Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.
American College Testing (ACT) Score, 145, 146, 156, 162 American National Election Studies, 4, 12, 19, 98n, 100n, 103n, 131, 133, 138 American Research Group, 1 Attitudes on importance of civic participation. See Perceived importance of civic participation Attributions on motivation, 50 self-serving bias in, 48-49
Bar-Tal, Daniel, 96 Beliefs
on importance of civic participation.
See Perceived importance of civic participation political ideology. See Ideology, political partisanship. See Partisanship Bias
endogeneity (omitted variable), 5, 19,
21, 128
in motivation attribution, 48-49 reciprocal causation, 5, 19, 21, 128
selection, 5, 19, 21, 128 Brady, Henry E., 16, 55, 92 Bush, George H. W., 41 Bush, George W., 65, 139
Cacioppo, John T., 72
Campaign activities, participation in, 15,
34, 51, 149 in Obama rally, 32, 32n, 36, 49, 66 survey evidence on, 94, 121, 153 Campbell, David E., 60n, 95n Causal mechanisms, 7, 129 civic engagement in, 54, 57, 154-155 correlation of, 58-59 difficulties in research on, 18-20, 27,
128, 135-137 focus group evidence on, 48-49, 64-69 information resources in, 53-54, 57, 154 multivariate analysis of, 59-64 reciprocal, 5, 19, 21, 128 recruitment in, 155 social norms in, 55-56, 58, 155 survey evidence on, 42-48, 57-64, 154155
validity of research on, 24-26 Civic participation
awakening moment in, 29 changes between high school and college, 34, 38-42, 116 changes during college years, 116-117 costs and benefits of, 3, 35, 40-41, 5256, 63-64, 69, 73-74, 120-121, 121n
Civic participation (continued) definition of, 13-16 differentiated from civic talk, 16 difficulties in research on, 18-20, 21, 27, 128
focus group evidence on, 48-49, 64-69, 87-88, 107, 131, 140 future research on, 135-137 individual characteristics affecting, 7189. See also Individual-level characteristics
knowledge about politics and current events affecting, 37-38. See also Knowledge about politics and current events
lasting effect of civic talk on, 8, 116-124, 129-130 measurement of, 33-42 motivation for, 52-56, 69. See also Motivation for civic participation non-political activities in. See Nonpolitical civic participation peer characteristics affecting, 91-108.
See also Peers perceived importance of. See Perceived importance of civic participation political activities in. See Political activity participation predisposition to. See Predisposition to civic participation prior experience with. See Prior civic participation experiences recruitment for. See Recruitment role in democracy, 3, 9, 13-16 self-reinforcement of, 120-124 social-level antecedents of, 17-18 social norms affecting, 55-56, 58, 68-69.
See also Norms survey evidence on, 42^8, 57-64, 7588, 96-106, 110-113, 116-124 trends across different activities, 34, 35-38 validity of research on, 24-26 in voluntary membership organizations. See Voluntary civic organization participation voting in. See Voter turnout Civic talk
amount of, in social network, 7, 12, 30
32, 131 awakening moment in, 29 and civic engagement, 7, 54, 57-66, 113-115
compared to deliberation, 12, 130-135 composition of discussion network in, 12-13
conflict avoidance in, 31-32, 65, 94-95, 107, 134 definition of, 2, 11-12, 16 differentiated from civic participation, 16 difficulties in research on, 18-20, 27,
128, 135-137 duration of impact, 8, 116-124, 129-130 focus group evidence on, 48-49, 64-69, 87-88, 107, 131, 140 frequency of. See Frequency of civic talk future research on, 135-137 individual characteristics in, 71-89. See also Individual-level characteristics influence of, compared to individual level characteristics, 8, 43-47, 50, 110-113, 129 informal and accidental nature of, 11-12, 131
as information resource, 53-54, 57, 59-65 lasting effect of, 8, 116-124, 129-130 measurement of, 30-33 news media use affecting, 33, 87n, 105, 131
normative implications of, 8, 130-135 in participatory democracy, 2, 5, 8-9, 23-24, 50, 71, 89, 94, 109, 116, 127
128, 130, 135, 138-139 peer characteristics in, 7-8, 91-108, 129.
