INDEX

Abernathy, Reverend Ralph
Abolitionists
Abortifacient
Abraham, Laurie Kaye
Academics. See also Teachers
Ackies, Myrtle
Activists. See Civil rights: workers/activists
Adams, Frankie V.
Adams, Lucretia
Adams, Reverend Nehemiah
Adultery
Advertising
Affirmative action
Afghanistan war
African ethnic groups
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Agriculture
agrarian radicalism
agricultural laborers (see also Sharecropping)
commercial vs. subsistence
migratory labor
tenant farmers
Aid to Dependent Children (ADC)
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
limited/abolished
Ain’t I a Woman? (hooks)
Air-traffic controllers
Akans
Alabama
Birmingham church bombing
Freedmen’s Bureau in
Mobile
Montgomery
Selma
Tuskegee
Albright, Mary
Alcohol
Allen, Ruth Alice
Allen, Wanita
Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)
American Missionary Association (AMA)
American Telephone and Telegraph
Ames, Mary
Ammonds, Molly
Anderson, Marian
Anderson, Mary
Anderson, Zelda Webb
Andrews, Eliza
Andrews, Sidney
Angelou, Maya
Angola
Apartheid system
Apex Beauty Products Company
Arkansas
Little Rock
Arrests
Atkins, Lizzie
Atlanta Constitution
Atlanta University
Audacity of Hope, The (Obama)
Aunt Adelaide
Austin, Bill and Jack
Auto industry.
See also United Automobile Workers
Automation

Baby boom
Bailey, Pearl
Baker, Ella
Baker, Josephine
Baker, Ray Stannard
Baker, Susie
Banes, Jackie and Robert
Banks
Barbee, Annie Mack
Barnes, Melody
Bates, Daisy
Baxter, Sandra
Bazemore, Donna
Beal, Frances
“Beautification Projects”
Beauty, female
Beauty and the Breast campaign
Beauty parlors/products
Bell, Frank
Bell Telephone system
Benevolent and mutual aid societies
Bethune, Mary McLeod
Billionaires
Black churches. See also Religion
Blackburn, Ruby
Black men (tables)
absence of husbands/fathers
in armed forces
camaraderie in ghetto
and childcare
in Civil War
demonized
displaced by immigrants
drafted
and family obligations
freedmen’s employment
and household chores
husbands as head of families
humiliation of enslaved
manhood of husbands questioned
northern
preachers
Black Muslims
Black nationalism
Black Panther Party
Black Power movement
Black women
Bootheel women
as childbearers (see also Fertility rates)
contempt for
dilemmas of black feminists
disabled
elderly (see also Elderly people: employment of elderly women)
female-headed households
married (see also Marriage)
as matriarchs
middle-class
and migration north
mothers with dependent children (see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children)
myth of the black “superwoman,”
physical strength of enslaved
possessions of enslaved
power/influence of enslaved
pregnant
priorities developed under slavery
as “race women,”
as reserve labor force
running away/escaping slaves
single mothers
and southern labor relations
and spirituality
status of
as three-quarter hands
triple duty of rural women
as union leaders
widows
wisdom of
See also Freedwomen; Black women’s work
“Black Women in the Academy: Defending Our Name” (conference)
Black Women Organized for Action
Black women’s work
allocation of slave labor
alternatives to domestic service (see also Domestics: preference of factory over domestic work)
and aspirations
in black community
in cotton mills
days/hours working
definition as problematic
developments complicating
vs. family responsibilities (see also Household chores/responsibilities)
in federal offices
field work
in ghettos
in human resources/community outreach positions
importance to family survival
at mid-twentieth century
and New Deal wage and hour legislation
in nonrural South
and occupations of white males/women
political dynamics of middle-class women’s work
in rural South (1880-1915)
selling to neighbors and downtown areas
for slave community
three spheres of
after World War II,
See also Domestics; Factory work; Freedwomen: as free contract laborers; Laundering; Sales/clerical work; Teachers; Tobacco
Block, Sarah Ann
Blue Cross Blue Shield
Boarders
Sex ratios
Boehmgart, Oliver and Charles
Bolin, Jane M.
Boss Funsten
Boston
Botume, Elizabeth
Boudry, Nancy
Boycotts
Boykin, Vera
Braden, Anne
Bradley v. Milliken
Breast cancer
Brehon, Helen Cade
Brittian, James
Broggan, Patrick
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Ladies Auxiliary
Brown, Charlotte Hawkins
Brown, Elaine
Brown, Jeanetta Welch
Brown, John
Brown, Lakisha
Brown, Patricia
Brown v. Board of Education
Bryant, Joyce
Bryant, Lucille
Bryant, Maud Lee
Building Service Union Local 141 (AFL)
Burch, Arlena
Bureau of the Census. See also Censuses
Burge, Dolly Lunt
Burke, Emily
Burleson, George C., Ida May, and Clifford
Burns Hope, Lugenia
Burroughs, Nannie
Bush, George W.
Bush, George H. W.
Butler, Binah
Butler, Carrie “Tunch,”
Butler, Frances
Butts, Cassandra
Byrd, William

