Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, and t indicate tables.

AATCC Test Method 145–146, 146t

Abrasion 357–358

Achiral dendrimers

polyamidoamine 200–202, 201f

POMAM 202

POPAM 202

Acrylic derivatives 16–17t

Admicellar polymerization 180

Aerogel 240, 250f

Aerosol coatings 526

Ageing population, on healthcare provision 449–450

Ageing process, parameters 245–248

Agent transfer hazard 522

Agriculture, waterproof-breathable textiles 10

Alginate, healthcare textiles 460

Alkoxides 238, 242–245

Alkoxylates 406

Alkoxysilane 238, 404t

Alkyl phenol polyglycol ethers (APEOs) 397

Alum tanning 546

American ASTM 85–86

Amorphous chelate 238

Anisotropic etching 285–286

Antimicrobial protection 463–467, 464t

Aqueous liquid repellency test 349–351, 350f

Architectural textiles 10

Aria 423–424t

Army Combat Uniform (ACU) 489, 514

Arnitel VT technology 425–426t

Assistive technologies 252

Atmospheric plasma treatments 216–217, 217f

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 180–181, 226, 227f

Bacterial prevention 463–467

Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method 241

Base layer 323

Battleshield and Battleshield X 420–421t

BCS See Breathable Construction System (BCS)

BDA See Butylenediamine (BDA)

Bed pads 454–455

Belted trench with Stormwear 315f

Bicomponent polymers 423–424t

Bi-component structures 55

Bio-adhesion 292

Biocides, in shoe manufacturing 548t

Bio-inspired waterproof clothing 3

Biomimetic textiles 121–124

applications 132–133

durable hydrophobic textile finishes 128–129

fibre to yarn 126f

hydrophobic micro-textures 129–131

smart waterproof breathable fabrics and 55–58

in structural hydrophobicity 124–128

Bionic-Finish Eco 332

BJH method See Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method

Black Yak outdoor jackets 423–424t

Bluestar Silicones 175–178t

Body-worn pads 454–455

Booster technology 78, 79f

Breathable Construction System (BCS) 331–332

Breathable laminates 424–426

Brunauer–Emmitt–Teller (BET) method 241

Bundesmann rain-shower test 353–355, 354f, 358–359

Butylenediamine (BDA) 202

CAGR See Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)

CAH See Contact angle hysteresis (CAH)

Calcium carbonate crystals 123–124, 124f

Capillary transfer 40

Carbon Armor 420–421t

Carbon-based dendrimers 203

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 406

Cascade molecules 194

Cassie–Baxter model

military applications 477, 480–481

plasma-based treatments 235, 235f, 267

surface roughness 269–271, 269f, 279–281, 279f

C₄ chemistry 148–149

C₆ chemistry 148–149, 484–485

C₈ chemistry 484–485

Cellulose fibres

AFM images 227f

plasma-based treatments 223, 227f

water contact angle 254

C8 fluorocarbons 396, 398–408

C₈ fluorochemistry 222

Chelate gel 238

Chelating agents 239

Chemical agent repellency 508–510

Chemical etching 285, 287

Chemical hazard assessment 95–101, 98t

bioaccumulation potential 101t

persistence 100t

selected water repellents 108–109, 110t

Chemically modified silicones 153–154

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 276–277, 407

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) 474–476

NSRDEC data 509t

simulants 524–525

Chiral dendrimers 204–205

Chitin, healthcare textiles 460

Chitosan 460, 464t

Chloroprene (CR) rubber 542

Chloropropyltriethoxysilane (CPTS) 252–253

Chrome tanning 546

Circular economy 301–304

avoiding waste and damage 302–304

water-resistant and water-repellent clothing 305–306, 305f

Civilian applications 523–524

Cleanshell 405t

Climate Technology Seamless 425–426t

Climatic conditions 311

Clothing See also Specific types of clothing

design 307

concept 307–308

layering systems 322–328

specification 5–9

household wardrobe 304

ranges/design 320–328

ready-to-wear 304

Clothtech 35t

Coagulation process

thermo-coagulation 51–52

wet coagulation process 51

Coated waterproof textiles 15, 16–17t

Coated woven fabric 47f

Coatings, for waterproof breathable fabrics 60

Co-design 301–302

advantage 308–309

climatic conditions 311

expert consumer 311–313

selection of materials 314–320

specification of requirements 309–313, 309f

stages 308–309

Coir raincoat 315f

Coldblack 421

Cold plasmas 215–216, 227

Collagen, healthcare textiles 460

Colloidal assembly 284

Comb polymers, dendrimers and 406

Comfort

ergonomic 310, 336–337

layered protective clothing 335f

psychological 310, 337

requirements 309–311

skin sensorial 310, 336

in sportswear 378–381

thermal physiological 310, 336

types 309–310

Common Threads Partnership in 2005 307

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) 4

Confidential business information (CBI) 111

Confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) 181

Contact angle (CA) 11–12, 268

equilibrium 220, 274f, 275

heterogeneous solid surface 270

liquid droplet on flat surface 268f

by liquid drops on homogenous solid surface 348f

measurement 127, 236, 236f, 288

plasma-based treatments 219–220, 220f

shoes 552

Contact angle hysteresis (CAH) 220, 288, 349, 364

Contaminated surface 522

Conventional garments 6–8

Conventional wet-weather clothing 6–8

Convergent method, dendrimer 198–200, 198f

Coolcore 418t

Coolmax Air fiber 418t

Copolymers, grafting 219

Corona plasma treatment 217

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 304–306

Cotton fabrics 209–210, 252–253

hydrophobic properties 256

superhydrophobic coatings 253

CPTS See Chloropropyltriethoxysilane (CPTS)

