Index

• Acción Democrática government, Venezuela, 57

• Agrarian Reform Law (May 1959), 4, 121, 135;

  • and liberals, 124;

  • and Soviet Union, 146;

  • United States business reactions to, 87, 91;

  • United States policy after, 80–84

• Agrarian reform law (1958, Sierra Maestra), 120

• Agricultural experiments under Castro, 58

• Alekseev, Aleksandr, 3, 147–48

• Alvarez Díaz, José R., 32

• American Society of Newspaper Editors, 60

• American Sugar Refining Company, 92

• Amoedo, Julio A., 85, 148

• Anarchism, 154, 194 (n. 72)

• Anderson, Robert B., 85, 89

• Anfuso, Victor, 79

• Anti-Communism, 121, 164–66

• Anti-imperialism, 129–31, 136

• Aragonés, Emilio, 149

• Aramayo family, 106

• Arbenz, Jacobo, 3, 84, 142

• Argentina, 40, 41, 103, 107

• Ariel (Rodó), 46

• Arteaga, Manuel, 52

• Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, 1

• Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 139

• Auténtico Party, 25, 29, 117, 124, 131

• Autonomistas, 47

• Baggett, Sam H., 91

• BANFAIC (Banco de Fomento Agrícola e Industrial de Cuba, Cuban Bank for Agricultural and Industrial Development), 25

• Bank robbery: as revolutionary action, 41

• Barrientos, René, 108

• Batista, Fulgencio: Castro’s movement against, 64–65, 75, 116–17, 144, 155–56, 168;

  • and Catholic Church, 52–53;

  • and control of press, 41;

  • coup d’état (1952), 25, 28, 32, 52, 73, 148, 168;

  • and Cuban Communist Party, 38, 141, 155, 157–58;

  • Cuban women’s movement and, 44;

  • economic legacy of, 32, 102–3;

  • execution of supporters (1959), 79, 96, 134, 185 (n. 29), 187 (n. 73);

  • failed assassination attempt (1957), 117;

  • failed coup against (1956), 117;

  • fall of (January 1959), 3, 32, 33, 61, 75, 89, 113, 133;

  • fraudulent 1958 elections, 47–48;

  • and Grau San Martín government, 37, 38;

  • groups struggling against (1950s), 115–17, 120, 128;

  • lack of alliances in regime of, 28–29;

  • and politiquería, 47–48, 49;

  • and public works projects, 31;

  • rise of, 37, 38, 167–68;

  • and union activities, 73–74, 115;

  • United States support for, 73–75, 96–97

• Bay of Pigs invasion, 45, 75, 84, 86;

  • U.S. left-wing protests against, 94, 95

• Belén (Bethlehem) High School, 54, 55, 58

• Bender, Frank, 61

• Beria, Lavrenty, 139

• Bianchi, Andrés, 13

• Billington, James H., 35, 36

• Blackburn, Robin, 28–29

• Blanqui, Auguste, 35

• Bogotazo riots, Colombia, 56, 59, 66

• Bohemia, 65

• Bolivian Revolution (1952), 2, 98, 104–11, 124, 135–36;

  • Bolivian Communists and, 105, 107, 111;

  • miners’/peasants’ militias, 109–10;

  • overthrow of MNR government (1964), 110

• Bolsheviks, 64, 147

• Bonapartism, 116, 167

• Bonsal, Philip, 76, 77, 81, 91, 95, 172;

  • Castro’s avoidance of, 83, 99, 136;

  • role in U.S. policy toward Cuban Revolution, 98–104, 111, 187 (n. 78);

  • and Urrutia, 146–47;

  • and U.S. restrictions on Cuban sugar, 85–86

• Braddock, Daniel M., 89, 90

• Braga, B. Rionda, 91

• Browder, Earl, 155

• Bulganin, Nikolay, 140

• Buonarroti, Filippo, 35

• Burke, Arleigh, 78

• Burma, 143

• Business Advisory Council, 93

• Business Week, 25–26

• Cabell, C. P., 83

• Calhoun, Craig, 43–44

• Caral, Oscar Fernández, 55

• Caribbean Legion, 56

• Casanovas, Joan, 36

• Castro, Fidel: and anti-Communism, 121, 164;

  • birth, 182 (n. 57);

  • vs. Communist revolutionary leaders, 99, 126–27, 134, 154, 156, 162–63;

  • and Cuban Communist Party, 4, 37–38, 57, 59–63, 121, 126–27, 154, 156, 158, 162–63, 195 (n. 95);

  • and Cuban economic climate (1959), 33;

  • and Directorio Revolucionario (Revolutionary Directorate), 124–25;

  • and honor, as value, 44, 54;

  • as leader of revolution, 110–11, 114, 115–19, 120–23, 138, 168–69;

  • life (1940s to 1950s), 54–56;

  • and Miami Pact, 60, 120–21;

  • Moncada army barracks attack, 49–50, 57, 64, 129;

  • murder charges (1948), 55;

  • meeting with Nixon, 78;

  • and Ortodoxo Party, 47;

  • political ideology, intentions after taking power, 5, 60–61, 66–68, 69–71, 111, 170, 183 (nn. 4, 80);

  • political ideology, roots of, 34, 39–41, 54–59, 178–79 (n. 9), 182 (n. 67);

  • political moves prior to revolution, 132–33;

  • political moves following revolution, 59–66, 123–27, 133–36, 168–69;

  • political skills (early 1950s), 55–56, 182 (n. 64);

  • and populism, 40–41, 50, 56–58;

  • in prison, 57, 182 (n. 67);

  • revolutionary strategy of stages, 59–66;

  • self-proclaimed expertise of, 57–58;

  • and Sierra Maestra revolutionaries, 50, 51, 60, 65;

  • “socialist revolution” declaration, 1, 86, 143;

  • and Soviet Union, 62–63, 145–46, 148–49;

  • Spanish background of, 54–55;

  • tactical genius of, 40–41, 63, 66–67, 134, 138, 168;

  • United States business view of, 89–90, 93;

  • United States plans for assassination of, 84;

  • United States view of (late 1950s), 74–75, 79–80, 184 (n. 12);

  • United States visit (April 1959), 60–61, 78, 79–80, 100, 102–3, 183 (n. 80). See also Castro regime

• Castro, Manolo, 55

• Castro, Raúl, 40, 50;

  • and Batista henchmen executions, 134;

  • and Communism, 57, 145, 164;

  • and Fidel Castro’s political intentions, 60–61;

  • as pro-Communist leader in 26th of July Movement, 3, 62, 68, 99, 114, 126, 156, 162, 196 (n. 103);

  • and Second Front revolutionaries, 118, 132;

  • and Soviet Union, 146, 150;

  • and U.S. hostages, 74, 78

• Castro regime: agricultural experiments during, 58;

  • and Cuban liberalism, 123–24;

  • deterioration through 1990s, 1, 58;

  • disbanding of independent organizations, 44;

  • and middle-class opposition, 65–66, 135;

  • nationalization of industries, 3, 23–24, 81, 106;

  • and Soviet Union, 2, 3–4, 62–63, 69, 84, 85, 143–54, 165;

  • suicide among leaders in, 44–45;

  • and denouncement of United States imperialism, 107;

  • United States military activities developing against, 78, 82, 83–86, 103

• Catholic association at University of Havana, 21

• Catholic Worker Action organization, 53

• Catholic Worker Youth organization, 53

• Cayo Confites expedition (1947), 56, 58–59, 66

• Celler, Emanuel, 79

• Central Highway, 18

• Central Intelligence Agency, U.S. (CIA), 61, 95, 142;

  • Cuban activities (late 1950s), 76, 78, 82, 83–84, 184 (n. 9)

• Charter of the Organization of American States, 101

• Chávez, Nuflo, 108

• Chiang Kai-shek, 139

• Chibás, Eduardo, 45, 46–47, 65, 120, 131

• Chibás, Raúl, 65, 67, 120

• Chibasismo, 131

• Chinese Communism, 150, 192 (n. 29);

  • coming to power (1949), 139;

  • defeat of, in Chinese Revolution (1927), 139;

  • rift with Soviet Union, 3, 150, 169

• Chomón, Faure, 162

• Cienfuegos, Camilo, 42–43, 50–51, 62, 163

• Cienfuegos, Osmani, 51

• Cienfuegos, Ramón, 51

• Class structure: during Batista rule, 22–23, 115–16, 128;

  • bourgeoisie, 18;

  • bourgeoisie, after revolution, 123–25, 134–35;

  • Cuban Communist Party analysis, in light of revolution, 160–61;

  • middle-class opposition to Castro, 65–66, 135;

  • multiclass nationalism, 131, 170;

  • multiracial working class (1930s), 17–18;

  • and populism, 49–52;

  • after revolution (1933), 115, 167–68;

  • ruling classes and army, 115, 119;

  • rural population, 24, 50;

  • sugar workers, 14, 17–18, 23–24, 26–27, 29–30, 156;

  • white rural middle class, 24;

  • working class (early twentieth century), 154–55;

  • working class (1950s), 22–23, 50–51, 128–29, 131;

  • working class influences after revolution, 114, 189 (n. 2)

• Cold War: Cuba at end of, 58;

  • and Cuban Communist Party, 38, 178 (n. 5);

  • Latin America, consequences for, 141–42;

  • Soviet Union and Third World activities, 140, 191 (n. 10);

  • Soviet/U.S. relations (late 1950s to early 1960s), 137, 142–43, 169–70, 192 (n. 22);

  • U.S. foreign policy and, 69, 73, 76, 129

• Colombia, 170;

  • Bogotazo riots, 56, 59, 66

• Comibol (Corporación Minera de Bolivia), 106, 109

• Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, 133

• Communications, mid-twentieth-century Cuba, 17–19

• Communist and Workers’ Party conference (1960), 152

• Communist International, 37, 141

• Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 140, 145, 159

• Compensation for expropriated property, 106, 107

• Confidential State Department Central Files, 2

• Conte Agüero, Luis, 66

• Corporación Minera de Bolivia (Comibol), 106, 109

• Costa Rica, 126, 145

• Coup d’état (1952), 25, 28, 32, 52, 73, 148, 168

• Crosby, Lawrence, 87–88, 90, 91, 92

• Cuba in the Struggle for Freedom and Independence (Obyden), 149

• Cuban Americans. See Cuban exiles, Florida

• Cuban American Sugar Company, 91

• Cuban army: class changes in, 115, 119;

  • collapse (1958), 119, 169

• Cuban bourgeoisie, 18;

  • after revolution, 123–25, 134–35

• Cuban Catholicism. See Roman Catholic Church: and Cuban revolution

• Cuban Communist Party, 1, 51, 99, 114, 116;

  • and anti-Communism, 121, 164–66;

  • and Batista rule, 38, 141, 155, 157–58;

  • and Castro, 4, 57, 59–63, 121, 126–27, 154, 156, 158, 162–63, 195 (n. 95);

  • Castro unifying (1965), 37–38, 63, 105;

  • and Chinese Communism, 192 (n. 29);

  • and Cuban blacks, 52;

  • development of, before revolution, 154–57, 178 (n. 4), 194 (n. 72);

  • development through Cuban Revolution, 4–5, 159–64, 195–96 (n. 101);

  • founding of (1925), 37, 154;

  • populism, compared with, 39–41, 45, 46;

  • programs and analyses just before revolution, 157–58;

  • and pro-West climate in Cuba (1930s), 130;

  • sectarianism (1960s), 126–27;

  • and Soviet Union, 38, 137–38, 147, 153–54, 159, 165–66;

  • 26th of July Movement and, 111, 122, 125–26, 155–57, 162;

  • and union movement (1950s), 25, 157, 162–63, 195 (n. 98);

  • United States view of (late 1950s), 83;

  • and “unity,” 161–64, 195 (nn. 97, 98)

• Cuban Constitution (1901), 9

• Cuban economy: 1900s to 1920s, 8;

  • 1920s to 1940s, 7, 9, 10–13, 25;

  • 1950s, 5–6, 22–30;

  • 1950s, growth in late, 30–33, 115, 177 (n. 90);

  • 1950s, standard of living, 7, 19–22, 29, 114, 130;

  • Batista legacy, 32, 102–3;

  • and communications in mid-twentieth-century Cuba, 17–19;

  • current climate, 171;

  • and diversification, 11, 20, 31–32;

  • expropriation of U.S.–owned properties, 86, 101, 102, 106, 150, 153, 154;

  • instability, capitalist reaction toward, 23;

  • nationalization of, post-revolution, 3, 23–24, 81, 106;

  • and populism, 167–68;

  • postwar boom, 7–8, 130;

  • redistribution benefits after revolution, 135;

  • Social and Economic Development Plan (1954), 30, 32;

  • uneven development of, 16–19, 22–28;

  • and United States business interests (1959–60), 86–94;

  • United States campaign against, 85–86;

  • United States reciprocity treaty (1934), 10–12, 72;

  • “vicious circle” of, 26–27, 167. See also Sugar production

• Cuban Electricity Company, 25, 46

• Cuban exiles, Florida, 32, 131;

  • and Central Intelligence Agency, 84;

  • lobbying power of, 88;

  • tobacco workers (1890s), 36;

  • U.S. refugee policy, post-revolution, 127

• Cuban liberalism, 1, 47–48, 61;

  • and Castro’s first government, 123–24

• Cuban militias (late 1959), 61, 109

• Cuban National Bank, 25

• Cuban republic inauguration (1902), 9, 46

• Cuban Revolution (1933), 7, 23, 96, 97, 114, 128;

  • army changes after, 119;

  • class structure changes after, 115, 167–68;

  • and Cuban Communist Party, 154;

  • legacy of failure of, 72, 116

• Cuban war of independence (1895–98), 36

• Cuban women’s movement, 44

• Cultural and technological exhibition, Soviet, 148

• Czech government: as liaison between Cuba and Soviet Union, 145

• Dealy, Glen, 42

• Declaration of Escambray (1958), 132

• del Cerro, Angel, 53

• Despido compensado (compensated layoff), 29

• Dialogue over Destiny (Pitaluga), 58

• Díaz Lanz, Pedro Luis, 80, 95

• Dignity, 42, 179 (n. 14)

• Dillon, C. Douglas, 77, 91, 102

• Directorio Revolucionario (Revolutionary Directorate), 105, 117, 124–25, 132, 155, 162

• “Document of Unity of the Cuban Opposition to the Batista Dictatorship,” 120

• Domínguez, Jorge, 12

• Dominican Republic, 56, 73, 101–2, 136

• Domino theory: and fears of Cuban Revolution, 91

• Dorticós, Osvaldo, 45

• Dubois, Jules, 96

• Dulles, Allen W., 78

• Dumont, René, 58

• Durkheim, êmile, 45

• Eastland, James, 80, 83

• Economic development, 15–16, 175 (n. 28)

• Economic Survey of Latin America, 30

• Eder, George Jackson, 108–9

• Egyptian Communists, 143, 153, 159

• Eighth National Congress of the PSP (1960), 160

• Eisenhower, Dwight D., 2, 69, 70–71, 169;

  • after Cuban Revolution, 102–3;

  • and anti-Castro plans and actions, 77–78, 84–88, 93, 183 (n. 4);

  • and Bolivia, 108;

  • and Khrushchev, planned summit canceled, 85, 150

• Eisenhower, Milton, 108

• Encuentro de la Cultura Cubana, 1, 47

• Escalante, Aníbal, 127, 159, 163, 195–96 (n. 101)

• Espín, Vilma, 44

• Estrada Palma, Tomás, 47

• Export Control Act (1949), 86

• Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. (FBI), 77–78

• Fernández, Marcelo, 114, 122, 125, 126

• Figueres, José, 126

• Florida: hostile flights to Cuba from, 69, 70, 77–78

• Francisco Sugar Company, 91

• Franqui, Carlos, 66–67, 114, 125, 126, 164

• Fulton, James G., 80

• Fursenko, Aleksandr, 2

• Gaitán, Eliecer, 56

• Gálvez, William, 162

• Gangsterism: in Cuba (1940s to 1950s), 41, 55, 125, 168

• García Márquez, Gabriel, 55

• Gardner, Arthur, 98

• Geneen, Harold S., 89

• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 12–13, 90

• “Generation of the Centenary,” 46, 50

• Gilmore, Eugene A., 89–90

• Golden Rule, 42

• González, Edward, 180 (n. 29)

• González, Manuel Pedro, 36

• Grace and Company, 106

• Granma (yacht), 49, 50

• Grau San Martín, Ramón, 7–8, 29, 37, 38

• Gray, Gordon, 78

• Great Depression, 10

• Guantánamo Naval Base, 74, 100, 104;

  • establishment of, 72

• Guatemala: United States intervention (1954), 3, 84, 97, 112, 142;

  • United States intervention (1960s), 95

• Guerra, Ramiro, 24

• Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 18, 43, 51;

  • and Castro, ideologies compared, 40–41, 57, 60–61, 62, 114, 126;

  • and Cuban Communist Party, 156, 162, 164, 196 (n. 103);

  • as pro-Communist leader in 26th of July Movement, 3, 61, 62, 68, 99, 114, 126, 156, 162, 196 (n. 103);

  • and Soviet Union, 3, 145, 148, 149, 151

• Guiteras, Antonio, 37, 38

• Haiti: immigrants from, 17

• Hart, Armando, 117

• Havel, Vaclav, 48

• Hawley-Smoot Act (1930), 11

• Hays, Wayne L., 79

• Hearst, William Randolph, 71

• Heron, Gil Scott, 130

• Herter, Christian A., 77, 78, 87, 88

• “History Will Absolve Me” (Castro), 39, 64, 65, 66, 157, 183 (n. 87)

• Homosexuals, 19

• Honor, 41–45

• Howell, W. Huntington, 91

• Illiteracy, 20, 21

• Immigration to Cuba, 16–17, 50, 131, 175 (n. 29)

• India, 152–53;

  • Indian Communists, 143

• Indonesia, 143

• Ingenieros, José, 46

• Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria (National Institute of Agrarian Reform), 121–22. See also Agrarian Reform Law (May 1959)

• Inter-American Bank, 108

• Internal Security Subcommittee, U.S. Senate, 80, 83, 185 (n. 29)

• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 7, 8, 23, 26–27, 33

• International Monetary Fund (IMF), 103

• International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (IT&T), 89, 108, 186–87 (n. 59)

• Iraq, 143

• Jamaica: immigrants from, 17

• Johnson, Lyndon B., 108

• John XXIII, Pope, 123, 148

• Jones-Costigan Act (1934), 11, 12

• Junta de Economía de Cuba (War Economy Board), 12

• Kennedy, John F., 2, 69, 71, 78, 86, 169;

  • and Bolivia, 108, 109

• Khrushchev, Nikita, 139–40;

  • and canceled summit meeting with U.S., 85, 150;

  • and Cuba, as political tool, 151, 169;

  • and Cuba, speech coming to defense of, 86, 150, 151;

  • and Cuban Revolution (1959), 145, 147;

  • visit to United States (1959), 143, 147

• King Ranch cattle, 87

• Kleberg, Robert J., 87–88, 90

• Korean War, 8, 29

• Labor: and Batista rule, 29–30, 73–74, 128;

  • and Cuban Communist Party, 25, 157, 162–63, 195 (n. 98);

  • militancy (1930s to 1950s), 24–26, 27–28;

  • and multiracial working class, development of, 17–18;

  • and populist politics, 39;

  • rural versus metropolitan, 20–21, 22–23;

  • sugar workers, 14, 17–18, 23–24, 26–27, 29–30, 156;

  • unemployment (1950s), 20, 22–23, 30, 128;

  • unionization (1930s to 1940s), 24–25;

  • union movement (1950s), 22–23, 29, 73–74, 115, 128, 157;

  • union movement, after revolution, 122–23, 125–26, 133–34, 162–63

• Land distribution. See Agrarian Reform Law (May 1959)

• Laos, 143

• Latifundia system of land use, 14, 132. See also Sugar production

• Lebanon, 143

• Lechín, Juan, 105, 108

• Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 64

• Le Riverend, Julio, 10

• Lévesque, Jacques, 151

• Ley de Coordinación Azucarera (Law of Sugar Coordination, 1937), 23, 24, 72

• Llerena, Mario, 53

• Llorente, Armando, 54–55

• López Segrera, Francisco, 18, 32–33, 98

• Loyalty, 43, 179 (n. 16)

• Lucero, Oscar, 53

• Lunes de Revolución, 125

• Machado, Gerardo: dictatorship, 36, 37, 97, 128–29, 154–55. See also Cuban Revolution (1933)

• Mallory, Lester D., 77

• “Manifesto no. 1 to the People of Cuba” (Castro), 64

• “Manifesto of the Sierra Maestra,” 65, 67

• Mann, Thomas C., 82–83, 91, 92

• Mao Tse-tung, 150, 160

• Mariana Grajales platoon, 44

• Márquez Sterling, Carlos, 47–48

• Martí, José, 35–36, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 51, 59

• Martínez Sánchez, Augusto, 45, 162

• Marxism, 56–57, 137–38, 157, 163;

  • revolutionary stages and, 63–64

• Masons, 53, 54

• Matos, Huber, 148

• Matthews, Herbert, 96

• Mazzini, Giuseppe, 35

• Mensheviks, 64

• Merchant, Livingston T., 84

• Mexican Revolution (1910), 76, 104

• Meyer, Karl E., 96

• Miami Pact (1957), 60, 120–21

• Michnik, Adam, 48

• Microfaction dispute, 126

• Mikoyan, Anastas, 84, 123, 147, 148, 149, 151

• Miller, William Ian, 42

• Mine Workers Federation, Bolivia, 104, 105

• Ministry of Labor, 24–25, 122

• Miró Cardona, José, 158

• Moncada army barracks attack, 49–50, 57, 64, 129. See also 26th of July Movement

• Montaner, Carlos Alberto, 131

• Montseny (Villa), Demetrio, 162

• Mora, Alberto, 45

• Morley, Morris H., 113

• Morse, Wayne, 79

• Mossadegh, Mohammed, 139

• Movimiento de Resistencia Civica (Movement of Civic Resistance), 116, 125

• Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR, Nationalist Revolutionary Movement, Bolivia), 104, 105–6, 107–8, 124, 135–36;

  • and Bolivian militias, 109–10;

  • overthrow of (1964), 110

• Naftali, Timothy, 2

• Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 139, 140, 143, 153

• National Bank of Cuba, 65, 76

• National Catholic Congress (Havana, 1959), 123, 148

• National City Bank, 9

• Nationalism: multiclass nature of Cuban, 131, 170

• National revolutionaries, 35

• National Security Council, 75, 78, 83, 87, 93, 100

• Neutrality Act, 78

• Ne Win, U., 143

• Nicaragua, 73, 136, 171;

  • Cuban exile air raid from (April 1961), 86

• Nichols, John A., 91–92

• 1917 April Theses, 64

• Nixon, Richard, 78, 86

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 100

• Novins, Stuart, 99

• Obyden, Konstantin M., 149

• Ocho Vias, 57

• Oil: Cuban government seizure of U.S. refineries, 85, 86, 150, 153;

  • demand by Cuban government for U.S. refineries to process Soviet oil, 85, 89, 127, 150

• Oliver, William F., 92

• Oltuski, Enrique, 114, 125, 126

• Organization of American States, 93

• Ortodoxo Party, 45, 46–47, 65, 116, 117, 124, 158

• País, Frank, 50, 53, 67, 132

• Partido Socialista Popular (PSP). See Cuban Communist Party

• Pavlov, Yuri, 144

• Paz Estenssoro, Víctor, 106, 108, 109

• Pazos, Felipe, 65, 67, 76, 98, 120

• Peña, Felix, 45

• Peña, Lázaro, 52, 146

• Pérez, Faustino, 50, 53, 114, 117, 125, 126

• Pérez, Louis A., 130

• Pérez Jiménez, Marcos, 52, 73, 97, 170

• Pérez-Stable, Marifeli, 122

• Perón, Juan, 52, 107

• Peru, 170

• Philippines, 71

• Piñeiro, Manuel, 162

• Pitaluga, Gustavo, 58

• Platt Amendment, 9, 129;

  • abolition of (1934), 10, 72, 130, 169;

  • titles of, 71

• Politiquería, 116, 168;

  • rejection of, 38, 46, 47–49, 128, 181 (n. 36)

• Popular Front stage, Communist International, 141

• Popular music, 19

• Populism: and Castro, 40–41, 50, 56–58;

  • class, race, national origin and, 49–52;

  • and Cuban economy, 167–68;

  • generational consciousness of, in Cuban, 45–47, 180 (n. 29);

  • tradition in Cuba, 34, 37, 39–52, 56–58, 178 (n. 4);

  • values, 41–45

• Porter, Charles, 79

• Portuondo, José Antonio, 181 (n. 52)

• Poverty (1950s), 20–22, 128

• Powell, Adam Clayton, 79

• Prío Socarrás, Carlos, 25, 29, 32, 45, 117, 158

• Protestantism, 53–54, 181 (n. 52)

• Public morality (late 1940s), 131–32, 190–91 (n. 29)

• Puerto Rico, 71

• Quevedo, Angel, 45

• Race: and Cuban revolution, 44, 51–52

• “Race war” of 1912, 52

• Racism (1950s), 22

• Radicalization of Cuban Revolution, 4, 135–36, 159, 170–71

• Radical nationalism, 5

• Radio, 19;

  • Radio Rebelde, 118, 119

• Railroads, 18

• Ramos, Marcos A., 54

• Rent Reduction Act (1959), 65, 80–81, 135

• Report on Cuba (IBRD), 8, 23, 25, 26–27, 33

• Revolución, 62, 79, 122, 125, 164–65

• Rice production, 31–32

• Rio Treaty (1947), 101

• Roa, Raúl, 102

• Roca, Blas, 52, 158, 159, 160, 161

• Rodó, José Enrique, 46

• Rodríguez, Carlos Rafael, 129, 161, 163

• Rojas Pinillas, Gustavo, 52

• Roman Catholic Church: and Cuban Revolution, 52–54, 123, 148

• Roosevelt, Franklin D., 130

• Rosenberg, Philip, 92

• Royal Bank of Canada, Havana branch, 41

• Rubottom, R. Roy, Jr., 75, 77, 78, 82, 88, 89, 92, 100

• Rusk, Dean, 147

• Salado, Marcelo, 53

• Salvador, David, 114, 125–26

• Sánchez, Celia, 44, 65, 67, 116–17

• San Román, José Pérez, 45

• Santamaría, Abel, 50

• Santamaría, Haydée, 44, 45, 50

• Santiago de Cuba, 39, 67, 134

• Schulman, Iván E., 36

• Seers, Dudley, 20

• Sexism: in Cuba, 44

• Sierra Maestra revolutionaries, 50–51, 60, 65, 118–19, 162, 170, 181 (n. 39)

• Siles Zuazo, Hernán, 105–6, 107, 110

• Six Crises (Nixon), 78

• Smathers, George, 80

• Smith, Earl E. T., 76, 89, 98, 184 (n. 12)

• Smith, Gerard C., 84

• Social and Economic Development Plan (1954), 30, 32

• Social revolution: Castro’s “socialist revolution” declaration, 1, 86, 143;

  • perceived need for in Cuba, 116, 128–33, 171–72;

  • social revolutionaries, 35

• Sociedades de color, 44, 52

• Sokolovsky, Marshal V., 146

• Somoza, Anastasio, 73

• Sorí Marín, Humberto, 124

• South Korea, 97

• Soviet Union: and Castro, 62–63, 145–46, 148–49;

  • and China, 3, 139, 150, 169;

  • collapse of, 171, 196 (n. 4);

  • and Cuba, formal relations established, 85, 149;

  • and Cuban Communist Party, 38, 137–38, 147, 153–54, 159, 165–66;

  • and Cuban Revolution (1959), 2, 3–4, 34, 62–63, 69, 84, 137–39, 143–54, 165;

  • and Cuban sugar industry, 13, 150, 151;

  • Khrushchev’s speech proclaiming defense of Cuba from U.S., 86, 150, 151;

  • and Latin America, 140–42, 144;

  • and oil, Cuban refining of, 85, 89, 127, 150;

  • Third World interests, 139–40, 143, 152, 153, 191 (n. 10);

  • and United States (late 1950s to early 1960s), 137, 142–43, 169–70, 192 (n. 22)

• Spain: Cuban guerilla war against, 8, 71;

  • immigrants to Cuba from, 17, 50, 131, 175 (n. 29)

• Spanish-American War (1898), 71

• Sparkman, John, 80

• “Sprout” (retoño) system of sugar cultivation, 13–14. See also Sugar production

• Staley, Eugene, 7

• Stalin, Joseph, 139

• Stalinist Marxism, 38, 40, 178–79 (n. 9)

• State regulation (1930s), 23–24

• Stoner, K. Lynn, 42

• Sugar production: 1900s to 1920s, 8–10;

  • 1930s to 1940s, 11–14, 17–18, 23–24;

  • 1940s to 1950s, 7–8, 130;

  • in 1950s, 8, 14, 18, 20, 22, 29, 31–32, 128;

  • as economic monoculture, 27–28, 31, 33;

  • in Europe, 7, 10;

  • and latifundia system of land use, 14;

  • Ley de Coordinación Azucarera (Law of Sugar Coordination) (1937), 23, 24, 72;

  • mill owners (colonos), 23–24;

  • postwar boom, 7–8, 130;

  • and Soviet Union, 13, 150, 151;

  • “sprout” (retoño) system of, 13–14;

  • sugar workers, 14, 17–18, 23–24, 26–27, 29–30, 156;

  • United States Cuban sugar quota laws, 12–13, 82–83, 85–86, 89, 90, 100–101, 150;

  • United States interests and market, 8–9, 31, 72, 91–92. See also Cuban economy

• Suicide: significance in Cuba, 44–45, 180 (n. 26)

• Swan Island, 84

• Szulc, Tad, 62, 96

• Taibo, Paco Ignacio, II, 125

• Telegraph, 18

• Telephones, 18, 20

• Television, 19, 20

• Tenth Congress of the Cuban Confederation of Workers (1959), 163

• Third Congress of the Romanian Workers’ Party, 150

• Third Period line, Communist International, 37, 141

• Thomas, Hugh, 49

• Tin mining, Bolivia, 104–6, 108

• Trade unions. See Labor

• Treaty of Paris (1899), 94–95

• Triangular Plan, Bolivia, 108

• Trotsky, Leon, 64

• Trujillo, Rafael, 56, 73, 101–2

• Turkel, Harry R., 81–82

• Turkey, 139

• 26th of July Movement: armed struggle, 116–19, 155–56, 168;

  • bank robberies, rejection of, 41;

  • Castro’s control of, 66–67, 122, 138;

  • and Cuban Communist Party, 111, 122, 125–26, 155–57, 162;

  • founding members, 45;

  • and Miami Pact, 60;

  • and Ortodoxo Party, 45, 47;

  • religion of leaders of, 53–54;

  • surprising strength of, 75, 116–17, 123, 134;

  • United States view of (late 1950s), 74, 79, 111, 184 (n. 12)

• Twining, Nathan B., 84

• U-2 plane incident (1960), 85, 150

• Unión Insurreccional Revolucionaria (UIR, Insurrectional Revolutionary Union), 55

• United Fruit Company, 91, 101

• United Nations, 79;

  • report on Cuba, 31

• United States: and Batista rule, 73–75, 96–97;

  • and Bolivian Revolution (1952), 104–11;

  • business interests in Cuba, 1959–60, 86–94, 169, 186–87 (n. 59);

  • and Castro, business view of, 89–90, 93;

  • and Castro, plans for assassination of, 84;

  • and Castro, view of (late 1950s), 74–75, 79–80, 184 (n. 12);

  • and Castro visit (April 1959), 60–61, 78, 79–80, 100, 102–3, 183 (n. 80);

  • and Cuba (1898 through 1930s), 71–73;

  • and Cuba, arms embargo, 101–2;

  • and Cuba, military activities developing against, 77–78, 82, 83–86, 103;

  • and Cuban economy (1950s), 22–28;

  • and Cuban Revolution, Bonsal’s role, 98–104, 111, 187 (n. 78);

  • and Cuban Revolution, economic pressure on Cuba, 86–88;

  • and Cuban Revolution, press coverage, 95–96;

  • and Cuban Revolution, refugee policy, 127;

  • and Cuban Revolution, views/policies, 2–4, 61–62, 69–71, 75–80, 94–97, 112–15, 187 (n. 78), 188 (n. 79);

  • and Cuban Revolution, views/policies after Agrarian Reform Law (1959), 80–84, 87, 91, 135–36;

  • and Cuban Revolution, views/policies after February 1960, 84–86;

  • and Cuban sugar interests, 8–9, 31, 72, 91–92;

  • and Cuban sugar quotas, 12–13, 82–83, 85–86, 89, 90, 100–101, 150;

  • cultural influence in Cuba (1950s), 130–31;

  • economic treaties with Cuba (1920s to 1960s), 9–12, 72;

  • and Guatemala, 3, 84, 95, 97, 112, 142;

  • and hostages taken in Cuba, 74, 78;

  • and Khrushchev visit (1959), 143, 147;

  • and Soviet Union (late 1950s to early 1960s), 137, 142–43, 169–70, 192 (n. 22);

  • view of 26th of July Movement 74, 79, 111, 184 (n. 12)

• U.S. Commerce Department, 25, 29

• U.S. Congress: and Cuba, after Agrarian Reform Law (1959), 83;

  • and Cuban Revolution (1959), 79–80;

  • Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, 80, 83, 185 (n. 29)

• U.S.-Cuban Sugar Council, 87

• U.S. Department of Agriculture, 31

• U.S. Inter-American Council, 88

• U.S. State Department, 2

• U.S. Sugar Law (1948), 12–13

• University of Havana, 21, 38, 51;

  • Castro’s attendance at, 54, 55–56, 182 (n. 64);

  • Castro’s attendance at, 50th anniversary, 129

• University Publications of America, 2

• Urrutia, Manuel, 83, 123, 146–47

• Valdespino, Andrés, 53

• Vázquez Candela, Euclides, 164–65

• Venezuela, 57, 73, 97, 170

• Vertientes-Camagüey Sugar Company, 92

• Villaroel, Gualberto, 107

• Voluntarism, 56–57

• Welch, Richard E., Jr., 69–70, 80, 96

• West Indies Sugar Company, 91

• Williams, William Appleman, 81, 95

• Women: conditions of, prerevolution, 19;

  • Cuban women’s movement, 44

• Workers’ Bureau, Second Front, 132

• World War I, 10

• World War II, 12, 130, 139

• Zafra (sugar season), 14