California
San Francisco area
Campbell, George
Canty, Hattie
Capitalism
Carmichael, Stokely
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carter-Lewis, Linda
Cawthon, Cicely
Cemeteries
Censuses. See also Bureau of the Census
Central Life Insurance Company of Tampa
Chambermaids
Chamber of Commerce
Chambliss, Robert
Chaney, Ned
Chapman, Hannah
Charities
Chattanooga Times
Chesapeake plantations
Chesnut, Mary Boykin
Chicago
Chicago Commission on Race Relations
Chicago Defender
Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy
Church of All Nations in
garment workers’ union in
Henry Horner housing project in
housing in
meatpacking/slaughterhouses in
Childers, Mary
Children
as asset in sharecropping families
beatings of
childcare
child-labor legislation
city/ghetto children
during Civil War
as domestics
mortality rates
punishing
teenagers
of unwed mothers
work of
young black girls as “insolent,”
Chinese women
Chisholm, Shirley
Chronicle (North Carolina)
Citizenship rights
City Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs
Civil disobedience
Civil rights
and gender issues
and good jobs
and “mamas,”
revolution of the 1950s,
workers/activists (see also Leadership)
Civil Rights Act of 1964,
Title VII,
Civil War
black men in Union army(see also Black men: in Civil War)
Confederate impressment policies
free labor system after
Claiborne, James
Clark, John T.
Clark, Kenneth and Mamie
Clark, Septima
Class issues . See also Middle class
Cleaver, Eldridge
Cleaver, Kathleen
Clerical work. See Sales/clerical work
Cleveland
Clinton, Bill
Clothing . See also Laundering; Garment industry; Seamstresses
Coalition of Labor Union Women
Cobb, Hayes and Peter
Cobb, Ned
Code-switching
Cofer, Willis
Colbert, Mary
Cold war
Coleman, Bessie
Coleman, William
Collins, Lucretia
Collins, Virginia
Colored Federated Clubs
Colored People (Gates)
Colored Women’s Democrat Club
Colquitt, Martha
Colquitt, Sara
Colvin, Claudette
Comer, James
Comer, Maggie
Communism
Communist Party
“Complete Survey of Race Women in Local Industries” (New York Age)
Comprehensive Employment Training Act of 1973,
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Committee to Abolish Racial Discrimination
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Conjurers
Consumerism
Conway, Thomas W.
Cooks/cooking
Cooley, Rossa
Cooper, Anna J.
Cooper, Luanna
Cooperation
Cooperatives
Coppin, Fannie Jackson
Corn
Cosby, Bill
Cosby Show
Cotton
cotton boom and slave fertility/miscarriages
cotton gin
cotton mill employment
European markets for
household structure in Cotton Belt counties (1870,1880, 1900) (tables)(tables)
price of
sharecropping system for(see also Sharecropping)
wages for field-hands
Cotton, Dorothy
Cotton root
Couper, Thomas
Courier Express (Buffalo)
Courtship
Craft, William and Ellen
Credit
Crenshaw, Kimberle
Crime
Crisis, The (journal)
Culinary Workers Local
Current, Gloster
Curry, John