Cross-linking 82–83

CSR See Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

CVD See Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

Cyclomethicone 106–107

DAB-dendrimers 202

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) 172–173t

Dendrigraft polymers 194–195

Dendrimers 81–83, 82f, 191–194

accelerated approaches 198

achiral 200–202

architecture 192–193

carbon/oxygen-based 203

characteristics 208

chiral 204–205

classification 194–195

and comb polymers 406

convergent method 198–200, 198f

divergent method 198–200, 198f

fourth generation 196f

full-generation 200

hazards associated with 108

historical background 194

host-guest chemistry 205–206

hydrocarbons 203

ionic 203

metallodendrimers 204

molecular weight 206–207

surface groups and diameter 196–197, 196f

synthetic methods 197–200, 198f

and 3D molecules 402t

toxicity 207

types 200–205

viscosity 207

water repellency treatments 207–211

Dendritic hydrocarbons 203

Dendrons 195, 199

Density functional theory (DFT) 241

Department of Homeland Defense (DHS) 523–524

Detox Campaign 397–398

Devan THERMIC 421

DfE AA 99

Dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS) 182

Dielectric barrier discharge plasma 217

Diffusion

Fick's law of 41

through individual fibres 40

through interyarn spaces 40

vapour pressure gradient 40–41

Diisocyanates 108

Dimethyl formamide (DMF) 51

Dip dry method 256

Dip-pad-cure method 276

Directive 89/686/EEC 396

Divergent method, dendrimer 198–200, 198f

DMF See Dimethyl formamide (DMF)

Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) 172–173t

Donning and doffing feature 333

Double exponential growth 199

Dow Corning 171, 174, 175–178t, 179f

DriRelease 381, 420–421t, 423–424t

Dryfast Adaptive 422t

Drying control chemical additive (DCCA) 245

Drying test 512

Dry-spun linen yarns 58

DryVent, 3 layer construction 64

Durability, water repellency 363

abrasion 357–358

laundering 356–357, 360–361

prolonged exposure to water 358–359

wearer trials 359–361

Durable hydrophobic textile finishes 128–129

Durable Omni Repellent (DOR) 474

Durable one-sided repellency 525

Durable water and oil repellents (DWOR) 163

Durable water repellents (DWRs) 89

disadvantage 324

military applications 488–489, 488f

shoe manufacturing 549–554, 550f

silicone-based water repellents 163–167, 166f

sportswear 376–377, 383

superhydrophobicity 301, 317

treatments 222

DWR-7000 Soft Hydro Guard 174–179

Dyeing 546–547

Dynamic Moisture Permeation Cell method 64

Dynamic test methods

Bundesmann rain-shower test 353–355, 354f

hydrostatic head test 355–356

impact penetration test 352–353, 353f, 355–356

spray test 351, 352f, 355–356

suitability 355–356

E beam radiation 53, 553

Eco-jacket 331

ECO products 321

Ecotoxicological concerns 93–109, 94–95t

Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) 522

Elastomeric polydimethylsiloxanes 157

Electrochemical fluorination 141

Electrospinning 281–283, 282–283f, 373

Electrostatic shielding 21

Encapsil 423–424t

Encapsil Down 405t

Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) 241

ENVIRON 105

Environment Program in 1972 302–303

EPA banned vs. environmentally friendly chemistries 484–485, 484f

ePTFE See Expanded PTFE (ePTFE)