See also Peers persuasion attempts in, 49, 65, 68, 7275, 92-93
and political participation, 45^6, 50-51,
119-120, 123-124 potential problems in, 132-135 recruitment in. See Recruitment self-reports on, 30-33 survey evidence on, 42-48, 57-64, 7588, 96-106, 110-113, 116-124 topics discussed in, 32-33 validity of research on, 24-26 variables not influenced by, 115, 134 and voluntary civic organization participation, 7, 42^5, 51, 60-61, 75-88, 96-107, 118-119, 122, 129 and voter turnout, 7, 46-48, 51, 62-63, 75-88, 96-107, 119-120, 129 Civil society, 14, 14n, 15 participation in, 14. See also Civic participation
Clinton, Bill, 41
Clinton, Hillary, 1-2, 32n, 65, 141 Cognitive dissonance in political disagreements, 94-95 in social norm violations, 56 College students in first year, 6, 21-22 as crucial case of peer influence, 24-26 changes in civic participation between high school and college, 34, 38-42,
116
free time of, 39, 40, 158 political activities of, 34, 35-38, 116,
153
preference for community involvement, 36-37, 46, 114-115, 140-141, 158 prior civic participation experience of,
34, 38, 75-78 priorities of, 38-40
as respondents and non-respondents in C-SNIP Panel Study, 144-147 College students in fourth year, 6, 22, 129
130
changes in civic participation during college years, 116-117 continuing effect of civic talk on, 8, 116124
as respondents and non-respondents in C-SNIP Panel Study, 144-147 Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Focus Group Study, 23n, 23-24
on causal mechanisms, 48-49, 64-69 on civic engagement, 65-66 on decreases in civic participation
between high school and college, 4042
on disagreement and conflict avoidance, 31-32, 65, 107 on frequency of civic talk, 31-32 on individual characteristics, 87-88 on information resources, 64-65 on link between civic talk and civic participation, 48^9 on political and non-political civic participation, 36-38 questions asked in, 147-149 on recruitment attempts, 65, 66-68, 69, 87-88
research design in, 147-149 on social norms, 68-69 on topics discussed while engaging in civic talk, 32-33
Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Panel Survey, 6-8, 2122
on causal mechanisms, 42-48, 57-64, 154-155
characteristics of respondents and nonrespondents in, 144-146 on civic engagement, 57, 58-64, 78-81,
154-155
on civic expertise of peers, 103-106 on frequency of civic talk, 30, 154 on homogeneity of peer group, 100-103 on importance of civic participation, 37, 48, 106, 158 on individual characteristics, 75-87,
155-156
on knowledge and education, 85-87, 88, 103-104, 156, 157 matching procedure in. See Matching procedure in data pre-processing on peer characteristics, 96-106, 157 on political participation, 34-38, 45-46,
116, 119-120, 152-153 on political preferences, 82-85, 156 on preference for community or political involvement, 36-37, 46, 114-115, 140-141, 158 on prior civic participation experience,
34, 38, 75-78 questions and variables in, 151-159 research design in, 143-147, 151-159 response rate in, 144 on social intimacy, 96-100 on voluntary organization participation, 7, 34, 35-36, 42^5, 51, 60-61, 7588, 96-107, 118-119, 122, 129, 151,
152
on voter turnout, 7, 34-35, 46-48, 51, 62-63, 75-88, 96-107, 119-120, 129,
153
wave 1, 6, 21-22, 143, 145, 146. See also High school students wave 2, 6, 21-22, 143, 145, 146-147.