Daughters of the American Revolution
Davidson, Hannah
Davis, Angela
Davis, Henrietta Vinton
Davis, Mary
Day-off get-togethers
Defense plants. See Industry: war industry
Deference ritual
Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,
De Forrest, John
Delaware
Delta Pride plant
Democracy
Democratic Party
and Dixiecrats
National Convention in 1964,
Denby, Christine
Dickens, Dr. Helen O.
Dickson, Anna Mae
Diets. See also Food supplies; Nutrition
Dill, Bonnie
Dillard, Lutensia
Dilworth, Carrie
Diseases. See also Breast cancer; Health issues
Division of labor
between boys and girls
in Chicago stores and offices
after emancipation
and man’s role as protector of family
in rural South
task allocation among enslaved workers
Divorce
Doctors
Domestics
alternatives to domestic service (see also Domestics: preference of factory over domestic work)
day service vs. living in
mistress-servant relationship
preference of factory over domestic work
shortage of
social clubs of
and theft/toting
and white women in the labor force
Women’s Domestic Union
and workers’ legislation
after World War II, See also under Wages
Donegan, Dorothy
“Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work” campaigns
Double Victory clubs
Douglass, Frederick
Downsizing
Dowries
DuBois, W. E. B.
duCille, Ann
Dugan, Barbara
Duncan, Ruby
Dunham, Catherine
DuPont (Flag-Officer)
Durr, Virginia

Eastern Regional Conference of Black Feminism
Eberhardt, Massie
Ebony magazine
Eckford, Elizabeth
Economic crisis of 2008-2009,
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964,
Edelman, Marian Wright
Education
attendance figures(Table C.10)
funding for schools
schools in Camden, New Jersey
and “Uncle Toms,”
See also Segregation: in schools; Teachers
Edwards, Thomas J.
Egalitarianism
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Elderly people
employment of elderly women
See also Black women: elderly
Eldrige, Elleanor
“Eleanor Clubs,”
Ellis, Bob
Emancipation
field labor after
state emancipation laws
Employment agencies
Entertainment
Entrepreneurs
Environmental issues. See also Pollution
Epstein, Abraham
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Equal Rights Amendment
Eubanks, Topsy
Eugenics
Executions

Factory work
machine operatives
See also Domestics: preference of factory over domestic work; Industry
Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC);
Fair Labor Standards Act
Falwell, Reverend Jerry
Family Circle magazine
Family issues
and city life
extended/augmented families
families during and after Civil War era
families vs. kinship clusters
family-based systems of labor
family represented by husband
family rituals
household sizes
and meaning of freedom
mother-daughter conflicts
real families vs. economic households
and union affairs
and World War II,
See also Black men: and family obligations; Black women’s work: vs. family responsibilities; Kin relationships/groupings
Fant, Mary Louise
Farm Security Administration (FSA)
Faucet, Crystal Bird
“FDR Was My Boss” (McDuffie)
Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933
(FERA)
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
Federal legislation/programs
Federal Writers Project (FWP)
FWP Slave Narrative Collection
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan)
Feminism
dilemmas of black feminists
See also Women’s liberation movement
Fertility rates . See also Black women: as childbearers
Fields, Karen, Mamie, and Robert
Fields, Mamie Garvin
Florida
Tampa
Flowers, Estelle
Folk medicine
Fonda, Jane
Food supplies . See also Cooks/cooking; Diets
Food, Tobacco, Agricultural and Allied Workers Union (FTA)
Ford Motor Company
Forman, James
Fortune, Hilda
Franks, Dora
Fraternal orders/lodges
Frazier, E. Franklin
Freedman’s Savings and Trust Bank
Freedmen’s Bureau
and contract disputes
Register of Complaints for the state of Louisiana (1868)(tables)
and unequal pay for black men and women
Freedmen’s Hospital (Washington.C.)
Freedom, meaning of. See Family issues: and meaning of freedom
Freedom rides
Freedom songs
Freedwomen(tables)
with children
as free contract laborers (1865-1870)
personal style of
status five years after Civil War
urban
viciousness aimed at
Free Produce movement
French, Mansfield (Reverend)
Friedan, Betty
Fulkes, Minnie
Fulton, M. C.

