reynolds (London: Folio Society, 1975), vol. I, p. 16.
14.Fernand Braudel, ‘History and the social sciences: The longue duree’, in On History, trans. Sarah Matthews (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980), pp. 10, 26.
15.Braudel, ‘History and the social sciences’.
16.The Historical Handbooks series is evaluated below, Chapter 7.
17.Noel Whiteside, Bad Times: Unemployment in British Social and Political History (London: Faber and Faber, 1991).
18.C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955).
19.William S. McFeely, afterword in C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, commemorative edn (New York, 2002), p. 221. See also John Hope Franklin, ‘The historian and public policy’, in Stephen Vaughn, The Vital Past: Writings on the Uses of History (Athens, GA, 1985), pp. 353–6.
20.Alan Bullock, ‘Has history ceased to be relevant?’, The Historian 43 (1994), 20.
21.Peter Mandler, ‘The responsibility of the historian’, in H. Jones, K. Ostberg and N. Randeraad (eds), Contemporary History on Trial: Europe since 1989 and the Role of the Expert Historian (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007).
22.Bullock, ‘Has history ceased to be relevant?’, 20.
23.See, for example, Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005).
24.E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977), Chapter. 3.
25.Martin Daunton, ‘Britain and globalisation since 1850: I. Creating a global order, 1850–1914’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 16 (2006), 1–38.
26.C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).
27.Tony Ballantyne, ‘Empire, knowledge and culture: From proto-globalisation to modern globalisation’, in A. G. Hopkins, Globalisation in World History (London: W. W. Norton, 2002), p. 117.
28.Hopkins, Globalisation, pp. 28–29.
29.Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalisation and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), p. 185.
30.A welcome exception is Manfred B. Steger, Globalisation: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
31.Niall Ferguson, ‘Globalisation in interdisciplinary perspective’, in M. D. Bordo, A. M. Taylor and J. G. Williamson (eds), Globalisation in Historical Perspective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), pp. 554–62.
32.Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2002).
33.O’Rourke and Williamson, Globalisation and History, p. 287.
34.Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), p. 513.
35.Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Bitter Heritage: Vietnam and American Democracy, 1941–1966 (London: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), pp. 97, 101.
36.Bullock, ‘Has history ceased to be relevant?’, p. 20.
37.Bullock, p. 20.
38.E. H. Carr, What Is History? (Harmondsworth: Pelican Books, 1964), p. 69.
4 Parallels in the Past
1.Keith Thomas, ‘The Life of Learning’, Times Literary Supplement, 7 December 2001.
2.R. W. Fogel and G. R. Elton, Which Road to the Past? Two Views of the Past (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1983), pp. 95–97.
3.David Hackett Fischer, Historians’ Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, Evanston and London: Harper Row, 1970), p. 258.
4.Fischer, Historians’ Fallacies, p. 243.
5.Robert F. Kennedy, Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), pp. 97–98.
6.Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914– 1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), pp. 2–3.
7.David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (London: Basic, 2004).
8.George O. Kent, ‘Clio the Tyrant: Historical Analogies and the Meaning of History’ (1969), reprinted in Stephen Vaughn (ed.), The Vital Past: Writings on the Uses of History (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1983), pp. 302–10.
9.Ernest R. May, ‘Lessons’ of the Past: The Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy (New York: Galaxy, 1973), pp. 52, 82–86; Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest R. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 41–48.
10.Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, 1946–53 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1956), p. 1.
11.Lyndon B. Johnson, ‘We Will Stand in Vietnam’, quoted in Yuen Foong Khong, Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu and the Vietnam Decision of 1965 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 49. See also May, ‘Lessons’ of the Past , pp. 120–21; Neustadt and May, Thinking in Time, pp. 83–90.
12.Tony Blair, quoted by Simon Jenkins in The Guardian, 26 April 2006. On the other hand, Robin Cook, the Foreign Secretary, drew Tony Blair’s attention to the parallel with the Suez crisis: Robin Cook, The Point of Departure (London: Simon and Schuster, 2003), pp. 203, 224.
13.Cyril Buffet and Beatrice Heuser (eds), Haunted by History: Myths in International Relations (Oxford: Berghahn, 1998), editors’ conclusion, p. 269.
