ENDNOTES

Listed below are the sources I’ve called upon, divided by chapter, aside from those people and publications adequately identified in the text.

INTRODUCTION

Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring (Houghton Mifflin, 2002); Gould, Stephen Jay. Bully for Brontosaurus (W. W. Norton & Company, 1992); Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder (Vintage Books, 2010); Montaigne, Michel de. The Complete Works (Everyman’s Library, 2003); Norgaard, Richard. Development Betrayed (Routledge, 1994); Toulmin, Stephen. Cosmopolis (University of Chicago Press, 1992); Wilson, Edward Osborne. Consilience (Vintage Books, 1999). On dieting and weight gain: See Chapter 3 and Pollan, Michael. In Defense of Food (Penguin Press, 2008); Taubes, Gary. Good Calories, Bad Calories (Anchor, 2008). Paradoxes: On increasing maternal mortality and morbidity: See Chapter 1. On autoimmunity and our increasing susceptibility to disease: See discussion of autoimmunity in Chapter 2, and of polio in Chapter 4. On iatrogenesis versus deaths from lack of healthcare in the United States: See Chapter 7. On depression and antidepressants: Angell, Marcia. “The Epidemic of Mental Illness: Why?” New York Review of Books (June 23, 2011); Hensly, Scott. “1 in 10 Americans Takes Antidepressants.” NPR (Oct. 10, 2011).