See also College students in first year wave 3, 6, 22, 116-124, 143, 145, 146147. See also College students in
fourth year Commission on National and Community Service, 41 Community involvement, preference for, compared to political involvement, 36-37, 46, 114-115, 140-141, 158
Competence, civic, 18, 66 Compliance with group, social intimacy affecting, 92 Conflicts in political disagreements, 93-95 avoidance of, 31-32, 65, 94, 95, 107, 134 Conservative ideology, 82-85, 156 Contact with elected officials, 14, 15, 34, 51, 152, 153 survey evidence on, 152, 153 Cooperation in social networks, 131-132 and groupthink, 134 Corporation for National and Community Service, 41 Cost-benefit analysis of civic participation, 3, 35, 40-41, 52-56, 63-64, 69, 73-74, 120-121, 121n data gathering and data analysis phases in, 73-74 Crucial cases, 24-26, 26n, 135 C-SNIP Focus Group Study. See Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Focus Group Study C-SNIP Panel Survey. See Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Panel Survey
Data matching procedure. See Matching procedure in data pre-processing Deliberation, 12, 130-135
as benchmark for civic discourse, 130 compared to civic talk, 12, 130, 131-132 policy implications of, 12, 132, 134 social level factors in, 17, 92 Democracy
active involvement of citizens in, 3, 9 citizen interactions in, 17, 17n and civil society, 14, 14n costs and benefits of participation in, 3,
35, 40^1, 52-56, 63-64, 69, 73-74,
120-121, 121n disengagement affecting, 13-14, 26, 89, 91, 133, 137-138 participatory, role of civic talk in, 2, 5, 6-9, 71, 116, 127, 130, 135 peer-based civic mobilization in, 138139
political disagreements in, 93-94, 135n sociological studies of, 5, 17-18 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 17 Disagreements, political, 8, 93-95
conflict avoidance in, 31-32, 65, 94-95, 107, 134
focus group evidence on, 31-32, 107
and peer group homogeneity, 100-103 persuasion attempts in, 65 policy solutions in, 135, 135n Discursive discourse, 130-132 Discussions
common topics in, 31-33 discursive, 130-132 frequency of civic talk in, 7, 12, 30-32 on large scale issues, 135 network of individuals included in, 12-13 Dormitory assignment, 21, 21n Downs, Anthony, 52 Duty, civic, 54
An Economic Theory of Democracy (Downs), 52
Education level
and civic participation, 3-4, 74 of parents, 87-89, 112, 113, 156 Edwards, John, 1 Efficacy, political
civic talk affecting, 114-115 compared to effect of civic talk, 111 and motivation for civic participation, 54 survey evidence on, 57, 59, 61, 62, 7981, 154-156 and voluntary organization participation, 60-61, 78-81 and voter turnout, 62, 63, 79-81 Egalitarian discussions in social networks, 131-134
Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion, 72 Elections
ambivalence about, 94n civic mobilization in, 139 midterm congressional election (2006), 119-120, 123-124, 125, 153 political disagreements on, 94 presidential primary elections. See Presidential primary elections recruitment attempts in, 55, 62-63, 66 as topic of civic talk, 32, 64, 65 voter turnout for. See Voter turnout Endogeneity bias, 5, 19, 21, 128 Engagement, civic, 3, 7, 129 civic talk affecting, 7, 54, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65-66, 113-115 compared to effect of civic talk, 111 correlation with other causal mechanisms, 58-59 in cost-benefit analysis of civic participation, 74
focus group evidence on, 65-66 knowledge on politics and current events affecting, 18, 37-38, 66 measures of, 57, 64n and motivation for civic participation, 54 multivariate analysis of, 59-63 in Obama campaign, 36 preference for community involvement affecting, 36-37 of roommate, 103-106 and sense of political efficacy, 78-81 survey evidence on, 57, 58-63, 78-81, 154-155
and voluntary organization participation, 60-61