Gaffney, Mary
Gaillard, Robin Rucker
Gaines, Edith
Gallup Poll
Garment industry
Garner, Eddie May
Garner, George
Garvey, Marcus
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.
Gauldens, Rose
General Federation of Women’s Clubs
General Motors
George, Presley, Sr.
Georgia
Athens
Atlanta
Augusta
St. Simons Island off coast of
Savannah
Ghettos. See Urban ghettos
GI Bill
Gill, Tiffany
Gillam, Cora
Glass ceilings
Global economy. See also Economic crisis of 2008-2009
Gober, Bertha
Godon, S. W. (Commander)
Goldberg, Whoopi
Gossett, Hattie
Gottlieb, Peter
Grandberry, Mary Ella
Grannum, Colvin
Granny Ann
Grant, Ulysses S.
Great Depression
Great Society
Green, Wilhelmina
Green-Brown, Ruthie
Griffin, Joan
Grimke, Angelina and Sarah
Guinier, Lani
Gwaltney, James Langston

Hackshaw, Leotha
Hadnott, Sallie Mae
Hagood, Margaret
Haines, Izzelly
Hairdressers
Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York (Ovington)
Hall, Juanita
Hall, Lottie
Hamburg, Margaret
Hamer, Fannie Lou
Hammond, Nettie and Ata
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins
Harper, Mrs. J. S.
Harper’s Weekly
Harris, Amanda
Harris, Delia
Harris, Jean
Harvard Law School
Harvey, Ruth
Hatcher, Lillian
Hawkins, Octavia
Haws, John
Health issues
health insurance
See also Breast cancer; Diseases; Doctors; Medical care; Nutrition
Height, Dorothy
Herbst, Alma
Hernandez, Aileen
Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks
Hill, Anita
Hispanics
Historians
Hodges, Fanny
Hoeing
Hollywood
hooks, bell
Hopkins, Velma
Horne, Lena
Hospitals
Hotels
Household chores/responsibilities . See also Black women’s work: vs. family responsibilities
Household Employment Committees
Household Training Centers
House Un-American Activities Committee
Housewives Leagues
Housing
homeownership
mortgage defaults/foreclosures
public housing
Houston, Whitney
Howard, Oliver O.
Howard Law School
Huggins, Erica
Hughes, Langston
Humphrey, Nelson and Phoebe
Hunt, Annie Mae
Hunter, Addie W.
Hurley, Ruby
Hurricane Katrina
Hurston, Zora Neale

“I AM a Man” slogan
Igbos
Immigrants
comparisons with African Americans
immigrant wives
New Immigrants
undocumented
See also Migrations
Imprisonment
Indentured servants
Independent Order of St. Luke
Individualism
Industry
deindustrialization
war industry
See also Auto industry; Factory work
Inflation
International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)
Iraq war
Islam