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

Burkhard Bilger’s story “Raw Faith” taught me that milk and microbes could yield compelling literary material. Stephanie Nani and Kari Way filled me in on sicknesses that arose in their households after drinking Organic Pastures milk. The journalist David Gumpert was a good reference when I went looking for stories about the milk wars and science about raw milk that defied conventional wisdom. I owe my education on Dannon’s yogurt making to the good people at the Fort Worth processing plant, including J. Erskin, Duc Nguyen, and Michael Neuwirth. Conversations with David Relman at Stanford and Jeffrey Gordon at Washington University in St. Louis aided me in my research on gut microbes. On Rolfing: Rolf, Ida Pauline. Rolfing: The Integration of Human Structures (Dennis-Landman, 1977). On the hygiene hypothesis and interspecies exchange: Strachan, David. “Hay Fever, Hygiene, and Household Size.” BMJ 299, no. 6710 (Nov. 18, 1989): 1259–1260; Sadeharju, K., et al. “Maternal Antibodies in Breast Milk Protect the Child from Enterovirus Infections.” Pediatrics. 2007; 119(5):941–946. On the evolving perspectives on IgA antibodies: Dunn, Rob. The Wild Life of Our Bodies (Harper, 2011): 100–103. Dunn’s book also addresses the domestication of aurochs and beginnings of human dairying. Anne Mendelson discusses this period as well in her lovely book Milk (Knopf, 2008). On lactose intolerance, lactase persistence, and dairying: Itan, Yuval, et al. “The Origins of Lactase Persistence in Europe.” PLoS Comput Biol 5, no. 8 (2009): e1000491. On Louis Pasteur: Frankland, Percy, and Mrs. Percy Frankland. Pasteur (Macmillan, 1898); the story of Pasteur’s deathbed confession first appears (in English at least) in The Stress of Life (McGraw-Hill, 1984) by Hans Selye, but Selye, writing 83 years after Pasteur’s death, gives no citation. Curiously, some raw-milk advocates replace Bernard’s name in this story with that of Antoine Béchamp—another scientist with ideas related to Bernard’s—perhaps because there was more conflict between Pasteur and Béchamp. On the milk wars: Jones, Robert A. “Raw Milk: A Holy War over Health.” Los Angeles Times (Aug. 31, 1984). Evidence of an increase in autoimmune disorders: Bach, Jean-François. “Infections and Autoimmune Diseases.” Journal of Autoimmunity 25 Suppl (2005): 74–80; Bodansky, H.J., et al. “Evidence for an Environmental Effect in the Aetiology of Insulin Dependent Diabetes in a Transmigratory Population.” BMJ 304, no. 6833 (April 18, 1992): 1020–1022; Conradi, Silja, et al. “Environmental Factors in Early Childhood Are Associated with Multiple Sclerosis.” BMC Neurology 11 (2011): 123; Correale, Jorge, and Mauricio F. Farez. “The Impact of Environmental Infections (Parasites) on MS Activity.” Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 17, no. 10 (Oct. 2011): 1162–1169; Cosnes, Jacques, et al. “Epidemiology and Natural History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.” Gastroenterology 140, no. 6 (May 2011): 1785–1794; Gale, Edwin. “The Rise of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in the 20th Century.” Diabetes 51, no. 12 (Dec. 2002): 3353–3361; Holgate, Stephen. “The Epidemic of Asthma and Allergy.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97, no. 3 (March 2004): 103–110; finally, this study is of interest because it suggests that those in white-collar professions have a greater risk of MS than those in the lower classes: Russell, W.R. “Multiple Sclerosis: Occupation and Social Group at Onset.” Lancet 2, no. 7729 (Oct. 16, 1971): 832–834. On the raw-milk raids: The details of the raw-milk busts of 2005–2006 come from interviews with Richard Hebron, Carol Schmitmeyer, members of Gary Oakes’s cow share, as well as press releases from the Ohio Department of Agriculture. And from Tullis, Matt. “ODA: Farmer Didn’t Follow Law.” Daily Record (March 17, 2006). The description of the raid on Michael Schmidt’s farm comes from a video recorded by Schmidt and from reports by the agents. The history comes from Schmidt, and was confirmed by his ex-wife and several neighbors. The estimates of raw-milk illnesses and raw-milk drinkers comes from Langer, Adam, et al. “Nonpasteurized Dairy Products, Disease Outbreaks, and State laws-United States, 1993–2006.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 3 (March 2012): 385–391; Foodborne Active Surveillance Network Population Survey Atlas of Exposures (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006–2007). On the Organic Pastures recall: “Organic Pastures Raw Milk Recall Announced by CDFA.” California Department of Food and Agriculture (Sept. 21, 2006); Arax, Mark. West of the West (PublicAffairs, 2009): 229–260; “Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 Infections in Children Associated with Raw Milk and Raw Colostrum from Cows-California, 2006.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (June 13, 2008). On the behavior of O157:H7 in contact with antibiotics: Wong, C.S., et al. “The Risk of the Hemolytic-uremic Syndrome after Antibiotic Treatment of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Infections.” New England Journal of Medicine 342, no. 26 (June 29, 2000): 1930–1936. On the date of the first pasteurization laws: “Milestones of Milk.” International Dairy Foods Association. http://www.idfa.org/news-views/media-kits/milk/milestones. On the condition of dairies at the turn of the century: Schmid, Ronald. The Untold Story of Milk (New Trends Pub., 2003). The guidelines limiting bacteria in milk: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service and Food and Drug Administration. Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (2009 Revision). On cows digesting grass and corn: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma (Penguin Press, 2007); Russell, J.B., and J.L. Rychlik. “Factors That Alter Rumen Microbial Ecology.” Science 292, no. 5519 (May 11, 2001): 1119–1122. On problems resulting from high-energy, low-fiber feeds in dairy cows: Shaver, R.D. “Nutritional Risk Factors in the Etiology of Left Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cows.” Journal of Dairy Science 80, no. 10 (Oct. 1997): 2449–2453. On the prevalence of pathogens on dairy farms: USDA, Veterinary Services. “E. coli O157:H7 on U.S. Dairy Operations” (Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Dec. 2003); USDA, Veterinary Services. “Salmonella and Campylobacter on U.S. Dairy Operations” (Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Dec. 2003). On the longevity of industrial dairy cows: Norman, H.D., E. Hare. “Historical Examination of Culling of Dairy Cows from Herds in the United States.” Journal of Dairy Science 88, no. 7 Suppl 1 (July 24, 2005): 122. On the false-advertising lawsuit against Dannon: Olivarez-Giles, Nathan. “Dannon Settles False Advertising Lawsuit over Activia, DanActive Yogurt.” Los Angeles Times (Sept. 19, 2009). On the reign of microbes: Gould, Stephen Jay. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin (Harmony Books, 1996): 175–192. On humans as superorganisms: Gill, Steven, et al. “Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome.” Science 312, no. 5778 (June 2, 2006): 1355–1359. Bruce German told me about milk ecology. Another interesting fact is that the milk-fat-globule membrane is essentially processed out of pasteurized dairy products. Both human and bovine mammary glands assemble this incredibly complex membrane for holding fat globules. There’s no proof that the membrane is useful, but the mechanism that makes it is so elaborate that German suspects it must confer some kind of evolutionary advantage. On development of epithelial cells in the crypts of Lieberkühn: Savage, D.C., and D.D. Whitt. “Influence of the Indigenous Microbiota on Amounts of Protein, DNA, and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Extractable from Epithelial Cells of the Small Intestines of Mice.” Infection and Immunity 37, no. 2 (Aug. 1982): 539–549. On the evolution of the hygiene hypothesis: Hyde, Rob. “Erika Von Mutius: Reshaping the Landscape of Asthma Research.” Lancet 372, no. 9643 (Sept. 20, 2008): 1029; Rook, G.A., and L.R. Brunet. “Microbes, Immunoregulation, and the Gut.” Gut 54, no. 3 (March 2005): 317–320. On farm children being less likely to develop asthma and allergies: Perkin, M.R. “Unpasteurized Milk: Health or Hazard?” Clinical and Experimental Allergy 37, no. 5 (May 2007): 627–630. Von Mutius, E. “99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders.” Clinical and Experimental Immunology 160, no. 1 (April 2010): 130–135; Perkin, Michael, and David Strachan. “Which Aspects of the Farming Lifestyle Explain the Inverse Association with Childhood Allergy?” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 117, no. 6 (June 2006): 1374–1381; Waser, M., et al. “Inverse Association of Farm Milk Consumption with Asthma and Allergy in Rural and Suburban Populations Across Europe.” Clinical and Experimental Allergy 37, no. 5 (May 2007): 661–670. On O157:H7 dwindling in raw milk: The science on O157:H7 specifically shows that it can die off in milk, though it can also (less frequently) increase. Lactic acid bacteria may also prevent the E. coli from attaching or releasing poisons. Leblanc et al. “Induction of a Humoral Immune Response Following an Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Infection with an Immunomodulatory Peptidic Fraction Derived from Lactobacillus Helveticus-fermented Milk.” Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 6 (Nov. 2004): 1171–1181; de Sablet, Thibaut, et al. “Human Microbiota-secreted Factors Inhibit Shiga Toxin Synthesis by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O157:H7.” Infection and Immunity 77, no. 2 (Feb. 2009): 783–790. On gaining immunity through milk consumption: There are mountains of anecdotal evidence that people gain immunity to pathogens in raw milk. Nearly every industrial dairy farmer I’ve talked to drinks raw milk from his bulk tank on a regular basis. Blaser, M.J., et al. “The Influence of Immunity on Raw Milk.” JAMA 257, no. 1 (Jan. 2, 1987): 43–46. On the emergence of O157:H7: Roan, Shari. “Battling an Elusive Bacterium.” Los Angeles Times (July 11, 1990); Kolata, Gina. “Detective Work and Science Reveal a New Lethal Bacteria.” New York Times (Jan. 6, 1998). There is some evidence that feeding cattle grass reduces the number of pathogens: Hutchison, M.L., et al. “Analyses of Livestock Production, Waste Storage, and Pathogen Levels and Prevalences in Farm Manures.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 3 (March 2005): 1231–1236. But at least one large outbreak has been traced to a ranch where cattle were exclusively grass-fed: California Food Emergency Response Team. “Investigation of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with Dole pre-packaged spinach” (California Department of Health Services, FDA, 2007). It does seem that many forms of E. coli, including O157:H7, gain acid resistance when living in acidic rumens: Diez-Gonzalez, F., et al. “Grain Feeding and the Dissemination of Acid-resistant Escherichia Coli from Cattle.” Science 281, no. 5383 (Sept. 11, 1998): 1666–1668. But acid-resistant E. coli of the O157:H7 type can also be found in grass-fed cows: Garber, L., et al. “Factors Associated with Fecal Shedding of Verotoxin-producing Escherichia Coli O157 on Dairy Farms.” Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 4 (April 1999): 307–312; Grauke, L.J., et al. “Acid Resistance of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle Fed Hay or Grain.” Veterinary Microbiology 95, no. 3 (Sept. 1, 2003): 211–225; Van Baale, M.J., et al. “Effect of Forage or Grain Diets with or without Monensin on Ruminal Persistence and Fecal Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Cattle.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 9 (Sept. 2004): 5336–5342. On immunity to pathogenic E. coli in Brazil: Palmeira, Patricia, et al. “Colostrum from Healthy Brazilian Women Inhibits Adhesion and Contains IgA Antibodies Reactive with Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia Coli.” European Journal of Pediatrics 164, no. 1 (Jan. 2005): 37–43; Palmeira et al. “Passive Immunity Acquisition of Maternal Anti-enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O157:H7 IgG Antibodies by the Newborn.” European Journal of Pediatrics 166, no. 5 (May 2007): 413–419; Zapata-Quintanilla, L.B., et al. “Systemic Antibody Response to Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli and LPS O111, O157 and O55 in Healthy Brazilian Adults.” Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 64, no. 6 (Dec. 2006): 661–667. On the Los Angeles County Milk Commission: Simon, Richard. “County Milk Board May Lose Authority.” Los Angeles Times (Aug. 25, 1989). On Paul Fleiss: Hubler, Shawn. “Did Father Know Best? Paul Fleiss.” Los Angeles Times Magazine (1995 April 9). On the evidence that Alta Dena milk caused illness: Linnan, M.J., et al. “Epidemic Listeriosis Associated with Mexican-style Cheese.” New England Journal of Medicine 319, no. 13 (Sept. 29, 1988): 823–828; Werner, S.B., et al. “Association between Raw Milk and Human Salmonella Dublin Infection.” BMJ 2, no. 6184 (July 28, 1979): 238–241; Puzo, Daniel. “Study Urges Warning Label on Raw Milk.” Los Angeles Times (April 1, 1986).

