Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Accountability,
12,
21,
34,
64–65,
97,
216,
237; in ancient Greece,
66–67; Aristotle theorizing,
67; law and,
134; Nietzsche on responsibility as,
117–19,
122,
125–26; political responsibility and,
138; Tocqueville on public officials and,
93; “Actionism,” Adorno on,
205Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas (Derrida),
150–51
Adorno, Theodor W.,
xii,
1,
9–10,
11,
35,
63,
105,
139,
209,
294n33,
299n4,
300n11,
300n13,
302nn29–30,
303n55; on “actionism,”
205; “Actuality of Philosophy, The” (Adorno),
184; American Theory’s origins and,
184; on Auschwitz and ethical lessons,
46,
187–88; on autonomy and Auschwitz,
189; defensive politics of,
202,
207; de Vries on critical theory of,
182; dialectical historicism and,
183,
207; on education after Auschwitz,
188–89; ethical modernism and,
182; ethical reflection in work of,
45–46; on ethics of responsibility,
193–94; on fascism,
304n79; on forms of vulnerability,
204; on freedom and society,
194–95; fungibility logic and,
305n93; Germany return of,
184–85; on Hegel,
200–1; on history written by victory and defeat,
25; influences on,
182–83; on integrity and decency,
197; on Kafka’s popularity,
181; legacy of work of,
181; on living rightly,
191–92; Mann’s letter from,
304n74; on materialism,
190,
195,
292n94; on mediation of mediation,
169; minimalist humanism and,
184–85,
205; on morality of thinking,
183; on philosophy and self-reflection,
13; political ethic and partial disavowal of,
199–200; political ethic of Brecht compared to,
197–98; political recasting of critical theory of,
208; political temperament of,
203–4; on praxis and critical theory,
203–4,
206; responsibility and new categorical imperative of,
22; on responsibility in free society,
195; on subjectivity and mediation,
170; on suffering,
186; on validity of violence,
205; on will and heteronomy,
190–92; on will and moral certainty,
192Aesthetic Theory (Adorno),
184
Amar Sánchez, Ana Maria,
213Ambiguity, ethics of,
145American Theory,
42; counterculture and,
59; emergence of,
20,
58; ethical turn and,
57–62; ethics first and,
60; historical determinants of,
60–61; Levinas’ influence on,
56; misrepresentations of,
59–60; 1960s and,
58–59; politics converging with heyday of,
57–59;
see also Critical theoryAnalytical philosophy, responsibility and,
130–35Answerability: as need to respond,
xiv–xv; political responsibility and,
137; reconceiving,
xv; socialism and,
xivAntichrist, The (Nietzsche),
127
Anti-Oedipus (Guattari and Deleuze),
51–52
Antipolitical existentialism,
144Antipolitical morality,
28,
32Anti-Semite and the Jew (Sartre),
143
Antitotalitarianism, in France,
49–50“Apolitical” beliefs, political responsibility and,
xviArbitrary power, political responsibility and,
92Argentina, democracy transition in,
212Art, political ethic compared to ethics of,
xiiiAuschwitz,
22; Adorno on autonomy and,
189; Adorno on ethical lessons of,
46,
187–88; “after,”
185–92; catastrophe of,
185–86; cognitive representation and,
188; education after,
188–89; as new categorical imperative,
189–90; responsibility after,
190; universality of,
188Autonomy,
21; Adorno on Auschwitz and,
189; as autonomization,
10,
21,
68,
76,
88,
96,
106,
115–16,
135,
168,
205; ethical politics and,
33; Kant on self and,
107–8,
146; neoliberalism and,
103; as objectification,
10; of philosophical concepts,
8
Baader-Meinhof Complex, The,
267n61
Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche),
122,
124
Black Jacobins (James),
256
Blame, responsibility compared to,
131Brecht, Bertolt,
xii–xiii,
23,
26,
38,
146,
196–97,
309n47,
310n55,
310n61; political ethic in plays of,
198–99,
225–27,
228–30; political ethic of Adorno compared to,
197–98; primacy of the situation and,
227; realism of,
228,
230–31; on recognition of defeat,
228; ruses of ethics critique of,
226; on violence and revolution,
229–30Broken Middle, The (Rose),
40,
217
Butler, Judith,
21,
150,
297n74,
297n87,
297n89,
298n98; Arendt reading of,
173; Benjamin reading of,
173–74; on frames and framing,
165–66; on grief and mourning,
162–63; Judaism reckoned with by,
166–67,
172; Judaism’s ethical traditions and,
172–73; Levinass’ ethics and,
160–61; on loss,
164; the Other and fear of,
166; political identity in work of,
165; politics and risk in work of,
177; on “Thou shall not kill” commandment,