and voter turnout, 54, 63-64, 69, 79-81 Enjoyment of time spent with roommate, 98-100, 105-106, 157 Environmental concerns as discussion topic,
33, 49
Environmental stimuli, interaction with personal characteristics, 71-89 Expertise, civic, 91, 95-96, 103-106 civic talk affecting, 114-115, 129 compared to effect of civic talk, 110-113 and influence of civic talk, 7, 91, 95-96, 103-106, 108 survey evidence on, 103-106, 108, 157
Festinger, Leon, 56, 72, 93 Focus group study in C-SNIP. See Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Focus Group Study Free time available, 3
survey evidence on, 39-40, 158 Frequency of civic talk, 7, 12, 30-32, 131 conflict avoidance affecting, 31-32 focus group evidence on, 31 interest of roommate in politics and current events affecting, 32 self-reports of, 12, 30-32 survey evidence on, 12, 30, 154
Gender, and effect of home life on civic participation, 77 Gerber, Alan, 55 German Weimar Republic, 14n Green, Donald, 55 Groupthink, 134
Health care concerns as discussion topic, 33 Heterogeneity of community, and voter turnout, 95n
High school students, 6, 22 free time of, 39, 158 knowledge about politics and current events, 39, 85n, 156, 158-159 news media use of, 85n, 158-159 political activities of, 34, 36-38, 46, 47, 152-153 political ideology of, 82-85, 156 preference for community involvement, 36-37
service learning opportunities of, 40-42, 117, 140
transition to first year of college, 35^2, 116-117
variables measured in, 152, 153, 156, 158 voluntary organization membership of, 34, 35-38, 40^2, 152 Homogeneity of peer group, 91, 93-95, 107-108, 129 survey evidence on, 100-103, 157 Huckfeldt, Robert, 12, 18, 74, 94n, 94-95
Ideology, political
changes during college years, 117 compared to effect of civic talk, 112-113 disagreements on, 8, 31-32, 93-95, 107 in high school, 82, 156 and homogeneity of peer group, 100103
minimal impact of civic talk on, 115, 125 and persuasion attempts, 65 survey evidence on, 82-85, 117, 156 Importance of civic participation, 3, 9, 1415
norms on, 58, 68-69, 154, 155 perceptions on. See Perceived importance of civic participation Income, 3
and voter turnout, 133 Individual-level characteristics, 3-4, 7, 9,
71-89, 129 existing research on, 19, 19n focus group evidence on, 87-88 influence of, compared to civic talk, 8,
44, 47, 110-113, 129 interaction with environmental stimuli,
71-89
survey evidence on, 75-87, 155-156 Information resources
correlation with other causal mechanisms, 58-59 focus group evidence on, 64-65, 131 multivariate analysis of, 59-63
Information resources (continued)
peers as, 18, 53-54, 57, 59, 64-65, 9596, 154 quantity and quality of, 137 survey evidence on, 57, 58-63, 154 and voter turnout, 53-54, 62, 63 Interest group contributions, cost-benefit analysis of, 52, 52n Interest in politics and current events, 3, 7,
131
changes during college years, 117 and civic engagement, 54, 64n, 78-79 civic talk affecting, 49, 59, 62, 63-64, 114 focus group evidence on, 65-66 in high school, 155, 156 norms on, 154, 155 of parents, 77, 78, 110-111, 155, 156 of roommate, 7, 32, 58, 59, 60n, 68-69, 103-106, 157 survey evidence on, 57, 59, 62, 63-64, 154, 156, 157 and voluntary organization participation, 59, 60-61, 63-64 and voter turnout, 59, 62, 63-64, 79, 80 Intimacy, social, 8, 91, 92-93, 108, 129 in physical proximity, 92-93 survey evidence on, 96-100 trust as measure of, 96-97 Iowa caucuses (2008), 1-2, 9, 141 Italy, regional differences in, 15
Kerry, John, 139 Kids Voting USA, 141n
Knowledge about politics and current events
and civic competence, 18, 66 and civic engagement, 18, 37-38, 66 civic talk affecting, 114, 129 compared to effect of civic talk, 111 compared to free time and news media use, 39-40 correlation with other causal mechanisms, 58-59 cost-benefit analysis of information sources in, 53-54 enhancing civic talk effect, 108 in high school, 39, 84n, 156, 158 of peer or roommate, 7, 91, 95-96, 103
