1. Dictionnaire, Supplement (Paris, an VII [1798]), 775.
2. Le Neologiste Francois, quoted in Aulard, Paris pendant la reaction thermidorienne et sous le Directoire (Paris, 1902), V, 490. See also F. Brunot, Histoire de la langue francaise des origines a 1900 (Paris, 1937), IX, 871.
3. James Murray, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford, 1919). It also had a different meaning for a while — an alarmist or scaremonger.
4. Thomas de Quincey, “On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts,” in The English Mail Coach and Other Writings (Edinburgh, 1862), 52.
5. The main sources are M. Hengel, Die Zeloten (Leiden, 1961), 47-51; Cecil Roth, in Journal of Semitic Studies (1959), 332-355; S. Kleinfelder, “Sicarius,” in PaulyWissowa, Real Lexicon; S. G. E. Brandon, Jesus and the Zealots (Manchester, 1967), 56-57; Josephus Flavius (Thackeray ed.), 2 vols. (London, 1956); Y. Yadin, Megilat Bne Or ubne Khoshekh (Jerusalem, 1957); R. Laqueur, Der Jiidische Historiker Flavius Josephus (Giessen, 1920).
6. B. Lewis, The Assassins (London, 1967), 47; see also M. G. S. Hodgson, The Order of Assassins (The Hague, 1955), and the articles in Speculum, 27 (1952), by Lewis and Prawer.
7. Both sicarii and Assassins have made a contribution to the terminology of mod ern terrorist groups. The Sikarikin (and the Biryonim) were precursors of the “dissident terrorists” in Mandatory Palestine and the term fida’i was, of course, adopted by the Palestinian Arab terrorists. Abba Achimeir, a Revisionist ideolo gist, wrote in a pamphlet on the sicarii in the 1930s asserting that they were unknown heroes who chose as victims central figures of the establishment: “... what mattered was not the action but the purpose behind it.” Avraham Stern in one of his poems called Jerusalem “the city of prophets and biryonim” (ir nevi’im vebiryonim).
8. The main sources are Sleeman’s writings, and most recently George Bruse, The Stranglers (London, 1968), 111.
9. The most recent survey of Chinese secret societies is Jean Chesneaux, ed., Popu lar Movements and Secret Societies in China 1840-1950 (Stanford, 1972).
10. On the Mafia in politics see V. Frosini, Mitologia e sociologia delta Mafia (Milan, 1969); G. C. Maino, L’opposizione mafiosa 1870-1882 (Palermo, 1964); M. Pante-lone, The Mafia and Politics (New York, 1966).
11. Charles C. Alexander, The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest (University of Ken tucky Press, 1965), 254.
12. Pamiatnaya Knizhka Sotsialista —Revolutsionera (Paris, 1914), 8 et seq. These figures do not include terrorist operations carried out by other political groups, but they accurately reflect the general trend.
13. St. Christowe, Heroes and Assassins (New York, 1935), 50 et seq. There is no history of the IMRO, but see D. Kosev, Istorija na makedonskoto natsionalnorevoliutsonno dvizhenie (Sofia, 1954), and Makedonia, minalo i novi borbi (Sofia, 1932)-
14. On the terrorist operations among Polish socialists see T. Jablonski, Zarys Historii PPS (Warsaw, 1946), and Kwapinski, Organisacia Bojowa (London, 1943); also Georg W. Strobel, Die Partei Rosa Luxemburgs (Wiesbaden, 1974), 288-294; for a local survey on Lodz, where terrorist operations were very frequent, Zrodia do dziejow revolucii 1905-1907 w okregu lodzkim (Warsaw, 1957), passim. For the history of Indian terrorism see Nirajan Sen, Bengal’s Forgotten Warriors (Bom bay, 1945); B. Hardass, Armed Struggle for Freedom (Poona, 1958); H. Mukerjee, India’s Struggle for Freedom, 3 vols. (Bombay, 1962), and other literature quoted below.
15. E. A. Vizetelly, The Anarchists (New York, 1912), 293.
16. Wayne G. Broehl, Jr., The Molly Maguires (New York, 1966), 350.
17. For an excellent bibiliography on Spanish anarchism see J. Romeo Maura, “The Spanish Case,” in David E. Apter and James Joll, Anarchism Today (London, 1971). The most important recent studies are those by John Brademas and Gerald H. Meaker; see below.
18. David Rock, Politics in Argentina 1830-1930. The Rise and Fall of Radicalism (Cambridge, 1975), 163 et seq.
19. P. Wurth, La repression Internationale du terrorisme (Lausanne, 1941); see also the Journal Officiel de la SDN, 1934-1935.
20. Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography (London, 1936), 175.
21. Ibid., 482.
22. Abdel Fatah Ismail, “How We Liberated Aden,” in Gulf Studies (April 1976), 9.
23. Urban terrorism had in fact played a part of some significance in Castro’s cam paigns, but its importance has always been played down in official Cuban histori ography.
1. For a recent summary of ancient and medieval writings on tyrannicide, see Roland Mousnier, L’Assassinat d’Henri IV (Paris, 1964), 47-90. Oliver Lutaud traces the discussions on tyrannicide throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Des revolution d’Angleterre a la revolution Francaise (The Hague, 1973).
2. J. W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1960), 320.
3. N. A. Morozov, Povest moei zhizni (Moscow, 1965), II, 420. N. A. Morozov, Terroristicheskaya Borba (London, 1880), passim.
4. Delia Tirannide, Opere di Vittorio Alfieri (Piacenza, 1811), XX, 252. Paul Sirven, Vittorio Alfieri (Paris, 1938), III, 257 et seq.
5. P. Buonarroti, History of Baboeufs Conspiracy for Equality (London, 1836), 244; Richard Cobb, The Police and the People (London, 1970), 195.
6. A. Spitzer, Old Hatreds and Young Hopes (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), 293; Pierre Mariel, Les Carbonari: idealisme et la revolution (Paris, 1971), passim.
7. Bartoldi, Memoirs of the Secret Societies of the South of Italy (London, 1821), 176-177.
8. Vicomte d’Arlincourt, L’ltalie Rouge (Paris, 1850), 4 et seq.
9. Bartoldi, op. cit, 30.
10. A. Ottolini, La Carboneria, dalle origini ai primi tentativi insurrezionali (Modena, 1946); A. Falcionelli, Les Societes secretes italiennes (Paris, 1969); P. Mariel, Les Carbonari (Paris, 1971).
11. Delia guerra nazionale d’insurrezione per bande (Italy, 1830), I, 235. See W. Laqueur, Guerrilla (Boston, 1976), chapter 3, passim.
12. G. Mazzini, Scritti editi ed inediti (Imola, 1931) LIX, 331-332.
13. J. K. Bluntschli, Die Kommunisten in der Schweiz (Zurich, 1843), 106-113.
14. Garantien der Harmonie und Freiheit (Hamburg, 1849), 221, 225, 236.
15. The article was first published in the monthly Die Evolution in Biel, Switzerland. See C. F. Wittke’s Heinzen biography, Against the Current (Chicago, 1945), 74-75. The article was reprinted many times, for instance in Most’s Die Freiheit, about which more below. As a result of yet another publication, after the assassi nation of President McKinley, Most got a year’s prison sentence on Blackwell’s Island, even though Most’s attorney, Morris Hillquit, drew the attention of the court to the fact that the author of the article had been dead for a long time and that, in any case, it had been directed against European kings, not American presidents. In actual fact, Most’s article was a paraphrase on the Heinzen essay, not a reprint.
16. Perezhitoe i Peredumannoe (Berlin, 1923).
17. E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (London, 1961), 128.
18. Quoted from a pamphlet published in Geneva in 1869. The theme also occurred in Bakunin’s letters to his friends and it appears in M. Confino’s and Arthur Lehning’s recent studies.
19. M. Bakunin, Sobranie sochinenii i pisem (Moscow, 1935), IV, 172-173.
20. Originally published in Pravitelstvenni Vestnik, July 1871, it has been translated and republished, usually incomplete, many times since. It is quoted here from M. Confino, Violence dans la violence (Paris, 1973), 97 et seq.
21. V. I. Burtsev, Za sto let (London, 1897), 40-46; for the literature on the Zaichnevski circle see F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution (London, 1960), 763.
22. Venturi, 336-337; for the literature on the Ishutin “organization” see Venturi, 768-769.
23. N. I. Sheveko, Khronika sotsialisticheskovo dvizheniya v Rossii, 1878-1887 (Mos cow, 1906), 19; these are the internal annual reports of the Ministry of the Interior.
24. G. V. Plekhanov, Sochineniya (n.d.), IX, 20.
25. P. 19. The brochure is quoted here from the 1920 Petrograd reprint. KravchinskiStepniak subsequently became the best-known chronicler of the Narodnaya Volya. His Podpolnaya Rossia (Underground Russia) appeared in many lan guages.
26. N. A. Morozov, Povest moei Zhizni (Moscow, 1965), II, 48.
27. S. S. Volk, Narodnaya Volya (Moscow, 1966), 89.
28. O. V. Aptekman, Obshestvo Zemlya i Volya (Moscow, 1966), 89.
29. Burtsev, op. cit. 149, 154.
30. Felix Kon quoted in S. S. Volk, loc. cit., 234.
31. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, II, 350.
32. Nikolai Morozov, Terroristicheskaya Borba (London, 1880); Romanenko’s pamphlet was published under the pen name V. Tarnowski — Terrorism i rutina — in Geneva in the same year. Articles in favor of terrorism had appeared in the Russian emigre press even before, notably by Kaspar Turski in Tkachev’s Nabat. But Tkachev was a Blanquist who would not accept a single-minded concentra tion on terrorist acts.
33. Morozov, Povest, II, 418.
34. Morozov, Terroristicheskaya Borba, 7 et seq.
35. V. Tarnovski [G. Romanenko], Terrorism i rutina (Geneva, 1880), 18 et seq.
36. This pamphlet appeared in 1884; it was hectographed, not printed. It was not accessible to me and I have quoted from Z. Ivianski, “Individual Terror as a phase in Revolutionary Violence in the late 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Cen tury” (in Hebrew). Doctoral Dissertation, Jerusalem, 1973.
37. M. P. Dragomanov, Terrorism i Svoboda (Geneva, 1880), passim; see also his subsequent La tyrannicide en Russie et {‘action de I’Europe Occidentale (Ge neva, 1883).
38. . Literatura partii Narodnoi Voly (Moscow, 1907), 451 et seq.
39. L. Deitch, Delo Pervovo Marta 1881 goda (Moscow, 1906), 412.
40. Venturi, op. cit, 597.
41. Sotsial Demokrat I, 1.
42. Podpolnaya Rossiya, quoted from the most recent edition (Moscow, 1960), 201.
43. Podgotovitelniya Raboti Partii Narodnoi Volny (St. Petersburg, 1892).
44. A. I. Ulianova-Elizarova, A. I. Ulianov i Delo I Marta 1887 (Leningrad, 1927); A. I. Ivanski, Zhizn Kak Fakel (Moscow, 1960); B. C. Henberg and A. Y. Cherniak, Zhizn A. Ulianova (Moscow, 1966).
45. An even earlier brochure by Alisov on terrorism (1893) was not accessible to me.
46. V. I. Burtsev, Doloi Tsaria (London, 1901), 22.
47. . Nasha zadacha (1902).
48. “Terroristicheskii element v nashei programme,” in Revoliutsionnaya Rossia, June 7, 1902.
49. Iskra, May 1, 1902.
50. Alexander Gerassimoff, Der Kampfgegen die erste russische Revolution (Berlin, 1933), 205.
51. L. Tikhomirov, Vospominaniya, op. cit., 104-105.
52. Manfred Hildermeier, “Sozialstruktur und Kampfmethode der Sozial-Revolutionaren Partei,” in Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas (December 1972), 539-540.
53. Protokoly Pervovo sezda partii Sotsialistov — Revoliutsionerov (n.p., n.d.), 314.
54. G. Nestroev, Iz dnevnika Maksimalista (Paris, 1910), 153.
55. “Vopros o Terrore,” in Sotsial Revoliutsioner (Paris, 1910), II, 1-52. This is an abridged version of the main speeches and the discussion at the May 1909 meeting. Further contributions in the journal Znamya Truda throughout 1909—1912.
56. P. Avrich, The Russian Anarchists (Princeton, 1971), 48 et seq.
57. Paul Avrich, ed., The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution (London, 1973), 54.
58. Boris Savinkov, Erinnerungen eines Terroristen (Berlin, 1929), 29.
59. V. Dedijer, The Road to Serajevo (New York, 1966), 178, 205.
60. William L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1830—1902 (New York, 1956), 156 et seq.
61. Louise Nalbadian, The Armenian Revolutionary Movement (Berkeley, 1963), 168-173.
62. Avetis Nazarbeck, Through the Storm (London, 1899), 212.
63. St James Gazette, August 29, 1896; Foreign Relations of the United States 1895 (Washington, 1896), 1416.
64. La Verite sur les massacres d’Armenie, Par un Philarmene (Paris, 1896), passim.
65. Bal Ganjadhar Tilak. His Writings and Speeches (Madras, n.d.).
66. Dhanonjay Keer, Veer Savarkar (Bombay, 1950), 41.
67. S. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India (Berkeley, 1962), 81.
68. Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement in India (Bombay, 1958), II, 978 et seq.
69. Valentine Chirol, Indian Unrest (London, 1910), 71.
70. The book was first published in Holland in 1909; a French edition came out a year later.
71. D. Keer, Veer Savarkar, 401;]. C.Jain, The Murder of Mahatma Gandhi. Prelude and Aftermath (Bombay, 1961), passim.
72. Bipan Chanda, “The Revolutionary Terrorists in Northern India in the 1920s,” in B. R. Nanda, ed., Socialism in India (Delhi, 1972), 165 et sec.
73. Peaceful and Legitimate, quoted in Bipan Chanda, 181.
74. Bipan Chanda, loc. cit., 183.
75. The document was clandestinely distributed in various parts of India in late January of 1930 and is now exceedingly rare. I am grateful to Professor Bipan Chandra of Jawaharlal Nehru University of New Delhi who obtained a copy for me.
76. Young India, January 2, 1930.
77. Speeches and Writings of M. K. Gandhi (Madras, n.d.), 231.
78. The Philosophy of the Bomb, passim.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Virendra Sandhu, Yugdrastha Bhagat Singh (Delhi, 1968); Gopal Thakur, Bhagat Singh (New Delhi, 1957); Lahore Conspiracy Case (exhibits).
82. Secretary of State for India, Terrorism in India (1933), 328.
83. R. C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India (Calcutta, 1963), II, 529.
84. George Woodcock, Anarchism (London, 1962), 308.
85. Bulletin de la Federation Jurassienne, December 3, 1876.
86. David Stafford, From Anarchism to Reformism. A study of the political activities of Paul Brousse 1870-1890 (London, 1971), 76 et seq.
87. Bulletin, 31, August 5,1877, in J. Guillaume, ed., L’Internationale, documents et souvenirs 1864-1878 (Paris, 1910), II, 224; according to Guillaume, IV, 206, the expression was first used in a speech in Geneva by Andrea Costa on June 9 of that year. The era of “propaganda by deed” is exceedingly well documented. The following are of particular interest: R. Hunter, Violence and the Labor Movement (New York, 1914), chapter III; Andrew R. Carlson, Anarchism in Germany (New York, 1972), chapter VIII; Richard Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement (New York, 1958), chapters XIV and XV; E. Semicoli, L’Anarchia, vol. I: La propaganda di fatto (Milan, 1894); Zoccoli, L’Anarchia (Torino, 1907), 43 et seq.; as well as the histories of anarchism by Nettlau, Maitron et al., mentioned below.
88. Le Revolte, December 25, 1880; Guillaume, op. cit., II, 96.
89. Le Revolte, October 18, 1879.
90. Kropotkin to Georg Brandes, Freedom, October 1898: P. A. Kropotkin, Selected Writings on Anarchism and Revolution (London, 1973), 20-23.
91. Max Nettlau, Anarchisten und Sozialrevolutionaere (Berlin, 1919), 217-218.
92. Le Revolte, July 23, 1881.
93. L’Internationale (London), May 1890.
94. La Dynamite et I’anarchie (Geneva, n.d.); many quotations, some of doubtful provenance, appear in Felix Dubois, Le Peril anarchiste (Paris, 1894), passim.
95. J. Maitron, Histoire du movement anarchiste en France (1880-1914) (Paris, 1955), 211; E. V. Zenker, Anarchism (London, 1895), 262.
96. Maitron, loc. cit., 196; similar suggestions had been made by Colonel de Wiist and other eighteenth-century theoreticians of the petite guerre — but had been re jected as outdated at the time. Laqueur, Guerrilla, op. cit., chapter 3, passim.
97. Maitron, op. cit., 197.
98. George Woodcock, Anarchism (London, 1962), 326.
99. Prolo, Les Anarchistes (Paris, 1912), 55.
100. Le Revolte, September 1886, quoted in Maitron, 245
101. Le Revolte, March 18, 1891.
102. Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth (Cambridge, 1960), 251.
103. Romero Maura, “Terrorism in Barcelona and its impact on Spanish politics 1904-19,” Past and Present (December 1968); Gerald H. Meaker, The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1314-1323 (Stanford, 1973), 173-175.
104. Quoted in H. David, History of the Haymarket Affair (New York, 1936), 121: Samuel Yellen, American Labor Struggles (New York, 1936), passim.
105. David, op. cit., 122.
106. Ibid., 343. See also H. Karasek, ed., 1886, Hat/market. Die deutschen Anarchisten von Chicago (Berlin, 1975), 65 et seq.
107. A. Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist (New York, 1970), 5.
108. Ibid., 7.
109. Emma Goldman, Living My Life (New York, 1970), I, 97.
110. Freiheit, May 17, 1879.
111. Freiheit, September 18, 1880.
112. Freiheit, March 19, 1881; March 4, March 11, 1882.
113. Freiheit, March 8, 1884; November 15, 1884.
114. Freiheit, March 8, 1884.
115. Freiheit, March 14, 1885.
116. Ragnar Redbeard, Might is Right (1921), 70. (First published in Chicago, in 1903.) An earlier edition of the same work was published under the title Survival of the Fittest (1896). The idea that might is right has occurred in terrorist manifestoes with surprising frequency. Thus Black September after the Munich massacre in 1972: Le monde ne respecte que les forts. . ., Problemes politiques et sociaux, May 30, 1975. A reprint of Redbeard’s book was published in New York in 1972.
117. Ibid., 60.
118. Ibid., 39.
119. Freiheit, June 7, 1884.
120. Freiheit, February 16, 1884.
121. Freiheit, May 5, May 26, 1883.
122. Andrew R. Carlson, Anarchism in Germany (New York, 1972), 255.
123. Freiheit, May 5, 1883: Revolutionaere Kriegswissenschaft, 69-71.
124. Freiheit, September 13, 1884.
125. Freiheit, April 16, 1887.
126. Freiheit, October 30, 1886.
127. Freiheit, January 12, 1884; September 13, 1884.
128. Carlson, op. cit., 279; Rudolf Rocker, Johann Most, das Leben eines Rebellen (Berlin, 1924), 162.
129. Freiheit, October 11, 1890.
130. Freiheit, July 30, 1887.
131. Freiheit, April 24, 1886.
132. Wisnitzer, “Marx und Engels und die irische Frage,” Archiv fur Geschichte des Sozialismus, X (1922); Eduard Bernstein, “Fr. Engels und das heutige Irland,” Neue Zeit (1916).
133. Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels (Haag, 1934), II, 256.
134. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels i revoliutsionnaya Rossiya (Moscow, 1967), passim; Perepiska K. Marksa i F. Engelsa s russkimi politicheskimi deyatelami (Moscow, 1951).
135. Perepiska, loc cit., 294; S. S. Volk, op. cit., 436—437; Mayer, Engels, op. cit., 423.
136. Ireland and the Irish Question. A collection of writings by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (New York, 1972), 149.
137. Ibid., 230.
138. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochineniya, IX, 130.
139. Ibid., XLIX, 312.
140. Lenin, Sochineniya, V, 7.
141. Bolshevik expropriations are described in detail in Boris Souvarine’s Stalin (Paris, 1939).
142. Der Kampf, November 1911.
143. Przeglad Socyal-demokratyczny, May 1909.
144. Hsi-huey Liang, The Berlin Police in the Weimar Republic (Berkeley, 1970), passim.
145. Thomas N. Brown, Irish American Nationalism (New York, 1966), 67.
146. P. J. P. Tynan, The Irish Invincibles (New York, 1894), 488.
147. Tynan, op. cit., 490.
148. Devoy’s Post Bag (ed. W. O’Brien and D. Ryan) (Dublin, 1953), II, 41.
149. Irish World, March 3, 1876.
150. Tom Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders (London, 1968), 31, 138.
151. Frankfurter Zeitung, May 9, 1931.
152. W. Kube, ed., Almanack der nationalsozialistischen Revolution (Berlin, 1933), 107.
153. J. Goebbels, Knorke, Ein neues Buch Isidor (Munich, 1929), 18; J. Goebbels, Kampf um Berlin (Munich, 1941), 62-63.
154. Renzo de Felice, Mussolini, il rivoluzionario (Turin, 1965), 120.
155. Hermann Okrass, Hamburg bleibt rot (Hamburg, 1934), 198; Wilfrid Bade, Die SA erobert Berlin (Munich, 1937), 88.
156. J. Goebbels, Kampf um Berlin, loc. cit.: “there were 85 injured; everything went as planned, before we were a small Verein, now we got publicity. . . .”
157. Thor Goote, Kameraden die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen, Berlin 1934, 231.
158. . Abwehrblatter, October 1931, 182.
159. Gabriele Kriiger, Die Brigade Ehrhardt (Berlin, 1932), passim.
160. Ernst von Salomon, Die Geaechteten (Berlin, 1932), passim.
161. M. Lacko, Arrow-Cross Men, National Socialists (Budapest, 1969), 43.
162. Eugen Weber, in H. Rogger and E. Weber, The European Right (Berkeley, 1963), 531-
163. E. Weber, loc. cit., 537; see also Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Pentru Legionari (Bucharest, 1936), passim.
164. O. Tanin and E. Yohan, Militarism and Fascism in Japan (London, 1934), 125, 219.
165. R. Storry, The Double Patriots (London, 1957), 70, 192.
166. Friedrich Berg, Die weisse Pest (Vienna, 1926), 32.
167. Carl Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen (Munich, 1932), passim.
168. On the Landvolk; Herbert Volck, Rebellen um Ehre (Berlin, 1932), 278 et seq.; Rudolf Heberle, Landbevoelkerung und Nationalsozialismus (Stuttgart, 1965), passim.
1. United Irishman, February 14, 1885.
2. Jim Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel (Shannon, 1969), 211-212.
3. J. Remak, Sarajevo (London, 1959), 56.
4. Michael St. John Paeke, The Bombs of Orsini (London, 1957), 293 et seq.
5. Louis Adamic, Dynamite (New York, 1935), 196.
6. Gerald W. Meaker, The Revolutionary Left in Spain ^14-23 (Stanford, 1974), 173 et seq.
7. Bernard B. Fall, Last Reflections on a War (New York, 1967), 219-220.
8. Etudes polemologiques (July 1974), 78-95.
9. Ivianski, Dissertation, loc. cit., passim.
10. R. C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India (Calcutta, 1963), 480.
11. Vladeta Milicevic, Der Konigsmord von Marseille (Bad Godesberg, 1959), 44.
12. Wilhelm Herzog, Barthou (Zurich, 1938), 256.
13. The Times (London), April 19, 1976.
14. Michael Baumann, Wie alles anfing (Munich, 1975), 117-118.
15. The Sunday Press (Dublin), February 15, 1976.
16. A. Gerassimoff, Der Kampf, 211.
17. F. J. Klein, Sturm 138 (Leipzig, 1937), 98.
18. Major Arthur Griffith, Mysteries of Police and Crime (London, 1898), II, 459.
19. The New York Sun, November 29, 1885.
20. D. Kantor, “Dynamit Narodnoi Volyi,” in Katorga i Sylka (1929), 8-9, 119-128. Nobel was a radical both in religious and political matters and his biographers note that there can be no doubt that his attitude had been affected by the Russian milieu in which he had grown up. H. Schiick and R. Sohlma, The Life of Alfred Nobel (London, 1929), 217. See also the most recent biography, St. Tjerneld, Nobel — En biografi (Stockholm, 1972), passim.
21. J. Most, Revolutiondre Kriegswissenschaft, 39.
22. Jack London, The Assassination Bureau Ltd. (London, 1964), 6.
23. W. D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States 1858-1886 (Washington, !947). 406.
24. Victor Drummond, British charge d’affaires in Washington to James G. Blaine, Secretary of State, July 28,1881. In the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1941 (Washington, 1942), 146.
25. Ivianski, op. cit., 190.
26. Nikolajewski, Asew, 177.
27. J. Bowyer Bell, “The Thompson Submachine Gun in Ireland, 1921,” The Irish Sword, VIII, 31.
28. Terrorist Activity. Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 94th Con gress (1975), Hearings, part 7, 524.
29. R. Clutterbuck, Living with Terrorism (London, 1975), 75 et seq., for a fuller discussion of bombing techniques used.
30. Interview in New York Herald, February 10, 1889; the exploits of Le Caron are described in his autobiography and in Sir Robert Anderson, Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement (London, 1907), passim.
31. Lucien de la Hodde, Histoire de societes secretes (Paris, 1850).
32. L. Andrieux, Souvenirs d’un prefet de police (Paris, 1885).
33. Many revealing facts about the activities of the West European police forces were listed in a speech by August Bebel, delivered in Berlin in 1898, later pub lished as a brochure, Attentate und Sozialdemokratie (Berlin, 1905), passim.
34. A. T. Vasilyev, The Okhrana (London, 1930), 53.
35. For Azev and similar cases see Jean Longuet and Georges Silber, Terroristes et policiers (Paris, 1909); Nikolayevski’s Azev biography, supra, and the memoirs by high Okhrana officials such as Spiridovich, Vasilyev, Gerassimov et al.
36. Stephan Lukashevich, “The Holy Brotherhood,” in American Slavonic and East European Review (1959), 502 et seq.
37. T. D. Williams, Secret Societies in Ireland (Dublin, 1973), 105.
38. An excellent account of the psychology of an informer is given in Liam O’Flaherty’s famous novel.
39. Anderson, Sidelights, 89.
40. “Degayevshina,” in Byloe (April 1906).
41. Alexander Bekzadian, Der Agent Provocateur (Zurich, 1913), deals mainly with the legal aspects of the phenomenon. See also Gary T. Marx, “Thoughts on a Neglected Category of Social Movement Participant: The Agent Provocateur and the Informant,” in American Journal of Sociology (September 1974), 402— 442.
42. Christo Silianoff, “Briefe and Beichten,” in Deutsche Rundschau (September 1928), 173.
43. David C. Rapoport, Assassination and Terrorism (Toronto, 1971), passim.
44. Louis Adamic, Dynamite, 147.
45. Carol E. Baumann, The diplomatic kidnappings: a revolutionary tactic of urban terrorism (The Hague, 1973), passim.
46. Clara E. Lida, Anarquismo y Revolucion en la Espana del XIX siglo (Madrid, 1972), 254. Clara E. Lida, “Agrarian Anarchism in Andalusia. Documents on the Mario Negra,” JRSH (1969), 315-352.
47. Der Weg zum Nationalsozialismus (Gaupresseamt Berlin-Furstenwalde, n.d.), 319.
48. Major Carlos Wilson, The Tupamaros (Boston, 1974), 147.
49. E. Faller, Gewaltsame Flugzeugentfuhrungen (Berlin, 1972); James A. Arey, The Sky Pirates (New York, 1972), passim; La Documentation francaise, problemes politiques et sociaux: “La piraterie aerienne,” March 22, 1974; S. K. Agrawala, Aircraft Hijacking and International Law (Dobbs Ferry, 1973); Nancy D. Joyner, Aerial Hijacking as an International Crime (Dobbs Ferry, 1974); Edward McWhinney, The Illegal Diversion of Aircraft and International Law (Leiden, 1975). There were 35 successful hijackings throughout the world in 1968; the figure rose to 87 in 1969 and 83 in 1970; there were 58 such cases in 1971, 62 in 1972, followed by a sharp decrease to 22 in 1973.
50. Camilo Cataño, “Avec les guerrillas de Guatemala,” Partisans (July 1967), 150.
51. Jacques Duchene, Histoire du F.L.N. (Paris, 1962), 263; Abdul Fatah Ismail, “How we liberated Aden,” Gulf Studies (April 1976), 6.
52. Jerusalem Post, May 18, 1976.
53. Quoted in D. D. Egbert, Social Radicalism and the Arts (New York, 1970), 254.
54. Le Monde, May 12, 1976.
55. Parliamentary Papers, Turkey, No. 6 (1898), 103, 171.
56. [Rowlett], Report of the Committee appointed to investigate revolutionary con spirators in India (1918), Cmd. 9190, 14.
57. Dr. Mark F. Ryan, Fenian Memoirs (Dublin, 1949), 40 et seq.
58. J. Plumyene and R. Lassiera, Les Fascismes francais (Paris, 1963), 84-86; G. Warner, “France,” in S. J. Woolf, ed., European Fascism (London, 1968), 270.
59. La Lutte Internationale contre le Terrorisme, La Documentation francaise (May 30. 1975). 31-66.
60. Max Nomad, Aspects of Revolution (New York, 1959), 207.
61. “The bombs exploding in Havana gave Washington the impression that the Machado regime was in a permanent crisis. It was only when President Roose velt’s decision to ease him out of office became known in Cuba that the internal opposition against Machado grew strong enough to overthrow him.” Ernst Halperin, Terrorism in Latin America, Washington Papers 33 (Beverly Hills, 1976), 7-8.
62. Adrian Lyttleton, The Seizure of Power (London, 1973), 61.
63. L. Venturi, op. cit., 563.
64. De la Hodde, 14 et seq.
65. Ivan Avacumovic, “A statistical approach to the revolutionary movement in Russia,” The American Slavic and East European Review (April 1959), 183.
66. A. C. Porzecanski, Uruguay’s Tupamaros (New York, 1973), 30 et seq. Halperin, loc. cit. 37 et seq.
67. E. Wasiolik, The Notebook for the “Possessed” (Chicago, 1968), passim; A. Volynski, Kniga velikovo gneva (St. Petersburg, 1904), passim.
68. B. Savinkov, Erinnerungen eines Terroristen (Berlin, 1927), 73.
69. Manfred von Killinger, Ernstes and Heiteres aus dem Putschleben (Munich, 1934), 15.
70. Wayne G. Broehl, Jr., The Molly Maguires (New York, 1966), 20.
71. See, for instance, Hermann Reisse, Sieg Heil SA (Berlin, 1933), 100; W. Kube, ed, Almanack der nationalsozialistischen Revolution (Berlin, 1933), 117 et seq.
72. . Rote Fahne, June 26, 1923.
73. S. Kravchinski, Podpolnaya Rossiya, 42 et seq.
74. Emma Goldman, “The Psychology of Political Violence,” in Anarchism and Other Essays (New York, 1910), 113.
75. Nestroev on Sokolov, Iz Dnevnik Maksimalista, 64, 75.
76. S. S. Volk, op. cit. 468.
1. Emma Goldman, “The Psychology of Political Violence,” in Anarchism and Other Essays (Port Washington, 1960), 89.
2. Ibid., 113.
3. C. Lombroso and R. Laschl, Le crime politique et les revolutions (Paris, 1892), passim.
4. R. Garraud, L’Anarchie et la repression (Paris, 1895), passim.
5. C. Lombroso, Les Anarchistes (Paris, 1896), 184 et seq.
6. E. V. Zenker, Anarchism (London, 1895), 262.
7. Lucian Pye, in H. Eckstein, ed., Internal War (New York, 1964), 162.
8. Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1934), vol. 14.
9. Edward E. Gude, in J. C. Davies, ed., When Men Revolt and Why? (New York, 1971), 252.
10. P. M. Cobbs and H. Grier, Foreword to Jerome H. Skolnick, The Politics of Protest (New York, 1969), XII.
11. John Dollard et al., Frustration and Aggression (New Haven, 1939).
12. E. F. Durbin and John Bowlby, Personal Aggressiveness and War (London, 1938), 28.
13. T. R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, 1970), passim; T. R. Gurr, “The Calculus of Civil Conflict,” Journal of Social Issues, I (1972), 29.
14. Douglas P. Bwy, “Political Instability in Latin America: The Cross-Culture Test of a Causal Model,” in Latin American Research Review (Spring 1968).
15. Lloyd A. Free, in Davies, supra, 258.
16. Ivo K. Feierabend and Rosalind I. Feierabend, “Aggressive Behaviors within Politics, 1948-1962,” in Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. X, no. 3, 269.
17. Betty Nesvold, “A Scalogram Analysis of Political Violence,” in Gillespie and Nesvold, loc. cit., 171 et seq.
18. Gurr, Calculus, 34.
19. Ibid.
20. Feierabend, supra, 269
21. Gurr, Calculus, 44.
22. Harry Eckstein, “On the Etiology of Internal Wars,” in History and Theory, 2 (1965); Idem., The Study of Internal Wars (Princeton. 1969); Erich Weede, “Unzufriedenheit, Protest und Gewalt, Kritik an einem makropolitischen Forschungsprogramm,” in Politische Vierteljahresschrift (September 1975).
23. Gurr and Duval, “Civil Conflict in the 19605,” in Comparative Political Studies, 6 (1973), passim.
24. D. A. Hibbs, Mass Political Violence (New York, 1973), passim.
25. Lodhi and Tilly, “Urbanization, Crime and Collective Violence in igth century France,” Journal of Sociology, 2 (1972), 297; Snyder and Tilly, “Hardship and Collective Violence in France 1830—1960,” American Sociological Review (Octo ber 1972), 520.
26. Egbal Ahmad, in N. Miller and R. Aya, National Liberation (New York, 1971), 137 et seq.
27. In David E. Apter and James Joll, Anarchism Today (London, 1971), 65.
28. T. R. Gurr, Civil Strife in the Modern World: A Comparative Study of Its Extent and Causes (Princeton, 1969); State Department Conference on Terrorism, De cember 29, 1969.
29. Paul Wilkinson, Political Terrorism (London, 1974), 129.
30. E. V. Walter, Terror and Resistance (New York, 1969).
31. Thomas P. Thornton, “Terror as a Weapon in Political Agitation,” in H. Eckstein, Internal War (New York, 1964), 71 et seq.
32. Brian Crozier, The Rebels (London, 1960), passim; Paul Wilkinson, op. cit., 126.
33. R. Moss, The War for the Cities (New York, 1972), 24 et seq.; Z. Ivianski, “Individ ual Terror as a phase in Revolutionary Violence in the late igth and the beginning of the 2oth Century” (in Hebrew), Doctoral Dissertation (Jerusalem, 1973), 71; P. Wilkinson, Political Terrorism (London, 1974), passim.
34. H. Arendt, “On Violence,” in Crisis of the Republic (Harmondsworth, 1973), 83 et seq.
35. Feliks Gross, Violence in Politics (The Hague, 1972), 94.
36. H. Eckstein, On the Etiology . . ., supra, 153.
37. Richard Blackmur, The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces by Henry James (New York, 1946), 59.
38. Malcolm Brown, The Politics of Irish Literature (London, 1972), 278.
39. J. L. Borges, Labyrinths, Selected Short Stories and Other Writings (New York, 1964), 72-75.
40. The Works of R. L. Stevenson (London, 1911), V, 130.
41. G. K. Chesterton, The Man who was Thursday (London, 1908).
42. Times (London, March 17, 1881, quoted in W. H. Trilley, The Background of the Princess Casamassima (Gainesville, Florida, 1960), 19.
43. Emile Zola, Les trois villes. Paris (Paris, 1898).
44. John Henry Mackay, Die Anarchisten (Berlin, 1893), 240-244.
45. Pio Baroja y Nessi, Aurora Roja, part three of La lucha par la vida (Madrid, 1904).
46. Ibid., 358.
47. Published first in Prague in 1911 in the journal Kvety.
48. On Libertad and his group: Jean Maitron, 420 etseq., and Victor Serge’s autobiog raphy, Memoirs of a Revolutionary 1901-1941 (London, 1963); Namesti Republiky was republished in Czechoslovakia under the Communist regime with some major ideological adjustments.
49. The play was performed in Paris in 1897; its premiere in the original Norwegian did not take place until two years later.
50. Bertold Brecht, Die Massnahme, first performed in Berlin in December 1930; see also B. Brecht, Anmerkungen zur Massnahme, in Schriften zum Theater, vol. 2 (Frankfurt, 1963).
51. First performed in Paris in December 1949; see also Camus, L’homme revolte (Paris, 1951).
52. See V. Gebel, Shestidesyatye Gody (Moscow, n.d.), and the biographical studies by P. Kowalowski, Leonid Grossman, B. M. Drugov and V. Setschkareff.
53. Podpolnaya Rossiya. The book was first published in Italian in Milan (1882); the most recent Russian edition of 1960 is quoted here.
54. Sophia Kovalevsky, Vera Barantzova (London, 1895), 281; the author is better remembered as a distinguished mathematician.
55. Stepniak, The Career of a Nihilist (Andrei Kozhukhov) (London, 1889), 320; the Russian version was published in Geneva in 1898.
56. The book was first published in two parts in 1908. It is now exceedingly rare; the Library of Congress, for instance, has only the Hebrew translation, Lehavot (2 vols., Naharia, 1939—1940). The book exercised a powerful influence on the left-wing Jewish youth movement in Poland Habent sua fata libelli. I have used a more recent Polish edition (2 vols., Cracow, 1946-1947). A French translation exists.
57. V. L. Burtsev, Borba za svobodnuyu Rossiu (Berlin, 1923), I, 183 et seq.; see also Cz. Milosz, Czlowiek wsrod skorpionow (Paris, 1962), 84-107.
58. V. Ropshin, Kon Blednyi (The Pale Horse) (St. Petersburg, 1909), 124; first pub lished in the journal Russkaya Mysl, January 1909.
59. First published in installments in the journal Zavety, 1912; there was an English edition in 1916 or 1917: What Never Happened. Cf. G. Plekhanov, in Souremennyi Mir, 2 (1913); Chonov in Zavety, 8 (1912); and A. Amfiteatrov in Zavety Serdtsa (Moscow, 1909).
60. There is yet another Azev novel by Roman Gul, General B, O. (London, 1930), and Rebecca West has also written about the subject (The Birds Fall Down [London, 1966]).
61. . Borstal Boy (London, 1958), 11.
62. Donald Davie, “The Young Yeats,” in Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Shaping of Modern Ireland (London, 1960), 143.
63. Sean O’Casey, Drums under the Windows (New York, 1960), 423.
64. Liam O’Flaherty, Civil War; Sean O’Casey, The Plough and the Stars (London, 1926).
65. O’Casey, Collected Plays (London, 1949), I, 156.
66. Conor Cruise O’Brien, “An unhealthy intersection,” in The New Review (July 1975); see also W. A. Armstrong, “History, Autobiography and ‘The Shadow of a Gunman,’ “ in Modern Drama, 2 (1960).
67. Liam O’Flaherty, The Martyr (London, 1933); see also Liam O’Flaherty, The Assassin (London, 1928), passim.
68. Regis Debray, L’indesirable (Paris, 1976), 77.
69. Izbrani Proizvedeniya (Sofia, 1953), 150.
70. A. Stern, Bedamai lead tikhi (Tel Aviv, 1976), 18; his friend Y. Ratosh dedicated an untranslated (and perhaps untranslatable) poem Argaman (Purple) to the solitude of Yair’s life and the ultimate futility of his death.
71. Gyorgy Kardos, Avraham’s Good Week (New York, 1975).
72. E. von Salomon, Die Geachteten (Berlin, 1935).
73. Ibid., 302.
74. Hanns Johst, Schlageter, in Giinther Rtihle, Zeit und Theater (Berlin, 1975), III, 28. The play was first performed on Hitler’s birthday, April 20, 1933.
75. Arnold Bronnen, O/S (1929); Rossbach (1930); Hans Fallada, Bauern, Bonzen, Bomben (1931).
76. M. Djilas, Memoirs of a Revolutionary (London, 1973), 132 et seq.
77. Michael Baumann, Wie alles anfing (Munich, 1975), 130.
78. Omar Seyfeddin, Bomba (Constantinople, 1913); Ion Dragumis, Martiron Ke iroon ema (Athens, 1907).
79. Two of Khanafani’s novels were made into films, Les Dupes and Le Couteau, both produced in Syria; the Algerians produced a terrorist “action” film (Sana ‘ud [ We Shall Return]) which was, however, criticized for lack of political content and for making too many concessions to Wild West style.
80. Alfred Faraj’s play Al nar valseitun (The Fire and the Olive Tree); Suheil Idris’ Sahra min Dam (Flower of Blood); Abdul Rahman al Sharqawi’s Watani Akka (Acre, My Homeland); Moen Basisu’s Shamshun va Dalila. See Sasson Somekh in New Outlook (January 1972), and Shimon Ballas, “The Ugly Israeli in Arab Literature,” New Outlook (November 1974), as well as the same writer’s series of articles in Ha’olam Haseh (July 9, 16, and 23, 1975).
81. Meri Franco-Lao, Basta (Paris, 1967).
82. No znaem, kak znal ty rodymyi, chto skoro iz nazhikh kostei rodymetsya mstitel surovy I budet on nas posilnei.
83. Terrorism Part 2, Hearing before the Committee on Internal Security, House of Representatives (Washington, 1974), 3208.
1. Alex Schubert, Stadtguerrilla (Berlin, 1974), 3-22.
2. Of 161 Palestinian terrorists arrested between 1968 and 1973 for acts of terror in third countries, all but two of those who had actually committed murder were set free. Paraguay was the one exception: it imposed a three-year prison sentence on two Palestinians who had killed the wife of an Israeli diplomat. Times (Lon don), July 5,1976. According to other statistics 267 individuals who had engaged in multinational terrorism were arrested between 1970 and 1975. Of these 39 were released without punishment, 58 escaped by getting safe conduct to an other country, 16 were freed from confinement on the demand of fellow terror ists, 50 were released after serving their sentence, and 104 were still in jail in September 1975. The average sentence meted out to terrorists who actually stood trial was eighteen months. International and Transnational Terrorism, Diagno sis and Prognosis (Washington 1976), 22-23.
3. Fritz Rene Allemann, Mac/it und Ohnmacht der Guerilla (Munich, 1974), 133; Luigi Valsalice, Guerriglia e Politico, L’Esemplo del Venezuela 1962-1969 (Flo rence, 1973); Robert J. Alexander, The Communist Party of Venezuela (Stanford, 1969), passim; Norman Gall, Teodoro Petkoff, Field Staff Reports, No. 1 (1972).
4. For a short summary of Latin American guerrilla doctrine in the early 19608 and bibliographical references see Laqueur, Guerrilla (Boston, 1976), chapter 8.
5. The literature on the subject is so large that a stage has been reached in which bibliographies of bibliographies are needed. See A. Thomas Ferguson’s valuable essay in Sam C. Sarkesian, ed., Revolutionary Guerrilla Warfare (Chicago, 1975), 617-623. To this the following two bibliographies should be added: Russell, Miller and Hildner, “The Urban Guerrilla in Latin America,” Latin American Research Review (Spring 1974); Bibliografia: Guerra Revolucionaria y Subversion en el Continente (Washington, 1973).
6. The literature on the Tupamaros is vast. Among the most important the following should be mentioned: Actas Tupamaros (Buenos Aires, 1971); M. E. Gilio, The Tupamaro Guerrillas (New York, 1970); A. Mercader and J. de Vera, Tupamaros, Estrategia y Action (Montevideo, 1969); A. Porcecanski, Uruguay’s Tupamaros (New York, 1973); Alain Labrousse, The Tupamaros (London, 1973); Generals and Tupamaros, Latin American Review of Books (London, 1974); Regis Debray, La Critique des armes, vol. i (Paris, 1974); Major Carlos Wilson, The Tupamaros (Boston, 1974); Ernesto Mayans, ed., Tupamaros, Antologia documental (Cuernavaca, 1971); as well as a source book, J. Kohl and J. Litt, eds., Urban Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
7. Primary sources on urban terror in Brazil and Argentina are difficult to come by. See Vannia Bambirra, ed., Diez Anos de Insurrection en America latino, z vols. (Santiago, 1971). The best descriptive account is F. R. Alleman, Macht und Ohnmacht der Guerilla (Munich, 1974). On the early phase, the articles by Hector Suarez in Granma, Havana, should be mentioned, December 13 and 27, 1970, January 3 and 17,1971, and in Punto Final, 122-125. The main sources are Punto Final (Chile under Allende), Tricontinental Bulletin, Bohemia and Granma (Havana), Prensa Latino, Latin America. The Montoneros published a (legal) newspaper, La Causa Peronista, which was shut down in 1974; the ERP issued various illegal newsheets such as Estella Roja, El Combatiente, Liberacion. On the ERP: Resoluciones del V Congreso y de los comite central y comite ejecutivo posteriores. (The resolutions of the PRT Congress in which the creation of an armed organization was officially decided; there is reason to believe that the organization existed well before.) Marighela’s writings have been translated — For the Liberation of Brazil (London, 1973); see alsojoao Quartim, Dictatorship and Armed Struggle in Brazil (New York, 1971); and Pan de Arara, La Violencia Militar en el Brasil (Mexico, 1975).
8. João Quartim, Dictatorship and Armed Struggle in Brazil (New York, 1971), passim.
9. R. D. Evans, Brazil, the Road back from Terrorism, Conflict Studies, 47 (July 1974)-
10. John William Cooke, La lucha por la liberacion nacional (Buenos Aires, 1973); Donald C. Hodges, Philosophy of the Urban Guerrilla (New York, 1973), 9-12.
11. R. Lamberg, Die Guerilla in Lateinamerika (Stuttgart, 1972), 217.
12. Patrick O’Donnell, The Irish Faction Fighters of the Nineteenth Century (Dub lin, 1975), 63.
13. Among recent histories of the IRA and the struggle in Ulster the following deserve mention: Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA (London, 1970); J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army (London, 1970); M. Dillon and D. Lehane, Political Murder in North ern Ireland (London, 1973); Liam de Paor, Divided Ulster (London, 1970); Maria McGuire, To Take up Arms (London, 1973).
14. Altogether there were 153 such “third-country operations” between 1967-1975; the record number was in 1973 (50), falling to 7 in 1975. In these operations 210 individuals were killed, 80 percent of them were citizens of countries other than Israel. Sixteen countries were affected altogether. In the same period of nine years 2,670 Arabs and 502 Jews were killed in clashes in Israel or on its borders; the highest number of Jewish victims was in 1969-1970, after which there was a steady decline in the number of both Arabs and Jews killed, simply because there were far fewer such operations.
15. Al Ahram, June 28, 1976.
16. The basic documents issued by Palestinian organizations appear in the Beirut quarterly, Journal of Palestinian Studies, published since 1972. For the earlier period see L. S. Kadi, ed., Basic Political Documents of the Armed Palestinian Resistance Movement (Beirut, 1969); and R. N. Rayes and D. Nahas, Guerrillas for Palestine (Beirut, 1974); as well as Y. Harkabi, Fedayeen Action and Arab Strategy, Adelphi Papers, 53 (London, 1968). For Palestinian terrorist practice see R. Tophoven, Fedayin, Guerilla ohne Grenzen (Munich, 1975); Z. Schiff and R. Rothstein, Fedayeen (London, 1972); E. Yaari, Strike Terror (Jerusalem, 1970); Edgar O’Ballance, Arab Guerrilla Power (London, 1973); Christopher Dobson, Black September (London, 1974); Leila Khaled, My People Shall Live (London, 1973); John Cooley, Green March, Black September (London, 1973); John Laffin, Fedayeen (London, 1973); and innumerable other books, mostly on a popular level.
17. Quoted in John Gerassi, Towards Revolution (London, 1971), I, 231.
18. S. de Madariaga, Spain (London, 1942), 179.
19. Gustave Morf, Terror in Quebec (Toronto, 1970), passim; Arnold Hottinger, Spain in Transition, Washington Papers, 19 (1974), 47-52.
20. U.N. General Assembly, 27th Session, A/C.6 1389, December 13, 1972; Leon Romaniecki, “The Soviet Union and International Terrorism,” Soviet Studies (1974), 417 et seq.
21. G. Mirski, “Arabskie narody prodolzhayut borbu,” in MEMO, March 1968, 120 and other writings of the same author, for instance, New Times, June 26,1968 and October 2, 1968; see also L. Steidin, “Imperialisticheski Zagovor na Blizhnem Vostoke,” Kommunist, XI (July 1967), 107 et seq.
22. Luis Carlos Prestes, in Tribuna Popular, January 12 and 13, 1973.
23. The shift in strategy is reflected in many articles in Tricontinental throughout 1969-1970.
24. Le Point, June 21, June 28, 1976.
25. Resolution on Latin America, Intercontinental Press, July 14, 1969, 720-721.
26. See the polemics between American Trotskyites and the British Red Mole; Jo seph Hansen in International Information Bulletin, April 1971; the resolution of the French Ligue Communiste on Munich in Rouge, September 23, 1872; Red Mole on Ireland, January 1, 1971.
27. Rouge, September 30, 1972.
28. Report on Armed Struggle in Latin America by Roman, International Informa tion Bulletin, August 1974, 17 et seq.
29. Counterreport by Joseph Hansen, International Information Bulletin, August 1974, 23 et seq.
30. See, for instance, Ernest Germain and Martine Knoeller in International Infor mation Bulletin, January 1971, and Ernest Mandel, “In Defence of Leninism,” ibid., April 1973.
31. American congressional committees have paid inordinate attention to Trotskyite attitudes toward terrorism — and very little to Communist links. See for instance Trotskyite Terrorist International, Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Inter nal Security Laws. Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate Ninety-fourth Congress, July 24, 1975. These documents are of value to students of the byways of the extreme left but they create a mistaken impression inasmuch as there were forces at work infinitely more powerful than the “United Secretar iat.”
32. Punto Final, August 29, 1972.
33. Letter to the PRT (Combatiente) by Ernest, Livio, Pierre, Sandor, Tariq, Delphin, International Internal Discussion Bulletin, June 1973, 22 et seq.
34. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (London, 1967), 74.
35. A first attempt to describe New Left politics and culture in historical perspective is Klaus Mehnert’s Jugend im Zeitbruch (Stuttgart, 1976).
36. Alex Schubert, Stadtguerilla, op. cit, 117.
37. On West German terrorism see Alex Schubert, Stadtguerilla, op. cit.; Kollektiv RAF, Vber den bewaffneten Kampf in Westeuropa (Berlin, 1971); M. MiillerBorchert, Guerilla im Industriestaat (Hamburg, 1973); M. Baumann, Wie alles anfing (Munich, 1975); Peter Bruckner et al., Gewalt und Solidaritat (Berlin, 1974); Sozialistisches Jahrbuch 5 (1973); Stadtguerilla und soziale Revolution (Haarlem, 1974); Giinter Bartsch, Anarchismus in Deutschland, Band II (Hano ver, 1973); Holger, der Kampf geht weiter (n.p., 1974); Bewaffneter Kampf’. Texte der RAF (Verlag Rote Sonne, 1974 [?]).
38. Literature on the United Red Army and other Japanese terrorist groups is not available in languages other than Japanese. On its origins see Takashi Tachibara, Chukaku us kakumaru, 2 vols. (Tokyo, 1975); on its ideology, the symposium Uchi Geba no Ronri (The logic of the inner struggle, Geba = Gewalt) (Tokyo, 1974); of particular interest are the essays on the aesthetics of assassination (57 et seq.) the philosophy of murder (77) and the philosophy of hatred (147); a documentary record is Sekigun by the Sasho Henshu committee, Tokyo, 1975, with a detailed bibliography (361-484).
39. Literature on Weatherman and Black Panther party is abundant: Prairie Fire (n.p., 1974); Harold Jacobs, ed., Weatherman (Berkeley, 1970);]. Raskin, ed., The Weather Eye (New York, 1974); Kirkpatrick Sale, S.D.S. (New York, 1974); as well as Liberation News Service, The Guardian, The Berkeley Barb and congressional publications such as The Weatherman Underground, January 1975. On black terrorism: Philip S. Foner, The Black Panther Speaks (New York, 1970); as well as the writings by Eldridge Cleaver, Stokely Carmichael, David Hilliard, George Jackson, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale (Seize the Time) and others; the periodical Black Panther; and the periodicals of the Cleaver faction.
40. George Jackson, Blood in My Eye (London, 1975), 65.
41. Of one thousand bombings in the United States in 1975, only forty-six were attributed to organized terrorist groups.
42. M. Ram, “The urban guerrilla movement in Calcutta,” Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Journal (January 1972), 288-301.
43. Research Study: International and Transnational Terrorism: Diagnosis and Prognosis (Washington, April 1976), 26.
44. The following two examples should suffice: according to an unnamed Israeli source, quoted in Brian Jenkins, International Terrorism, the total cost in men and money to Israel in combatting Arab terrorism between 1967 and 1972 was forty times that of the Six Days’ War in 1967. But the war of 1967 cost Israel at least a billion dollars; multiplied by forty this adds up to a sum exceeding the total Israeli GNP during the period. American observers noted with considerable alarm that $40 million had to be spent in 1976 to protect American diplomatic personnel all over the globe. But this is considerably less than the projected cost of a single B-1 bomber.
1. Interview with Colonel Khadafi, Der Spiegel, July 26, 1976.
2. Comments by Robert H. Kupperman, chief scientist of ACDA, at a conference in Santa Margherita, May 1976 (unpublished).
3. This refers to the Tokyo convention of September 1963 concerning offenses committed aboard an aircraft; the Hague Convention of December 1970 on the unlawful seizure of aircraft; the Montreal Convention of September 1971 also concerned with suppressing unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation; the OAS convention of February 1971 on preventing and punishing acts of terrorism; the U.N. convention of December 1973 on the prevention and punishment of crimes against diplomats — which has not yet come into force; the Luxembourg Resolution of the European Community of July 1976 on measures to combat international terrorism.
4. Major Arthur Griffith, Mysteries of Police and Crime (London, 1898), II, 469.
5. Norman Angell, ed., What Would Be The Character of a New War (New York, 1933), 388.
6. Edward Condon, quoted in Dexter Masters and Katherine Way, eds., One World or None (New York, 1946), 40.
7. Sandia Report (Washington, 1976); Mitre Report (McLean, Va., 1976).
8. S. J. Berkowitz et al., Superviolence (Adcon Report) (1972).
9. M. Willrich and Theodore Taylor, Nuclear Theft, Risks and Safeguards (Cam bridge, Mass., 1974), 115. See also V. Gilinsky, in B. Boskey and M. Willrich, Nuclear Proliferation (New York, 1970); E. M. Kinderman et al., The Unconven- tional Nuclear Threat (Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, 1969); and many other studies.
10. For a short survey on chemical and biological weapons see SIPRI, Arms Uncon trolled (Cambridge, Mass., 1975), 93-107 and a more detailed report in Berkowitz, op. cit.
11. J. H. Rothschild, Tomorrow’s Weapons (New York, 1964).
12. Berkowitz, op. cit., chapters 8 and 9, passim.
13. C. G. Heden “Defenses Against Biological Warfare,” in Annual Review of Mi crobiology (1967), 639.
14. Even in dictatorships, attempted assassinations by individuals have been far more difficult to detect than those undertaken by groups. It should be recalled that the attempt against Hitler’s life which came nearest to success prior to the conspiracy of 1944 was made by Georg Elser, a carpenter, who put the bomb in the Munich Hofbrauhaus in November 1939. He acted entirely on his own and, in all probability, would never have been caught but for the foolish attempt to cross the border into Switzerland. See Peter Hoffmann, Die Sicherheit des Diktators (Munich, 1975), 119 et seq.
15. Roberta Wohlstetter, “Terror on a Grand Scale,” in Survival (May-June 1976), 102.
16. Brian Jenkins, High Technology Terrorism and Surrogate War (Santa Monica, 1975), 24; see also David M. Rosenbaum, “Nuclear Terror,” in International Security (Winter 1977), 140 et seq.