Ergonomic comfort 310, 336–337

etaProof 58

Etch species 218

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 539

EU Eco-innovation Observatory 304

Euromonitor International 369

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 397

European export of textiles and clothing 395

European outdoor group (EOG) 317

European PPE Legislation 396

EU standards and legislation 395–396

eVent fabrics 64

EverShield conformal coating 489

EverShield Durable Omni Repellent (DOR) coating 485–486

EverShield omniphobic ACU 514–517, 516–517f

Expanded PTFE (ePTFE) 29–30

in Gore-Tex 53–54

schematic and SEM image 50f

Expert consumer, co-design 311–313

External devices 447

Extracorporeal devices 448–449

Fabrics See also Specific types of fabrics

dendrimer 209

liquid drops 254f

roughness, Wenzel model 278–279

self-cleaning 256

structure, military textiles 494–497

superhydrophobicity 249

three-layer structures 381–382, 382f

two-layer structures 381–382, 381f

coating aerogels onto 251f

etching 226

structures, military textiles 489

Fick's law of diffusion 41

Field emission scanning electron (FeSEM) 240–241

Field testing 336–338

Finishing of textiles

fluorocarbons

chain length effect 145

development 149–150

evaluation 146–149

fluorochemical finishes 140

fluorochemical formation 140–144

hydrophobicity 139

perfluorochemicals 139

healthcare textiles

bacterial and fungal prevention 463–467

fibres and fabrics 461–463

rejection of implants 466–467

protective clothing

alkoxysilane based systems 404t

C8 fluorocarbons alternatives 398–408

CNTs 406

dendrimers and comb polymers 406

dendrimers and 3D molecules 402t

for heat reduction textiles 419–421

hydrophobic polymers 403t

hydrophobins 405

innovative hydrophobic finishing systems 405t

microencapsulated systems and plant extracts 403t

MLSE technology 408

for moisture management 412t

nanoparticles 407

novel short chain FCs 401

paraffin, wax and fatty acid 401t

PFOA and PFOS 399–400t

plasma 408

silicon based systems 404t, 407

sol-gel based systems and nanolayers 406–407

UV curable FCs 402–404

shoes 547

Flame resistant (FR) textiles 522–523

Flame retardant 21

Flameretarded fibers 417

Flat surfaces, Young's model 268–269

Fluid dynamics, theory of 455–457

Fluorinated polymers 104–106

Fluorinated surface 492, 514–517

Fluorine 140

Fluoroalky-functional water-born siloxane (FAS) based sol–gel process 252

Fluorocarbon (FC) 376–377

dispersion, components of 142f

dual-action fluorocarbon 81

and environmental issues 396–398

finishes See Fluorochemical finishes

Greenpeace's DETOX campaign 397–398

long chain and short chain finishes 77–81

novel short chain FCs 401

plasma treatment 224–225

structure of 78f

UV curable FCs 402–404

Fluorochemical 92, 101–106, 222

Fluorochemical finishes 140

AATCC Test Method 145–146, 146t

application methods for 142–144

chain length, effect of 145, 145f

evaluation 146–149

formulations 141–144

repellent finishes 142, 143f

FLUOROCOUNCIL 398

Foam coating 52, 553

Footwear 533–534

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 237, 237f

Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) 407

FR fibers 419–421t, 425–426t

Functional fibers 417, 418t

Functional requirements, sportswear 368–369

Functional textile modifiers 155

Fungal prevention 463–467

Gas adsorption–desorption technique 241

Gas Flow Rate 64

Gelation process 240

parameters 245–248

particle size distribution measurement 245–246

General Electric 171, 174

GlenGuard FR 420–421t

Glide 422t

Global Industry Analysts. Inc 533

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) 95–101, 96t

Global market for industrial protective clothing 394

Global personal protective equipment 393–394

Global technical textiles market 393

Glow-discharge plasma 217

GO See Graphene oxide (GO)

GORE PYRAD 425–426t

Gore-Tex 29–30, 307, 324

ePTFE in 50f, 53–54

3 layer construction 63–64

“Surround” technology 425–426t

Gowns, hospital clothing 457–458

Grafting copolymers 219

Grangers products 362

Graphene 255–256

Graphene oxide (GO) 255–256

Green chemistry 109–113

Greenpeace 397–398

GreenScreen 98–100, 108–109

Gym wear 368f

N-Halamine chemistry 464t

Hard surfaces, military textile 477–480, 486–487

Hazards

dendrimers 108

fluorochemicals 101–106

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HCAIs) 450

Healthcare textiles

ageing population 449–450

applications in 447–450

development 467

disposable incontinence products 448f

extracorporeal devices 448–449

finishes

bacterial and fungal prevention 463–467

fibres and fabrics 461–463

rejection of implants 466–467

fluid dynamics, theory of 455–457

general properties 455–457

hygiene products 449

implantable materials 448

lifestyle choices 449–450

materials

absorbance properties 454–455

barrier properties 452–454

hospital bedding and curtains 453–454

hospital clothing 453

solely waterproof properties 452

microorganisms 451

protection 447–448

repellence and barrier properties 457–458

repellence and requirements 455, 458–461

wound dressing 448f

Healthy life expectancy 450t

Heat application 361–362

Heat-curing treatments 143–144

Heat reduction textiles 419–421

Heat stress 414–416

Heat stroke 414–416

Heat transfer process 379

Helsingør statement 105–106

Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) 253–254, 254f

Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) 172–173t, 227, 276–277, 286

Hexoskin Arctic 423–424t

Higg Material Sustainability Index (MSI) 318

High-density woven porous structures 47–48

High density wovens 58–60

High Performance Plus 425–426t

High-temperature environments 414–421

H2No shell fabric 64

Hometech, waterproof-breathable textiles usage in 35t

Home textiles 9–10

Hospital bedding and curtains 453–454

Hospital clothing 453

Host-guest chemistry 205–206

Hot melt technology 53

Humidity

breathable-waterproof textiles 19–21

sport and leisure garments 8

waterproof fabrics 5–6

Hummer's method 256

Huntsman Int 174, 175–178t

Hybrid fluorochemicals 81

Hybrid scaffolds 460

Hydrocarbons

aliphatic hydrocarbon 203

hazards associated with 107

resistance test 349–350, 351t

Hydrolysis

parameters 242–245

silicon alkoxides 238–239, 239f

Hydroperm 421

Hydrophilic materials 37, 219–221

Hydrophilic poly(acrylamide) 56

Hydrophobicity 73–74, 139

dendrimers 81–83, 82f

dual-action fluorocarbon 81

fundamentals 233–237

hydrophobins 84

long chain and short chain fluorocarbon finishes 77–81

nanotechnology and nanostructured surfaces 83–84

plasma treatment 84–85, 223–225, 224f

silicones 156

Hydrophobic materials 219–222

Hydrophobic micro-textures 129–131

Hydrophobic silica, water drops on 253f

Hydrophobic textile finishes, durable 128–129

Hydrophobins 84, 405

Hydrophobization

technological variants for 13

of textiles 3, 13

Hydrostatic head test 355–356

Hygiene products 449

Hyperbranched polymers 194

Image analysis method 240–241

Immersion test 348, 359

Impact penetration test 352–353, 353f, 355–356

Implantable materials 448

Implants, and regenerative medicine 466–467

Impregnation 15

Indutech, waterproof-breathable textiles usage in 35t

Inherently safer products, developing 109–113

Inherent waterproof materials 14

InnoOlTex 407

Inotek fiber 418t

International London Boat Show 328

International Sporting Goods Trade Fair (ISPO) 328

International Standardization Organization 85–86

Ionic dendrimers 203

Ion radiation 53

Irradiation 149–150

Itoguard NFC 90, 180 403t

Kamleika 27, 314f

Kevlar AS450X 420–421t

Kevlar XP 2104 420–421t

Lamination

for waterproof breathable fabrics 61

waterproof textiles 15–18, 16f

woven fabric 47f

Laundering

durability 356–357, 360–361

ordinary laundering 413

restoration of performance 361

Layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition 284

Layering systems

design 322–328

specialist activities 324–328

sportswear 381–385, 381–383f

LDPE See Low density polyethylene (LDPE)