14.There were many other incongruities. See Arno J. Mayer, ‘Vietnam Analogy: Greece, not Munich’ (1968), cited in Fischer, Historians’ Fallacies, p. 248.
15.Buffet and Heuser, Haunted by History.
16.May, ‘Lessons’ of History, pp. 84, 118–21.
17.David Chuter, ‘Munich, or the Blood of Others’, in Buffet and Heuser, Haunted by History, p. 65.
18.Timothy Snyder, On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century (London: Tim Duggan, 2017), p. 9.
19.John W. Dower, ‘Don’t Expect Democracy This Time: Japan and Iraq’, History & Policy paper 10 (2003), www.historyandpolicy.org.
20.Khong, Analogies at War, pp. 148–73. Neustadt and May, Thinking in Time, pp. 34–48, 273–83, offer guidance as to how analogies should be managed in this way.
21.Simon Szreter, ‘A Central Role for Local Government? The Example of Late Victorian Britain’, History & Policy paper 1 (2002), www.historyandpolicy.org; Simon Szreter, Health and Wealth: Studies in History and Policy (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005), pp. 220–25, 286–90, 396–406. Nineteenth-century municipalism is analysed at greater length in Tristram Hunt, Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City (London: Henry Hunt, 2004). See also E. P. Hennock, Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth-Century Urban Government (London: Edward Arnold, 1973).
22.Szreter, ‘A Central Role for Local Government?’
23.Szreter, ‘A Central Role for Local Government?’
24.Tristram Hunt, ‘Past Masters’, The Guardian, 2 June 2004.
25.The tight word limit on contributions to the History & Policy website should be noted here.
26.Virginia Berridge, ‘Public or Policy Understanding of History?’, Social History of Medicine, 16, no. 3 (2003), p. 521.
27.Jerry White, ‘From Herbert Morrison to Command and Control: The Decline of local democracy’, History & Policy paper 18 (2004), www.historyandpolicy.org. This paper was republished under the same title in History Workshop Journal, 59 (2005), pp. 73–82. See also Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century: A City and its People (London: Random House, 2001).
28.Anthony Clare, On Men: Masculinity in Crisis (London: Vintage, 2001), p. 69.
29.The material in this and the following four paragraphs is adapted from Chapter 1 of my book Manliness and Masculinities in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Essays on Gender, Family and Empire (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2005).
30.David Rubinstein, Before the Suffragettes: Women’s Emancipation in the 1890s (Brighton: Harvester, 1986).
31.A. James Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Married Life (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 143–49.
32.John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 172–94.
33.Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, 2nd edn (Harlow: Longman Group, 1989), pp. 87, 107; Michael Rosenthal, The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement (London: Collins, 1986), pp. 133–4, 297–8.
34.Szreter, ‘A Central Role for Local Government?’; Hunt, Building Jerusalem; White, ‘From Herbert Morrison to command and control.’
5 The Family ‘in Crisis’: A Case Study
1.Woman’s Own, 31 October 1987, quoted in John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. II: The Iron Lady (London: Vintage, 2003), p. 530.
2.Margaret Thatcher, speech to General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 21 May 1988, in Robin Harris (ed.), The Collected Speeches of Margaret Thatcher (London: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 311.
3.Independent Radio News interview with Peter Allen, 5 April 1983.
4.Quoted in Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, ‘Home Sweet Home’, New Statesman, 27 May 1983, p. xiv.
5.Ferdinand Mount, The Subversive Family: An Alternative History of Love and Marriage (London: Jonathan Cape, 1982); Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 179.
6.Jane Lewis, Women in Britain since 1945 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p. 12.
7.Pamela Abbott and Claire Wallace, The Family and the New Right (London, 1992). Shirley Letwin, The Anatomy of Thatcherism (London: Pluto Press, 1992).
8.Peter Wilmott and Michael Young, Family and Kinship in East London (London: Free Press, 1957).
9.These estimates are derived from the survey made by the statistician Dudley Baxter in 1868. See Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society (London: Routledge, 1989), p. 29.
10.Michael Anderson, ‘How Much Has the Family Changed?’, New Society, 27 October 1983, p. 146.
11.Anthony S. Wohl, ‘Sex and the Single Room: Incest Among the Victorian Working Classes’, in A. S. Wohl (ed.), The Victorian Family: Structure and Stresses (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1978), pp. 197–216.
