INDEX

• Aalto University, 10, 73
• Aapo (Greenland Analogue Project expert), 50–52
• Adams, Barbara, 112
• Adventurous learning, 157
• Afghanistan, refugees from, 9
• Äikäs, Timo, 33
• “Alternative fact,” 28
• Ammattikorkeakoulut, 73
• Analogue monuments, 150
• Analogues
• analogous reasoning and research, 53–54
• forest analogy, Laura’s, 94–95, 98, 101, 102, 105–106, 110, 116, 120
• as interscalar vehicles, 57
• and multiple lines of reasoning, 54–57, 66–67
• natural, defined, 161
• other resources and tools, 65–66
• Anders (Swedish expert), 49–50, 51–52, 58, 65
• Anthropocene, xiii, 2, 4, 14–18, 157, 167n20
• characteristics and questions, 5–7
• and deflation of expertise, 36
• Anthropocene Poetics: Deep Time, Sacrifice Zones and Extinction (Farrier), 66
• Anthropocene Working Group (IUGS), 14–15
• Ants, Sisyphean, 18–19, 88
• Archaeological Analogues, 46–48, 157
• Areva-Siemens, 100
• Art of War, The (Sun Tzu), xiv
• Asiat riitelevät, eivät ihmiset, 157
• Aspen Institute, 115
• Atlas Obscura, 58, 62
• Atomic Age, and the Anthropocene, 15
• “Atomic Priesthood,” 24
• Attunement, 157

• B+Tech, 10, 19
• Ballard, J. G., 151
• Bateson, Gregory, 135
• BBC, 33
• Bechtel Corporation, 24
• Bede, 151
• Beneford, Gregory, 3, 23
• Bergson, Henri, 151
• Bhopal, 31
• Big Bang, 91
• Big History, 70, 157
• Biosphere Assessment and assessors, 20, 157–158
• Bjornerud, Marcia, 102
• Bothnia, Gulf of, 4
• Boyer, Dominic, 135
• Brand, Stewart, 39
• British Petroleum (BP), oil spill, 31
• Buffon, Comte de, 167n20
• Bureaucracy, in Finland’s institutions, 77
• Burke, Edmund, 101

• Canticle for Liebowitz, A (Miller), 147
• Case Pyhäjoki, 34
• Cats, bioengineering of (proposed), 24
• Center for the Study of Existential Risk (Cambridge), 3
• CGIAR Climate Analogues Project, 54, 66, 158
• Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 15
• Chernobyl, 31, 100
• Climate Scenarios for Olkiluoto on a Time-Scale of 120,000 Years, 12
• Cold War, Finland during, 102
• Comb Ceramic cultures, 98
• Complementary Considerations (report), 56, 67, 158
• Computer simulation. See Quantitative modeling and modelers
• Confederation of Finnish Industries, 10
• Consultive Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), 54, 66, 158
• Copernicus, Nicolaus, 16–17, 37
• Cornell Club, 116
• Cosmos Club, 116
• Credit Suisse, 113
• Crutzen, Paul, 14, 15
• Curiosity Rover (NASA), 58
• Currie, Adrian, 51, 52

• Danger, warning about, 23–24
• Dartnell, Lewis, 147
• Darwin, Charles, 17
• Databank (Posiva), 58, 65
• Death(s), of expert(s), 121–122
• Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Graeber), 151
• Deep History: The Architecture of Past and Present (Smails), 65
• Deep humanity, 88–89
• Deep time, 2–3, 22–26
• doubleness of, 91–92
• heuristics, 85–87
• reckoning, xiii, 71, 96
• reimagining landscapes, 61–62
• timescales, toggling between, 96
• Deep Time: How Humanity Communicates across the Millennia (Beneford), 3
• “Deep Time of Life and Art” (Finnish Society of Bioart), 2
• Deep Time Reckoning Association, Global, 114–118, 147, 153
• Defamiliarizing perceptions, 61–64
• Deflation of expertise, xiii, 6–9, 27–30, 64, 90, 92, 158
• and analogue research, 53, 58–59
• and guarded enthusiasm for expertise, 36–40
• de Geus, Arie, 113
• deGrasse Tyson, Neil, 115
• Derrida, Jacques, 130
• Dershowitz, Alan, 109
• Donovan, Joan, 151
• Drowned World, The (Ballard), 151