106, 157
source of information in. See Information resources
survey evidence on, 40, 57, 85-87, 89, 103-106, 156, 158
La Follette, Bob, 82n Lake, Ronald La Due, 18 Lasting effect of civic talk, 8, 116-124, 129-130 Latane, Bibb, 56 Laver, Michael, 11 Learn and Serve America, 41 Liberal ideology, 31, 82-85, 156 The Logic of Collective Action (Olson), 52 Lupia, Arthur, 93n
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 56,
93
Matching procedure in data pre-processing,
22-23, 23n, 128, 161-163 benefits of, 22-23, 135-136 pre-treatment variables used in, 161-162 on voluntary civic organization participation, 43-44, 44n on voter turnout, 46, 47, 47n MatchIt package, 161 McCain, John, 65 McClurg, Scott D., 18, 25n, 74 McCubbins, Matthew D., 93n Measurement methods
on civic participation, 33-42 on civic talk, 30-33 Media. See News media use Menand, Louis, 127 Mendelberg, Tali, 92, 130 Michigan School of political behavior, 19n Mobilization, civic, 4n, 121 peer-based, 138-139 Modeling, behavioral, 58, 59, 68 Motivation for civic participation, 52-56, 69, 117, 117n attributions on, 48-49, 50 cost-benefit analysis of, 52-56, 69, 7375
and response to environmental stimuli,
72-75
Multivariate analysis of causal mechanisms, 59-63
Mutz, Diana, 93-94, 94n
National and Community Service Act (1990), 41 National and Community Service Trust Act (1993), 41 Newcomb, Theodore, 17n News media use
changes during college years, 117, 158, 159
civic talk affecting, 114, 115 compared to effect of civic talk, 112, 113 compared to free time and political knowledge, 39-40 in high school, 85n, 158 as information resource, 64 as source of civic talk, 33 Non-political civic participation, 14, 15-16 compared to political participation, 16, 35-38
examples of activities in, 15-16 measurement of, 34, 35, 116 peer characteristics affecting, 97, 99,
101, 102, 104, 106, 107 prior experience with, 38 trends in, 35-42
voluntary organization membership in. See Voluntary civic organization participation Norms, 17, 55-56, 58, 129
correlation with other causal mechanisms, 58-59 definition of, 55 focus group evidence on, 68-69 on importance of civic participation, 58, 68-69, 154, 155 modeling of, 58, 68 multivariate analysis of, 59-63 survey evidence on, 58-63, 154, 155 and voluntary organization participation, 61
and voter turnout, 56, 62, 63
Obama, Barack
as discussion topic, 33, 36, 49, 64, 65 Iowa caucus votes for, 1-2, 141 Wisconsin campaign rally for, 32, 32n,
36, 49, 66 Olson, Mancur, 52 Omitted variable bias, 5, 19, 21, 128 Optmatch package, 161
Panel Survey in C-SNIP. See Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Panel Survey Paradigmatic cases, 26 Parent civic interest and activity, 77, 78, 155, 156
compared to effect of civic talk, 110-111 Parent education, 87-89, 156
compared to effect of civic talk, 112, 113 Parks, Rosa, 120n
Path dependence concept, 120-121, 121n
Peers, 5-8, 91-108, 129 civic expertise of, 91, 95-96, 103-106, 108
in civic mobilization efforts, 138-139 cooperative and egalitarian discussions with, 131-132 disagreements with, 93-95, 100-103 focus group evidence on, 107 frequency of contact with, 138-139 information resources transferred by, 53-54, 57, 59, 64-65, 95-96 recruitment by, 55, 57, 59, 66-68, 92 roommates as. See Roommates similarity with, 91, 93-95, 100-103,
107, 129, 157 social comparison theory on, 72 social intimacy with, 91, 92-93, 96-100 social norms of, 56, 58, 59, 68-69 survey evidence on, 96-106, 157 trust between, 8, 91, 93, 96-97, 157 Perceived importance of civic participation norms on, 58, 68-69, 154, 155 survey evidence on, 37, 58, 59, 154,
155, 158
Persuasion attempts in civic talk, 49, 65 individual characteristics affecting response to, 72-75 social intimacy affecting response to, 92-93 Petty, Richard E., 72 Policy implications