173–76; on Zionism,
171–73
Catastrophe,
301n17; of Auschwitz,
185–86; critical theory and,
184; human rights and prevention of,
31–32; reversal of temporality and,
39Character, responsibility and,
96,
135Choice: burden of,
103; value of,
131Christianity:
On Duties and,
72–73; earthliness of,
275n31; ethics in New Testament and,
71–72; political space and,
73–74; Reformation and,
78; responsibility in early,
72–73Christofferson, Michael Scott,
49,
267n57Citizenship: in ancient Greece compared to Roman Empire,
67–68; Balibar and,
315n151; Cicero on Roman Empire and,
69–70; conceptualizing,
315n151; political depleting of,
104; political ethic of,
xvi; political literacy and,
251–52; responsibility with,
101–2,
115; shared power and,
69; Tocqueville and,
282n127City-states, in Renaissance,
75–76Civic morality, of personation,
80,
82,
84Civility, scholarship and,
3–4Cognitive representation,
188Cold war: ethical turn after,
28; Levinas’s work and,
143–44; liberalism and,
33Collective action: Nietzsche’s disavowal of,
120; responsibility and,
101; Weil on meaningful,
249Collective identification,
34–35Collective life,
x; in ancient Greece,
67; fascism hijacking,
194; political ethic and,
xiii,
258n8; political philosophy and,
2–3; political responsibility and critical element of,
xii,
xiv; Renaissance and ethics of,
76; responsibility and,
67,
77–78Collective self-determination,
97Commandment, “Thou shall not kill,”
173–76Communal identity, in Renaissance,
74–75Communist internationalism,
99–100Concepts: changing content of,
11; critical theory and,
14; empirical self and,
169; historical sedimentations of,
13–14; historicization of,
12–13; pain translated into,
186; responsibility and dialectical,
22; responsibility as,
11–12,
64; of the situation,
15–16,
19;
see also Philosophical concepts;
Political conceptsConditional responsibility,
84Consequentialism, responsibility and,
102–3Consolation, defeat and self-satisfied,
215Contexts: construction of,
260n12; levels of inquiry and,
7–8; political theory and historical,
6–7Counterculture, American Theory and,
59Counterviolence, violence and,
175–77Courtine-Denamy, Sylvie,
140Critical philosophy, of Kant,
106,
156Critical theory: Adorno on praxis and,
203–4,
206; of Adorno recast through politics,
208; of Adorno undermining conceits,
204; catastrophe and,
184; concepts and,
14; deconstruction differentiated from,
157–58; De Vries on Adorno and,
182;
see also American TheoryCritique of Practical Reason (Kant),
107
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant),
106–8
“Critique of Violence” (Benjamin),
173Crowds and Democracy (Jonsson),
284n146
Days of the Commune, The (Brecht),
229
Debray, Régis,
49,
253; on moral narcissism of ethical turn,
27; on religion of human rights,
265n30Defeat: Brecht on recognition of,
228; convictions and,
215; critical thought in face of,
217–18; loss as,
210–18; political identity and,
216; politics and,
211–12,
214–15; realism and,
215–16; self-satisfied consolation and,
215; silver linings and,
215; theoretical reflection on loss as,
213; Weil experiencing,
248Democracy: Argentina transition to,
212; emancipated,
206–7; political responsibility and,
xvii; spirit of attack in,
xv–xvi; Tocqueville on,
93; transitions to,
35Democratic socialism, political responsibility and,
xviiDerrida, Jacques,
22,
51,
54,
139,
150,
290n113; as “beautiful soul,”
179; defensive politics of,
179; ethical politics of,
178–80; ethical turn and,
56–57; history and disavowal of,
157; on history and responsibility,
154–55; Husserl’s influence on,
155–56; on impossibility of deconstruction,
151–53,
158; on intersection of ethics and politics,
150–51; on invention,
152–53; Kantianism and,
156; Levinas scholarship pioneered by,
56; liberalism of,
52,
178; Marxism and,
158–59; Marx’s influence on,
158; mediation sidestepped by,
153–54; on responsibility and faith,
159; on responsibility and intersubjectivity,
151; Structuralism critique of,
155–56; transcendental status of difference established by,
156–57Despotism, culture of,
243Determinate responsibility,
111–12Dialectical historicism,
5,
183,
207Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno),
205,
305n93
Dialogues of Refugees (Brecht),
146,
227
Difference: Derrida establishing transcendental status of,
156–57; reason and,
41Dispossession, Zionism and,