Lead market initiative 395

Leather 541

Legislation

EU standards 395–396

textiles and clothing 396

Leisure garments 8

Lenzing FR 420–421t

Life expectancy, healthy 450t

Lifestyle choices on healthcare provision 449–450

Lightweight woven structure 58

Limited field demonstration 514

Liquid drops

fabrics 254f

homogenous solid surface, contact angle 348f

Liquid polyurethane systems 543

Liquid repellency

aerosol and 526, 527f

performance goals 498–508

textiles 480–483

timeline 234f

Liquid tight laminates 424–426

Lithography, surface roughness 285

Lotus effect 77f, 83, 127–128, 223–224, 235, 267

Lotus-leaf effect 377

Low density polyethylene (LDPE) 14

Low energy surfaces 75, 142

Low pressure plasma 217, 218f

Low temperature environment 421–423, 423–424t

Lubrication 155

Luna Innovations Inc 485–486, 514

Macromolecular architecture 191, 192f

Madrid statement 105

Manufacturing Restricted Substance List (MRSL) 397

Market Research Report 393–394

Marmot NanoPro 64

Martindale method 358

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 302

Mechanical fibrillation 53–54, 552

Mechanical roughening 83–84

Medical applications, waterproof textiles in 10

Medtech, waterproof-breathable textiles usage in 35t

Melt-blown technology 53

MemBrain Strata 64

Mercury porosimetry 241

Metallodendrimers 204

Methacryloxy methyltrimethylsilane (MSi) 180

Methacryloxy propylpentamethyldisiloxane (MDSi) 180

Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) 247–249f, 248

Microclimate 25–26

Microencapsulated systems 403t

Microfibres 12

Microfilaments 12

Microorganisms, healthcare textiles 451

Microporous 44–47

coating

bi-component structures 55

added particle-on-surface texture 483f

army needs 473–476

benefits 518–523

challenges 524–526

civilian applications 523–524

commercially available products 485–486

durability 512

EPA banned vs. environmentally friendly chemistries 484–485

fabric structure 494–497

follow-up work 524–526

hierarchical reentrant textile structures 483f

increased protection from low volatility agents 518–521

limited field demonstration 514

materials

fibre structures 489

hard surfaces 486–487

textile surfaces 487–489

molecular and morphological structures 493–494

omniphobic coating technologies 476–483, 514–517

performance goals 498–508

polar and nonpolar liquids 475t

reentrant fibre structure 497–498

reentrant geometrical texture 479f

selfcleaning clothing 518

surface chemistry 489–493

testing standards outside the US 508

test methods and assessment 508–513

Mobiltech, waterproof-breathable textiles usage in 35t

Modified Martindale method 358

Moisture management 409–410, 417

Moisture transfer

assessment 38–40

mechanism 40–43, 55f

Moisture vapour permeability (MVP) 38–39

Moisture vapour transmission (MVT) 34, 38–39

Moisture vapour transport rate (MVTR) 38–39, 43, 63

Molar ratio

methanol to MTMS 247–249f, 248

precursor to water 245

solvent to precursor 242–244

TEOS to water/ethanol 246

Molecular structures, military textiles 493–494

Molecular weight, dendrimer 206–207

Momentive Performance Materials, Inc 174, 175–178t

Monomer addition model 239

Motor sport clothing 368f

MTMS See Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)