CHAPTER 3

Several of Bruce German’s colleagues and graduate students helped answer various questions, including David Mills, Carlito Lebrilla, Bruce Hammock, Xi Chen, Katie Hinde, Hyeyoung Lee, Sara Schaefer, and Jennifer Smilowitz. Barb Stuckey at Mattson told me about the lazy American palate. Information on the International Life Sciences Institute comes from interviews with Kelly Brownell at Yale, Geoffrey Cannon of the World Public Health and Nutrition Association, Carlos Camargo at Harvard, Michael Jacobson at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Jennifer Sass at the National Resource Defense Council, Michele Simon of Eat Drink Politics, Amalia Waxman formerly at the World Health Organization, and Derek Yach then at Yale. On the errors of nutrition science: Taubes, Gary. Good Calories, Bad Calories (Anchor, 2008). On the confusion over cholesterol: Lehrer, Jonah. “Trials and Errors: Why Science Is Failing Us.” Wired (Jan. 2012). On sugar myths: Anderson, C.A., et al. “Sucrose and Dental Caries.” Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 10 Suppl 1 (March 2009): 41–54; Hoover, D.W., and R. Milich. “Effects of Sugar Ingestion Expectancies on Mother-child Interactions.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 22, no. 4 (Aug. 1994): 501–515; Jeukendrup, Asker E., and Sophie C. Killer. “The Myths Surrounding Pre-exercise Carbohydrate Feeding.” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 57 Suppl 2 (2010): 18–25; Newbrun, E. “Sugar and Dental Caries.” Science 217, no. 4558 (July 30, 1982): 418–423; Painter, Kim. “Does a Spoonful of Sugar Help the Flu Take Hold?” USA Today (Oct. 5, 2009); Wolraich, M.L., et al. “The Effect of Sugar on Behavior or Cognition in Children.” JAMA 274, no. 20 (Nov. 22, 1995): 1617–1621. On recommendations to eat a diet low in protein, carbs, and fats (respectively): Campbell, Colin, and Thomas Campbell. The China Study (BenBella Books, 2006); Ornish, Dean. Eat More, Weigh Less (HarperCollins, 2000); Taubes, Gary. Why We Get Fat (Random House, 2011). On Kellogg: Kellogg, John Harvey. Colon Hygiene (Good Health Publishing Company, 1915); Kellogg, John Harvey. Plain Facts for Old and Young (Segner & Condit, 1881): 382. On Liebig and the pattern of nutritional presumption: Pollan, Michael. In Defense of Food (Penguin Press, 2008); McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking (Simon & Schuster, 2004). On the rise in obesity and diabetes: Narayan, K., et al. “Lifetime Risk for Diabetes Mellitus in the United States.” JAMA 290, no. 14 (Oct. 8, 2003): 1884–1890; Olshansky, S., et al. “A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century.” New England Journal of Medicine 352, no. 11 (March 17, 2005): 1138–1145. On the insights provided by milk science: German, Bruce, et al. “Metabolomics: Building on a Century of Biochemistry to Guide Human Health.” Metabolomics 1, no. 1 (March 2005): 3–9; Ahmed, A., et al. “Effect of Milk Constituents on Hepatic Cholesterol-genesis.” Atherosclerosis 32, no. 4 (April 1979): 347–357. On breast milk variation for male and female infants: Katherine Hinde quoted in: Williams, Florence. Breasts (W. W. Norton, 2012): 190–191. On infant flavor preferences: Forestell, Catherine, and Julie Mennella. “Early Determinants of Fruit and Vegetable Acceptance.” Pediatrics 120, no. 6 (Dec. 2007): 1247–1254; Forestell, Catherine, Julie Mennella. “Food, Folklore, and Flavor Preference Development,” in Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy, edited by Carol Lammi-Keefe (Humana Press, 2008). On sugarphobia: Dufty, William. Sugar Blues (Warner Books, 1976); Haley, S., et al. “Sweetener Consumption in the United States.” ERS: Outlook Report Series (2005); Putnam, Judith, and Steven Haley. “Indicators: Behind the Data.” Economic Research Service: Amber Waves (2003). On Richard Lustig: Lustig, Richard. “Sugar: The Bitter Truth.” Speech presented at UC San Francisco’s Mini Medical School for the Public (2009). http://uctv.tv/shows/Sugar-The-Bitter-Truth-16717; Taubes, Gary. “Is Sugar Toxic?” New York Times Magazine (April 13, 2011). On the sociological power of sugar see: Mintz, Sidney. Sweetness and Power (Penguin Press, 1986). On ILSI: McGarity, Thomas, and Wendy Wagner. Bending Science (Harvard University Press, 2010); Powys, Betsan. “The Trouble with Sugar.” Panorama, BBC One. Transcript (2004); “The Tobacco Industry and Scientific Groups, ILSI.” Tobacco Free Initiative, World Health Organization (2001), www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/ILSI.pdf; Yach, Derek, and Stella Bialous. “Junking Science to Promote Tobacco.” American Journal of Public Health 91, no. 11 (Nov. 2001): 1745–1748; On Alfy Fanjul: Brenner, Marie. “In the Kingdom of Big Sugar.” Vanity Fair (Feb. 2001). On the etymology of sweet: Tietz, Joan Ann. A Thousand Years of Sweet (Peter Lang, 2001). On wanting versus liking: Berridge, Kent, et al. “Taste Reactivity Analysis of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Aphagia: Implications for Arousal and Anhedonia Hypotheses of Dopamine Function.” Behavioral Neuroscience 103, no. 1 (Feb. 1989): 36–45; “Pleasures of the Brain.” Brain and Cognition 52, no. 1 (June 2003): 106–128; Heath, R.G. “Pleasure and Brain Activity in Man.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 154, no. 1 (Jan. 1972): 3–18; Kessler, David. The End of Overeating (Rodale, 2009). Rada, P., et al. “Daily Bingeing on Sugar Repeatedly Releases Dopamine in the Accumbens Shell.” Neuroscience 134, no. 3 (2005): 737–744. On the links between work, consumption, and dopamine: Sapolsky, Robert. “Are Humans Just Another Primate?” Speech presented at the California Academy of Sciences (2011). Available online at fora.tv. On the taste of nations: Fisher, M.F.K. Serve It Forth (North Point Press, 2002). Julie Mennella introduced me to the Lin Yutang’s epigram on patriotism and taste.