171Downfall of the Egoist Johann Fatzer, The (Brecht),
228
Duty,
21,
64–65; Cicero on,
70–7; Hegel’s account of,
113; Kant and abstract nature of,
191; Kant on necessity and,
109–10; Mazzini on mankind and,
93,
95; as office,
70
Economy and Society (Weber),
237
“Education After Auschwitz” (Adorno),
188–89Effect, gap between intention and,
42–43Emancipated democracy,
206–7Emancipatory politics: ethical turn and,
34; human rights and,
36; preserving life and,
176–77Embodiment, Levinas and invocation of,
146–47Empirical self, concept and,
169Ethical modernism, Adorno and,
182Ethical obligations, prior to action,
170Ethical turn,
14; America Theory and,
57–62; attributes of,
30; Bourg on emergence of,
54–55; after cold war,
28; contradictory impact of,
ix; critics of,
25–27; Debray on moral narcissism of,
27; Derrida and,
56–57; emancipatory politics and,
34; emergence of,
20; France summer of 1968 and lineage of,
49,
51,
54–55; historical determinants and,
28–30,
44; human rights ideology and,
30–37; individualism and,
34; Jameson on return to ethics and,
27; Levinas and,
142,
144; Marxism’s demise and,
61; moralism and,
38; neutralization and,
29,
61–62; normativity and,
26–27; pacification and,
29; politics neutralized with,
39–40; Rancière on,
37–40; responsibility reclaimed from,
62; Rose’s critique on,
40–41,
43–44; structuralism and,
62; summer of 1968 and,
44–57; temporality and,
39–40; theoretical forms of,
29–30; uneasy and ambiguous attitudes toward,
25;
see also Human rightsEthics: Adorno on Auschwitz and lessons in,
46,
187–88; Adorno on responsibility and,
193–94; Adorno’s work and reflection on,
45–46; of ambiguity,
145; of art compared to political ethic,
xiii; Brecht’s critique on ruses of,
226; Butler and Judaism’s traditions with,
172–73; in Christianity and New Testament,
71–72; of collective life in Renaissance,
76; consensus and soft,
39; as criteria for judging other fields,
37; Derrida on intersection of politics and,
150–51; discourse,
46; empire of,
37–44; Hegel on necessity and,
112; Hobbes severing politics from,
80; Judaism and,
167; law and dedifferentiation from,
38; of Levinas inherited by Butler,
160–61; Levinas on the Other and,
139–40; of noncooperation,
194–95; of political responsibility,
ix; as politics alternative,
144; politics and mediations and intersections with,
43–44; quest for uncontaminated,
42–43; of truth,
26; Weber on conviction and responsibility and,
219–20;
see also New ethics;
Political ethic;
Public ethicEthics first, American Theory and,
60Eumenides, The (Aeschylus),
66
Exegetical commentary, neutralization of,
3
Faith, Derrida on responsibility and,
159“Faith and Knowledge” (Derrida),
155“Five Difficulties in Writing the Truth” (Brecht),
227Frames of War (Butler),
165
France, summer of 1968; antinomianism and liberalism in,
52–53,
61; ethical turn’s lineage with,
49,
51,
54–55; legacies from,
46–49,
51–52; liberalism and,
50–51; nihilism of,
51–52; post-World War II historical sedimentations and,
47; reindividualization and disaffiliation after,
53–54; sudden nature of,
48; theoretical journals in,
52–53Freedom,
9; Adorno on society and,
194–95; dialectical account of,
195–96; Hegel on end of ethical life with,
113–14; from history as illusion,
13; Nietzsche on war and,
126–28; political responsibility and,
xi; as responsibility,
196; the situation and,
16Free society, responsibility in,
195
Geneva Convention (1948),
33Genuine communication, political theory and,
4–5Ghiribizzi al Soderino (Machiavelli),
223
Gift of Death, The (Derrida),
154
Giving an Account of Oneself (Butler),
161–63
Gooding-Williams, Robert,
118–19Good Person of Szechwan, The (Brecht),
198
Gramsci, Antonio,
23,
214,
306n15,
311n70,
311n73,
311n78; on Machiavelli and Marxism,
233; political ethic reflection of,
232; socialism strategy concerns of,
231–32; truthfulness defense of,
232Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Kant),
107,
109
Gulag Archipelago, The (Solzhenitsyn),
49
Hebrew Bible, ethical politics in,
273n6Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,
191,
192,
199; Adorno’s denunciation of,
200–1; duty and,
113; ethical life and,
200; on freedom as end of ethical life,
113–14; individual and dismissal of,
201; institutional responsibility and,
112; Kantian problematic inherited by,
111–12; Marx influenced by work of,
115–16; on necessity and ethics,