Multifunctional barriers 424–427

Multifunctional plasma treatment 228

Multifunctional superomniphobic coatings and fibres 525–526

Multifunctional waterproof fabrics 21–22

Multi-layered fabric systems, sportswear 373, 381–385, 381–383f

Multiple Laser Surface Enhancement (MLSE) 130–131, 408

Nacre 123–124

Nano-Care 149

Nanofics 110 coatings 405t

Nanolayers, sol-gel based systems and 406–407

NANOMEMBRANE (Czech company) 427

Nanomembranes 427

Nanoparticles 407

deposition, plasma treatment 225–226

hazards associated with 108

particle size distribution 240

sol–gel coating 251

Nano Sphere technology 149

Nanostructured surfaces 83–84

Nanotechnology 83–84

Nano Tex LLC 149

Natural rubber (NR) 541–542

Nelumbo nucifera 125, 127f

Neoprene rubber 542

NeverWet coating 485–486

Newkome dendrimers 204

Nexar 425–426t

Nike

footwear 533–534

lightweight woven structure 58

Nikwax products 362

Nilit Breeze 418t

Nitrile rubber (NBR) 542

Nomex MHP 420–421t

Nonfluorinated omniphobicity 525

Nonfluorinated surface 493, 517

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 397

Nonporous structure 44–47

Nonreactive silicone polymers 153

Nonthermal plasma treatment 215–216

Nonwoven fabric structure 495–497

NSRDEC 473–476, 488–489

CWA repellency 509t

drying test method 513f

live agent data 473

R&D programmes 507–508

reentrant fibre 494, 497–498, 499f

self-blooming superomniphobic reentrant fibres 526f

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 237

Nylon

trilobal nylon fibres 130f

Velcro tape 123f

Obesity 367

Octa 423–424t

Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) 172–173t

Octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM) 172–173t

OEKO-TEX 398

Oil Rating Scale 508

Oil repellency

perfluoroacrylate component 141

test 349–351, 351t

Oil skins 27

Oleophobicity 73–74

dendrimers 81–83, 82f

dual-action fluorocarbon 81

hydrophobins 84

long chain and short chain fluorocarbon finishes 77–81

nanotechnology and nanostructured surfaces 83–84

plasma treatments 84–85

Oleophobic surface 479f

Oligomerization 141

Omni-Freeze ZERO 418t

Omniphobic coating technologies 476–483, 486–487, 514–517, 519f

Omniphobic materials 482f

Organo-modified silicones 180

Organophosphates 524–525

Organosilicon 153

Osprey jacket 327f

Outdoor Foundation report 370

Outdoor Industry Association (OIA) 89–90

Outdoor textiles 9–10

Outer shell 324

Outlast Thermocules 421

Oxalic acid 245

Oxidative plasma 85

Oxygen-based dendrimers 203

Packtech, waterproof-breathable textiles usage in 35t

Pad-dry-cure method 210

PAMAM dendrimer See Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer

Paraffin

finishing systems 401t

repellents 107

PARALLON 425–426t

Paramó ‘Velez’ jacket 317f

Particle size distribution

measurement 245–246

nanoparticles 240

silicone aerogels 247–248f

Paxton, Joseph 121–122

PCMs See Phase changing materials (PCMs)

PDMS See Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

PECVD See Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)

Penetrating water-repellent chemicals 157, 157t

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) 193–194, 208, 222, 324

Perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)

long-chain 103

schematic molecule 102f

short-chain 104–106

in textile production 101

Perfluoroalkyl chain, length of 101

Perfluoro alkyl group 77–78

Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) 104

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) 139, 376

healthcare textiles 461–462

toxicology and ecological considerations 146–148

Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) 104, 148–149

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) 102–103, 376–377

Detox campaign 397

environmental issues 397

finishing systems 399–400t

military textiles 484–485

soil repellency 78–81, 86

Perfluorooctane telomere alcohol 141f

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 102–103, 276, 376–377

Detox campaign 397

finishing systems 399–400t

in human blood 147–148f

military textiles 484–485

soil repellency 78–81, 86

Stewardship Program 106, 398

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 97–98

Stockholm Convention 105

Personal protective equipment (PPE) 8–9, 301, 318

C8 fluorocarbons alternatives 398–408

commodity of market 391–396

design 313

EU standards and legislation 395–396

functional laminates for 425–426t

general requirements 427t

global market for 394

for high-temperature environments 414–421

layering systems 322, 335f

lead market initiative 395

manufacturing 391

market situation and forecast 393–395

with multi-barrier properties 409–427

occupational 312

PCMs for 416–417

physiological performance 409–410

rain-test method 334

requirements 309

societal background 391–393

standards 427–428

antimicrobial 432t

antistatic 431t

flamperoof, heat resistant 430–431t

high visibility 432t

hydrophobicity, water-repellency, rain 428t

mechanical 433t

oil-repellency 428t

physiological properties 433t

protection against liquid, chemicals, gaseous chemicals 429t

soil release and staining 434t

termoinsulation 431t

UV-protection 432t

washing for testing 434t

weather resistance 433t

with thermoinsulating and thermoregulating effect 414–427

types 392f

Pertex Quantum 423–424t

Petroleum, oils, lubricants (POLs)

contamination 521–522

exposure 522–523

Phaseable Adaptable laminates 425–426t

Phase changing materials (PCMs) 57, 375, 416–417

Phase seperation method 51–52

Phobotex 174

Phosphodendrimers 204

Physical Activity Council 369

Physical comfort 512–513

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 407

Pills, visual assessment grades 358t

Plant extracts, microencapsulated systems and 403t

Plasma 130, 408

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) 276–277, 286

Plasma enhanced vapour deposition (PEVD) 218

Plasma etching 218–219, 285–287, 286f

Plasma Guard 405t

Plasma treatment 84–85, 215, 252

atmospheric 216–217, 217f

atomic force microscopy 226, 227f

characteristics 216f

etching 218–219

fibre surface nano-roughness 226

fluorocarbon 224–225

gas and properties conferred 223t

hydrophobic/hydrophilic materials 219–221

hydrophobicity 223–225, 224f

low pressure 217, 218f

multifunctional 228

nanoparticle deposition 225–226

nonthermal 215–216

PEVD 218

silicon chemistry 227–228

surface modification 218–219

thermal 215

water repellency 221–222

Point-in-point (PiP) patented technology 53

Polartec FR 423–424t

Polartech Alpha 423–424t

Polartec NeoShell 64

Poly(caprolactone) 543

Poly(propylene amine) 202

Poly(propylene imine) (PPI) 202

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) 460

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer 200–202

host-guest chemistry 205–206

tetra-functional synthesis 201f

toxicity 207

Poly(amidoamine-organosilicone) (PAMAMOS) dendrimers 204

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 157–158, 157–158f, 169–170, 493

components 160f

molecular arrangement 159f

nonvolatile 183

SEM micrographs 181, 181f

Polyester enzymatic hydrophilisation 412

Polyester fabrics 252–253

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics 226–227

Polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) 164, 301, 397

Polyglycolic acid (PGA) 460

Polylactic acid (PLA) 460

Polylysine dendrimers 202–203

Polymer chemistry 191

Polymeric foils 14

Polymers

for soil-release textile finishes 413

surface tensions of 76t

Polyolefins 16–17t

Polysiloxane backbone 167

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 4

hazards associated with 108

microporous membrane 49f

midsoles 539

polymer 51

Polyurethane dispersions (PUD) 374

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 14, 16–17t, 316

POMAM 202

POPAM 202

POPs See Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

Porosimetry 241

Porosity 50

Porous structure of textile surface 11, 12f

Porphyrin-based dendrimers 203

Power Shield Pro 64

PPE See Personal protective equipment (PPE)