Jackson, Cora
Jackson, Janet
Jackson, Reverend Jesse
Jacobs, Harriet
James, Eliza
“Jane Crow and the Law” (Murray)
Jarrett, Valerie
Jefferson, Thomas
Jews
Jim Crow
Johnson, Bernice
Johnson, Frances
Johnson, John H.
Johnson, Lady Bird
Johnson, Lyndon
Johnson, Pauline
Johnson, Robert L.
Johnson, Viola
Jones, Caroline and William
Jones, Charles Colcock
Jones, Charles C., Jr.
Jones, Dora
Jones, Julia
Jones, Lillie
Jones, Mary
Jones, Roxanne
Jones, Ruby
Jonnie F.
Jordan, Barbara
Joseph, Gloria
Journalists. See also Press
J. P. Stevens company
Justice for Janitors
Juvenile delinquency

Kansas
Keglar, Birdie
Kemble, Fanny
Kemp, Maida Springer
Kentucky
Louisville
Kessler-Harris, Alice
King, Coretta Scott
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
King, Mary
King, Mary Jones
King, Roswell
King, Susie Baker
Kin relationships/groupings
(Table B.4)(Table C.4)
kinship networks in rural and urban South
and squad system
See also Family issues
Knights of Labor
Kozol, Jonathan
Ku Klux Klan

Labor force
black women as reserve labor force
and discrimination in the workplace
total female participation in
See also black women’s work
Labor movement. See also Labor unions; Strikes
Labor-saving devices . See also Automation
Labor systems
Labor unions
black union membership
decline of
leadership(see also Black women: as union leaders)
women’s auxiliaries
Ladies Union League
Lamb, Martha
Landownership
Laney, Lucy
Language
Lansing, Marjorie
Las Vegas
Latimer, Trois J.
Laundering
commercial laundries
job action of Atlanta laundresses
and labor-saving devices
Laws, J. Bradford
Lawson, Esther
Lawsuits
Leadership . See also Black women: as union leaders
League of Women Voters
Ledbetter, Huddie
Lemon Swamp and Other Places (K. Fields)
Lerner, Gerda
Lesbians
Leslie, Mandy
Levitan, Sar
Lewis, Diane K.
Lewis, Sallie Pearl
Life expectancy. See also Mortality rates
Life magazine
Liggett & Myers
Literacy (Table B.5)(tables)
female literacy rates
Lorde, Audre
Louis, Joe
Louisiana
Freedmen’s Bureau in
New Orleans
Register of Complaints for the state of Louisiana (1868)(tables)
Love, Silretha
Luckett, Frances
Lucy, Autherine
Lynchings

Mabry, Susan
McCain, Franklin
McCannon, Bernice
McCloudy, Josephine
McDaniel, Hattie
McDuffie, Elizabeth
McFarland, Hannah
McGee, Henrietta
Mack, Precious
Macon, Evelyn
McQueen, Butterfly
Mad cow disease
Madison, May Anna
Magee, Elviry
Malcolm X,
Malone, Mrs. Annie M. Turnbo
Mama Might Be Better Off Dead (Abraham)
Manigaults (planters)
Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962,
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
March on Washington Movement (MOWM)
Marion, Andy
Markham, Tommy
Marriage
of Barack and Michelle Obama
See also Wife-husband relationship
Marshall, Paule
Marshall, Thurgood
Martin, Margaret
Maryland
Baltimore
Baltimore’s Domestic Workers Union
Mathews, Julia
Matrifocality
Matthews, Ann
Maum Katie
Meatpacking/slaughterhouse plants
Mebane, Mary and Nonnie
Media. See also Press
Medical care. See also Health issues
Medicare/Medicaid
Menstruation
Mexican women
Michigan
Detroit
Flint
Middle class . See also under Black women
Midwest
Midwives
“Migrant in Pittsburgh, The,”
Migrations
and black elites’ disapproval of newly arrived southerners
Great Migration northward
to Kansas
numbers migrating north
urban migrations
See also Immigrants
Miller, Lucinda
Milner, Estelle
Milwaukee
Mining
Miscarriages/stillbirths
Miscegenation
Mississippi
Jackson
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Missouri
Kansas City
St. Louis
Mitchell, Maria
Model Cities program
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
Montgomery Ward
Moody, Anne
Moore, Winnie, John, and Sarah
Morrison, Toni
Mortality rates . See also Life expectancy; under Children
Mortar and pestle
Moseley, Lilian
Moses, Charlie
Moses, Robert
Mother Horn (Harlem)
Mothers for Adequate Welfare (Boston)
Mothers of the South (Hagood)
Motley, Constance Baker
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick
Mulattos
Murders. See also Lynchings
Murray, Harriett
Murray, Pauli
Music. See also Singing
“My Black Mothers and Sisters, or on Beginning a Cultural Autobiography” (Reagon)