112; realism of,
112–13; reciprocal recognition model of,
112Hierarchy, power and,
242Historical context: Jameson on,
202–3; for Levinas,
141–47; political theory and,
6–7Historical level of inquiry,
7Historical sedimentations: abstract formulations of,
169; of philosophical concepts,
8–9; of words and concepts,
13–14History: Adorno on victory and defeat writing,
25; American Theory and determinants of,
60–61; Derrida on responsibility and,
154–55; Derrida’s disavowal of,
157; ethical turn and determinants of,
28–30,
44; human rights and determinants of,
30–32; illusion of freedom from,
13; loss and,
211; political responsibility and,
xvi–xvii; political theory and dehistoricized,
1; of responsibility before word,
12,
65–78; responsibility in,
21,
63–64; the situation formulated through,
18; vulnerability and mediation of,
136History and Freedom (Adorno),
63
Hobbes, Thomas,
277n67,
278n77,
279n88,
279n92; on authorization and authorship,
81–82,
84; ethics and politics severed by,
80; on obligation and responsibility,
82–83; personation articulated by,
85; personhood defined by,
80–81; political theory of,
79–80; on unity by oneness,
83“Human Personality” (Weil),
245Human rights,
28; Carter’s belated embrace of,
61; catastrophe prevention and,
31–32; Debray on religion of,
265n30; emancipatory politics and,
36; ethical turn and ideology of,
30–37; global over local with,
36; as global secular religion,
33–34; historical determinants of,
30–32; Latin American discourse of,
35–36; liberalism and rise of,
34; neoliberalism’s emergence and,
31; politics revitalized with,
266n36; temporality and,
33–34;
see also Ethical turn
Idea of Evil, The (Dews),
294n26
Immediacy of responsibility,
150Impossible responsibility,
150–60Individualism: crowds lacking,
100–1; ethical turn and,
34; Kant and,
200; political obligation and,
79–80Individualization of responsibility,
90Industrial capitalism,
96–97Inheritance, responsibility and,
158–59Innocence, ontology of,
124Institutional responsibility,
88–89,
112Intention,
133; Descombes on,
136–37; gap between effect and,
42–43; permissibility of action and,
131; responsibility and,
114Internationalist socialism,
98Interpretation, as historical and contextual,
6–7Intersubjectivity, responsibility and,
112,
136,
151
Jameson, Frederic,
xi,
15,
19,
152,
307n30; on ethical turn,
27; on historical context,
202–3; on political ethic compared to ethical politics,
220Jankélévitch, Vladimir,
55Judaism: Butler and ethical traditions of,
172–73; Butler reckoning with,
166–67,
172; ethical politics in Hebrew Bible,
273n6; ethics and,
167; Levinas’s radicalization of,
143; Levinas recasting of,
144–45; Zionism and,
171–73
Kant, Immanuel: abstract nature of duty and,
191; on autonomy of self,
107–8,
146; critical philosophy of,
106,
156; epistemology and formalist solution of,
106–7; Hegel inheriting problematic of,
111–12; individualism and,
200. moral philosophy of,
285n5,
286n13; on necessity and duty,
109–10; on two senses of self,
108–9Kantianism,
21; Derrida and,
156; intrasubjectivity and,
109–11Kelly, Patrick William,
266n35
Latin American human rights discourse,
35–36Law: accountability under,
134; deconceptualization of contradictions between right and,
43; ethics and dedifferentiation from,
38; Roman Empire and rule of,
69; Rose on morality and,
42Laws, The (Cicero),
69–70
Lectures on Negative Dialectic (Adorno),
181
Levinas, Emmanuel,
21,
55,
270n93,
293n17; American Theory and influence of,
56; Butler inheriting ethics of,
160–61; cold war and work of,
143–44; conceptual architecture of thought of,
140; Derrida pioneering scholarship on,
56; on ethical responsibility,
145; ethical turn and,
142,
144; historical context for,
141–47; as Holocaust philosopher,
140,
143; invocation of embodiment of,
146–47; Judaism and radicalization of,
143; Judaism recast by,
144–45; on the Other and ethics,
139–40; phenomenology of the Other formulated by,
142–43; politics and influence of,
56; as precritical,
147; on responsibility for the Other,
155Liberal democracy, in Germany,
185Liberalism: cold war and,
33; of Derrida,
52,
178; ethical order and,
39; France, summer of 1968 and,
50–51; France summer of 1968, antinomianism and,
52–53,
61; human rights rise and,
34;
see also NeoliberalismLife of Galileo, The (Brecht),
228
Limited liability, professional risk and,
97–98Limited responsibility,