of civic talk and participation, 15, 16, 132, 134-135 of deliberation, 12, 132, 134 Political activity participation, 14, 15 changes during college years, 116-117, 119, 123-124 compared to non-political participation, 16, 35-38
effect of civic talk on, 45-48, 119, 123124
examples of, 15, 34 of high school students, 34, 36, 38, 46, 47, 116, 153 long term effect of civic talk on, 119, 123-124 measurement of, 34-35 preference for community involvement affecting, 36-37, 46, 140-141, 158 prior experience in, 38 sleeper effect of civic talk on, 123-124 survey evidence on, 34-37, 45^8, 152
153
Political activity participation (continued) trends in, 35^2 voting in. See Voter turnout Political party representatives, frequency of contact with, 138-139 Political similarity with roommate, 91, 9395, 100-103, 107, 129, 157 Popkin, Samuel, 95-96 Predisposition to civic participation, 7, 50 benefits of civic talk in, 89, 133 data matching procedure on, 162 recruitment effectiveness in, 67-68 response to environmental stimuli in,
72-75, 89 Presidential primary elections
Iowa caucuses in (2008), 1-2, 141 recruitment attempts in, 66 as topic of civic talk, 32, 64, 65 voter turnout for (2004), 34-35, 46^8, 124, 153 voter turnout for (2008), 36, 49 Prior civic participation experiences, 7, 38, 50
compared to effect of civic talk, 110-111 data matching procedure on, 162 self-reinforcement in, 120-123 survey evidence on, 75-78 in voluntary civic organizations, 43, 44,
45, 75-78 and voter turnout, 45-48, 75-78 Prisoners Dilemma task, 132 Protest activities, participation in, 14-15,
34, 51, 82n, 149, 152, 153 Putnam, Robert, 15, 56, 89
Random assignment of roommates, 6-7, 20-21, 21n, 23 Reciprocal causation, 5, 19, 21, 128 Recruitment, 3n, 7, 55, 129
correlation with other causal mechanisms, 58-59 face-to-face style of, 55, 55n focus group evidence on, 66-68, 69, 8788
multivariate analysis of, 59-63 by rational prospectors, 121 social intimacy affecting response to, 92 survey evidence on, 57, 58-63, 69, 154,
155
and voluntary organization participation,
61, 63-64, 69 and voter turnout, 55, 55n, 62, 63-64, 66
Research design, 5-6, 20-26, 135-137 bias in, 5, 19-23, 128 crucial cases in, 25-26, 26n, 135 in C-SNIP Focus Group Study, 147149
in C-SNIP Panel Survey, 143-147, 151159
data matching procedure in. See Matching procedure in data pre-processing future agenda in, 8, 135-137 random assignment in, 5-6, 7, 20-23, 21n
validity of, internal and external, 24-25 Resources
in cost-benefit analysis of civic participation, 3, 53-54, 74 focus group evidence on, 64-65 free time, 3, 39-40, 158 income, 3, 133
information. See Information resources survey evidence on, 57, 58-63, 154 Roommates
characteristics of, 157 civic engagement of, 103-106 civic expertise of, 103-106, 157 disagreements and conflict avoidance with, 31-32, 65, 107 enjoyment of time spent with, 98-100, 105-106, 157 frequency of civic talk with, 154 as information resource, 57, 64-65,
154
interest in politics and current events,
7, 32, 58, 59, 60n, 103-106, 157 modeling behavior of, 68 perceived activity level of, 154, 155 random assignment of, 6-7, 20-21,
21n, 23
recruitment by, 57, 58-64, 66-68 similarity with, 100-103, 108, 157 topics discussed with, 30-33 trust in, 96-97, 157
Saxe, Leonard, 96 Selection bias, 5, 19, 21, 128 Self-reinforcement process, 120-123 Self-report measures
on civic participation, 34-35 on civic talk, 30-33 Service learning opportunities in high school, 40^2, 117, 140 Silbiger, Sara, 127
Similarity with roommate or peer, 91, 9395, 100-103, 108, 129 in overall general characteristics, 91, 100, 101, 108, 129, 157 political, 91, 93-95, 100-101, 102, 108,