12.George K. Behlmer, Child Abuse and Moral Reform in England, 1870–1908 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982), pp. 175, 181, 239.
13.John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1999); A. James Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Married Life (London: Routledge, 1992); and Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vols I & II (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984, 1986).
14.Michael Anderson, ‘The Social Implications of Demographic Change’, in F. M. L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750– 1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), vol. 2, p. 27.
15.Anderson, ‘Social Implications’, p. 49.
16.Michael Anderson, ‘The Emergence of the Modern Life Cycle in Britain’, Social History, 10, no. 1 (1985), pp. 69–87.
17.Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship.
18.Jose Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: Britain 1870–1914 (London: Penguin, 1994), p. 94.
19.Leonore Davidoff, Worlds Between: Historical Perspectives on Gender and Class (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), Chapters 1 and 4.
20.Peter Laslett and Richard Wall (eds), Household and Family in Past Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).
21.Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977).
22.Behlmer, Child Abuse and Moral Reform; and Geoffrey Pearson, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears (London: Macmillan, 1983), pp. 74–6, 255–6.
23.David Thomson, ‘The Welfare of the Elderly in the Past: A Family or Community Responsibility?’, in Margaret Pelling and Richard M. Smith (eds), Life, Death and the Elderly (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 202.
24.Christopher Lasch, Haven in a Heartless World: The Family Beseiged (New York: Basic, 1977); for a feminist approach, see Diana Gittins, The Family in Question: Changing Households and Familiar Ideologies, 2nd edn (London: Red Globe Press, 1993); and Leonore Davidoff et al., The Family Story: Blood, Contract and Intimacy, 1830–1960 (Harlow: Longman, 1999).
25.Anthony Giddens, Runaway World: How Globalization Is Re-Shaping Our Lives, 2nd edn (London: Profile, 2003), pp. 59–63; and Janet Finch and Penny Summerfield, ‘Social Reconstruction and the Emergence of Companionate Marriage, 1945–59’, in David Clark (ed.), Marriage, Domestic Life and Social Change (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 7–10.
26.Lewis, Women in Britain since 1945, pp. 65–78.
27.Michael Peplar, Family Matters: A History of Ideas About the Family Since 1945 (Harlow: Longman, 2002).
28.Hera Cook, The Long Revolution: English Women, Sex, and Contraception, 1800–1975 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), Chapters 12–15.
29.Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987), pp. 37–53; Wally Seccombe, Weathering the Storm: Working-Class Families from the Industrial Revolution to the Fertility Decline (London: Verso, 1993); Anna Davin, ‘Imperialism and Motherhood’, History Workshop Journal, 5, no. 1 (1978), pp. 9–66; and Peplar, Family Matters.
30.John R. Gillis, A World of Their Own Making: Myth, Ritual and the Quest for Family Values (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 240.
1.Ludmilla Jordanova, ‘Public History’, History Today, 50, no. 5 (May 2000), pp. 20–21; and Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice, 2nd edn (London: Bloomsbury, 2006), pp. 126–49.
2.Raphael Samuel, Theatres of Memory (London: Verso, 1994).
3.Leslie H. Fischel, ‘Public History and the Academy’, in Barbara J. Howe and Emory L. Kemp, Public History: An Introduction (Malabar: Krieger, 1986), p. 12. See also Robert Kelley, ‘Public History: Its Origins, Nature and Prospects’, Public Historian, 1, no. 1 (1978), pp. 16–28.
4.Ian Tyrrell, Historians in Public: The Practice of American History, 1890– 1970 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
5.The phrase is Peter Beck’s. See Peter J. Beck, Using History, Making British Policy: The Treasury and the Foreign Office 1950–76 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), passim.
6.C. K. Webster, The Congress of Vienna 1814–15 (London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1919), pp. iii–iv.
7.Interview with Gill Bennett, formerly Chief Historian, FCO, January 2006.
8.Virginia Berridge, ‘Public or Policy Understanding of History?’, Social History of Medicine, 16, no. 3 (2003), pp. 511–23.
9.Zara Steiner, ‘The Historian and the Foreign Office’, in Christopher Hill and Pamela Beshoff (eds), Two Worlds of International Relations: Academics, Practitioners and the Trade in Ideas (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 45. See also Beck, Using History.