83Loss: Butler on,
164; critical re-cognition of,
216–17; critical thought in face of,
217–18; as defeat,
210–18; history and,
211; language of,
211; politics and,
211–12; power struggles and,
211–12; of reason,
210; theoretical reflection on defeat and,
213; Weil on war and shared,
245–46
Machiavelli, Niccolò,
23,
77,
118,
231,
308n40,
309n42; Gramsci on Marxism and,
233; political ethic of,
222–24;
Raison d’
état and,
224–25; realism of,
255; on rules and exceptions,
223–24; on violent aspects of political power,
221–22Madison, James,
86–87,
280n97; on abuse of power,
280n103; on central power insulated from threats,
90; on institutional responsibility,
88–89; on national government authority,
88Mandarins, The (de Beauvoir),
49
Mansfield, Harvey C.,
88–89“Marginalia to Theory and Praxis” (Adorno),
200Marx, Karl,
98,
225; Derrida and influence of,
158; Hegel’s work influencing,
115–16Marxism,
31; Derrida and,
158–59; ethical turn and demise of,
61; Gramsci on Machiavelli and,
233; internationalist,
58; political ethic and,
225; as subversive,
59Masses, lacking responsibility,
100–1Materialism, dialectic of,
292n94Mediations: Adorno on mediation of,
169; Adorno on subjectivity and,
170; of consciousness,
168–69,
294n33; Derrida sidestepping,
153–54; of history and vulnerability,
136; of the Other,
168; of persecution,
164; politics and ethics and intersections with,
43–44; of the situation,
17; of “Thou shall not kill” commandment,
175Memory, Nietzsche’s critique of,
122–23Merleau-Ponty, Maurice,
50Me-Ti, the Book of Changes (Brecht),
197
Minimal Theologies (de Vries),
182
Mitterrand, François,
51,
53Moral certainty, will and,
192Moral Dimensions (Scanlon),
131
Moral Imagination (Bromwich),
270n85
“Morality”: Adorno on thought and,
183; antipolitical,
28,
32; political,
27; Politics and indifference of,
222–23; politics displaced by,
39; politics mediating,
38; Rose on law and,
42; Williams, Bernard, on political philosophy and,
2Moral responsibility, political responsibility compared to,
xivMother Courage (Brecht),
226
Mourning Becomes the Law (Rose),
42,
218
Neoliberalism,
29; autonomy and,
103; human rights emergence and,
31; responsibility and,
103–4;
see also LiberalismNeutralization: ethical turn and,
29,
61–62; of exegetical commentary,
3; political responsibility and,
82New ethics,
310n61; gap between intention and effect misrecognized by,
42–43; the Other and,
40–42; theoretical and political stakes in,
41;
see also EthicsNicomachean Ethics (Aristotle),
67
Nietzsche, Friedrich,
21,
282n129,
290n64; collective action disavowed by,
120; equality and contempt of,
127,
129; on free will’s origins,
123–24; historical processes mediating work of,
116–17; intelligence and intensity in work of,
119; on intrasubjectivity and responsibility,
116,
119–20,
129–30; memory critique of,
122–23; on “party of life,”
127–28; political responsibility and,
130; political theory and,
120–21; power reflections of,
288n40; problematic interpretations of,
117; on responsibility as accountability,
117–19,
122,
125–26; retrieval of responsibility critique of,
121–22,
124,
128; sovereign agency critique of,
124; on war and freedom,
126–28; on will to power,
129Noncooperation, ethics of,
194–95North Atlantic political theory,
2,
5,
23Notebooks for an Ethics (Sartre),
16
Nuremberg (1945–1946),
33
Obligation,
21,
64; ethical, prior to action,
170; Hobbes on responsibility and,
82–83On Duties (Cicero),
70–73
Oneness, Hobbes on unity and,
83On the Genealogy of Morality (Nietzsche),
122,
124,
128
Ontology: of innocence,
124; precariousness and,
165,
167; vulnerability and,
163,
165Oppression and Liberty (Weil),
243
Oresteia, The (Aeschylus),
66
Other, the; Butler’s fear for,
166; hypostatizing,
147–50; Levinas on ethics and,
139–40; Levinas formulating phenomenology of,
142–43; Levinas on responsibility for,
155; mediation of,
168; new ethics and,
40–42Otherwise Than Being or Beyond Essence (Levinas),
155,
164
Pacification, ethical turn and,
29Paradoxe de la morale, Le (Jankélévitch),
55
Parti communiste français (PCF),
47–48Parting Ways (Butler),
166,
172
Patriotism, in Roman Empire,
70–71Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996,
135–36Personation,
21,
279n88; civic morality of,
80,
82,
84; defining,
80–81; Hobbes’s articulation of,
85; political ethic and,
84–85; transfer of responsibility and,