• Economist, The, 16
• Edison, Thomas, 146
• Ehrenfeld, David, 177n19
• Einstein, Alfred, 37, 151
• Elliott School of International Affairs (George Washington University), 62
• Eppu Normaali, 34
• Estonian minority in Finland, 9
• Ethnography and ethnographic fieldwork, xiv-xv, 3–5
• Eurajoki, 11, 132
• European Commission, 53
• Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 3, 112
• Evolution of the Repository System beyond a Million Years in the Future, The (Posiva), 21
• Existential risk, 158
• Experts, xiii–xiv. See also Deflation of expertise; Safety Case
• guarded enthusiasm for expertise, 36–40
• Safety Case, 4–5, 12–13, 72–73, 107–108
• and trust in technocrats, 31–36

• Facilia AB, 19, 72
• “Fake news,” 28
• Fall of the Faculty, The (Ginsburg), 28
• Farrier, David, 66
• Fennovoima, 10, 100–101
• Finnish Energy Industries, 10
• Finnish Environmental Institute, 36
• Finnish Meteorological Institute, 36
• Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety (SAFIR), 73
• Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Waste Management (KYT), 10, 20, 72, 73
• Finnish Society of Bioart, 2
• Finns and Finland, x-xi, 9
• Atomic Energy Act (1957), 21
• and expertise, 30
• Government Decree 736/2008, 21
• Linkomies Committee, 31
• Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, 11, 12, 34, 56
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 32
• Nuclear Energy Act (1987), 11, 21
• Nuclear Energy Decree (1988), 21
• nuclear waste in, 3–4
• Parliament (Eduskanta), 10
• Radiation Act (1991), 21
• State Nuclear Waste Management Fund, 11, 19
• and technocrats, 31–36
• Footprints: In Search of Future Fossils (Farrier), 66
• Forest analogy, Laura’s, 94–95, 98, 101, 102, 105–106, 110, 116, 120
• Fortum, 10, 11, 20, 100
• Francis (Pope), 109, 148
• Freud, Sigmund, 16, 17
• Friends of the Earth, 10
• Fukushima meltdown, 27, 32
• Futility, 87–89, 152
• Future of Humanity Institute (Oxford), 3
• Future of Life Institute, 148
• Future, Secretary of the, 151
• Future Sister Cities, 150
• “Future Will Be Terrible, The” (exercise), 151

• Galison, Peter, 23
• Garfield Conservatory Fern Room (Chicago), 62
• Geoengineering, 59
• Geo-history, 15
• Geological change, humans as agents of, 16
• Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), 10, 35
• George Washington University, 62
• Ginsburg, Benjamin, 28
• Global Deep Time Reckoning Information Repository, 154, 158–159
• Gould, Stephen Jay, 3, 17
• Graeber, David, 29, 151
• Great Acceleration, and the Anthropocene, 15
• Greenland Analogue Project, 50–51
• Greenpeace, 10, 34
• GTK. See Geological Survey of Finland
• Gustav (nuclear waste expert), 123, 126, 128–133, 140, 141

• Hanhikivi 1, 100
• Harris, Richard, 29
• Health, Hollywood & Society institute (USC), 115
• Hecht, Gabrielle, 23, 57–58
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 135
• Helsinki University of Technology, 100. See also Aalto University
• Heuristics, deep time, 85–87
• Higgs, Peter, 28
• Hiljainen tieto, 73, 159
• Hiljaisuus, 32, 159
• Human extinction, 3
• “Human Interface Task Force” (Bechtel Corporation), 24
• Husserl, Edmund, 151
• Hutton, James, 17