PPE Directive 89/686/EEC 396

PPE Regulation (EU) 2016/425 396

Precip 64

Precursor 252–255

Processing aids, silicones 155

Pro-CFR 420–421t

Pro-Fil 420–421t

Protech, waterproof-breathable textiles usage in 35t

Protective clothing See Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Protex 175–178t

Psychological comfort 310, 337

Pyridinium-based water repellents 91

PyroMan 415

Quarpel DWR finish 489

Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) 464t

Radio frequency (RF) 553

radiation 53

RadMan 415

Rain drop, types and diameter 372, 373t

Rain room tests 334–335

Reactive silicone polymers 153

Ready-to-wear (RTW) clothing 304

Realfleece Nano 423–424t

Reentrant feature, military textiles 494

Reentrant fibre structure 497–498

Reentrant nylon fibre properties 499f

Regenerative medicine, implants and 466–467

Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) 397

Repellent finishes 142, 143f

Reproofing products 362–364

Residual cyclic methyl siloxanes 170

Resil Chemicals 175–178t

Resistance to Evaporative Heat Transfer (RET) value 63

Roll-off angle 289

RTW clothing See Ready-to-wear (RTW) clothing

Rubberized textile fabrics 3–4

Rubber, vulcanization 28

Rudolf GmbH 175–178t

Rugby body armour 368f

Running wear 368f

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) 241

Safety Data Sheets (SDS) 96–97

SAMs See Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)

S. Café 418t

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) 126–127, 240–241

and contact angle measurements 127

of lotus leaf 127f

skin of shark 132f

Schoeller Textiles AG 149

Scotchgard Fabric Protector 101

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) 284

superhydrophobicity 290, 291f

Shape memory polyurethane (SMP) 57

Shedding angle 289, 290f, 364

Shin-Etsu Silicone 175–178t

Shoes

adhesives 543–544

allergies 554–555

anatomy and dominant components 536f

biocides 548t

comfortable waterproof shoes 547–555

contact angle 552

durable water repellent 549–554, 550f

heel and toe counters 544–545, 545t

insoles 537–539

less-familiar rubber chemicals 546t

midsoles 539–541, 540f

neoprene formulation 544t

outsoles 541–543

raw materials and tools 534–545, 535t, 537–539f

rubber polymers 545t

soles 534–536, 536f

upper shoe material processing and finishing 546–547

water-based resins 544t

Sieving method 240

Silica aerogel 237f

Silicon alkoxides 238–239, 239f

Silicon chemistry 227–228

Silicone(s)

characteristics 153–155

hazards associated with 106–107

hydrophobicity 156

physical properties 159

Silicone-based dendrimers 204

Silicone-based innovations 407

Silicone-based water repellents

advantages of 167–168

applications 161–163

characteristics 155–161

commercial products and future trends 171–184, 175–178t

construction 156

derivatization 156

disadvantages of 168

durable water repellents and 163–167

environmental and health aspects 169–171

performance 167–169

silanol-silane reaction 160f

Siloxanes 92, 107, 157f

Silver 464t, 465

Skin Model 43

Skin sensorial comfort 310, 336

Sliding angle 364

superhydrophobicity 289

Smartrepel Hydro CMD 403t

Smartrepel Hydro PM liq 403t

Smart waterproof breathable fabrics 55–58

SMP See Shape memory polyurethane (SMP)

Snowboard gear 368f

Soft-shell garments 384–385, 384f

hydrophobic and oleophobic treatments

dendrimers 81–83, 82f

dual-action fluorocarbon 81

hydrophobins 84

long chain and short chain fluorocarbon finishes 77–81

nanotechnology and nanostructured surfaces 83–84

plasma treatments 84–85

mechanism 74–76

trends and challenges 86–87

Solar+ 423–424t

Sol–gel process 233, 237–241

assistive technologies 252

coating aerogels onto fibre surfaces 251f

FAS 252

formation 238

gel type relevant in 243–244t

and nanolayers 406–407

parameters 242

gelation/ageing processes 245–248

hydrolysis of alkoxides 242–245

precursor in 252–255

surface roughness 284–285

water repellency 249–256

Solid polymer structures 54

Solid surface-free-energy (SFE) 489–492, 490–491t

Solubility, dendrimers 205

Solubilizing one component in mixture 52–53

Solvent extraction 52

Spectroscopic methods 237

Sport England 370

Sports

activity, United Kingdom 370f

designing requirements 385–386

functional requirements 368–369

growing market 369–371

layering system 381–385, 381–383f

soft shell 381–385

types 368f

waterproof breathable 367–368, 371–375, 372t

water repellency 376–378

Sporttech, waterproof-breathable textiles usage in 35t

Spray test 351, 352f, 355–356, 359

Sputtering 226

SR finishing, commercial products for 413t

Stain-resistance

assessment 85–86

hydrophobic and oleophobic treatments

dendrimers 81–83, 82f

dual-action fluorocarbon 81

hydrophobins 84

long chain and short chain fluorocarbon finishes 77–81

nanotechnology and nanostructured surfaces 83–84

plasma treatments 84–85

mechanism 74–76

trends and challenges 86–87

Standards

EU standards 395–396

personal protective equipment 427–428

antimicrobial 432t

antistatic 431t

flamperoof, heat resistant 430–431t

high visibility 432t

hydrophobicity, water-repellency, rain 428t

mechanical 433t

oil-repellency 428t

physiological properties 433t

protection against liquid, chemicals, gaseous chemicals 429t

soil release and staining 434t

termoinsulation 431t

UV-protection 432t

washing for testing 434t

weather resistance 433t

testing standards outside the US 508

Starburst dendrimers 200

Starburst effect 197

State-of-the-art water-repellent systems 128

Static test methods 347

aqueous liquid repellency 349–351, 350f

immersion test 348

oil repellency 349–351, 351t

water/alcohol solution resistance test 349

water contact angle 348–349

Stimuli-sensitive polymers 56–57

Stockholm Convention 97, 99–100, 105

Stomatex 375

Structural hydrophobicity 124–128

Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) 542

Summer dried seal gut 314f

Superabsorbents 417–419

Superhydrophobic coatings

cotton fabrics 253

sol–gel coating 252–255

Superhydrophobicity 267

applications 290–292

characterization 288–290

contact angle hysteresis 288

fabrics 249

fundamentals 233–237

self-cleaning property 290, 291f

shedding angle 289, 290f

sliding angle 289

surface energy modification 275–277

surface roughness 224f, 277–287

water contact angle 288

water droplet bouncing 289, 364

Superhydrophobic spray coatings 404t

Superhydrophobic surfaces 233, 479f

Super-hydrophobic textiles

Nelumbo nucifera 127f

self-cleaning properties 128–129

technology transfer 129

Super-Microft 377–378

Supernonwetting fabric 480–481

Superomniphobic coated fabrics See also Military textiles

hard surfaces 480–481f

multifunctional 525–526

performance goals 498–508, 500–506t

self-blooming 526f

Surface chemistry 477–480, 478f

vs. robustness 496f

structures and polarity 489–493

Surface energy

modification 275–277, 284

moieties/liquids 377t

Young's equation 270

Surface-free-energy (SFE) polymers 486–487

Surface modification, plasma treatment 218–219

Surface properties, military textiles 510–512

Surface roughness 267, 478f

bottom down approach 277t

electrospinning technique 281–283, 282–283f

layer-by-layer deposition 284

sol–gel process 284–285

factor 269, 278t, 279

formation 277–287

military textiles 494

plasma treated fibres 226

sol–gel process 240

top down approach 277t

chemical etching 287

lithography 285

plasma etching 285–287, 286f

Surface tensions 11, 11f, 268

moieties/liquids 377t

of polymers 76t

of selected polar and nonpolar liquids 475t

Sustainability 302–303, 303f

Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) 303–304

Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC) 304

Sustainable cycle 306f

Sweating guarded hot plate 511

Sweating manikin test 511–512, 511t

Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 93–94

Swimwear 368f

Sympatex 64, 374

Syngero 422t

Synthetic filament yarns 59

Synthetic methods, dendrimer 197–200, 198f

Synthetic rubbers 16–17t

Tanning 546

TDR 405t

Tecasystem Millenia 450 425–426t

Technical applications 10

Teflon See Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Telomerization 141

Temperature-responsive polymers 56–57

Template-based method 285

TENCEL R 100 with kaolin 423–424t

Tennis wear 368f

Testing standards outside the US 508

Tetraethyoxysilane (TEOS) 242, 245, 252–253

and hexamethyldisilazane 253–254, 254f

molar ratio to water/ethanol 246

and trimethylethoxysilane 253, 253f

Texchem 175–178t

TEX-SHIELD 169

Textile(s)

and clothing legislation 396

hydrophobization of 3, 13

for low temperature environment 421–423, 423–424t

and water interaction mechanism 11–12

wet environment 3

Textile Exchange Market Report 393

Textile fabrics

aerogel particles with 250f

surface roughness 277–281

with waterproofing finishes 14–18

Textile Regulation (EU) No 1007/2011 396

Textile surfaces, military textiles 487–489

Thermal comfort 511

Thermal physiological comfort 310, 336

Thermal plasma treatment 215

Thermal properties 320

Thermal tests, waterproof materials 335–336, 335f

Thermo-coagulation 51–52, 553

Thermoinsulating effect, PPE with 414–427

Thermolite Pro brand 418t

Thermophysiological comfort 381

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) 542–543

Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) 542–543

Thermoplastics 541

Thermoregulation

commercial examples 422t

and moisture management 409–410

PPE with 414–427

properties 416–417

Tightly woven cotton fabric 44–47

Tightly woven fabrics 47f, 58

TMES See Trimethylethoxysilane (TMES)

Topaz Carbon Membrane 425–426t

Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) 476t, 507

Toxicity, dendrimer 207

Toxicological concerns 93–109, 94–95t

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 240–241

Trimethylethoxysilane (TMES) 253, 253f

Two-dimensional microscopic images 240–241

Typhoon PS330 Extreme Dry suit 334f

Ultrakim 175–178t

UltraTech International, Inc 485–486

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) 53, 318

UNIDYNE of Daikin 180

Uniforms, hospital clothing 457

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 397

US EPA Design for the Environment Alternatives Assessment Criteria for Hazard Evaluation 108–109

UV-blocking and cooling fabrics 418t

UV curable FCs 402–404

Value addition 139

Velcro tape 123f

Ventile clothing 4, 13, 371

history 58

waterproof breathable coatings 29, 47–48

Vertical wicking test 510–511

Victoria amazonica 121–122

Viscosity, dendrimer 207

VOC See Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) 146–147

Vulcanized rubbers 28, 541–542

VX repellency 510

Wacker Chemie AG 174, 175–178t

Water/alcohol solution resistance test 349

Water contact angle 267–268, 275, 348–349

and fabric surface 254f

hydrophobic silica film 253f

Water interaction mechanism 11–12

Water penetration resistance

classification 319t

testing materials 318–320, 319t

Water penetration tests 373

Waterproof and water repellent clothing 3–4, 347

activity specific features 331–332

application 4–10

aqueous liquid repellency 349–351, 350f

brand partners and applications 325–326t

Bundesmann rain-shower test 353–355, 354f

characterization 12–22

circular economy 305–306, 305f

classification 5, 14

compact coated waterproof textile 19f

design 307–308, 328–338, 329–332f

design characteristics for 7f

design specification 5–9

donning and doffing feature 333

durability 363

abrasion 357–358

laundering 356–357, 360–361

prolonged exposure to water 358–359

wearer trials 359–361

ecological issues 22

example 13

features 330

field testing 336–338

and flame retardant 21

garment size and protection labelling 338–339

guidance for sustainable materials selection 318

home and outdoor textiles 9–10

hydrostatic head test 355–356

immersion test 348

impact penetration test 352–353, 353f, 355–356

inherent materials 14

labelling 338–339

laboratory testing 333–336

leisurewear 8

material selection 314, 316

oil repellency test 349–351, 351t

Osprey jacket 327f

patency 3

plasma treatments 221–222

point of sale 339

preparation for production 338

prototypes and fitting 332–333

rain room tests 334–335

recycling 308

remake and alterations to 307–308

restoration of performance 361–364, 363f

sell, rent, resell and repair 307

silicone applications 161–163

sol–gel treatment 249–256

sportswear 8, 367–368, 376–378

spray test 351, 352f, 355–356

standards for determining 4–5

surface finishing treatments 14–18

sustainable, policies/goals 306–307

technical applications 10

thermal tests 335–336, 335f

water/alcohol solution resistance test 349

water contact angle 348–349

waterproof breathable fabrics vs 26–27, 26t

Waterproof breathable fabrics (WBFs) 4, 25–27, 367–368, 371–375, 383

applications 372t

Bi-component structures 55

and biomimetics 55–58

characterization 19–21

classification 44–47, 45–46t

coatings for 60

for comfort 30–34

compact hydrophilic layer 20f

E beam radiation 53

ecological issues 22

and electrostatic shielding 21

fabric wetting 35–38

foam coating 52

high-density woven porous structures 47–48

high density wovens 58–60

history 27–30

hot melt technology 53

ion radiation 53

laminates for 61

layers arrangement 61–62

individual layers 62f

2 layer construction 62

2.5 layer construction 63

3 layer construction 63

macroporous structures 38

mechanical fibrillation 53–54

melt-blown technology 53

point bonding technology 53

porous coating polymer 20f

problem 375

properties 43–44

radio frequency radiation 53

solid polymer structures 54

solubilizing one component in mixture 52–53

solvent extraction 52

standards for determining 5

thermo-coagulation 51–52

UV radiation 53

vapour transfer properties 22

waterproof and water repellent vs 26–27, 26t

wet coagulation process 51

Waterproofing and water-repellent agents

chemical hazard assessment 95–101

classes of 112

filling data gaps 112–113

green chemistry 109–113

hazards

dendrimers 108

fluorochemicals 101–106

historical usage of 90–91, 91t

hydrocarbons 92–93t

long-chain fluorochemicals 92–93t

modern chemical classes 92, 92f

performance properties 90f

polyurethanes 92–93t

short-chain fluorochemicals 92–93t

siloxanes 92–93t

toxicological and ecotoxicological concerns 93–109, 94–95t

Waterproofness

classes of 43t

quality of 43

Waterproof/water-repellent shoes 547–555

Water rating method See Aqueous liquid repellency test

Water repellency treatments 207–211

Water resistant 325–326t

Water Vapour Diffusion Test 64, 65f

Water vapour permeability 38–39

Water vapour resistance 320t, 380, 383

Water vapour transmission (WVT) 5, 40–41

evaluation of resistance 44t

of fabric 40

microporous structure working principles 49f

through shape memory polyurethane 57

Wax, finishing systems 401t

WBFs See Waterproof breathable fabrics (WBFs)

Wearer trials 359–361

Wenzel model 235–236, 235f, 267

surface roughness 269–271, 278–279

wetting state 278–279, 279f

Young's equation 269–270

Wet coagulation 51, 552

Wet gel, ageing process 246–247

Wet process 276

Wetsuit design 316–317

Wettability 219

Wetting 267–268

Cassie–Baxter model 267, 269–271

dual-scale hierarchical structures 273, 273t, 273f

hierarchical surfaces roughness 272–274, 273f

resistance determination 351

solid surfaces 270

Wenzel model 269–271

Young's model for flat surfaces 268–269

Wet weather clothing industry 306f

Wicking base layer 323

Wicking effect 410–412

Wound dressing 448f

Woven fabric structure 494

WRAP 318, 338

circular economy 304

remake services 307–308

WVP, vs. waterproofness 42, 42f

X-BIONIC in Switzerland 375

Xerogel 240

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 241

X-ray tomography 240–241

Young–Laplace equation 233–234

Young's equation 11, 219, 268–269

liquid drop on solid surface 234f

Young's equilibrium 37–38

Young's model, flat surfaces 268–269

Zelan N3 403t

Zepel and Teflon Fabric Protectors 101

Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals (ZDHC) program 89–90, 164, 316, 398