83–84“Perspective of Art, The” (Singleton),
222–23Phenomenological reduction,
142–43Phenomenology of Spirit, The (Hegel),
112
Philosophers: Levinas as Holocaust,
140,
143; politics and responsibility of,
86Philosophical concepts: autonomy of,
8; historical sedimentations of,
8–9; political concepts compared to,
9; responsibility as,
12–13,
21Philosophical ethics,
105Political concepts, philosophical concepts compared to,
9Political education, Weber and,
234Political ethic: of Adorno compared to Brecht,
197–98; Adorno’s partial disavowal of,
199–200; Brecht’s plays and,
198–99,
225–27,
228–30; of citizenship,
xvi; collective life and,
xiii,
258n8; contradictions and impasses in formation of,
198; definition of,
xii–xiii; democratic recasting of,
249; ethical politics compared to,
xii–xiii,
220; ethics of art compared to,
xiii; of Gramsci,
232; limits and,
177; of Machiavelli,
222–24; Marxism and,
225; personation and,
84–85; political literacy and,
254–56; primacy of the Situation and,
219; of responsibility,
xvii,
23–24; as speculative,
218–19; of Weber,
235–36Political level of inquiry,
7Political literacy,
xv; citizenship and,
251–52;
hacerse cargo and,
xvi; political ethic and,
254–56; responding politically and,
xvii; terrorism and,
252–53Political obligation, individualism and,
79–80Political philosophy,
2–3Political responsibility: accountability and,
138; actualization of,
xi; answerability and,
137; “apolitical” beliefs and,
xvi; arbitrary power and,
92; Arendt on,
248; bearer of,
237; collective life as critical to,
xii,
xiv; Constant’s ideas on,
91–93; definition of,
x; democracy and,
xvii; democratic socialism and,
xvii; ethics of,
ix; in
The Federalist Papers,
86–87; freedom and,
xi; history and,
xvi–xvii; Mazzini on,
93–94; moral responsibility compared to,
xiv; neutralization and,
82; Nietzsche and,
130; political power sharing and,
xiii; Port Huron Statement and,
59; predicament of power and,
23; as problematic,
xi–xii; reconceiving,
xv; in Roman Empire,
71,
72; shared power and,
251; Weber’s formulation of,
234,
237; Weil and,
250;
see also ResponsibilityPolitical space: Christianity and,
73–74; French Revolution reconfiguring,
91; Renaissance and,
74–77; Republicanism and,
90; Roman Empire restructuring,
68Political theory: dehistoricized history and,
1; genuine communication and,
4–5; goals of critical,
20; historical context and,
6–7; of Hobbes,
79–80; literary approach to,
6; narrow vision of,
3; Nietzsche and,
120–21; North Atlantic,
2,
5; philosophy compared to,
1–2; political interpretation of,
5–6; revival of,
270n88; sharpness of tone in,
4–5; the situation as collective and inscrutable for,
19Politicized identity,
257n1Politics: Adorno’s critical theory recast through,
208; Adorno’s defensive,
202,
207: American Theory’s heyday converging with,
57–59; Butler and risk in work with,
177; of consensus and ethical order,
39; defeat and,
211–12,
214–15; depoliticized,
257n1; Derrida on intersection of ethics and,
150–51; Derrida’s defensive,
179; emancipatory,
34,
36,
176–77; ethical turn neutralizing,
39–40; ethics and mediations and intersections with,
43–44; ethics as alternative to,
144; Hobbes severing ethics from,
80; human rights revitalizing,
266n36; Levinas’s rise in influence and,
56; loss and,
164,
211–12; Machiavelli on violence and power in,
221–22; moral indifference of,
222–23; morality displacing,
39; morality mediated in,
38; mourning and,
209–10; neither/nor criticism and,
178–79,
290n117; noble,
218; origin of modern,
78; power and,
xiii,
3,
221–22; Reformation and,
78; responsibility of philosophers with,
86; violence in,
221–22; violence sanctioned by,
83; Weber on violence in,
234; Weber on vocation of,
234–35;
see also Ethical politicsPolitics and Vision (Wolin),
308n34
Politics of Friendship (Derrida),
151,
157
Poverty, personal responsibility and,
132–33Power: citizenship and shared,
69; cruelty and,
246; degrees of responsibility and,
82; executive,
87; Hamilton on responsibility of,
87–88; hierarchy and,
242; loss and struggles for,
211–12; Machiavelli on politics, violence and,
221–22; Madison on abuse of,
280n103; Madison on insulation of, from threats,
90; Nietzsche on will to,
129; Nietzsche’s reflections on,
288n40; political,
xiii,
3,
221–22; political responsibility and arbitrary,
92; political responsibility and predicament of,