• Ice Age, coming, 12
• “Imagining Deep Time” (National Academy of Science), 3
• Industrial Revolution, and the Anthropocene, 15
• Infinition, 64, 159
• Input/output patterns, 77–79
• International Atomic Energy Agency, 21
• International Commission on Radiological Protection, 21
• International Commission on Stratigraphy, 14
• International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, 14
• International Quaternary Subcommission (IUGS), 14
• International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), 14–15
• Interscalar vehicles, 57, 159
• Into Eternity: A Film for the Future, 22, 91
• Iraq, refugees from, 9
• Iteration, 159

• Jones, Jonathan, 58
• Juha (Safety Case expert), 133, 140

• Kalevala, 31
• Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, 47
• KBS-3, 11, 12, 50, 57, 102, 159–160
• Keynes, John Maynard, 146
• Kierkegaard, Søren, 128
• Kilroy-Marac, K., 175–176n9
• Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch, The (Dartnell), 147
• Knowledge management programs, 138
• Knowledge Quality Assessment, 52, 64, 160
• Kronan (Swedish ship), 48–49, 52, 57
• Kuhn, Thomas, 37
• Kungliga Tekniska högskolan (KTH, Sweden), 38–39
• Kuroda, Paul, 58
• Kurzweil, Ray, 147

• Labbé, Cyril, 28
• Landscapes, reimagining, 60–62
• Lappajärvi, Lake, 46, 48, 160
• Lappajärvi meteor, 101
• Lappeenranta University of Technology, 73
• Latour, Bruno, 16, 135
• Laura (Safety Case expert), 94–95, 98, 101, 102, 105–106, 110, 116, 120
• Laurila, Erkki, 31
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 134
• Leopold, Aldo, 148
• Levinas, Emmanuel, 64
• Logical patterns, if/then, 86–87
• Lohikäärme, 45
• Long Now Foundation, 2, 116, 160
• Lovecraft, H. P., 17
• Loviisa, 11
• Luottamusperiaate, 32
• Lyell, Charles, 17
• Lynch, David, 109

• Macfarlane, Robert, 3, 88
• “Man, Organisation, and Society” (SAFIR), 73
• Mars, 54
• Marsh, George, 167n20
• Marxists, 147
• Masden, Michael, 22–25, 91
• Matauranga, 3
• Microbialites, 54
• Miller, Walter, Jr., 147
• Miyazaki, Hirokazu, 174n21
• Mereology, 90
• Models, chains of, 80–81
• Models and Data report (Posiva), 72, 94–95, 105, 132
• Monuments, 23, 150
• Morton, Timothy, 15
• Moss, Robb, 23
• Mounana (Gabon), 57–58
• Multiple lines of evolution, 76
• Multiple lines of reasoning, 54–57, 66–67, 148
• Multiscalar perspective, 96–97, 160
• Multitemporal perspective, 96–97, 160
• Munch, Edvard, 24

• NANet, 53
• NASA, 54, 58
• Natural analogues. See Analogues
• Natural Analogues Working Group (NAWG), 53, 54, 65–66, 139
• Nazca Lines (Peru), 103–104, 110
• Nietzsche, Friedrich, 131
• Neolithic Revolution, 15
• Newton, Isaac, 37
• Nichols, Tom, 28
• Nokia, 35, 74, 100
• Nordic Bronze Culture, 98
• Not-in-My-Backyard, 34–35
• Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD), 21
• Nuclear fuel bundles, 10–11
• Nuclear Waste Commission of Finnish Power Companies, 73
• Nuclear waste disposal experts, 3–4
• Nuer communities (South Sudan), 112
• Nye, Bill, 115

• Offentlighetsprincipen, 49, 161
• Oklo natural fission reactor, 57–58, 161
• Olkiluoto, x, xiv, 4, 10, 11, 12, 35, 100–101
• analogous sites, 46, 47, 50–51
• antinuclear demonstrations, 34
• documentary about, 22
• Olkiluoto Blockades, 34
• Omissa oloissan, 32
• On Deep History and the Brain (Smail), 3
• Onkalo, 10, 79
• Osborn, Fairfield, 167n20
• Oxford English Dictionary, The, 28