10.Alix R. Green, History, Policy and Public Purpose: Historians and Historical Thinking in Government (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 46.
11.Frank Eyck, G. P. Gooch: A Study in History and Politics (London: Macmillan, 1982), pp. 337–42.
12.Avner Offer, ‘Using the Past in Britain: Retrospect and Prospect’, Public Historian, 6, no. 4 (1984), p. 17.
13.J. R. Seeley, Lectures and Essays (London: Macmillan, 1870), p. 296.
14.David Cannadine, G. M. Trevelyan: A Life in History (London: Harper Collins, 1992), p. 19.
15.Cannadine, G. M. Trevelyan, Chapter 4.
16.Catherine A. Cline, ‘British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles’, Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 43–58. See also K. M. Wilson (ed.), Forging the Collective Memory: Government and International Historians Through Two World Wars (Oxford: Berghahn, 1996).
17.R. H. Tawney, Equality (London: Allen & Unwin, 1931).
18.A. F. Pollard, quoted in Keith Robbins, ‘History, the Historical Association and the “National Past”’, History, 66 (1981), p. 421.
19.Pollard, quoted in Keith Robbins, ‘History’, p. 425.
20.Theodore Zeldin, ‘After Braudel’, The Listener, 5 November 1981, p. 542.
21.Nicholas Harman, Dunkirk: The Necessary Myth (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1980).
22.Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
23.James Walvin, Victorian Values (London, 1987).
24.Michael Anderson, ‘Property, Know-how, Fertility: What’s Love Got to Do With It?’, The Guardian, 10 February 1982.
25.For important comparable work by historians in the United States, see John Demos, Past, Present and Personal (New York, 1986), especially Chapter 8; and Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (New York, 1992).
26.For example Michael Howard, ‘The Past’s Threat to the Future’, Times Literary Supplement, 7 August 1998.
27.Henry Reynolds, Why Weren’t We Told? A Personal Search for the Truth About Our History (Ringwood, Victoria: Viking, 1999).
28.James Oliver Horton, ‘Patriot Acts: Public History in Public Service’, Journal of American History, 92, no. 3 (2005), p. 807.
29.David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (London: W. W. Norton, 2005); and Caroline Elkins, Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (London: Pimlico, 2005).
30.Richard J. Evans, Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust and the David Irving Trial (London: Basic, 2001).
31.Paul Bew, ‘The Role of the Historical Adviser and the Bloody Sunday Tribunal’, Historical Research, 78 (2005), pp. 113–27.
32.Carole Fink, ‘A New Historian?’, Contemporary European History, 14, no. 1 (2005).
33.Geoffrey Cubitt, History and Memory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), pp. 13–20.
34.Mark Mazower, The Balkans: From the End of Byzantium to the Present Day (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000).
35.Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (London: Pan, 1994), p. xix.
36.Eric Hobsbawm, The Present as History: Writing the History of One’s Own Times; the Creighton lecture (London: University of London, 1993).
37.The Age of Revolution (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962), The Age of Capital (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975) and The Age of Empire (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987); Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968).
38.Eric Hobsbawm, ‘The Missing History’, The Times Literary Supplement, 23 June 1989.
39.Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (London: Penguin, 1998), p. xii.
40.Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (London: Heinemann, 2005).
41.Mazower, Dark Continent, p. 395.
42.Virginia Berridge, AIDS in the UK: The Making of Policy, 1981–94 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 1, 7.
43.Berridge, AIDS in the UK, p. 4.
44.Roy Porter, ‘Plague and Panic’, New Society (12 December 1986), pp. 11–13; and Roy Porter, ‘History Says No to the Policeman’s Response to AIDS’, British Medical Journal, 293, no. 6562 (20–27 December 1986), 1589–90.
45.Virginia Berridge and Philip Strong, ‘AIDS and the Relevance of History’, Social History of Medicine, 4, no. 1 (1991), pp. 129–38; Berridge, AIDS in the UK.
46.Porter, ‘Plague and Panic’.
47.Pat Thane, Old Age in English History: Past Experiences, Present Issues (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 10–13, 15.
48.Offer, ‘Using the Past in Britain’, and personal communication, September 2005.
49.James Sharpe, Judicial Punishment in England (London: Faber, 1990); and Anne Digby, British Welfare Policy: Workhouse to Workfare (London: Faber, 1989), are partial exceptions.
50.Stephanie Cronin, ‘Afghanistan’s Armies, Past and Present’, History & Policy paper 105 (2010), www.historyandpolicy.org.
51.Christopher Andrew, ‘Intelligence Analysis Needs to Look Backward Before Looking Forward’, History & Policy paper 23 (2004), www.historyandpolicy.org. See also Charles Townshend, Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
52.John Bew, ‘Ulster Unionism and a Sense of History’, History & Policy paper 15 (2003), www.historyandpolicy.org.
53.Laura King, ‘Supporting Active Fatherhood in Britain’, History & Policy (2012), www.historyandpolicy.org.
54.The phrase originates with Tyrrell, Historians in Public.
55.Green, History, Policy and Public Purpose, p. 6.
7 The Citizen’s Resource
1.Peter Yeandle, Citizenship, Nation and Empire: The Politics of History Teaching in England, 1870–1930 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015).
2.David Cannadine, Jenny Keating and Nicola Sheldon, The Right Kind of History: Teaching the Past in Twentieth-Century England (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
3.Quoted in Derek Heater, Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education, 3rd edn (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), p. 86.
4.Robert Baden Powell, Scouting For Boys (London: Dover, 1908).
5.B. J. Elliott, ‘The League of Nations Union and History Teaching in England: A Study in Benevolent Bias’, History of Education, 6, no. 2 (1977), pp. 131–41.
6.Maxine Berg, A Woman in History: Eileen Power, 1889–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 223.
7.Guy Whitmarsh, ‘The Politics of Political Education: An Episode’, Journal of Curriculum Studies, 6, no. 2 (1974), pp. 133–42.
8.Advisory Group on Citizenship, Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools (London: The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, 1998) [the Crick Report].
9.Bernard Crick, ‘Foreword’, in James Arthur, Ian Davies, Andrew Wrenn, Terry Haydn and David Kerr, Citizenship Through Secondary History (London: Routledge, 2001), p. xix.
10.James Arthur et al., Citizenship Through Secondary History, p. 31.
11.See, for example, Liz West, Citizenship Through History for KS3 (Haddenham: Folens, 2009).
12.History Working Group, interim report (1989), quoted in Gordon Batho, ‘The History of the Teaching of Civics and Citizenship in English Schools’, Curriculum Journal, 1(1), p. 97.
13.Quoted in Richard Aldrich (ed.), History in the National Curriculum (London: Kogan Page, 1991), p. 95.
14.Peter Lee, ‘“Walking Backwards Into Tomorrow”: Historical Consciousness and Understanding History’ (2006); and Denis Shemilt, ‘The Future of the Past: How Adolescents Make Sense of Past, Present and Future’ (2006), both at www.k1.ioe.ac.uk/schools/ah/HistoryinEducation.
15.Robert Phillips, History Teaching, Nationhood and the State: A Study in Educational Politics (London: Continuum, 1998), pp. 17–19, 33–35.
16.Denis Shemilt, ‘The Caliph’s Coin: The Currency of Narrative Frameworks in History Teaching’, in P. N. Stearns, P. Seixas & S. Wineburg (eds), Knowing, Teaching, and Learning History: National and International Perspectives (New York: New York University Press), p. 84.
17.Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1992).
18.Raphael Samuel, Island Stories: Unravelling Britain (London: Verso, 1998).
19.See above, Chapter 1.
20.Catherine Hall, ‘Histories, Empires and the Post-colonial Moment’, in Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti (eds), The Post-Colonial Question (London: Routledge, 1996).
21.James Walvin, Passage to Britain: Immigration in British History and Politics (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), pp. 219, 182. Walvin’s most recent publication in this area is A Short History of Slavery (London: Penguin, 2007), timed to coincide with the bicentenary of the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807.
22.E. P. Thompson, New Society, 19 October 1979 and 29 November 1979; E. P. Thompson, Making History: Writings on History and Culture (New York: New Press, 1994), pp. 154, 164–5.
23.Michael Collyer, ‘Secret Agents: Anarchists, Islamists and Responses to Politically Active Refugees in London’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28 (2005), pp. 278–303; and Henry Porter, ‘We’re All Suspects Now’, The Independent, 19 October 2006.
24.Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); and Paula Hamilton and Paul Ashton, ‘At Home With the Past: Initial Findings From the Survey’, Australian Cultural History, 23, no. 27 (2003), pp. 5–30.
25.Elizabeth Yates Webb and Conyers Read, quoted in Ian Tyrrell, Historians in Public: The Practice of American History 1890–1970 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005) p. 95.
26.Webb and Read, quoted in Tyrrell, pp. 94–104.
27.Personal information from Daniel Snowman.
28.Margery Perham, The Colonial Reckoning (London: Collins, 1962); and Geoffrey Hosking, The Awakening of the Soviet Union (London: Heinemann, 1990).
29.The Things We Forgot To Remember, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/thingsweforgottoremember.
30.Arthur Marwick, The New Nature of History (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 234–5.
31.The published version of the TV series is Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (London: Penguin, 2003).
32.Jean Seaton, Carnage and the Media: The Making and Breaking of News About Violence (London: Allen Lane, 2005), p. 43.
33.David Cannadine (ed.), History and the Media (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 4.
34.Kate Adie, History and the Media Conference talk, Institute of Historical Research, December 2002; and John Simpson, interview, November 2005.
35.Greg Philo and Mike Berry, Bad News from Israel (London: Pluto, 2004), p. 212.
36.See, for example, Valerie Johnson and David Thomas, ‘Digital Information: “Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom …” Is digital a cultural revolution?’, in Nancy Partner and Sarah Foot (eds), The Sage Handbook of Historical Theory (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), pp. 458–73.
37.Data from Google Analytics, accessed by History & Policy, 29 July 2013.
38.Tim Hitchcock and Robert Shoemaker, ‘Making History Online’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 25 (2015), p. 76.
39.Hitchcock & Shoemaker, ‘Making History Online’.
40.Hitchcock & Shoemaker, ‘Making History Online’.
41.Richard J. Evans, Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust and the David Irving Trial (New York: Basic, 2001).
42.Amy Gutman and Dennis Thompson, Why Deliberative Democracy? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004); and James S. Fishkin and Peter Laslett (eds), Debating Deliberative Democracy (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003).
43.Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth About History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), pp. 283, 309.
Postscript – Brexit: A Challenge for Historians
1.David Abulafia (chairman of Historians for Britain), ‘Britain: Apart From or a Part of Europe?’, History Today (11 May 2015), www.historytoday.com/david-abulafia/britain-apart-or-part-europe.
2.‘Historians for Britain Europe’, Academics for Britain Europe, www.historiansforbritainineurope.org/, statement of position, 25 May 2016, supported by 381 named historians.
3.Lucy Inglis, ‘Beyond Guilt and Glory’, History Today (20 May 2015), www.historytoday.com/lucy-inglis/beyond-guilt-and-glory.
4.Peter H. Wilson, ‘The First European Union?’, History Today (April 2016).
5.Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce, Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics (Cambridge: Polity, 2018), p. 163.
6.David Fieldhouse, ‘The Metropolitan Economics of Empire’, in Judith M. Brown and Wm Roger Louis (eds), Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 4 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 104.
7.Philip Murphy, The Emperor’s New Clothes: The Myth of the Commonwealth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 208.
8.See, for example, Daniel Snowman, The Hitler Emigres: The Cultural Impact on Britain of Refugees from Nazism (London: Chatto & Windus, 2010).
9.Brendan Simms, Britain’s Europe: A Thousand Years of Conflict and Cooperation (London: Allen Lane, 2016), p. xiv.
10.Kathy Burrell, Polish Migration to the UK in the ‘New’ European Union (Aldershot: Routledge, 2009), pp. 1–2.
11.Sheila Patterson, ‘The Poles: An Exile Community in Britain’, in James L. Watson, (eds), Between Two Cultures (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977), pp. 239–40; and Keith Sword (ed.), Identity in Flux: the Polish Community in Britain (London: School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1996), p. 229.
12.Robert Winder, Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain (London: Little, Brown, 2004), p. 163; and M. A. G. O Tuarthaigh, ‘The Irish in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Problems of Integration’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 31 (1981), 149–73.
13.David Feldman, Englishmen and Jews (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1994).