23; political responsibility and shared,
251; reason and,
244; representation for,
242–43; responsibility and delimited,
94; violence and shared,
240; Weil on nature of,
242–43; Weil on virtue and,
239–40“Power of Words, The” (Weil),
244Praxis, Adorno on critical theory and,
203–4,
206Precarious Life (Butler),
162
Precariousness, ontology and,
165,
167Precarious responsibility,
160–77Preserving life, emancipatory politics and,
176–77Principles of Politics (Constant),
92
Problems of Moral Philosophy (Adorno),
105,
198
Protect, responsibility to,
160Provincial Letters (Pascal),
79
“Psyche: Invention of the Other” (Derrida),
151–53
Quasi-transcendental philosophy,
22
Reading, as critical activity,
15Reason: critical,
9–10; difference and,
41; historicity of,
9; loss of,
210; power and,
244Reciprocal recognition, Hegel’s model of,
112Re-cognition, loss and critical,
216–17Reflections Concerning the Causes of Liberty and Social Oppression (Weil),
242
“Reflections on War” (Weil),
247Reformation, politics and,
78Reindividualization,
53–54Relative, absolute and,
175Renaissance: city-states in,
75–76; communal identity in,
74–75; ethics of collective life in,
76; external lords in,
76; political space during,
74–77; responsibility and,
77–78Representation: for power,
242–43; republicanism’s size and scope broadened with,
90–91Repressive desublimation,
59Republicanism: in
The Federalist Papers,
86–87; representation broadening size and scope of,
90–91Responsibility: abstraction of,
102; as adjective and adverb,
64; Adorno and new categorical imperative with,
22; Adorno on ethics of,
193–94; analytical philosophy and,
130–35; in ancient Greece,
66–67; after Auschwitz,
190; blame compared to,
131; character and,
96; with citizenship,
101–2,
115; collective action and,
101; collective life and,
67,
77–78; as concept,
11–12,
64; conditional,
84; consequentialism and,
102–3; deconstruction and,
158; degrees of,
171; delimited power and,
94; Derrida on faith and,
159; Derrida on history and,
154–55; Derrida on intersubjectivity and,
151; determinate,
111–12; dialectical concept of,
22,
193–98; in early Christianity,
72–73; entities of,
x–xi; ethical turn and reclaiming,
62; as fashionable,
63; freedom as,
196; in free society,
195; German idealism and,
80; guilt contrasted with,
xiii–xiv,
133; Hamilton on power and,
87–88; in history,
21,
63–64; history before word for,
12,
65–78; Hobbes on obligation and,
82–83; immediacy of,
150; imperialism and,
95–96; impossible,
150–60; individualization of,
90; inheritance and,
158–59; institutional,
88–89,
112; intention and,
114; intersubjectivity and,
112,
136,
151; intrasubjectivity and,
ix–x,
xiii,
125; as intrasubjectivity category,
109–10;
isonomia as,
66; Levinas on the Other and,
155; limited,
83; limitless,
159–60,
166,
296n70; masses lacking,
100–1; neoliberalism and,
103–4; Nietzsche on accountability and,
117–19,
122,
125–26; Nietzsche on intrasubjectivity and,
116,
119–20,
129–30; Nietzsche’s critique on retrieval of,
121–22,
124,
128; nineteenth-century developments with,
95–98,
102; personation and transfer of,
83–84; of philosophers with politics,
86; as philosophical concept,
12–13,
21; political ethic of,
xvii,
23–24; power and degrees of,
82; precarious,
160–77; professional risk and,
97–98; to protect,
160; Renaissance and,
77–78; in Roman Empire,
67–72; in seventeenth-century Europe,
85–86; social,
96–97; subjectivity and,
110–11; substantive,
131; Weber on ethic of,
219–20; in Western thought,
64–65; Williams, Bernard, on elements of,
133–35; word for,
11–12; word usage of,
64;
see also Ethical responsibility;
Moral responsibility;
Political responsibilityRetrieval of responsibility, Nietzsche’s critique on,
121–22Roman Empire: Cicero on citizenship in,
69–70; Cicero on patriotism in,
70–71; citizenship and shared power in,
69; citizenship in ancient Greece compared to,
67–68; political responsibility in,
71,
72; political space restructured in,
68; responsibility in,
67–72; rule of law in,
69Rose, Gillian,
217; deconceptualization critique of,
40–41; ethical turn critique of,
40–41,
43–44; on judged oppositions,
42; on law and morality,
42; on new ethics and the Other,
40–42; on noble politics,
218; on turns of theory,
43Rules, Machiavelli on exceptions and,
223–24
Schweppenhäuser, Gerhard,
194Self: absolute-relative and,
175; concept and empirical,
169; empirical,