129, 157 Sleeper effects, 123-124 Social comparison theory, 72 Social impact theory, 56 Social intimacy. See Intimacy, social Socialization, political, 17, 77, 121 Social-level variables, 5-6, 17-18, 19 peer characteristics. See Peers Social networks, 17-18 amount of civic talk in, 5, 12, 18, 30-32 in civic mobilization, 138-139 cooperative and egalitarian discussions in, 131-132, 133-134 design of research on, 5-6, 20-26, 135137
disagreements in, 93-95 non-political and political discussions in, 12-13 peers in. See Peers social comparison theory on, 72 social intimacy in, 108. See also Intimacy, social
Sprague, John, 12, 18, 74 Student government involvement, 34-35, 67, 151, 151n, 152 Survey evidence in C-SNIP. See Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Panel Survey
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 17, 17n Trust
in government, 115, 134 in roommate or peer, 8, 91, 93, 96-97, 157 in society, 56
University of Wisconsin, Madison
C-SNIP Focus Group Study in, 6, 23n,
23-24. See also Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Focus Group Study C-SNIP Panel Survey in, 6, 21-22. See also Collegiate Social Network Interaction Project (C-SNIP) Panel Survey progressive political culture in, 82, 82n random assignment of roommates in, 21, 21n, 23
Validity of research, internal and external,
24-25
Values on importance of civic participation. See Perceived importance of civic participation Verba, Sidney, 3, 3n, 53n, 74, 121 Voice and Equality (Verba, Schlozman, and Brady), 3
Voluntary civic organization participation, 7, 15-16
civic expertise of roommate affecting, 103-106
of college students in fourth year, 116117, 152
compared to political activities, 35-38 cost-benefit analysis of, 63-64 data matching procedure on, 43-44, 44n effect of civic talk on, 42-45, 51, 60-61, 75-88, 96-107, 110-113, 116-124 information resources on, 59, 61, 64-65 knowledge about politics and current events affecting, 85-87 lasting effect of civic talk on, 116-124 measurement of, 34, 35, 116 parent civic interest or activity affecting, 77-78
parent education affecting, 87, 88 peer group homogeneity affecting, 100103
policy implications of, 15-16, 132 political efficacy affecting, 60-61, 79-81 political ideology affecting, 82-85 prior experience in, 43^5, 75-76 recruitment affecting, 61, 63, 69 self-reinforcement in, 120-123 in service learning opportunities, 40-42,
117, 140 social intimacy affecting, 96-100 survey evidence on, 35-36, 40, 42-45, 51, 60-61, 75-88, 96-107, 110-113, 116-124, 151, 152 types of organizations in, 35, 151, 152 Voter turnout
civic engagement affecting, 54, 59, 62, 63, 69, 78-79 civic expertise of roommate affecting, 103-106
of college students in fourth year, 116, 119-120, 123-124, 153 cost-benefit analysis of, 52-56, 63-64 data matching procedure on, 46, 47,
47n
Voter turnout (continued) and education level, 4 effect of civic talk on, 46-48, 51, 62-63, 75-88, 96-107, 110-113, 116-124 heterogeneity of community affecting, 95n by income, 133
information resources affecting, 53-54,
62, 63
knowledge about politics and current events affecting, 85-87 long term effect of civic talk on, 119, 123-124
measurement of, 34-35, 116, 153 parent civic interest or activity affecting, 75-77, 78 parent education affecting, 87, 88 peer group homogeneity affecting, 100103 political efficacy affecting, 62, 63, 78-81 political ideology affecting, 82-85 prior civic participation experience affecting, 46, 47-48, 75-77, 78, 120121
recruitment affecting, 55, 55n, 62, 63,
66
self-reinforcement in, 120-121 social intimacy affecting, 96-100 social networks affecting, 139 social norms affecting, 56, 62, 63 survey evidence on, 34-35, 40, 46^8, 51, 62-63, 75-88, 96-107, 110-113, 116-124, 120, 153, 153 trends in, 34, 116, 132-133, 153
Wolbrecht, Christina, 60n Wolf, Sharon, 56
CASEY A. KLOFSTAD is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami.