1 The Duchess of Rutland’s Obituary, in The Gentleman’s Magazine: and historical chronicle, January 1736–December 1833; December 1825; British Periodicals pg. 561.
1 Amanda Vickery. The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England (London, 1998), p.1.
2 Ruth M. Larsen (2003). ‘Dynastic Domesticity: The Role of Elite Women in the Yorkshire Country House, 1685–1858’, PhD Thesis Department of History, University of York, York UK. Pg.13.
3 Amanda Vickery. The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England (London, 1998) p.4.
4 Ibid. p.41.
1 Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way – Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.54.
2 Amanda Foreman. Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1999) p.3-4.
3 Amanda Foreman. Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1999) p.122.
4 Ibid. p.75. This quote is attached to an illustration, but Foreman does not explain where she got the quote from. She does note that Georgiana Howard told Georgiana Duchess this in 1804 so we could assume that it is a quote from a letter.
5 Betty Askwith. Piety & Wit: A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London, 1982) p.17.
6 Ibid. p.17.
7 Charlotte Williams is never mentioned in the letters of Harriet Cavendish. We know that once Elizabeth Foster came into the Cavendish household, Charlotte Williams’s position was significantly changed. It has been suggested that Bess did not like Charlotte Williams and she took the child to France where she lived with a French family for a number of years until her return in her late teens. This suggestion makes logical sense, as Bess, always thinking about ways to legitimise her children from the duke, would be keen to keep any other illegitimate children out of the way so that her children have the best position. We know that Caroline St Jules, Bess’s illegitimate daughter was introduced to the Cavendish household in 1789 and so we can assume by this time that Charlotte Williams had already been removed to France, hence why we do not see Charlotte Williams appearing in Harriet’s letters. Charlotte married in 1793 to Johnathan Kendal, nephew of the Duke of Devonshire’s agent. She moved to Lincolnshire with her husband where he was the curate of a parish there, a living provided by the Duke of Devonshire. It seems that despite her unusual and presumably upsetting childhood, she lived happily with her husband and a son, also called Johnathan after his father.
8 G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, Eds., Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 179 –1809 (London, 1940) p.1.
9 Betty Askwith. Piety & Wit: A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London, 1982) p.24. Askwith notes this as being taken from the Handbook of Chatsworth and Hardwick, written by the 6th Duke of Devonshire and privately printed.
10 Ibid. p.18.
11 This is an extract from an early letter from Harriet. Betty Askwith notes that this came from the Iris Palmer edited version of Harriet’s childhood letters. I have taken this excerpt from Askwith’s book, Piety & Wit: A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785-1862 (London, 1982) p.23.
12 Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1999), p.274.
13 Ibid. p.285.
14 Ibid. p.302.
15 Betty Askwith. Piety & Wit: A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London, 1982), p.30.
16 Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way – Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.49.
17 Both of these letter excerpts are from George Leveson Gower and Iris Palmer, Hary-o The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish: 1796–1809 (London, 1940), pp. 106-107.
18 Mary Isham, Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family, 1807, N.R.O. IL 3278.
19 Mary Isham, Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family, 1807, N.R.O. IL 3278.
20 Valerie Grosvenor Myer, Jane Austen, Obstinate Heart: A Biography. (Arcade Publishing, 1998), p.47.
21 Ibid. p.3.
22 Mary Isham, Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family, 1807, N.R.O. IL 3278.
23 Mary Isham, Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family, 1807, N.R.O. IL 3278.
1 Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England (London, 1998) p.82.
2 Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice 2nd Edition (London, 1842) p.145.
3 Lord Edward Brabourne and Jane Austen, The Letters of Jane Austen 2010 edition, (London, 2010), p.140.
4 Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England (London: 1998), p.9.
5 The Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Belvoir Castle: 1000 Years of Family, Art and Architecture. p.46.
6 David Rutland and Emma Ellis, Resolution: Two Brothers. A Nation in Crisis. A World at War (London: 2016), p.428.
7 Letter from Queen Charlotte, to George, Prince of Wales, 24 April 1799. From The Royal Collection.
8 Saturday 27 April 1799. Staffordshire Advertiser. Sourced from the British Newspaper Archive, London.
9 David Rutland and Emma Ellis, Resolution: Two Brothers. A Nation in Crisis. A World at War (London: 2016), p.430.
10 Mary Isham. Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family, 1811, N.R.O. IL 3278
11 Mary Isham. Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family, 1811, N.R.O. IL 3278
12 Mary Isham. Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family, 1811, N.R.O. IL 3278.
13 Susan Isham. Letter from Susan Isham (mother of Justinian 8th Baronet) to Mary Close, 14 May 1812, N.R.O. IC 5035
14 Susan Isham. Letter from Susan Isham (mother of Justinian 8th Baronet) to Mrs Close, 14 May 1812, N.R.O. IC 5034
15 Anonymous, The Marriage Settlement between Justinian Isham and Mary Close, 30 April 1812, N.R.O. IL 3046
16 G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.76.
17 Ibid. p.78-79.
18 Ibid. p.82.
19 These two words used to describe Harriet are taken from the introduction of the Leveson Gower edition of Harriet’s earlier letters and are used by the editor to describe Harriet. G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.2.
20 Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1999), p.363. Foreman also footnotes, Lytton, Strachey and Roger Fulford (eds), ‘The Grenville Memoirs’ (London, 1988), I, p.63. as her source for Grenville’s quote about Harriet.
21 Foreman notes as her source for this quote, A. Aspinall and Lord Bessborough, (eds), Lady Bessborough and her Family Circle (London 1949), pp. 125-6.
22 G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.91.
23 Ibid. p.116.
24 Letter to G. Morpeth Oct.1805. in G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.119
25 Letter to G. Morpeth, 10 Oct. 1805 in G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 179 –1809 (London, 1940), p.120.
26 G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.152.
27 Ibid. p.197.
28 Ibid. p.170.
29 Virginia Surtees, ed. A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville 1810–1845. (Salisbury, 1990) p.11.
30 The Bon-Ton is a phrase used to refer to the elite of society throughout the late Georgian period and is most popularly associated with the social group that included the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire and their friends and close family members. The word ‘bon ton’ translates to ‘good manners’, characteristics that were held as important by the fashionable people in London society, also known as the Beau Monde. Books which talk more about the Bon Ton include Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, Venetia Murray, High Society: A Social History of the Regency Period, 1788–1830, or Stella Margetson, Regency London.
31 Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit, A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862, (London: 1982), p.39.
32 Extract from Lady Hollands Journals, quoted in, Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit, A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862, (London: 1982), p.39.
33 G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.201.
34 Frustratingly, Harriet’s letters from the early part of the year do not mention him at all. This seems highly unusual and so I think letters concerning Granville may have been lost or destroyed over the years but clearly before Leveson Gower created his bound collection of Harriet’s letters in 1940 as he is similarly frustrated that we don’t have Harriet’s opinions on this courtship.
35 G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.322.
36 Ibid. p.329.
37 Ibid. p.328.
38 Ibid. p.331.
39 Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1999), p.396-7. Foreman notes that this is from: Lady Granville, ‘Lord Granville Leveson Gower’ II, p.434.
40 G. Leveson Gower & I. Palmer, (eds), Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.335
41 Ibid. p.335
42 Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1999), p.397.
43 Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit, A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862, (London: 1982), p.69.
44 Ibid. p.69.
45 Lady Diana Cooper (née Manners, second daughter of the 8th Duke and Duchess) in her first book of memoirs. From the 1000 years of history Belvoir book, p.10.
46 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Capability Brown & Belvoir: Discovering a Lost Landscape (Nick McCann Associates, 2015) p.164.
47 Accessed from British Newspaper Archive
48 NRO, IL 3278 – Memoranda, notes on the Close Family by Mary Isham. There is some suggestion that Mary wrote this diary later in life. Perhaps in the years immediately after her marriage or the birth of her children. Her handwriting as she aged does change to that of an elderly lady but in the decades preceding that it does not alter and so it is difficult to know exactly when she did write it. Similarly, the title of this diary, which is written on the front of the book itself is ‘Memoranda: notes on the Close Family’ which suggests that she made a study of collating the significant dates within the lives of her immediate family. Indeed, Mary notes births and deaths at the beginning of the book which would have occurred either before Mary was born or when she was very young (and so not in the hand that is written within the journal). Therefore, we can say quite confidently that at the very least the early events in the diary were written at a later date. We do not know however, when or if Mary swapped from entering dates from the past and instead wrote them in as and when they happened. By the time of her son Justinian’s suicide in 1846 she states, ‘sorrow upon sorrow’ suggesting that she is writing the events as they happen.
49 NRO, IL 3278 – Memoranda, notes on the Close Family by Mary Isham
50 XXXX
1 Dana Arnold, The Georgian Country House: Architecture, Landscape and Society (Gloucestershire: 1998), preface page.
2 Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England (London, 1998) p.2.
3 John Summerson, Architecture in Britain 1530–1830 (Yale University Press, 3rd Ed. 1993), p.382.
4 Ibid. p.389.
5 Ibid. p.395.
6 Olive Cook, The English Country House: An Art and a Way of Life (London, 1974) p.111.
7 Megan Leyland PhD Thesis, ‘Patronage and the Architectural Profession: The Country House in Nineteenth-Century Northamptonshire’, 2016. p.28.
8 Mary Isham. Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family, 1811, N.R.O. IL 3278
9 Rosie Garwood, ‘Hidden Patronage: Mary and Emily Isham and the Remodelling of Lamport Hall’ in Northamptonshire Past and Present Periodical, 2012. Vol 65. p.34
10 Ibid. p.35.
11 Henry Hakewill collection of Architectural Drawings for Lamport Hall. N.R.O. IL 3079
12 Sir Gyles Isham, The Architectural History of Lamport, NRO IL 825. Noted in Rosie Garwood, ‘Hidden Patronage: Mary and Emily Isham and the Remodelling of Lamport Hall’ in Northamptonshire Past and Present Periodical, 2012. Vol 65. p.36.
13 NRO, I 1387, Louisa Corbett notebook with additions, most likely by Millicent Isham. Quoted from Megan Leyland PhD Thesis, ‘Patronage and the Architectural Profession: The Country House in Nineteenth-Century Northamptonshire’, 2016. p.150.
14 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Capability Brown & Belvoir: Discovering a Lost Landscape (Nick McCann Associates, 2015) p.20.
15 In a 1779 survey conducted by John Spyers, the estate was said to contain 3,928 acres however land boundaries and sales may have changed this number slightly by the time Elizabeth came to Belvoir in 1799. Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Capability Brown & Belvoir: Discovering a Lost Landscape (Nick McCann Associates, 2015) p.48.
16 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Capability Brown & Belvoir: Discovering a Lost Landscape (Nick McCann Associates, 2015) p.43. The Duchess footnotes Arthur Young as ‘Arthur Young, op.cit’.
17 Ibid. p.41.
18 The green baize door really became fashionable in the mid-eighteenth century when it became used as a way to separate the family from the serving areas of the house. The heavy baize fabric would prevent sounds from penetrating through from the noisy serving side to the quiet family side and would also help prevent the spread of smells from the kitchen. Heavy brass pins were used to keep the baize in place and were sometimes arranged in a decorative pattern, although in later centuries the baize door would be hidden behind a more elaborate door so as not to draw attention to the divide.
19 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Capability Brown & Belvoir: Discovering a Lost Landscape (Nick McCann Associates, 2015) p.57.
20 Ibid. p.20.
21 Ibid. p.11.
22 Ibid. pp.52-3.
23 Ibid. p.24.
24 Ibid. p.58.
25 Ibid. p.58.
26 Ibid. p.57.
27 Ibid. p.28.
28 Ibid. p.49.
29 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Belvoir Castle: 1000 years of Family, Art and Architecture p.189.
30 Details of Elizabeth’s livestock as well as the quote from the Newspaper clipping are both quoted from Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Belvoir Castle: 1000 years of Family, Art and Architecture p.189.
31 Ibid. p.189.
32 Duke and Duchess of Rutland, Journal of A Trip to Paris, (July 1814). p.3.
33 Duke and Duchess of Rutland, Journal of A Trip to Paris, (July 1814). p. 4-5.
34 Ibid. p.22.
35 Ibid. p.27.
36 Quoted by the Duchess in her book, Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Belvoir Castle: 1000 years of Family, Art and Architecture p.50.
37 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Belvoir Castle: 1000 years of Family, Art and Architecture p.50.
38 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Capability Brown & Belvoir: Discovering a Lost Landscape (Nick McCann Associates, 2015) p.206.
39 Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit, A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London: 1982), p.75.
40 Virginia Surtees, Ed. A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990), p.134.
41 Ibid. p.130.
42 Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit, A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London: 1982), p.132
43 Ibid. p.133.
44 Ibid. p.136.
45 Ibid. p.138.
46 Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville 1810–1845. (Salisbury, 1990) p.180.
47 Ibid. pp. 182-184.
48 Ibid. pp.188-89.
49 Excerpts from a letter to Georgiana, quoted in Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit, A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London: 1982), p.145.
50 Excerpts from a letter dated 25 November 1824, from Virginia Surtees, (ed). A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) p.190.
51 Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) p.205.
52 Ibid. p.214.
53 Ibid. p.210.
54 Ibid. p.211.
55 Ibid. p.225.
1 Frederick, Earl Jermyn, to his brother-in-law, Andrew Robert Drummond, 5 October 1832, Drummond of Cadland MSS B5/15/10. Sourced from Judith Schneid Lewis In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.37.
2 Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.1.
3 Ibid. p.122.
4 Hollingsworth, ‘Demography of the British Peerage’, p.30. Paraphrased from Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England. (London, 1998) p.97.
5 Earl of Bessborough, Lady Charlotte Guest (London, 1950), p.30.
6 Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.125.
7 Ibid. p.129.
8 For further information about the rise of the accoucheur see Judith Schneid Lewis’s book In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760 –1860 which talks a lot more about the move from female to male midwives and what the transition meant for both medicine and for pregnancies in the period. She talks about specific accoucheurs who were practising throughout this period, their training and how training in itself changed, as well as the way this was accepted throughout society.
9 Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.86.
10 Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England. (London, 1998) p.95.
11 Lewis here cites Jewson, ‘Medical Knowledge and the patronage system’, p.369-386. From Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.130.
12 Ibid. pp. 130-131.
13 Lewis notes this excerpt from Lady Mary Coke as coming from Hume, ‘Lady Mary Coke’ Vol.3. p.119, Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.156.
14 Vickery here footnotes Trumbach, ‘Rise of the Egalitarian Family’, p.183 and also Lewis, ‘In the Family Way’, pp.159-62. From Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England. (London, 1998) p.100.
15 Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.162.
16 Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England. (London, 1998) p.98.
17 Lewis has quoted Croft from the following source. The details of the birth are repeated in several reports that compose Lot 3 of the Croft papers. The most detailed description of the third stage appears in a statement dated and signed by Croft, endorsed ‘afterbirth.’ From Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.184.
18 Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.184.
19 From Iris Palmer ‘The Face Without a Frown’, p.76. Quoted in Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.171.
20 Earl of Bessborough, ‘Lady Charlotte Guest’, p.23.
21 Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit: A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London: 1982), pp.73-4.
22 Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville, 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) p.17.
23 Harriet was clearly struggling to keep track of which month she was in, having mentioned on the 3 August ‘these six months’ and then refers to ‘in my eighth month’ here just fourteen days later. We know that the baby was born ‘late’ – perhaps because of miscalculations in timing as well as the chance the baby was simply overdue as can happen very often with first children. We can therefore assume that in mid-August, Harriet would have been seven months pregnant, assuming that she was due sometime mid-October and laboured two weeks later on 24 October. This letter is quoted from, Virginia Surtees, Ed. A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville, 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) p.41.
24 Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville, 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) p.24.
25 Both letters here from 22 and 24 September 1810 are from Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville, 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) pp.36-37.
26 Royal College of Physicians: Lives of the Fellows. Munks Roll: Volume 2: Andrew Thynne. (website: http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/biography/details/4441).
27 Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville, 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) p.41.
28 Ibid. p.126.
29 In this section of her book Lewis goes into much more detail as to how people considered adultery and divorce. Divorce during this period was generally thought to be a huge social taboo and adultery, whilst it was not ideal, had to be coped with, so long as it didn’t cause major social problems, such as interfering with inheritance. Furthermore, ‘prior to 1857 when divorce courts were first instituted, divorce was an unpleasant, arduous, expensive, time-consuming and irregular legal procedure’. (p.39). Lewis does state though that as couples moved towards a more private ‘companionate’ marriage, adultery was increasingly seen as a relationship breaker and there are several examples in Lewis’s book of young men and women who either abandoned their marriages, ran away with other men, or simply filed for divorce. From Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.39.
30 Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit: A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London: 1982), p.77.
31 The Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden Belvoir Castle: 1000 years of Family, Art and Architecture p.13.
32 Randolph Trumbach, Rise of the Egalitarian Family, (London, 1978), p.184-185.
33 Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.197.
34 Ibid. p.197.
35 Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) p.42.
36 Ibid. p.54.
37 Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1999) p.416.
38 Valerie Grosvenor Myer, Jane Austen, Obstinate Heart: A Biography (London, 1998) p.25-6.
39 Morning Post, 16 July 1783. Quoted in, Amanda Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (London, 1999) p.122.
40 From Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way, Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760–1860 (New Jersey, 1986), p.195.
41 G. Leveson-Gower & I. Palmer, Eds., Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), p.209.
42 Ibid. p.201.
43 Amanda Vickery talks about this in greater depth here: Vickery, Amanda, ‘Golden age to separate spheres? A review of the categories and chronology of English women’s history’. The Historical Journal. 36 (2), (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp.383–414. Also see Robert B. Shoemaker, Gender in English History 1650–1850, The Emergence of Separate Spheres? (London, 1998).
44 Kathryn Hughes ‘The Figure of the Governess’ from the British Library Website. (https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-figure-of-the-governess) Hughes has also written a book entitled The Victorian Governess which goes into more detail on the role and history of the governess in this period.
45 Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit: A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London: 1982), p.106.
46 Excerpt from Brasenose College Website. https://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/about-brasenose/history/212-college-history/397-a-brief-history-of-brasenose.
47 Frederick Leveson Gower, Bygone Years, (New York, 1905).
48 Georgiana’s other titles include Grantley Manor (1847), Lady Bird (1852), Life of St Francis of Rome (1855), The Countess of Bonneval (1858), Rose Leblanc (1861), Laurentia, a Tale of Japan (1861), Too Strange Not to Be True (1864), Constance Sherwood (1865), A Stormy Life (1867), Helpers of the Holy Soul (1868), Mrs Gerald’s Niece (1869), Life of Louisa de Carvajal (1873), A Will and a Way (1881), and Life of Elizabeth Lady Falkland (1883).
1 Pat Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family (Oxford University Press, 2000), p.5.
2 Ibid. p.5.
3 Letter 21 November 1804 from Elizabeth Manners, 5th Duchess of Rutland to her husband John Henry Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland. From Belvoir Castle Archives.
4 G. Leveson-Gower & I. Palmer, (eds) Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), pp.112.
5 Letters from 1-6 August 1807, G. Leveson-Gower & I. Palmer, (eds) Hary-O The Letters of Lady Harriet Cavendish 1796–1809 (London, 1940), pp.201-204.
6 The Morning Chronicle (London, England), Thursday, 16 June, 1814; Issue 14076
7 NRO, IL 3278, Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family by Mary Isham.
8 NRO, IL 3278, Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family by Mary Isham.
9 NRO, IL 2788 – notices to J. V. Isham asking for his input to proposed plans to build a railway line.
10 Megan Leyland, ‘Patronage and the Architectural Profession: The Country House in Nineteenth-Century Northamptonshire’ pg.42. Leyland cites here ‘see ‘Suicide by a Gentleman of fortune’, Morning Post, 28 August 1846, p.4; ‘Suicide of Sir Justinian Vere Isham, Bart.’, Leicestershire Mercury, 5 September 1846; NRO, I 13/1-3, items relating to the death of Sir Justinian Vere Isham.
11 ‘Suicide by a Gentleman of Fortune,’ Cheltenham Chronicle, 4 September 1846.
12 Miranda Gill, Eccentricity and the Cultural Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Paris (Oxford: 2009). pp.1-9.
13 NRO, IL 3278 – Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family by Mary Isham
14 Rosie Garwood, ‘Hidden Patronage: Mary and Emily Isham and the Remodelling of Lamport Hall’ in Northamptonshire Past & Present Periodical. 2012. Vol 65. Pg.39.
15 NRO, IL 3278 – Memoranda, Notes on the Close Family by Mary Isham
16 From ‘Life of Lady Georgiana Fullerton’ by Mrs Augusta Craven, quoted in Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit: A Biography of Harriet Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London: 1982), p.164.
17 Frederick Leveson Gower, Bygone Years (New York, 1905).
18 Letter from Harriet to G. January 1835, from Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville 1810–1845. (Salisbury, 1990) p.264.
19 The political changes of this time would take too much time and space to recount within this study, however there are several historical studies which look at the upheaval at the time, such as, British Politics in an Age of Reform, by Michael Turner, or Ruling Britannia, A Political History of Britain 1688–1988, by G. Williams and J. Ramsden.
20 Virginia Surtees, (ed.) A Second Self: The Letters of Harriet Granville 1810–1845 (Salisbury, 1990) p.292.
21 I am not a military historian; also, to go into the full history of the military history of the Ottoman Empire would take too long within this study. Below is a brief history of what happened in the Egyptian-Ottoman War between 1939 and 1941 and how the French and English tensions occurred.
The Ottomans had invaded Constantinople (now Turkey) trying to gain land back that they had lost in the first war. They suffered a horrendous defeat and surrendered to the Egyptians who were led by Mehemet Ali, the Pasha of Egypt. At this point many Western countries intervened to force Egypt to agree to a peace treaty. France however did not want to become involved, having been a long-time ally of Ali, even accepting the Luxor obelisk which still stands in the Place de la Concorde. Britain instead engineered an alliance between Russia, Austria and Prussia in support of the Ottomons and eventually the Egyptians gave up any claim they had to Constantinople (Turkey) and the war was over. The French and English tensions built because France did not want to oppose Ali and the English involvement with those other countries in the defeat of Ali created tension and this could be felt in Paris where there was a huge English population in Paris.
22 Frederick Leveson Gower, Bygone Years (New York, 1905).
23 Betty Askwith, Piety and Wit, a Biography of Harriet, Countess Granville, 1785–1862 (London: 1982), p.175
24 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Belvoir Castle: 1000 years of Family, Art and Architecture p.49.
25 Ibid. p.50.
26 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Capability Brown & Belvoir: Discovering a Lost Landscape (Nick McCann Associates, 2015) p.57.
27 Valerie Grosvenor Myer – Jane Austen, Obstinate Heart: A Biography (1998). p.3.
1 Excerpt from the obituary of Elizabeth, 5th Duchess of Rutland. From The Gentleman’s Magazine, December 1825.
2 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Belvoir Castle: 1000 years of Family, Art and Architecture (Nick McCann Associates, 2015), p.52.
3 The Duchess of Rutland’s Obituary, in The Gentleman’s Magazine: and historical chronicle, January 1736–December 1833; December 1825; British Periodicals pg. 561 3 Duchess of Rutland and Jane Pruden, Capability Brown & Belvoir: Discovering a Lost Landscape (Nick McCann Associates, 2015) p.58.
4 Ibid. p.114.
5 Emily Isham’s architectural work is just as interesting as Mary’s and so I would highly recommend reading Rosie Garwood’s brilliant article for further and more in-depth details of the work that Emily and Charles Edmund completed at Lamport Hall.
Rosie Garwood, ‘Hidden Patronage: Mary and Emily Isham and the Remodelling of Lamport Hall’, in Northamptonshire Past and Present, Vol.65, 2012.
6 In her first weeks in Paris Harriet and Granville are presented as the new ambassador and ambassadress of Paris to the Dauphine Marie-Therese Charlotte of France and Louis Antoine, Duke of Angouleme. She was told to be a formidable woman, the eldest daughter and only surviving child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, she was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1778 and most of her life was spent alternately as an established member of the royal family as a prisoner in Temple Tower or as a terrified exile. She married the Duke of Angouleme, her cousin, and eventually became known as the dauphine when her husband’s father Charles X ascended to the briefly restored throne in 1824. It is little wonder then that Harriet would have been intimidated and nervous at the prospect of meeting such a woman who, whilst only seven years older than Harriet, had lived a difficult life which had hardened her and left her suspicious of all. For more information on the history and fate of the French Royal Family during this period see: Antonia Fraser, Marie Antoinette: The Journey, Susan Nagal, Marie-Therese: The Fate of Marie Antoinette’s Daughter, and Evelyne Lever, The Last Queen of France.