108–9; Kant on autonomy of,
107–8,
146; Kant on two senses of,
108–9; phenomenal,
108–9Self-determination, collective,
97Shame and Necessity (Williams),
133
Shared power: citizenship in Roman Empire and,
69; political responsibility and,
251; violence and,
240Silver linings, defeat and,
215Situation, the: authorial intent and,
16; Brecht’s plays and primacy of,
227; as collective and inscrutable for political theory,
19; concept of,
15–16,
19; freedom and,
16; historical constitution of,
18; historical illusion and,
17; mediations of,
17; political ethic and primacy of,
219; primacy of,
17–18,
135,
199; Sartre on,
16–17Sober realism, appeal to,
255Socialism: answerability and,
xiv; Gramsci’s concerns with strategies for,
231–32; internationalist,
98Social level of inquiry,
7Social responsibility,
96–97Soft ethics, of consensus,
39Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr,
49Space, temporalization of,
141–42Specters of Marx (Derrida),
179
Speculative philosophy,
40Stability, Constant seeking,
90–92Structuralism: Derrida’s critique of,
155–56; ethical turn and,
62Students for a Democratic Society,
59Subjectivity: Adorno on mediation and,
170; responsibility and,
110–11Substantive responsibility,
131Suffering: Adorno on,
186; voyeurism and,
36Summa Theologica (Aquinas),
73
System of Ethical Life (Hegel),
114
Tempest, The (Shakespeare),
65
Temporality: catastrophe and reversal of,
39; ethical turn and,
39–40; human rights and,
33–34; of space,
141–42Terrorism, political literacy and,
252–53Theoretical era (1968–1987),
60“Thou shall not kill” commandment,
173–76Tocqueville, Alexis de: on accountability of public officials,
93; citizenship and,
282n127; on democracy,
93Totality and Infinity (Levinas),
270n93
“To Those Born Later” (Brecht),
230Truth: ethics of,
26; Gramsci’s defense of,
232Truth and Method (Gadamer),
156
Turns of theory: formation of,
29; Rose on,
43Twilight of the Idols (Nietzsche),
126
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),
99Unity, Hobbes on oneness and,
83Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948),
33
Vengeance and reaction cycles, violence and,
240–41,
246Violence,
166; Adorno on validity of,
205; agency of,
125; Benjamin’s critique of,
174; Brecht on revolution and,
229–30; Cicero and,
274n25; counterviolence and,
175–77; economy of,
204–5; Machiavelli on political power and,
221–22; normative,
168; politically sanctioned,
83; in politics,
221–22; restrained,
253; shared power and,
240; state,
172; “Thou shall not kill” commandment and,
173–76; vengeance and reaction cycles and,
240–41,
246; war and logic of,
241–42; Weber endorsing,
236–37; Weber on politics and,
234; Weil on economy of,
240–41; Weil’s reflections on,
238–39Virtue, Weil on power and,
239–40von Hayek, Friedrich,
103Voyeurism, suffering and,
36Vulnerability: Adorno on forms of,
204; degrees of,
163,
171; historical mediation of,
136: ontology and,
163,
165
Weber, Max,
23,
46,
100,
122,
194,
289n47,
312n84,
312n93; on community of fate,
237; on ethic of conviction and responsibility,
219–20; Great War and,
238; political education goal of,
234; political ethic of,
235–36; political responsibility and formulation of,
234,
237; on politics as vocation,
234–35; violence endorsed by,
236–37; on violence in politics,
234Weil, Simone,
23,
233,
313n111,
314n126,
315n146; defeat experienced by,
248; on destruction of cities,
246–47; on economy of violence,
240–41; on force and justice,
245,
313n106; on imperialism and betrayal of justice,
247–48; on meaningful collective action,
249; on nature of power,
242–43; political responsibility and,
250; on power and virtue,
239–40; on senselessness of war,
244; on shared loss in war,
245–46; Spanish Civil War lessons for,
241; violence and reflections of,
238–39What Money Can’
t Buy (Sandel),
260n5
What We Owe to Each Other (Scanlon),
130–31
Wild Duck, The (Ibsen),
194
Will,
113–14; Adorno on heteronomy and,
190–92; Adorno on moral certainty and,
192; Nietzsche on power and,
129; origins of free,
123–24Wolin, Sheldon S.,
xv,
58–59,
68–69,
212,
244,
272n110,
280n100,
283n132,
308n34Words: changing content of,
10–11; historical sedimentations of,
13–14; history of responsibility before specific,
12,
65–78; for responsibility,
11–12; responsibility’s usage and,
64Worldly Ethics (Myers),
26
Writing of the Disaster, The (Blanchot),
148–49