• Palmottu, uranium deposit at, 47
• Paskaporukka, 161
• Pärt, Arvo, 107
• Part/whole patterns, 90
• Paskaporukka, 125
• Pasquale, Frank, 148
• Past Sister Cities, 150
• Pasteur, Louis, 135
• Patterns, 84–85
• input/output, 77–78, 90
• longevity of basic, 89–90
• part/whole, 90
• power of, 71
• Performance assessment, 161
• Permian Basin oil field (Texas), 111
• Perspective-Exchanging Parlors, 152
• Perussuomalaiset, 35
• Pessimisti ei pety, 147, 161
• Picardo, Robert, 115
• Pilkunnussijat, 161
• Pit-Comb Ware cultures, 98
• Planetary Society, 115
• Pleistocene, extinction of megafauna, 15
• Pohjanmaa region (Finland), 125
• Population, 6
• Posiva, 4, 10–12, 38, 161. See also Safety Case
• archaeological analogue studes, 47
• Complementary Considerations (report), 56, 67, 158
• Construction License Application Safety Case, 73, 74
• copper nuclear waste canisters, 49
• Databank, 58, 65–66, 139
• Models and Data report, 72, 94–95, 105, 132
• project management hierarchy, 19, 20
• Synthesis report, 72, 76, 105
• POTTI, 72
• Pöyry Oyj, 19
• Predecessor preservation, 123–128, 161
• Principles of Geology (Lyell), 17
• Psychozoic era, 167n20

• Quantitative modeling and modelers, 72, 75–76
• input/output patterns, 77–78
• networks, 77–78

• Radionuclide Transport, 161
• RAND Corporation, 152
• Rasmus (modeling expert), 126, 140
• Reasoning
• analogous reasoning and research, 53–54
• and multiple lines of reasoning, 54–57
• Reckoning of Time, The (Bede), 151
• Reckonings, 18, 161–162
• and futility, 87–89
• reimagining landscapes and urban areas, 60–64
• Ressentiment, 131, 162
• Reuters Institute (Oxford), 31
• Rigor Mortis (Harris), 29
• Risto (computer modeling expert), 18–22, 58, 64, 88
• Rock Suitability Criteria, 72
• Roma minority in Finland, 9
• Rose, Nikolas, 16
• Rosetta Disks, 153
• Royal Dutch Shell, 113
• Rudwick, Martin J. S., 3
• Rumsfield, Donald, 65
• Russia, Finland as Grand Duchy, 74
• Russian minority in Finland, 9

• Saami minority in Finland, 9
• Saanio & Riekkola Oy, 10, 19, 72
• Sack, Seymour, 134
• SafCa Group, 72
• “Safety Analysis of Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel: Normal and Disturbed Evolution Scenarios,” (report), 73
• Safety Case, ix-xi, 4–5, 6, 11–12, 18, 162. See also Posiva
• analogue studies, 46–48, 66–67
• Biosphere Assessment, 20, 76, 79, 81, 82–83, 173n13, 174n15
• chains of models, 80–82
• and deaths of experts, 132
• Decommissioning License Application (Posiva), 74
• and deflation of expertise, 6–9
• experts and their lives, 12–13, 72–73, 107–108
• Groundwater Flow team and model, 81, 89, 173n12
• and Olkiluoto, 10–11
• Operating License Application (Posiva), 73–74
• Performance Assessment section, 55–56, 75
• project management hierarchy, 19–20
• Radionuclide Transport, 79, 81, 89, 101, 174n15
• reports, 71 (see also Posiva)
• SafCa Group, 72, 124, 130, 131
• Safety Assessment, 56
• Salpausselkä region, 97
• Sampo, 31
• SAM Switzerland GmbH, 72
• Säteilyturvakeskus (STUK), 10, 11–12, 74, 132, 162
• Posiva’s Construction License Application Safety Case, 73, 74
• regulatory rules, 20–21, 72, 81
• YVL regulatory guides, 21, 56
• Scenes from Deep Time (Rudwick), 3
• Scholarly assessment metrics, 29
• Science, in Finland, 35–36
• and guarded enthusiasm for expertise, 37–38
• Scream, The (Munch) 24
• Sebeok, Thomas, 24
• “Secretary of the Future,” 151
• Seneca, 124
• Seppo (nuclear waste expert), 42–43, 122–128, 136, 139, 152
• and Gustav, 123, 126, 128–133, 140, 141
• surviving colleagues’ memories, 141
• Shallow time discipline, 6, 43, 162
• Shortsightedness, 5–6
• Shrader-Frechette, Kristin, 22
• Sherlock, Robert, 167n20
• Signs, language and non-language, 23–24
• Singh, Ranjit, 151
• Singularity, 147
• SKB, 11, 38–39, 50
• Slow violence, 162
• Smail, Daniel Lord, 3, 65
• Snowden, Edward, 27
• Society for Social Studies of Science, 115
• Socrates, 135
• Soini, Timo, 35
• Somalia, refugees from, 9
• Soviet Union, 74
• Stoermer, Eugene, 167n20
• Stoppani, Antonio, 167n20
• Strathern, Marilyn, 64
• Strategic redundancy, 57
• Stratigraphy, and the Anthropocene, 14–15
• Successor stewardship, 140–141, 162
• Sun Tzu, xiv
• Suomen Atomiteknillinen Seura, Young Generation Working Group, 73
• “Suomi ilmiö” (Eppu Normaali), 34
• Suuret nälkävuodet, 163
• Svalbard Global Seed Vault, 146, 163
• Sweden
• Environmental Court, 39
• Nuclear Waste Fund, 49
• SSM, 49
• Switzerland, repository program, 47–48
• Synthesis report (Posiva), 72, 76, 105

• Tacit knowledge, 73
• Taimi (geologist), 103–106, 110
• Talvivaara mine, 35
• Technical Research Center of Finland (VTT), 10, 19, 35–36, 100
• Technocrats, Finnish trust in, 31–36
• Techno-optimism, 38
• Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO), 10, 11, 20, 100
• Theory of the Earth (Hutton), 17
• Thiel, Peter, 29
• Three Mile Island accident, 34
• Tikkanen, Henrik, xiis
• TILA-96 (report), 73
• Timefulness, 102–103, 163
• Time reckoning, 163
• Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle (Gould), 3
• Timescales, 1–2
• deeper, 16, 18
• geologic, 17, 18
• toggling and zooming, 96–97
• Timescapes, 112, 163
• Trump, Donald J., 29
• administration, 30
• TVO-92 (report), 73
• Tyhjän puhuminen, 32, 163

• Underland: A Deep Time Journey (MacFarlane), 3
• United Nations, 6, 115
• Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 21
• UNESCO, 139, 154
• United States
• Department of Energy, 23, 24
• National Academy of Science, 3
• National Arboretum, 63
• National Environmental Policy Act, 30, 114
• National Security Agency, 27
• Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), 23–24, 146
• Yucca Mountain repository, 22–23, 35
• University of Helsinki, 36
• University of Southern California, 115
• Urban areas, reimagining, 62–64
• Ussher, Bishop James, 16

• VAHA, 72
• Vernadsky, Vladimir, 167n20
• Vonnegut, Kurt, 151
• VTT. See Technical Research Center of Finland

• Wagner, Roy, 84
• “Walk through Deep Time, A,” 3
• Washington, DC, 62, 63
• Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), 23–24, 146, 163
• Weber, Max, 109
• Weichselian glaciation, 97
• Weisman, Alan, 65, 147
• World without Us, The (Weisman), 65, 147
• Wyrd, 146

• Xin Zhui cadaver, 47

• Yamaki, Masaru, 63
• Yucca Mountain repository, 22–23, 35
• License Application, 25, 163

• Zalasiewicz, Jan, 14–15