Narrative (Douglass)
Nash, Diane
Nation
National-American Woman Suffrage Association
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
leaders
youth group
National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO)
National Child Protection Act
National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
“National Defense Blues,”
National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA)
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
National League for the Protection of Colored Women
National Negro Labor Council (NNLC)
National Organization for Women (NOW)
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
National Tobacco Workers Union
National Urban League
National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO)
National Youth Administration
Native Americans
Natural disasters
Neal, Sam
“Negro American Family” (DuBois)
“Negro Family, The: The Case for National Action” (Moynihan Report)
“Negro in the Black Belt, The” (DuBois)
Negro Women “Pioneers,”
“Negro Women War Workers,”
Negro Youth Council for Victory and Democracy
Neighborhood Youth Corps and Job Corps
Nelson, Beulah
Nelson, Jill
Nelson, Misu
Net financial assets
New Deal
New Federalism
New Jersey
Atlantic City
Camden
New Left
New Right
Newton, Huey
New York (city)
Brooklyn Navy Yard
domestics in
Harlem
Harlem’s Children’s Center
Negro Labor Committee in
terrorist attacks of 2001,
New York Age
New York Domestic Workers Union
New York Times
New York Tribune
Nixon administration
Nonviolence
North
female-headed households in
work and family life in urban North
North Carolina
University of North Carolina
Numbers racket
Nurses
Nutrition. See also Diets

Obama, Barack
Obama, Malia Ann and Natasha (Sasha)
Obama, Michelle Robinson
Occupations of black/white household heads(tables)
Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply (OPA)
Olaudah, Equiano
Olmsted, Frederick Law
O’Neal, Charles
Operation Dixie
Operation Life
Opinion polls
Opportunity
Optimism
O, The Oprah Magazine
Ovington, Mary White
Oystering

Parks, Rosa
Part-time work
Patriarchy
Patton, Gwendolyn M.
Pelcher, Pinkie
Pennsylvania
Consumers’ League of Eastern Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Pensions
Perry, Matilda
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA)
Pesticides
Peters, Isetta
Petry, Ann
Philadelphia Citizens in Action
Philbrick, Edward S.
Photography projects
Pickens, William
Pickens family of South Carolina
Police brutality
Political participation
Pollution
Populations
numbers of freed and enslaved people
southern black
suburban
urban
Porter, Dick
Poverty
poverty line
War on Poverty
working poor
Powdermaker, Hortense
Powers, Betty
President’s Committee on Civil Rights
Press. See also Journalists
Price, Hugh
Price, Thomas
Prieleau, Jewell
Professionals
Prostitution
Protests . See also Sit-in protests; Strikes
Prout, Mary
Pryor, Vikki
Public accommodations
Public transit systems
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Public works projects