CHAPTER 4

This chapter relied on numerous interviews with Peter Spencer, who is engaged in the utterly serious business of finding ways to understand neurodegeneration; nonetheless, he generously indulged my somewhat fanciful interest in his work. On the way various cultures deal with the problem of ignorance: Nader, Laura, ed. Naked Science (Routledge, 1996). On the number and regulation of new chemicals introduced to the market: Williams, Florence. Breasts (W. W. Norton, 2012): 98. On acting without certainty: Berry, Wendell. Life Is a Miracle. (Counterpoint, 2001). On vaccine making being something like the witch’s brew in Macbeth: Warren, Joel. “Industrial Production of Primary Tissue Cultures,” in Cell Cultures for Virus Vaccine Production, NCI Monograph 29 (1968): 35–43. On parents who refuse or delay shots: Smith, Philip, et al. “Parental Delay or Refusal of Vaccine Doses, Childhood Vaccination Coverage at 24 Months of Age, and the Health Belief Model.” Public Health Reports 126, Suppl 2 (2011): 135–146; “The 2009 National Immunization Survey.” U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). On toxins in edible plants: “Cruciferous Plants: Phytochemical Toxicity Versus Cancer Chemoprotection.” Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 9, no. 13 (Nov. 1, 2009): 1470–1478; Beier, R.C. “Natural Pesticides and Bioactive Components in Foods.” Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 113 (1990): 47–137; Chai, Weiwen, and Michael Liebman. “Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Vegetable Oxalate Content.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 8 (April 20, 2005): 3027–3030; Champ, Martine. “Non-nutrient Bioactive Substances of Pulses.” British Journal of Nutrition 88 Suppl 3 (Dec. 2002): s307–319; Giannetti, B., et al. “Efficacy and Safety of Comfrey Root Extract Ointment in the Treatment of Acute Upper or Lower Back Pain.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 44, no. 9 (July 2010): 637–641. On the Guam disease: Goldwyn, Edward. “The poison that waits?” BBC, Horizon (1988); Sacks, Oliver. The Island of the Colorblind and Cycad Island (Knopf, 1997); Spencer, Peter. “Are Neurotoxins Driving Us Crazy? Planetary Observations on the Causes of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Old Age,” in Behavioral Measures of Neurotoxicity, eds. Russell, Flattau, and Pope (National Academies Press, 1990); Whiting, Marjorie. Toxicity of Cycads. Third World Medical Research Foundation and Lyon Arboretum (University of Hawaii, 1988); The Marjorie Grant Whiting Papers at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. On the implications of the Guam evidence: Cucchiaroni, Maria, et al. “Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Mediates the Electrophysiological and Toxic Actions of the Cycad Derivative beta-N-Methylamino-L-alanine on Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta DA-ergic Neurons.” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 15 (April 14, 2010): 5176–5188; Galasko, D., et al. “Prevalence of Dementia in Chamorros on Guam.” Neurology 68, no. 21 (May 22, 2007): 1772–1781; Pablo, J., et al. “Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin BMAA in ALS and Alzheimer’s Disease.” Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 120, no. 4 (Oct. 2009): 216–225; Steele, John C., and Patrick L. McGeer. “The ALS/PDC Syndrome of Guam and the Cycad Hypothesis.” Neurology 70, no. 21 (May 20, 2008): 1984–1990. Evidence of toxins in blue-green algae nutritional supplements: Dietrich, Fischer, et al. “Toxin mixture in cyanobacterial blooms,” in Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, edited by Hudnell and Dortch, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 619 (Springer, 2008): 885–912; Draisci, R., et al. “Identification of Anatoxins in Blue-green Algae Food Supplements Using Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry.” Food Additives and Contaminants 18, no. 6 (June 2001): 525–531.On Australian cycad preparation: Beck, Wendy, et al. “Archaeology from Ethnography: the Aboriginal Use of Cycads,” in Archaeology with Ethnography, edited by Meehan and Jones (Australian National University, 1988); Beck. “Aboriginal Preparation of Cycas Seeds in Australia.” Economic Botany 46, no. 2 (1992): 133–147. On dreams and visions advancing science: Abumrad, Jad. “Yellow Fluff and Other Curious Encounters.” Radiolab, season 5, episode 5; Roberts, Royston M. Serendipity (Wiley, 1989): 123–125; Valenstein, Elliot. The War of the Soups and the Sparks (Columbia University Press, 2005): 57–59; Broad, William. “For Delphic Oracle, Fumes and Visions.” New York Times (March 19, 2002); Watson, P.L., et al. “The Ethnopharmacology of Pituri.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8, no. 3 (Sept. 1983): 303–311. On evolution and cooking: Wrangham, Richard. Catching Fire (Basic Books, 2010). The fact about chimps preferring cooked food also comes from page 90: “Evolutionary anthropologists Victoria Wobber and Brian Hare tested chimpanzees and other apes in the United States, Germany, and Tchimpounga, a Congolese sanctuary. Across the different locations, despite different diets and living conditions, the apes responded similarly. No apes preferred any raw food.” On the muscle-bound cranium hypothesis: McCollum, Melanie, et al. “Of Muscle-bound Crania and Human Brain Evolution.” Journal of Human Evolution 50, no. 2 (Feb. 2006): 232–236; Perry, George, et al. “Comparative Analyses Reveal a Complex History of Molecular Evolution for Human MYH16.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 22, no. 3 (March 2005): 379–382. On natural endocrine disruptors: Henley, Derek, et al. “Prepubertal Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils.” New England Journal of Medicine 356, no. 5 (Feb. 1, 2007): 479–485. On evidence against vaccines: Kirby, David. Evidence of Harm: Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: A Medical Controversy (St. Martin’s Griffin, 2006). On Edward Jenner: Allen, Arthur. Vaccine (W. W. Norton, 2007): 46–50. On polio incidence 1952–1993: “Polio Vaccine and Immunization Information.” The National Network for Immunization Information. http://www.immunizationinfo.org/vaccines/polio. On the vaccine controversy circa 2005: Kennedy, Robert F., Jr. “Deadly Immunity.” Rolling Stone (July 14, 2005); Murch, Simon, et al. “Retraction of an Interpretation.” Lancet 363, no. 9411 (March 6, 2004): 750; Wakefield, Andrew, et al. “Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children.” Lancet 351, no. 9103 (Feb. 28, 1998): 637–641; Mnookin, Seth. The Panic Virus (Simon & Schuster, 2011). On swine flu deaths: Brown, David. “CDC Reports 28 Swine Flu Deaths among pregnant Women.” Washington Post (Oct. 2, 2009). On weighing risks: Cooper, Mary Ann. “Medical Aspects of Lightning.” National Weather Service Lightning Safety, n.d. http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/medical.htm; Demicheli, V., et al. “Vaccines for Measles, Mumps and Rubella in Children.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 4 (2005); Institute of Medicine. Adverse Effects of Vaccines, edited by Ford, Stratton, and Rusch (National Academies Press, 2012); “Some Common Misconceptions.” www.cdc.gov (Feb. 18, 2011) http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/6mishome.htm#risk; “VAERS Data.” Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (July 13, 2012) http://vaers.hhs.gov/data/index. On the comparison to homicides: “Ten Leading Causes of Death and Injury.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007) http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/LeadingCauses.html. These data show that there were 290 homicide victims under one year of age in 2007, or a little more than five per week. Infants generally have five rounds of immunizations in the first year, which means that there are 10 weeks during which coincidental deaths could occur, and—on average—during which 56 infant homicides would occur. I compared that to the 59 infant deaths per year reported to VAERS. On parental concern about vaccination: Kennedy, Allison, et al. “Confidence about Vaccines in the United States.” Health Affairs 30, no. 6 (June 2011): 1151–1159. On pertussis: Cherry, James. “Historical Perspective on Pertussis and Use of Vaccines to Prevent It.” Microbe Magazine (March 2007); Thompson, Lea. “Vaccine Roulette.” (WRC-TV, 1982); Tsouderos, Trine. “Whooping Cough: Why Is Pertussis Making a Comeback?” Chicago Tribune (Jan. 6, 2012). On the fraud behind the autism hypothesis: Allen, Arthur. Vaccine (W. W. Norton, 2007); Deer, Brian. “How the Case against the MMR Vaccine Was Fixed.” BMJ 342 (2011): c5347; Deer, Brian. “Secrets of the MMR Scare.” BMJ 342 (2011): c5258; “Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children.” Lancet 375, no. 9713 (Feb. 6, 2010): 445; Verstraeten, Tom. “Scientific Review of Vaccine Safety Datalink Information,” transcript (Norcross, Georgia, June 7–8, 2000). On the history of immunization scandals: Allen, Arthur. Vaccine (W. W. Norton, 2007) (injuries and missteps: 70–111, typhus: 141, Cutter: 196–205); Willrich, Michael. Pox: An American History (Penguin Press, 2011); Willrich, Michael. “Why Parents Fear the Needle.” New York Times (Jan. 20, 2011). On hepatitis and chicken pox vaccines for babies: Allen, Arthur. Vaccine (W. W. Norton, 2007): 294–326. On Bob Sears: Sears, Robert. The Vaccine Book: Making the Right Decision for Your Child (Little, Brown and Company, 2011); Offit, Paul, and Charlotte Moser. “The Problem with Dr. Bob’s Alternative Vaccine Schedule.” Pediatrics 123, no. 1 (Jan. 2009): e164–169. On vaccines and the immune system: Hviid, Anders, and Mads Melbye. “Measles-mumps-rubella Vaccination and Asthma-like Disease in Early Childhood.” American Journal of Epidemiology 168, no. 11 (Dec. 1, 2008): 1277–1283; Orbach, Hedi, et al. “Vaccines and Autoimmune Diseases of the Adult.” Discovery Medicine 9, no. 45 (Feb. 2010): 90–97; Rook, Graham. “Review Series on Helminths, Immune Modulation and the Hygiene Hypothesis.” Immunology 126, no. 1 (Jan. 2009): 3–11; Schmitz, Roma, et al. “Vaccination Status and Health in Children and Adolescents: Findings of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS).” Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 108, no. 7 (Feb. 2011): 99–104. On polio’s rise: Small-man-Raynor, Matthew, and A. Cliff. Poliomyelitis (Oxford University Press, 2006). On ancient inoculation: Hopkins, Donald. The Greatest Killer (University of Chicago Press, 2002): 140; Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 6, Biology and Biological Technology (Cambridge University Press, 2000): 155.

CHAPTER 5

The jumping-off point for this chapter was Michael Pollan’s Second Nature (Delta, 1993), and discussions with him that started in his class in journalism school and continued after my graduation. Diligent readers will find his fingerprints all over the book, but especially in this chapter. I profited from conversations with various Nevada County naturalists, including Ralph Cutter, Ted Beedy, Bob Erickson, and Liese Greensfelder. I owe a great deal of my understanding of forestry to people who work with trees. Ann Camp, at the Yale School of Forestry; Charles Brown, forester with Fruit Growers Supply Company; Wade Mosby, with Collins Company; Irv Penner, with the Ecoforestry Institute; and Richard Waring, emeritus at the Oregon State College of Forestry; all answered questions about the business and science of growing trees. Michael Barbour, professor emeritus at the University of California at Davis, told me about “backwards” succession in Alaska, and the decline of songbird diversity in some mature forests. On environmental thinking: Berry, Wendell. The Unsettling of America (Sierra Club Books, 1996); Botkin, Daniel. Discordant Harmonies (Oxford University Press, 1990); Budiansky, Stephen. Nature’s Keepers (The Free Press, 1995); Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, edited by Brooks Atkinson (Modern Library, 2000); Kennedy, Roger. Wildfire and Americans (University of Nebraska Press, 2008); Latour, Bruno. Politics of Nature, translated by Catherine Porter (Harvard University Press, 2004); McKibben, Bill. The End of Nature (Random House, 2006); Nash, Roderick. The Rights of Nature (University of Wisconsin Press, 1989); Thoreau, Henry David. Walden (Project Gutenberg, 1995); Wilshire, Howard, Jane Nielson, and Rick Hazlett. The American West at Risk (Oxford University Press, 2008); Worster, Donald. Nature’s Economy (Random House, 1982). On humanity going bad with agriculture: Manning, Richard. Against the Grain (North Point Press, 2005); Quinn, Daniel. Ishmael (Bantam, 1995). On the San Francisco Bay: Rubissow, Okamoto Ariel, and Kathleen Wong. Natural History of San Francisco Bay (University of California Press, 2011); Smith, Rich, and Bruce Jaffe. “San Francisco Bay Bathymetry.” US Geological Survey (Dec. 13, 2007). http://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/sediment/sfbay/index.html. On the history of the land around Nevada City: Bancroft, Hubert Howe. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. 23 (A.L. Bancroft & Company, 1888): 470. Hittell, Theodore Henry. History of California, vol. 3 (N.J. Stone, 1898). Holliday, J.S. Rush for Riches (University of California Press, 1999). Hittell, John. Hittel on Gold Mines and Mining (Desbarats, 1864). On ecological succession and climax: Nebel, Bernard, and Richard Wright. Environmental Science (Prentice Hall, 1993). On the Yuba River watershed: Boyd, Bruce, and Liese Greensfelder. The Nature of This Place (Comstock Bonanza Press, 2010). On Forest Service costs and profits: “Overview of Fiscal Year 2010 Budget Justification” (USDA Forest Service, 2009). Prestemon et al. “Forest Service Suppression Cost Forecasts and Simulation Forecast for FY 2010” (USDA, Forest Service, 2009); Voss, R. “Taxpayer Losses from Logging Our National Forests.” The John Muir Project (Earth Island Institute, 2005). On early human management of forests: Bonnicksen, Thomas. America’s Ancient Forests (Wiley, 2000); Bowman, David, et al. “The Human Dimension of Fire Regimes on Earth.” Journal of Biogeography 38, no. 12 (2011): 2223–2236; Mann, Charles. 1491 (Vintage Books, 2006); Platt, Rutherford, et al. “Are Wildfire Mitigation and Restoration of Historic Forest Structure Compatible?” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96, no. 3 (2006): 455–470. On Thomas Derham and Aristotle: Botkin, Daniel. Discordant Harmonies (Oxford University Press, 1990) 81–84. On William Libby: Libby, William. “Local and Global Considerations of Sustainability.” A conversation about the forest—a lecture recorded on video by the Yuba Watershed Institute (Nevada City, California: Jan. 26, 2002). On historical perceptions of forests: Mayr, Ernst. The Growth of Biological Thought (Harvard University Press, 1982): 330; Thomas, Keith. Man and the Natural World (Penguin Press, 1983): 203, 213. On the value of water and timber from the Yuba River watershed: Steward, William. “Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments and scientific basis for management options” (University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1996); “Timber Yield Tax and Harvest Values Schedules.” California State Board of Equalization, California Timber Harvest by County 1994–2009. http://www.boe.ca.gov/proptaxes/timbertax.htm. Sixty-six million dollars is a very conservative estimate for power, based on a rate of 2.5 cents per kilowatt-hour. In 2010 timber receipts from Nevada, Sierra, and Yuba counties were less than $20 million. In 1994, when timber prices peaked, receipts from those three counties were $43 million. This is an overestimate because significant timber areas in these counties lie in the Truckee River and Feather River watersheds. On the history of Prussian forestry: Lowood, Henry. “The Calculating Forester” in The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century, edited by Frängsmyr and Heilbron (University of California Press, 1990): 332, 334; Maser, Chris. The Redesigned Forest (Miles & Miles, 1988): 70–82. Scott, James. Seeing like a State (Yale University Press, 1999): 11–52. On Biosphere 2: Cohen, J.E., and D. Tilman. “Biosphere 2 and Biodiversity: The Lessons So Far.” Science 274, no. 5290 (Nov. 15, 1996): 1150–1151; Mitsch, William. “Editorial in Biosphere 2,” edited by Marino and Odum. Ecological Engineering 13, no. 1 (Elsevier Science, 1999); Poynter, Jane. The Human Experiment (Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006): 191; Reider, Rebecca. Dreaming the Biosphere (University of New Mexico Press, 2009). The tragedy of the commons: Hardin, Garrett. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162, no. 5364 (Dec. 13, 1968): 1243–1248. On the arguments for protecting diversity: May, Robert. “The future of biological diversity in a crowded world.” Current Science 82, no. 11 (2002): 1325–1331. The statement that all humus is unique is from soil scientist James Rice, quoted in: Logan, William Bryant. Dirt (W. W. Norton, 2007). On alternatives to the tragedy of the commons: Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons (Cambridge University Press, 1990). On the ’Inimim Forest: “’Inimim Forest Management Plan,” Yuba Watershed Institute, Timber Framer’s Guild of North America, and the Bureau of Land Management (1996). On commons and community: Snyder, Gary. Practice of the Wild (North Point Press, 1990). On San Francisco’s carbon reductions: Cote, John. “Green Efforts Best in the Country, but Not Good Enough.” San Francisco Chronicle, City Insider (Oct. 19, 2011).

CHAPTER 6

This chapter was informed by conversations with Ron Bates, professor of swine genetics at Michigan State; Steve Bjerklie, editor of Meat Processing Magazine; Don Butler at Murphy Brown LLC, Smithfield Foods; Al Christian at Iowa State; Andrew Coates at the Pig Improvement Company; the aptly named Cindy Cunningham at the National Pork Board; Bruce Friedrich at PETA; Marlene Halverson of the Animal Welfare Institute; Dan Hamilton at Genetiporc; Mary Hendrickson, extension assistant professor of rural sociology at the University of Missouri; Jen Holtkamp at the Iowa Pork Producers Association; John Ikerd, professor emeritus at the University of Missouri-Columbia; John Mabry, professor at Iowa State; Pramod Mathur at the Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement; Brian Mauldwin at Circle 4 Farms; Larry Rasch at Hormel Food Corp.; dairy farmer Randy Robinson; and hog farmer Chuck Wirtz. Tara Smith at Iowa State briefed me on antibiotics. I’m thankful for the help of Timbri Hurst and Melissa Price in the Cassia County offices. I referred to the following books for background: Schell, Orville. Modern Meat (Vintage Books, 1985); Scully, Matthew. Dominion (St. Martin’s Griffin, 2003); Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle (Penguin Classics, 1985); Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation (Ecco Press, 2001). On meth in rural America: Reding, Nick. Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town (Bloomsbury, 2009). On the rise of artificial insemination: Foote, R. “The History of Artificial Insemination” (American Society of Animal Science, 2002); Schneider, J.F. “Evolution of Breeding Companies as Seedstock Suppliers in the USA” (National Swine Improvement Federation Conference, 2004); “Swine Mating Practices,” APHIS Infosheet. Veterinary Services (Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Sept. 2002). On uniformity during slaughter: Hennessy, David. “Slaughterhouse Rules.” Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, (2003). On biosecurity: “Biosecurity and Health Management on U.S. Swine Operations.” APHIS Infosheet. Veterinary Services. (Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2003); Horwitz, Richard. Hog Ties (St. Martin’s Press, 1998): 81. On subtherapeutic antibiotics: A large portion of the antibiotics given to animals are ionophores, which are generally not used in human medicine because they are hard on the heart. Still, a huge amount of conventional human antibiotics are utilized in agriculture. Hanson, B.M., et al. “Prevalence of Staphylococcus Aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) on Retail Meat in Iowa.” Journal of Infection and Public Health 4, no. 4 (Sept. 2011): 169–174; Waters, Andrew, et al. “Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in US Meat and Poultry.” Clinical Infectious Diseases (April 15, 2011). On Henry Ford and the disassembly line: Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s.v. “History of the Organization of Work,” accessed Oct. 2008, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648000/his-tory-of-work-organization. On manure pit gases: “Treat Foaming Manure Pits Carefully to Avoid Explosions.” Penton Media (Dec. 14, 2009); “Avoid Manure Pit Explosions.” Penton Media (Nov. 9, 2009). On Circle 4 Farms: Dalrymple, Jim. “Let’s Put Livestock Manure Production in Its Proper Perspective.” Better Pork (June 2003) http://www.betterfarming.com/bp/jj03_stor3.htm [inactive]; Israelson, Brent. “Circle Four Workers Quit, Decry ‘Inhumane’ Conditions in Utah Hog Production Factory.” Salt Lake Tribune (Jan. 23, 2003). On the decline of small hog farms: Benjamin, Gary. “Industrialization in Hog Production.” Economic Perspectives, 21 no. 1 (Jan. 1997): 2–13; McBride, William, and Nigel Key. Economic and Structural Relationships in U.S. Hog Production (Economic Research Service, Feb. 2003). On show pigs: “Lean Value Sires 2003 Sire Directory.” The Syndicate-Lean Value Sires; Mabry, John. “Evolution of the Independent Purebred Seedstock Industry in the USA” (National Swine Improvement Federation Conference 2004). On how to “be the boar”: Pig Improvement Corporation. “6 Habits of Highly Effective Inseminators” (instructional booklet). On Smithfield Foods and the rise of the megafarm: Agricultural Statistics, 2004, Chapter VII. USDA; “Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(D) of the Securities Exchange Act.” Smithfield Foods (2011); “History of Smithfield Foods.” Understanding Smithfield. http://www.smithfieldfoods.com/Understand/History/ [inactive]; “Hogs: Number of Operations by Year, 1979–2004.” US National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA, 2006); Bar-boza, David. “Goliath of the Hog World,” New York Times (April 7, 2000); Miller, Dale. “Straight Talk from Smithfield’s Joe Luter.” National Hog Farmer (May 1, 2000). On Tylan: “Minimizing Attrition.” Elanco Animal Health. Advertising package (2004). On improvements in swine genetics: Numbers come from the Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement. On pale, soft, exudative pork and stressed pigs: Christian, Lauren. “Clarifying the Impact of the Stress Gene.” National Hog Farmer (June 1995); Martinez, Steve, and Kelly Zering. “Pork Quality and the Role of Market Organization.” Economic Research Service (Nov. 2004): 6–12; Prusa, Ken, and Chris Felder. “A New Definition of Pork Quality.” National Swine Improvement Federation Conference (2004). On nervous, bored, and neurotic pigs: Grandin, Temple. “Environmental Enrichment for Confinement Pigs” (1988). http://www.grandin.com/references/LCIhand.html; “The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs.” European Union. Report of the Scientific Veterinary Committee (Sept. 30, 1997); On sow health: Stalder, Ken, et al. “Genetic Factors Impacting Sow Longevity.” National Swine Improvement Federation Conference (2004); McGlone, John, et al. “Review: Compilation of the Scientific Literature Comparing Housing Systems for Gestating Sows and Gilts Using Measures of Physiology, Behavior, Performance, and Health.” The Professional Animal Scientist 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 105–117. On the spread of violence from animals to humans: Ascione, Frank. The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty (Purdue University Press, 2010); Barnes, Jaclyn, et al. “Ownership of High-risk (‘Vicious’) Dogs as a Marker for Deviant Behaviors: Implications for Risk Assessment.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 21, no. 12 (Dec. 2006): 1616–1634.

CHAPTER 7

Ann Jackson of the Oregon Hospice Association spoke with me about end of life issues. Laurence Guttmacher at the University of Rochester Medical Center told me about his stepfather, Leon Eisenberg, who, it was clear, he loved deeply. The psychiatrist and educator Carola Eisenberg also told me stories that helped give flesh to my sketch of her late husband. The doctor Jennifer Wilson suggested pheochromocytoma as a good example of a physical problem that looks like a cultural problem. The following books were useful as background: Dubos, Rene. Mirage of Health (Rutgers University Press, 1987); Fadiman, Anne. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998); Martensen, Robert. A Life Worth Living (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009). On the harm and costs of overtreatment: Brownlee, Shannon. Overtreated (Bloomsbury, 2008); Fox, Maggie. “Healthcare System Wastes up to $800 Billion a Year.” Reuters (Oct. 26, 2009); Lazarou, J., et al. “Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies.” JAMA 279, no. 15 (April 15, 1998): 1200–1205. On the number of deaths caused by lack of health insurance: Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance. “Care without Coverage: Too Little, Too Late” (National Academies Press, 2002). On Fosomax and antiviral therapy: Chopra, Sanjiv. “Overview of the Management of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection.” UpToDate (Nov. 9, 2011); “Fractures in Postmenopausal Women.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 1 (2008); Spiegel, Alix. “How a Bone Disease Grew to Fit the Prescription.” NPR (Dec. 21, 2009). On earthing: Chevalier, Gaétan, et al. “Earthing: Health Implications of Reconnecting the Human Body to the Earth’s Surface Electrons.” Journal of Environmental and Public Health (2012): 291541; Ghaly, Maurice, and Dale Teplitz. “The Biologic Effects of Grounding the Human Body During Sleep as Measured by Cortisol Levels and Subjective Reporting of Sleep, Pain, and Stress.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10, no. 5 (Oct. 2004): 767–776. On the placebo effect: Abumrad, Jad. “Placebo.” Radiolab, season 3, episode 1; Goldacre, Ben. “The Placebo Effect and the Implications for Medicine.” BBC Science and Nature. Radio 4 (Aug. 18, 2008); Harrington, Anne. The Placebo Effect (Harvard University Press, 1999); Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn, and Peter C. Gøtzsche. “Placebo Interventions for All Clinical Conditions.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (online), no. 1 (2010); McClain, Carla. “Mom of Soldier Killed in Iraq Dies.” Arizona Daily Star (Oct. 5, 2004); Meador, Clifton. Symptoms of Unknown Origin (Vanderbilt University Press, 2005); Moerman, Daniel. Meaning Medicine and the “Placebo Effect.” (Cambridge University Press, 2002); “Resistance Is Futile.” M.D.O.D. (April 2, 2011). http://docsontheweb.blogspot.com/2011/04/resistance-is-futile.html [inactive]; Samuels, Martin. “The Brain-Heart Connection.” Circulation 116, no. 1 (July 3, 2007): 77–84; Samuels. “ ‘Voodoo’ Death Revisited.” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 74 Suppl 1 (Feb. 2007): S8–16; Specter, Michael. “The Power of Nothing.” New Yorker (Dec. 12, 2011). On percentage of treatments based on evidence: Beeson, P.B. “Changes in Medical Therapy during the Past Half Century.” Medicine 59, no. 2 (March 1980): 79–99, quoted in: Eisenberg, Leon. “Science in Medicine.” American Journal of Medicine 84, no. 3 Pt 1 (March 1988): 483–491; Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm (National Academies Press, 2001). On the Flexner Report: Brown, Chip. Afterwards, You’re a Genius (Riverhead Books, 2000); Galland, Leo. The Four Pillars of Healing (Random House, 1997); Odegaard, Charles. Dear Doctor: A Personal Letter to a Physician (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 1986); White, Kerr L. The Task of Medicine: Dialogue at Wickenburg (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 1988). On the architecture of hospitals prioritizing technology: Sternberg, Esther. Healing Spaces (Belknap Press, 2009). On Leon Eisenberg: Angell, Marcia. “The Illusions of Psychiatry.” New York Review of Books (July 14, 2011); Carey, Benedict. “Dr. Leon Eisenberg, Pioneer in Autism Studies, Dies at 87.” New York Times (Sept. 24, 2009); Eisenberg, Leon, and Laurence B. Guttmacher. “Were We All Asleep at the Switch? A Personal Reminiscence of Psychiatry from 1940 to 2010.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 122, no. 2 (Aug. 2010): 89–102; Knowles, John. Doing Better and Feeling Worse (W. W. Norton, 1977). On the decline and fall of primary care: Flower, Joe. “Change the Model.” Hospitals & Health Networks (July 7, 2008); Hasley, Ashley. “Primary-Care Doctor Shortage May Undermine Health Reform Efforts.” Washington Post (June 20, 2009); Pauli, H.G., et al. “Medical Education, Research, and Scientific Thinking in the 21st Century.” Education for Health 13, no. 2 (2000): 173–186; Sataline, Suzanne, and Shirley S. Wang. “Medical Schools Can’t Keep Up.” Wall Street Journal (April 12, 2010); White, Kerr, et al. “The Ecology of Medical Care.” New England Journal of Medicine 265 (Nov. 2, 1961): 885–892; Wilder, Venis, et al. “Income Disparities Shape Medical Student Specialty Choice.” American Family Physician 82, no. 6 (Sept. 15, 2010): 601. On time spent with primary care physicians: Bindman, Andrew, et al. “Diagnostic Scope of and Exposure to Primary Care Physicians in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.” BMJ 334, no. 7606 (June 16, 2007): 1261. On healers caring about patients: Berkowitz, Edward. “History of Health Services Research Project: Interview with Kerr White” (March 12, 1998). http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/nichsr/white.html; Kaptchuk, Ted, et al. “Components of Placebo Effect.” BMJ 336, no. 7651 (May 3, 2008): 999–1003. On protestant witch burning: Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic (Scribner’s, 1971): 494–498. On the importance of community in health: Illich, Ivan. Medical Nemesis (Pantheon, 1976): 114; Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone (Touchstone Books, 2001); Umberson, Debra, and Jennifer Karas Montez. “Social Relationships and Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51, no. 1 (Nov. 1, 2010): S54–S66.

CONCLUSION

On infant sleep and SIDS: Horsley, Tanya, et al. “Mother-infant Cosleeping, Breastfeeding and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Suppl 45 (2007): 133–161; Moon, Rachel Y. “SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths.” Pediatrics 128, no. 5 (Nov. 1, 2011): e1341–e1367; Sampson, Margaret, et al. “Benefits and Harms Associated with the Practice of Bed Sharing.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 237–245. On the dual ways of thinking, and the importance of togetherness: McGilchrist, Iain. The Master and His Emissary (Yale University Press, 2010); Krakauer, Jon. Into the Wild (Anchor Books, 1997).