Quigley, Ann

“Racial fatigue,”
Radicalism
Radio broadcasting
Railroads
Randolph, A. Philip
Rape
Rashad, Phylicia
Rauschenberg, Charles
Ravenel, Henry W.
Reagan, Ronald
Reagon, Bernice Johnson
Recessions
Reconstruction period
Recreation. See also Entertainment
Reed, Carolyn
Reed, Dolly
Refugees, political/economic
Religion . See also Black churches
Republican Party
Resettlement Administration
Respectability
Rhode Island
Rice
Rice, Florence
Rice, Susan
Riots
Rivers, LaJoe
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
Roberts, Joseph L., Jr.
Roberts, Lillian
Robeson, Paul
Robinson, Bernice
Robinson, Fraser III, Marian, and Craig
Robinson, Geneva
Robinson, Jim
Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson
Robinson, Marian
Robinson, Mary V.
Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith
Rogers, Desiree
Rogers, Rosaline
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Executive Orders 7046 and 8802,
See also New Deal
Rosengarten, Theodore
Rosie the Riveter
Ross, Rose
Rural electrification projects

Sales/clerical work
Sampson, Edith
Sanitation workers
Santa Fe
Saunders, Celia Cabaniss
Scantling, Eliza
Science and Society
Scott, Hazel
Scott, Janie
Seafood processing plants
Sea Islands
black settlements in
Seale, Bobby
Sealy, Angeline
Seamstresses
Sears, Roebuck Company
Seattle
Secretaries
Segregation
in armed forces
hypersegregated areas
in public housing
residential
in schools
in the workplace
Senegambians
Servant problem. See also Domestics
Service Employees International Union (SEIU)
Sexism
Sex ratios
Sexual issues
black men with white women
black women labeled promiscuous
sexual harassment
See also Rape
Shakur, Assata
Share Croppers Union (SCU)
Sharecropping
children as asset in
dwellings of sharecroppers
as obsolete
and “shifting” process
Shays, Ruth
Sherman, William Tecumseh
Shields, Emma
Showvely, Martha
Sierra Leone
Simpson, Theodosia
Singing
Single mothers. See also under Black women
Sit-in protests
Slavery
in British North America
domestic service vs. fieldwork
end of(see also Emancipation)
enslaved women buying freedom with savings
enslaved women’s labor as problem of plantation management
and forced migration from upper South to lower South
fugitives from
households of enslaved
numbers of freed and enslaved people
overseers
plantation sizes
regional variations as a labor system
resistance to
rise of as a labor system
women’s labor in context of family/community life
Sledge v. J. P. Stevens and Co
Smith, Alfred Edgar
Smith, Barbara
Smith, Bessie
Smith Chisholm, Henrietta
Smith, Elder Lucy
Smith, Lillian
Smith, Lucy
Smith, Lucy Wilmot
Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Alex
Smith, Moranda
Smith, Rebecca
Smith, Ruby Doris
Smith v. Allwright
Social change
Socialism/Socialist Party
Social mobility
Social Security
Social-welfare programs
Social workers
Solidarity
South
armed “riders” in
freedpeople’s settlements after Civil War
industrial revolution in
life expectancy in
New South
percentage of slaves in
Piedmont region
rural South (1880-1915)
southern congressmen
urban sex ratio in
urban South (1880- 1915)
and World Wars I and II,
See also Slavery; individual states
South Carolina
Charleston
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union (STFU)
Southern Worker
Spaniards
Sparrow, Jessie
Spear, Chloe
Special Supplementary Nutritional Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)
Spinning/weaving
Spirituality. See Religion; under Black women
Sports
Standard of living
Starks, Hazel
Status. See under Black women
Steele, Rosie
Steel mills
Steel Workers Organizing Committee
Stereotypes
and gangsta rap
Stikes, Moses
Stock market
Stone, Alfred Holt
Storm Lake, Iowa
Strikes
hate strikes
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Black Women’s Liberation Committee
Suburbs
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Suffragists. See also Voting rights
Sugar/sugar cane
Sun Belt
Supreme Court
Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation
Sutphen, Mona
Sweet, Mary

Taft-Hartley Act
Taliaferro, James
Taxation
Teachers
Technology. See Labor-saving devices
Telephone companies
Telephone Employees’ Association
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)
Tenants and Workers United
Tennessee
Fayette and Haywood counties
Memphis
Nashville
Tennessee Valley Authority
Terrell, Louise
Terrell, Mary Church
Terrorist attacks of 2001,
Texas
Houston
Textile mills/manufacturers
Textile Workers Union
Their Eyes Were Watching God (Hurston)
Thomas, Bill and Newman
Thomas, Clarence
Thompson, Sadie
Thurmond, Strom
Till, Emmett and Mamie Bradley
Tilley, Nanny May
Tillman, Katherine Davis
Tillmon, Johnnie
Time magazine
Tobacco
rehandlers/stemmers
worming plants
Tobacco Workers International Union (TWIU)
Tokenism
To Secure These Rights
Towne, Laura
Truman, Harry S.
Executive Orders 9980 and 9981,
Truth, Sojourner
Tuberculosis
Tubman, Harriet
Tucker, Helen
Tucker, Opallou
Turner, Denise
Turner, Georgia Mae
Turner, Gracie
Turner, Mary

Unemployment
black unemployment rates (2009)
United Automobile Workers (UAW)
United Laundry Workers (ULW)
United Mine Workers
United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA; CIO)
United States Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands
United States Department of Labor’s Women’s Bureau
United States Employment Service
United Tobacco Workers
Universal Negro Improvement Association
Urban ghettos
Urban League. See National Urban League
U.S. News and World Report

Victimization
Vietnam War
Violence
domestic violence
See also Lynchings; Murders; Nonviolence; Whippings
Virginia
Danville
Petersburg
Readjuster biracial movement in
Richmond
Volunteer Slavery (Nelson)
Voter registration
Voting rights

Wages
for black men vs. white men
for black teachers
for black women vs. white women/white men
for domestics
industry wage levels
for laundering
living-wage campaigns
minimum wage
nonpayment of
Wagner Act
Walker, Alice
Walker, Madame C. J.
Walker, Maggie Lena
Walker, Margaret
Walker, Pamela
Wallace, Michelle
Ware, Charles P.
Ware, Harriet
War Manpower Commission
Washington, Cynthia
Washington.C.
Washington, Forrester B.
Washington, Georgia
Washington, Martin V.
Washington, Mary Helen
Washington, Sarah Spencer
Washington Bee
Washington Post
Washington-Williams, Essie Mae
“Washwoman’s Blues,”
Water
Waters, Ethel
Watkins, Sylvia
Webb, Mary Frances
Welfare
end of
“welfare queens,”
welfare reform
welfare rights activists
See also Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Wells, Ida B.
Wells Fargo Bank
West, Cornel
West Coast. See also California
Wheat
Whippings . See also Violence
White, Mingo
White, Nancy
White people
and civil rights movement
employment after World War II,
housewives
immigrant women
names used for
Oakies
physicians
poor/non-elite
and standard of female beauty
white employees and hiring practices
white households (1880, 1900) (tables)
white women heads of families
white women/mistresses
whiteness
Wife-husband relationship . See also Marriage
Wiley, George
Wilkins, Roy
Williams, Bonita
Williams, Fannie Barrier
Williams, Naomi
Williams, Patricia J.
Williams, Rose
Wilson, Claude
Wilson, Sarah
Winchester Repeating Arms Company
Winfrey, Oprah
Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC)
Women’s Bureau
“Unattached Women on Relief in Chicago” (study)
Women’s Domestic Union
Women’s Emergency Brigade
Women’s liberation movement . See also Feminism
Women’s Reserve of U.S. Navy
Woods, Sylvia
Woodward, Mary
Work Incentive Program (WIN)
Working wives
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
World Outlook
World War I,
demobilization
World War II,
Wright, Dr. Louis T., Jane, and Barbara
Wright, Richard

Yarbrough, Arline
Yoruba
Young, Clara
Young, Coleman
Young, Ruby
Young, Whitney
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA)